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Naturmangfold

The marine environment is affected by noise pollution from human activity. However, it is very difficult to conduct clinical and pathological analyses on living organisms in the marine environment so the extent of effects noise pollution has on marine fauna remains uncertain. DIAPHONIA is bringing together scientists from diverse backgrounds, to assess the various impacts of underwater noise on marine organisms across the food web, including invertebrates and commercially-important species, with a focus on European basins. We are working on understanding relationship between behavioural and physiological impacts of noise on Atlantic salmon. In 2023/2024, we conducted experiments on the short-term noise exposure on salmon and found that the fish experienced behavioural changes, such as increased group cohesion. In 2024/2025, we conducted experiments on the long-term effects, targeting the impact of noise on the development of reproductive organs. All information and data obtained will be shared with stakeholders and policy makers and summarised in guidelines for future research efforts.

It is demonstrated that the marine environment is affected by noise pollution from human activity. The difficulty of conducting clinical and pathological analyses on living organisms in the marine environment and the wide diversity of sources of noise pollution determine a great uncertainty in the nature and extent of effects noise pollution has on marine fauna. Despite the growing literature on these themes, there are still relevant gaps, and a lack of multidisciplinarity in investigations of acute and long-term exposures, considering both single animals and populations. DIAPHONIA will bring together scientists from diverse backgrounds, to assess the various impacts of underwater noise on marine organisms of the food web, including invertebrates and commercial species, and focusing on European basins. WP1 will develop a possible diagnostic fingerprinting composed of several tissue markers incorporating molecular, metabolomic and microscopic techniques to identify functional and morphological changes in the acoustic pathways of invertebrates, fishes and marine mammals. WP2 will explore the relationship between behavioural and cellular/molecular/organ effects of both short and long-term noise exposure in fish from different European ocean basins. WP3 will gain insight into the morpho-functionality of the peripheral hearing apparatus in marine mammals and its role in defining the animal's acoustic sensitivity, by developing standardised workflow for wave propagation in the associated tissues. All Information and data obtained will be discussed with relevant stakeholders and policy makers, to adapt to a multidisciplinary and evidenced-based approach to the existing guidance. They will also be summarised in guidelines harmonising future research efforts towards novel approaches as predictive models and organoids.

Underwater Noise DIAPHONIA, Diagnostic framework to assess and predict the impact of underwater noise on marine species

Offshore wind farms (OWF) contribute substantial levels of noise to the marine environment. In the 30 years of OWF operation in the EU waters, most research effort has been focused on understanding the impacts of construction of OWF, but our knowledge of noise in the operational phase is limited. Within PURE WIND consortium, we are addressing this gap by expanding our knowledge of the noise that emanates from OWF, particularly focusing on ecological consequences of these operations. In 2023 and 2024 we performed microcosms and mesocosms experiments in a marine lagoon in central Norway to study the effects of OWF noise on plankton communities. We are finding that there is a complex response from the plankton community. Some phytoplankton groups, like diatoms, seem to be negatively affected while other are positively affected. Zooplankton species also show responses in both directions. We are working on resolving the complex relationships among these communities to better understand this community response. With expected substantial expansion in OWF infrastructure globally as part of the green shift, our data and approaches will help facilitate this transition with minimized impacts on the marine ecosystems.

Sounds from offshore wind farms (OWF) are among the main contributors of anthropogenic noise to the marine environment. Substantial effort has been expanded on understanding possible impacts of noise resulting from the development stages of the OWF lifecycle. Despite 30 years of OWF operation in EU waters, our understanding of the impacts in the operational phase on marine ecosystems is limited. In this consortium, we aim to address this gap by expanding our knowledge of the radiated noise and the biological consequences of these operations and placing them in appropriate regulatory contexts, including provisions for adaptive mitigation advice. From the source and medium side, we will quantify key features of radiated noise from fixed and floating OWF, to increase understanding and simulate cumulative effect of clusters on radiated noise, helping us to identify sensitive habitats in cross-basin soundscapes. From the biological perspective, we will identify spatial and qualitative use of operating OWF by top predators and study the impacts of OWF noise on zooplankton behavior. These efforts will advance our knowledge of acute and cumulative effects of operational OWF noise across pelagic food webs. Harmonising and combining these two sides, we will develop knowledge and tools for integration of all aspects of noise production and propagation from operational OWF. This will facilitate assessment of planned OWF expansion for marine spatial planning and environmental impact. Finally, we will synthesise knowledge and best practices from EU and international experiences with fixed offshore wind installations and transfer this into the development of policy, mitigation, and regulation for the floating OWF within national, EU and international frameworks. With expected substantial expansion in OWF infrastructure globally as part of the green shift, our data and approaches will help facilitate this transition while minimizing impacts on the marine ecosystems.

Underwater Noise PURE WIND, Impact of sound on marine ecosystems from offshore wind energy generation

2 projects

PETROLEUM-PETROLEUM

Underwater Noise DIAPHONIA, Diagnostic framework to assess and predict the impact of underwater noise on marine species

Awarded: NOK 4.0 mill.

Project Period: 2022-2026

Location: Trøndelag - Trööndelage

PETROLEUM-PETROLEUM

Underwater Noise PURE WIND, Impact of sound on marine ecosystems from offshore wind energy generation

Awarded: NOK 4.0 mill.

Project Period: 2022-2026

Location: Trøndelag - Trööndelage