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Prosjektbanken presenterer statistikk og informasjon om prosjekter med finansiering fra Forskningsrådet fra 2004. Statistikken er fordelt på blant annet tema, år, geografi og organisasjon. Prosjektbanken gir også detaljert informasjon om de enkelte prosjektene.

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Training network for tracking and controlling therapeutic immune cells in cancer

Cancer immunotherapies have been established  in a growing number of clinical indications and the pace of development is massively accelerating. Currently over 6.000 clinical trials are investigating immune-related treatments in oncology especially in combinations. It includes both adoptive cellular therapies and immune modulating treatments like immune check point blockade. In contrast, the understanding of how such therapies mediate their mode of action is still mostly poorly understood. In particular, the role of distribution and relocation of immune cells after therapeutic interventions remains unknown. This is surprising, as immune cell interactions are a hallmark of therapeutic immune responses. T-RAFIC will enhance understanding of immune cell trafficking under therapeutic influence. It will open new paths and avenues to treatments, boost their efficacy and help prioritizing the plethora of immune therapeutic combinations. In the past, detailed analysis of cellular distributions was facing technical barriers. Advances in technologies, now permit tracking and visualization of cells in vitro and in vivo at an unprecedented resolution, allowing for the first time studies on immune cells under therapeutic influence. This emerging field of research has enormous potential and key importance for next generation of researchers in oncology and beyond. However, experts in this field are missing and this threats European research, development and medicine. Therefore, T-RAFIC joins forces of 13 academic and three industrial partners from nine European countries to conduct an innovative and interdisciplinary approach combining cell imaging with bioinformatics, cell engineering and clinician expertise. The network bundles recognised expertise in cancer immunotherapies, empowering European research and innovation and ensuring a sustainable cooperation in science and training.

METABOLIC REGULATION OF GENOME  FUNCTION AND CELL IDENTITY

NUCLEAR aims at educating future experts that can drive the emerging field of Metabolic Regulation of Genome Function and Cell Identity relevant for stem cell biology and cancer. It is a Doctoral Training Network composed of 14 beneficiaries and 12 partner organisations including three industrial partners, a training-oriented foundation, a patient support association from 8 EU member states, 1 associated country and a non-EU member state self-funding itself to the level of beneficiary. Given the highly interdisciplinary nature of this emerging field, no single institution can provide all suitable infrastructures and the know-how required for high-quality PhD-level training. To address this shortfall in training capacity, NUCLEAR brings together European leaders in metabolomics, functional genomics, chromatin regulation, stem cell biology and cancer with innovators in precision nutrition, mass spectrometry technologies and drug development. Together we are committed to the following: 1. To train 16 doctoral candidates (DCs) through an innovative program structured in four capacity axes and occurring on three complementary levels to deliver enabling scientific and transferable skills. 2. To guide DCs in collaborative research bridging boundaries of countries, sectors, and disciplines. 3. To address three key challenges that limit the advancement and exploitation of the field and that are the lack of tools to measure nuclear metabolism, the lack of understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms and the lack of targets for novel cancer therapies.  4. To build lasting infrastructures for dissemination, communication and exploitation promoting an entrepreneurial culture and maximizing and extending the impact of this proposal beyond its lifetime.  5. To increase the international visibility of European research by taking leadership in the emerging field of Metabolic Regulation of Genome Functions and Cell Identity.

Complex lipid membranes for science and technology

“CLIMB-Complex lipid membranes for science and technology” is a doctoral network of leading European lipid-research laboratories with highly complementary research expertise and training capabilities, which will allow participating PhD students to develop a wide range of research and transferable skills attractive to employers in both academic and industrial sectors. The research themes focus on the hypothesis that comprehensive understanding of the role of compositional complexity on “yet to be explored” structural properties and membrane-driven interactions is key to developing complex lipid-based nanomaterials that mimic the cellular environment and function as high-performance sustainable materials. A central aspect of the CLIMB programme is the development and physicochemical characterization of structure and stability of aggregates formed by novel lipid mixtures including natural extracts and novel protective polymer/peptoid-based coatings. Scientific results will be made available to non-academic partners to assess its possible translation into applications in the fields of mRNA delivery, bio-sensor development, and “green” formulations, areas in line with some of the grand challenges identified by EU. These objectives will be achieved by combining advanced and complementary experimental approaches from chemistry, physics, biology, and computational sciences. Through close collaboration with a network of both small and large industrial partners, the trainees will receive direct hands-on experience, and will gain insights into how lipid-based materials are used in innovative applications. In summary, CLIMB aims to advance the current knowledge on the interplay between structure, functions, interaction, and compositional complexity in lipid membrane. The generated results will contribute to important knowledge transfer between academia and the companies involved, promoting and increasing the success rate for innovations of grand societal challenges.

Isolating the first ARCtic GIant viRUSes and their bioactive compounds (ARCGIRUS)

Giant viruses (GVs) comprise a ubiquitous and unique viral group. Their large genomes encode a majority of proteins with unknown functions, an important but overlooked source for new biotechnological breakthroughs. Most known GVs have been isolated in hosts from the genus Acanthamoeba and none has yet been found from the Arctic, one of the most important ecosystems in the world. This came as a surprise considering various metagenomic studies revealed the presence of GVs worldwide, especially in marine ecosystems. More studies on host-GVs interaction also bring forth their potential for viral-derived bioactive compounds. Hence, this project (ARCGIRUS) aims to innovate in giant virus research by (O1) isolating the first algal-infecting giant virus from the Arctic. This will overcome the Acanthamoeba-focused host bias and at the same time explore an important but never studied environment in this field. Then, I will (O2) characterize the isolates, and (O3) develop a novel method using mass spectrometry to find potential bioproducts at the phenotypic level from cells infected with giant viruses. The biological data obtained through this project will have an impact on virology and evolutionary biology, likely leading to interesting basic research projects and applied science advances, in addition to increased awareness of the Arctic virosphere, and nature in general. The GVs isolates and publications generated through this project will become important references in the field and open the possibility of collaboration. The use of social media and collaboration with museums will advertise the study of GVs and raise awareness of their role in the marine microbiome to general audiences. Overall, the novelty of finding giant viruses infecting microalgae from the Arctic, together with the training and knowledge acquired from this fellowship, will support my career goal of becoming a leading polar microbiologist specializing in giant viruses.

Assessing Human Health Impacts of Maritime Air Pollution

While local air pollutants are well-known to have detrimental impacts on human health, we lack a complete understanding of the economic costs imposed by the negative health effects from exposure to maritime air pollution. In addition, because health effects are uncertain and likely to be heterogeneous due to the non-uniform population distribution and location of ships, it is difficult to design efficient policies to mitigate maritime emissions.  Nevertheless, the transition to a net-zero emissions economy will require the implementation of policies to curb emissions in the maritime sector.  By combining detailed Norwegian administrative data with highly granular geo-referenced data on shipping routes and air pollution, MARHEALTH aims to quantify the health effects of maritime air pollution and to assess the effectiveness of pollution mitigation policies in the shipping sector. These objectives will be addressed through three specific subgoals: 1) Generate high-quality data sets by combining administrative health and socio-economic data on individuals with highly granular geo-referenced data on shipping routes of all container and passenger vessels and satellite- and ground-based environmental data on air quality and weather. Further, I will collect and merge information on the transition from fossil fuel-operated to electrified passenger ships.  2) Empirical analysis of the health impacts of maritime air pollution by estimating causal impacts of pollution from ports. Linked data on health outcomes with socioeconomic characteristics of individuals allows me to uncover socio-demographic disparities in the health effects of exposed individuals. 3) Empirical quantification of the benefits of green transition policies in the maritime sector by merging the environmental and individual-level data with information on shipping routes of electrified vessels to econometrically recover causal estimates.

Network for Cross-disciplinary assessment of Endocrine Disrupting compounds: training the next generation of toxicologists

The EU has flagged endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which interfere with normal hormonal function leading to adverse health effects, of particular concern. Within different EU regulatory programmes the assessment of EDCs has recently changed significantly and continues to evolve rapidly. Advances in test methods for assessment of EDCs are needed to meet these changing regulatory requirements, and a new generation of toxicologists must be trained to support the implementation of the most advanced approaches. NeXED will address three critical challenges in this area. First, human and environmental EDC assessment have historically been separate disciplines while there is an increasing need to use data across species in a One Health approach. Second, EDC assessment currently addresses single compounds while in an environmentally realistic scenario organisms are faced with complex mixtures of EDCs. Third, new test methods for EDC assessment are needed, covering less well-characterised mechanisms and effects. NeXED aims to facilitate a paradigm shift in EDC assessment by training a new generation of cross-disciplinary toxicologists specialised in using harmonised approaches in a One Health framework. NeXED will train its 15 doctoral candidates through research, secondments and training events using an interdisciplinary and intersectoral training programme. NeXED brings together 9 Beneficiaries and 11 Associated Partners from 10 countries, building upon long-standing collaborations through existing projects including the Horizon 2020 EURION projects and the Horizon Europe Partnership on the Assessment of Risk from Chemicals (PARC). The consortium includes leading researchers from institutions with excellent doctoral training programmes who are all experts in ED assessment, as well as industry partners, regulatory agencies, SMEs and consultancy firms. With its complementary expertise the consortium is ideally placed to train the NeXED generation of toxicologists.

NeuroNanotech will train eleven researchers to tackle one of the major challenges in Europe’s ageing population - neurological diseases. The ability to monitor and modulate neural activity using interfaces has enabled a better understanding of brain function and has led to therapeutic solutions for some neurological disorders. Yet, fundamental technological challenges, such as ensuring proper brain tissue interfacing and reliable long-term recording/stimulation after implantation, impede widespread clinical use. New approaches to provide effective treatments are urgently needed.  NeuroNanotech will develop novel nanostructured flexible neural interfaces with highly improved tissue integration, minimizing foreign-body reactions and tissue scarring and allowing stable stimulation treatments. As main innovation, we will develop minimally invasive, ultra-sensitive spintronic magnetic sensors able to record stably without interfering with stimulation signals and avoiding electrode degradation. Connecting both interfaces, we will construct a low-invasive, closed-loop neurostimulation system that integrates feedback signals from the neural activity and provides real-time stimulation of the target structures according to the patient´s needs.  To achieve these goals, NeuroNanotech brings together experts in nanotechnology, device engineering, neuroscience and clinical neurology. The individual research projects are highly interconnected, ensuring interdisciplinary training. Researchers will benefit from training in advanced research and relevant complementary skills, imparted by an international and intersectoral consortium of research institutes, universities, companies, hospitals and social organisations from 9 different countries. We will provide researchers a unique environment focused on innovation and collaboration, with a view to commercial applications of the research results. This framework will open researchers avenues in both academia and health-related industry.

Nanoplatforms for Neuroscience

InSilicoHealth- Training the virtual twin professionals to support healthy ageing

InSilicoHealth aims to train doctoral candidates in the field of virtual human twin technology, with a specific focus on addressing challenges related to healthy aging in Europe in three core domains: heart, musculoskeletal, and brain. There is a two-way transfer between the research projects and the interdisciplinary training programme,  in which candidates will receive a broad education that spans different fields relevant to digital health. A compelling interdisciplinary joint degree-DN programme for 11 DCs is proposed answering four interdisciplinary research objectives, shouldered by intersectoral training components (i.e., academic and non-academic secondments) to prepare a new generation of outstanding digital health professionals.   InSilicoHealth will provide a comprehensive and forward-looking programme that combines research, interdisciplinary training, and collaboration with industry to address the complex challenges of healthy ageing, using virtual human twin technology. The DCs will be actively encouraged to surpass the technology-driven focus and to explicitly addressing the ethical, legal societal implications of VHT technologies. By providing the DCs with a 360° view on the methodological, technological, ethical, social, and regulatory challenges associated with this digital revolution of healthcare, InSilicoHealth is conceptualized as a steppingstone for a sustainable EU-based, doctoral programme on in silico health.

The HEPI (Health Economics for Policy Impact) proposal utilise an existing European research infrastructure, the ELIXIR, to develop the scientific integration of Europe and Africa in the area of health economics, and to promote better integration of research in policy processes. Our Objectives for HEPI are directly aligned with the key areas of ‘sustainable growth and jobs’ and ‘peace, security and governance’ outlined in the European Union and European External Action Service’s ‘Towards a comprehensive strategy with Africa’, specifically in the field of population health and health system strengthening. We will (i) facilitate improved policy and research interactions in health economics and financing in Africa, (ii) foster alignment between academic and political infrastructures in health economics across Europe and Africa and facilitate the sharing of resources, (iii) strengthen capacity at institutional level, and (iv) strengthen the capability of individual researchers and policymakers to produce, interpret and apply health economic evidence.   We will establish and expand Health Economics Communities of Practice (HE COPs) in both East and West Africa. These platforms will bring together stakeholders from member states’ policy and academic communities to strengthen health economics knowledge, support the uptake of research evidence into policy, and enhance collaboration on pertinent health policy issues. We will align academic and political infrastructures in Europe and Africa in the field of health economics, and lay the foundation for sharing of materials, methods and data. We will support higher education institutions to enhance their capacity in training highly skilled professionals proficient in health economics methods. Finally, we will promote individual capability building by providing personalized guidance and support through a 2 year mentorship program. 

Health Economics for Policy Impact

This SUSCARE project addresses the call for proposals on global health by proposing an international partnership between Norwegian and Colombian Universities, Research Institutes, and International Diabetes Federation, Colombia. The primary objective of SUSCARE is to establish a long-term partnership on advancing “SDG 3-Good Health and Well-being” by fostering the Norwegian government`s “Better Health, Better Lives” goal. The main purpose of this pre-project is to build a consortium and lay the theoretical and practical foundations for applying for Collaborative and Knowledge-building Projects (KSP) in Global Health in 2025 aimed to implement and evaluate a sustainable and equitable Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) Based Patient-centred framework for self-management of type 2 diabetic (T2D). Overall, this pre-project will help to get a better overview of the research challenges, perform necessary assessments of user requirements and research needs to improve self-management of T2D, identify, and engage potential stakeholders, and make concrete development goals and research direction for the KSP application to be submitted in March 2025.

A Sustainable AIoT Based Nutritional Recommender for Self-Management of Type 2 Diabetes among Adult Population

Partiustabilitet i parlamenter

Midlene fra UTENRIKS-Internasjonale forhold - utenriks- og sikkerhetspolitikk og norske interesser fordelt på år

Midlene fra UTENRIKS-Internasjonale forhold - utenriks- og sikkerhetspolitikk og norske interesser fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra UTENRIKS-Internasjonale forhold - utenriks- og sikkerhetspolitikk og norske interesser fordelt på fagområde

Associate professor

Elected representatives are widely expected to remain affiliated with the political parties that got them elected. However, party switching in parliaments is common, if not endemic, in many established and young democracies. By changing their affiliation, elected representatives create party instability: new parties form, existing parties dissolve, and the size of parties in parliament changes. Party instability may have important effects on election and government formation outcomes, public policy and voter representation.

This project examines party instability in parliaments in European democracies. It has three objectives: to map out diverse forms of instability, to explain why instability occurs, and to understand whether and how instability affects voter support of parties.

Regarding the first objective, the project team has shown that officially recorded changes in politicians’ parliamentary party group affiliation can be very different in nature. To uncover this complexity, we considered whether: 
1.	Prior to the switch parliamentary representatives were in a party group or served as independents in parliament.
2.	Members of parliament switched into an existing party group, a new group or became independents.
3.	The change in group affiliation was solo, in coordination with other representatives, or undertaken by the whole group.   

Based on these three criteria, we identified multiple forms of parliamentary party instability. Using official parliamentary records and media and other sources, we collected information about their frequency in Estonia (1995-2019), Ireland (1961-2020), Italy (2001-2022), Lithuania (1996-2020), the Netherlands (1959-2021), Norway (1958-2021), Poland (2001-2019) and Romania (1996-2020). Across all eight countries, the most common forms are:
•	Solo exits from party group to become parliamentary independents (17%). 
•	Collective splits from existing party groups to form new groups (15%). 
•	Collective exits from party group to become independents (13%). 
•	Solo defections from one existing group to another (12%). 
•	The creation of new groups by independents (12%). 

Overall, our dataset records 3,700 changes of party group affiliation by parliamentary representatives. The number of yearly changes for 100 parliamentary representatives ranges from less or just above 1 in Ireland, the Netherlands and Norway, 5 in Estonia, and 9 to 11 in Italy, Lithuania, Poland and Romania.

Regarding the second objective, our main efforts are geared towards understanding how different shocks and events can influence party instability. In one study we examine how inter-election changes in party support in publicly-available polls influence legislators’ incentives to leave their current party groups. We find that, if representatives are unlikely to be re-elected given the poll support of their party, they are more likely to switch to another group or to become independents, but not to create new groups. To conduct this analysis, we develop an innovative way to measure representatives’ electoral vulnerability by combining the information about representatives’ electoral list positions and the support of their parties in both the most recent general election and subsequent public opinion polls.

Given how frequently legislators leave their groups to become independents, it is also important to examine the party group affiliation strategies of independent representatives. Is the status of parliamentary independent a temporary stop or a final destination? We find that many legislators without party group affiliation indeed strive to either join existing groups (especially if they are not affiliated with small extra-parliamentary parties) or to create new groups (particularly if they are affiliated with small parties or left their former group with other representatives). These findings underscore that party instability in parliaments to a significant extent results from the behaviour of independent representatives. 

Additionally, we also examined the effect of gender on the change in representatives’ affiliation strategies. Building on the research that suggests that female politicians are, on average, more risk averse, less ambitious and more likely to incur political costs when switching, we expect that female representatives are less likely to switch. Preliminary evidence suggests that this is indeed the case.

Regarding the third objective, we have examined how changes of the party group affiliation influence the electoral performance of legislators in the countries that use open-list style of proportional representation. We find that switchers are less likely to run for re-election and tend to obtain fewer individual preference votes. However, the chances of re-election depend significantly on the type of switch. Surprisingly, becoming independent in parliament and subsequently joining an existing or new party group boosts legislators’ chances of re-election.

Party instability is on the rise in democracies new and old. Mainly associated with the emergence of new parties, party instability is also prevalent in parliaments in a variety of forms. Parliamentary representatives, acting individually or in coordination with current co-partisans, legislators from other parties or independents, can enter existing parties, form new parties, or become independents without a formal party affiliation. Such parliamentary party instability can have important effects on electoral and government formation outcomes and stability of cleavage structures. Endemic instability can undermine government stability, policy representation, electoral accountability, control of corruption, and development of important public policies. However, party instability can also change stultified party systems in old democracies or hinder the formation of dominant party systems and democratic backsliding in young democracies. 

In this project an international research team examines parliamentary party instability in eight carefully selected established and young democracies over several last decades. First, we unravel the previously under-researched complexity of parliamentary party instability through careful conceptual work and the collection of extensive quantitative and rich qualitative data on each instance of legislative party switching in our country sample. Second, we develop empirically-driven theoretical arguments explaining these diverse forms of party instability as a result of external shocks and events, while accounting for the concerns of switcher politicians, their current parties, and potential receiving parties. We test these arguments by combining advanced quantitative analyses with qualitative and experimental approaches. Third, we investigate the impact of diverse forms of party instability on party popular support while considering carefully the two-way relationship between party instability and party support.

Party Instability in Parliaments

The increased use and large disposal volumes of pharmaceuticals in Europe has raised concern about their impacts in marine ecosystems. Though pharmaceuticals undergo degradation, some compounds can escape through sewage treatment and remain in the environment over time. 
The Arctic is particularly susceptible to environmental change and stressors such as pharmaceutical pollutants. However, the knowledge of presence, exposure, and effects of pharmaceuticals on Arctic fauna is very limited. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of pharmaceuticals in benthic food webs will be studied in Svalbard fjords. Selected species will be exposed to pharmaceuticals to assess potential harmful effects through a series of biological end points. This will provide novel empirical information on biological impacts and the threat pharmaceuticals pose on the Arctic marine ecosystem. The resulting biological stress indicators will provide a tool to forecast and assess environmental risk of pharmaceuticals in the European Arctic. Diclofenac (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), tetracycline (antibiotic), fluoxetine (antidepressant) and simvastatin (lipid lowering drug) are initially selected as model pharmaceuticals.

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SSF-Svalbard Science Forum

PHARMARINE- Transport of pharmaceuticals and impact on arctic biota. RIS: 11719

Awarded: NOK 52,999

Project Period: 2023-2025

Location: Trøndelag - Trööndelage