2014

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Effektene av fysisk og seksuell vold på ofre og deres familier kan være ødeleggende og vedvarende, med potensielt langvarige konsekvenser for fysisk og mental helse, utdanning, sysselsetting og bruk av velferdstjenester. Mens strafferettssystemet anses som en viktig del av offerets gjenopprettingsprosess, er det begrenset empirisk forskning på hvorvidt strafferettslige prosesser hjelper og/eller hindrer bedring langs disse ulike dimensjonene. I dette prosjektet vil vi adressere dette kunnskapshullet ved å bruke en kombinasjon av kvantitative og kvalitative forskningsmetoder. I de kvantitative analysene vil vi bruke administrative registerdata som dekker hele befolkningen sammen med kvasi-eksperimentelle metoder for å kunne trekke kausale slutninger. Vi vil også benytte maskinlæringsteknikker for prediksjon. De kvalitative analysene vil supplere de kvantitative analysene ved å gi kontekst til et komplekst felt av saker og ofre og ved å identifisere potensielle mekanismer mellom strafferettslige prosesser og utfall for ofrene. Samlet vil disse metodene gi en mer robust, representativ og nyansert forståelse av hvordan kontakt med strafferettssystemet påvirker offeret på tvers av flere viktige livsområder både på kort og lang sikt. Prosjektet ledes av Folkehelseinstituttet (FHI) med Frischsenteret og Universitetet i Oslo som partnere. Prosjektet har et rådgivende utvalg med medlemmer fra Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter om vold og traumatisk stress (NKVTS), ETH Zurich, Universitetet i Oslo, Frischsenteret, Universitetet i Bergen, og OsloMet. Det er også tilknyttet en brukergruppe bestående av personer og organisasjoner som er i kontakt med ofre for vold og overgrep.

Victims of sexual and physical violence is one of the most vulnerable groups in our society. The criminal justice system (CJS) serves a critical role in providing assistance to victims of these crimes, enabling them to seek justice, protection, compensation, and closure. Yet, knowledge about whether the CJS helps or harms these victims is extremely limited. This project aims to remedy this by providing a comprehensive understanding of the role of the CJS in supporting and providing restoration for victims of physical and sexual violence in Norway. We will utilize a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods across disciplines to study outcomes across multiple important life domains, both in the short and long run. For the quantitative analyses we will use exceptionally rich longitudinal administrative register data with full population coverage combined with state-of-the-art quasi-experimental methods for credible causal inference and predictive machine learning techniques. The qualitative analysis will be based on narrative interviews with victims, providing context and insights into how interactions with the CJS shape life stories. The results will yield a robust and nuanced understanding of how the different stages of the CJS impacts victims. This is particularly urgent given how the current emphasis on legal responses to assaults has caused a sense of obligation and civic duty for especially women to report incidents, while the chances of legal closure remain small. In addition to advancing the methods for quasi-experimental designs and machine learning within quantitative criminology, this project will provide valuable insights for policymakers, stakeholders, and practitioners working in the field of victim support and rehabilitation and may inform current legal reform efforts aimed at addressing these issues.

Helpful or harmful: The effects of criminal justice system contact on victims of sexual and physical violence

Dyrearter over hele verden har endret atferd og migrasjonsmønstre som respons på klimaendringer, og globalt opplever vi en økning i tap av biologisk mangfold. Flaggermus utgjør den nest største pattedyrordenen i verden. Likevel vet vi fremdeles relativt lite om hvordan individer og populasjoner påvirkes av klimaendringer. Flaggermus har lav reproduksjonsrate og trenger mye mat relativt til den beskjedne kroppsstørrelsen. Forskere antar derfor at flaggermus er spesielt følsomme for klimaendringer. For å kunne gi gode råd om forvaltning og bevaring, må vi først vite hvilke egenskaper som gjør en flaggermusart mer sårbar, og hvilke årstider som gir dem de største utfordringene ved nordlige breddegrader; selv om vinteren i nord er lang og kald kan sommeren vise seg å være en større utfordring for nattaktive dyr, med lyse og korte sommernetter som begrenser tiden flaggermus har til å finne mat. Gjennom dette prosjektet prøver vi å finne ut hva som driver atferdsmessige, fysiologiske, eller sesongmessige responser på klimaendringer hos nordiske flaggermus fra sør til nord i Fennoskandia. Vi forsøker også å identifisere mulige tidsperioder som reduserer overlevelse hos nordiske flaggermus i lys av fremtidige klima-scenarioer, der hver årstid har sine egne dilemmaer små flaggermus må overvinne for å overleve. Dette prosjektet er et teoretisk modelleringsprosjekt, og et 3-årig forskningssamarbeid mellom BatLab Norway (NMBU) og BatLab Finland (universitetet i Helsinki).

Climate change will continue to alter weather conditions, food webs and energy requirements for species globally over the next decades, with escalating rates of warming especially predicted in the north. Bats belong to the second most species-rich mammal group in the world and are believed to be particularly sensitive to future climate change; however, we still have little knowledge on the mechanisms behind behavioral, physiological, and phenological responses to climate change in bats.

Nordic bats live in seasonal environments and face particular energetic dilemmas each season, that ultimately impact their survival- or reproductive chances. Common for these energetic dilemmas is that Nordic bats can use energy-saving behaviours (torpor and hibernation) throughout the annual cycle, but face certain costs in return. However, the costs and benefits of using these behaviours depend on individual state and on current and future environmental conditions, which demands a certain level of environmental predictability in order for bats to optimise their decisions.

With prospects of the weather becoming more unpredictable in the north, it has never been more urgent to identify potential bottlenecks for species living close to the border of their distribution limits, and to identify the traits that make them vulnerable to climate change.

In this project I will use stochastic dynamic state-dependent optimization models to identify the mechanisms behind responses to climate change in different Nordic bat species across seasons and latitudes. Such models evaluate costs and benefits of different behaviors, calculates the optimal decision under various conditions, and predicts the consequences of each choice, finally allowing us to simulate long-term population survival.

By combining the expertise of BatLab Finland and BatLab Norway I will be able to detect the seasonal limitations for survival and reproduction in Nordic bats across a latitudinal gradient.

Vulnerability of Nordic bat species to climate change: identifying seasonal bottlenecks across latitudes (NordBats)

Prosjektet har som mål å utforske og utvikle matematiske og numeriske metoder for å analysere stokastiske transportligninger. Disse ligningene er essensielle for å forstå hvordan tilfeldige fluktuasjoner (støy) påvirker dynamiske systemer som turbulens, vannbølger, geofysiske strømmer, og kompressibel væskebevegelse. Transportligninger er en type partielle differensialligninger som brukes til å modellere bevegelse og spredning av størrelser som masse, energi eller kjemiske stoffer i et medium. Disse ligningene tar hensyn til hastighetsfeltet, som beskriver retning og hastighet av bevegelsen i mediet. Ved å inkludere stokastiske elementer i disse modellene, kan vi ta høyde for tilfeldige påvirkninger eller støy som oppstår i systemet. Dette er avgjørende fordi mange naturlige og industrielle prosesser er utsatt for uforutsigbare faktorer, som kan ha innvirkning på deres dynamikk. Prosjektet fokuserer på gradientstøy, hvor hastighetsfeltene påvirkes av støy. Dette muliggjør energibevarende løsninger, noe som er ønskelig i fluidmekanikk. Energibevaring refererer til prinsippet om at den totale energien i et lukket system forblir konstant over tid, selv om den kan endre form. Konvensjonelle tilnærminger legger til såkalt Itô støy i kildeledd, noe som kontinuerlig tilfører energi. Gradientstøy krever avanserte matematiske verktøy for å håndtere dens komplekse påvirkning på systemene. Vi bruker Stratonovich- og Marcus-type fluktuasjoner for å representere denne støyen i hastighetsfeltene til transportligningene. Prosjektet har som mål å utvikle nye matematiske og numeriske teorier for å håndtere de spesifikke utfordringene som gradientstøy medfører. Vi fokuserer på å forstå superkritiske transportligninger, ikke-lineære bølgeligninger, og kompressibel Navier-Stokes ligninger. Viktige spørsmål er: (1) Har disse stokastiske ligningene en løsning? (2) Er løsningen entydig? (3) Er løsningen stabil ved endringer i inngangsdataene? (4) Hvordan kan løsningen beregnes numerisk?

Our project is at the cutting edge of numerical analysis of SPDEs affected by transport noise. Such equations have emerged as a focal point in mathematical research, due to their critical applications in areas like fluid dynamics, turbulence modeling, and geophysical flows. This heightened interest is driven by the need for deeper understanding and precise analysis of these complex phenomena, where SPDEs offer vital insights and predictive capabilities. What sets our research apart is its emphasis on transport-dominated systems driven by gradient noise operators. Prior numerical analysis studies have explored SPDEs with stochastic forcing, but the examination of gradient noise is still in its infancy. The complexity of gradient noise, involving anisotropic (integro-) differential operators due to stochastic calculus, presents unique challenges. There is a pressing need to develop methods that preserve the hyperbolic structure of these equations. Our project aims to pioneer this field by devising theoretically sound numerical algorithms and creating novel frameworks for stability and convergence. Our work considers supercritical transport equations, nonlinear wave equations, and the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Research on stochastic transport equations is inspired by the famous Kraichnan turbulence model, which posits advection through a Gaussian velocity field. Yet, there is a growing consensus that noise in turbulent velocities might be better represented by a Lévy process with jumps. As the second main advancement of our project, we are breaking new ground by pioneering the analysis of SPDEs affected by Marcus-type gradient noise. This area is critically important yet hardly explored, with vast potential for groundbreaking discoveries. Marcus noise is distinct for adhering to the Newton-Leibniz chain rule, which is important in fluid dynamics, unlike the Stratonovich interpretation which fails to do so in the presence of jumps.

NASTRAN: Numerical Analysis of Stochastic TRANsport

Noen av de mest mangfoldige slektene på planeten vår finnes på øyer. Likevel er øyer ofte avsidesliggende og isolerte, og øyarter har små populasjonsstørrelser som gjør naturlig utvalg mindre effektivt og fører til høyere utryddelsesrater. Dette skaper et paradoks: hvordan kan vi observere så stort biologisk mangfold på øyer hvis forholdene tilsynelatende er ugunstige for diversifisering?

I dette prosjektet har vi som mål å utforske dette spørsmålet ved å sekvensere genomer fra tusenfryd (familie Asteraceae) på Galápagos. Vi vil fokusere på tre slekter som er hjemmehørende på Galápagos: Darwiniothamnus, Lecocarpus og Scalesia. Ved å analysere genetiske data håper vi å avdekke hvordan endringer i populasjonsstørrelse, artsdannelse, kolonisering av nye miljøer og populasjonsvekst har bidratt til diversifisering. Vi vil også identifisere genomiske trekk forbundet med diversifisering, med fokus på utviklingen av strukturelle varianter og pangenom-variasjon.

This proposal will study how isolated lineages generate and maintain genetic diversity. Three replicate radiations of the sunflower family on the Galápagos Islands – Scalesia, Lecocarpus and Darwiniothamnus will be investigated. Despite the constraints imposed by founder events, small population sizes, and inbreeding, these radiations exhibit remarkable ecological and phenotypic diversity, prompting the question: how do isolated lineages generate and maintain genetic diversity?

Understanding the mechanisms of genetic diversity generation and maintenance is crucial for predicting the ability of species to recover from human-induced population declines. Habitat fragmentation, habitat destruction, and climate change are rapidly diminishing species diversity worldwide, making it imperative to identify the factors that contribute to the recovery of genetic variation. In this context, insular lineages can serve as model systems as their outstanding diversity arises following a founder event. The findings of this research will directly inform conservation efforts by collaboration with the GalápagosVerde2050 project.

Our research will employ molecular and bioinformatic methods. This includes the ancestral recombination graph to determine the age of genetic variation of different genomic regions, comparing empirical to simulated data, and assessing the role of structural variants and pangenomes in local adaptation. We aim to produce three high-impact manuscripts that offer insights into the generation and maintenance of genetic diversity.

IslandParadox - Unraveling the Paradox of Genetic Diversity in Isolated Oceanic Lineages

Achieving effective reduction in greenhouse emissions necessitates both preventing resource depletion and offering sustainable solutions to meet the increasing demand for energy. The technology developed in the NEXPECH2 project effectively addresses the above-mentioned challenges by using solar energy to convert water to green hydrogen (H2) under standard atmospheric temperature and pressure. Green hydrogen is a clean, sustainable chemical fuel that can be stored on a large scale for a long time and used to replace fossil fuels as a means of energy storage, transportation fuel, and feedstock. The NEXPECH2 ultimate goal is to deliver green H2 on a prototype lab-scale via development of a innovative photoelectrochemical (PEC) system for maximized solar light harvesting and efficient solar conversion to H2. The project will develop a low-cost compact device with an objective of reaching 10% solar-to-fuel efficiency and <10% degradation over 200 h operation.

Next generation photoelectrochemical cell for hydrogen generation (NEXPECH2)

Limb wounds in horses are common, however healing is exceedingly slow and fraught with complications. Contrary to body wounds, limb wounds demonstrate only a small amount of wound contraction. The specialist procedure of applying split-thickness skin grafts to limb wounds stimulates wound contraction by unknown mechanisms. The objective of this project is to identify those mechanisms to develop a treatment strategy for equine limb wounds for use in general  practice. Limb wounds are severely impacting animal welfare due to an extended healing/treatment duration, and the risk of euthanasia due to a poor functional outcome. By stimulating wound contraction, healing time will be reduced, and the functional outcome improved, directly benefitting the welfare of wounded horse and reducing treatment cost for the owner. Aim: To identify dermal components stimulating wound contraction, and to develop this knowledge into future state-of-the-art treatment of equine limb wounds for use in general practice. Hypotheses: i) Application of dermal fractions to collagen gels seeded with equine fibroblasts will increase gel contraction in vitro; ii) Application of dermal fractions to experimental limb wounds in vivo, will increase wound contraction resulting in a faster healing time versus wounds treated by conventional methods. Methods: i) The contractile effect of different dermal components will be assessed in a collagen gel/ fibroblast model; ii) Identified dermal components will be tested in a standardized experimental limb wound model in vivo (n=5). Ultimately, results from this project are expected to improve wound treatment in horses, directly impacting animal welfare by reducing healing time and improving the functional outcome of wounded horses. This will also directly benefit horse owners and caretakers and making veterinarians able to offer better treatment solutions.

HESTEFORSK - Raskere og bedre sårheling hos hest med autologe hudkomponenter

Verden var i endring mellom det 4. og 8. århundre. Det var en tid da Romeriket hadde utfordringer. Gamle sannheter ble stilt spørsmål ved etter hvert som kristendommen påvirket alle nivåer av samfunnet. I denne verdenen sto Romas sentrale fora som selve legemliggjørelsen av romersk tradisjon med sine politiske, historiske og religiøse monumenter. Imidlertid måtte selv de gamle foraene endres. Dermed ble kristen graffiti ristet inn på et av templene deres tidlig på 400-tallet. Graffitiene var et slående resultat av områdets kristning og det tidligste arkeologiske beviset på denne prosessen. Til tross for dette finnes det ingen systematisk analyse av graffitien. Flere er fortsatt upubliserte, samtidig som de gradvis forsvinner på grunn av forurensing. De må dokumenteres nå for å unngå at de skal bli borte. FROG vil 1) digitalt bevare den kristne graffitien, 2) gi ny kunnskap om foraenes bruk og betydning i Roma i tidlig middelalder ved å analysere graffitiene i deres romlige og tidsmessige kontekst, og 3) styrke forståelsen av foraenes rolle i fremveksten av kristen pilegrimsferd og identitet ved å analysere graffitiene i deres kulturelle kontekst. Ved å bruke skriftlige, epigrafiske og arkeologiske kilder analyserer FROG foraenes kristne graffiti, bruk og rolle i Romas kristning gjennom menneskelige handlinger. Analysen er basert på en innovativ kombinasjon av kollektiv minneteori, resilience theory og activity spaces, som gjør det mulig å tolke samspillet mellom foraenes fysiske og mentale landskap. Denne tilnærmingen gir en unik mulighet til å forstå hvordan mennesker fra alle samfunnslag formet foraene for å reflektere deres identitet og behov. Dermed er FROG nyskapende i sitt studiemateriale, sin metode, sitt teoretiske rammeverk og sitt søkelys på et bredere spekter av Romas aktører utenfor eliten. FROG vil resultere i ny kunnskap om utviklingen av det romerske imperiets mest symbolske steder under en avgjørende periode med urban og religiøs forandring.

In the 5th century, Christian graffiti were incised on a temple near the Forum Romanum – the heart of pagan Rome. They were a striking result of the area’s Christianisation - potentially the earliest archaeological evidence of this process. Rome’s Imperial fora and the Forum Romanum were essential cultural, political, economic, and religious centres used and adapted by the city’s inhabitants between the 4th and the 8th centuries. They are thus critical case studies of the Roman Empire’s Christianisation. Their graffiti offer a unique opportunity to examine this process from a non-elite perspective. Despite this, no thorough analysis of these graffiti exists. Several are still unpublished, while pollution is eroding them. They must be documented to avoid ultimate disappearance. FROG will 1) digitally preserve the Christian graffiti, 2) provide new knowledge of the fora’s use and meaning in early medieval Rome by analysing the graffiti in their spatial and temporal context, and 3) enhance the understanding of the fora’s role in the emergence of Christian pilgrimage and identity by analysing the graffiti in their cultural context. Using written, epigraphical, and archaeological sources, FROG analyses the fora’s Christian graffiti, use, and role in Rome’s Christianisation through human acts. The analysis is based on an innovative and ambitious combination of collective memory theory, resilience theory, and activity spaces, enabling the interpretation of the interplay between the fora’s physical and mental landscape. This approach provides a unique opportunity to look beyond elite monuments and understand how humans shaped the fora to reflect their identity and needs. Thus, FROG is innovative in its study material, method, theoretical framework, and focus on a broader range of Rome’s actors beyond the elite. This will result in new knowledge on the development of the Roman Empire’s most symbolically important sites during a crucial period of urban and religious change.

The Fora of Rome and their Christian Graffiti (4th-8th centuries)

The project aims to develop a high-fidelity MVP of robotic furniture designed to optimize urban living spaces and enhance life quality. This initiative merges advanced robotics and AI with practical design to address space efficiency in densely populated areas.

Key R&D challenges include integrating robotics and AI to create adaptable furniture systems, ensuring safety through rigorous testing and third-party certifications, and applying real-world feedback to refine functionality. The project involves significant technical and regulatory hurdles in engineering consumer-friendly, safe, and responsive furniture.

Starting December 2024, a three-month pilot phase with selected Norwegian businesses will test the product's real-world application and collect operational data. Feedback from end-users will be gathered through qualitative interviews, informing iterative improvements to enhance design and functionality.

This project leverages existing scientific, technical, and business knowledge in innovative ways, aiming to develop a unique product that sets new industry standards. It is characterized as experimental development, pushing technological boundaries in furniture design.

By February 2025, feedback and pilot data will be used to finalize a market-ready product, ensuring it meets user needs for functionality and aesthetics. This initiative represents a pioneering effort to transform urban living, combining experimental development with practical application to create sustainable and adaptable living solutions.

Development of high-fidelity MVP of AI driven robotic furniture to be piloted in realistic environment with pilot clients.

The overall vision of the Safe3D Accelerator project is to prototype, certify, pilot and commercialise our novel 3D ultrasonic sensor technology, to deliver unprecedented safety for autonomous mobile robots (AMRs). The patented (EP3735596B1, WO2023187419A1, WO2022162405A1) ultrasonic transducer housing, indoor object imaging capabilities and velocity detection, enable accurate real-time position and velocity data to correctly navigate and avoid potential collisions.
 
With just 2 of our miniaturised sensors, AMRs have full 360º Field of View in 3D. Affordable to all AMR OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers), Safe3D will replace the bulky, expensive and limited LiDAR sensors for safety zone and obstacle protection, delivering 3D sensing and enhanced safety. Moreover, their compactness provides easy integration and implementation into systems compared to the complex setup and calibration of LiDAR. The data generated by the Safe3D ultrasonic sensor requires less real-time computational processing power than LiDAR’s high-resolution point cloud data. Our sensors are also more robust, operating reliably in a wider range of conditions (temperature, dust, humidity, etc.). Finally, combining our sound-derived data with vision will give depth information to 2D images, giving full perception so that robots can navigate complex surroundings, adjusting and operating like humans.
 
Our Safe3D technology has a major market potential compared to current technologies. To increase our commercial success and impact, we have created a Strategic Business Plan, as a detailed roadmap, describing all necessary activities to ensure a successful market introduction. Now, we seek to develop our Commercialisation Plan (CP), an important part of the final Business Innovation Plan (BIP) to be created in this Accelerator project. As the envisaged Accelerator project builds upon a validated prototype technology, most of our efforts will be focused on piloting and commercialisation activities.

Safe3D: Safe 3D Object Detection For Robotics

Bilingual Experiences, Cognitive Ageing and underlying Mechanisms

The goal of the Bilingual Experiences, Cognitive Ageing and underlying Mechanisms (BECAME) project is to examine the functional neuroplastic mechanisms underlying mitigatory effects of bilingual experience on age-related cognitive decline. While evidence is available for structural brain changes supporting bilingualism-induced effects on cognitive aging (CA), functional mechanisms underlying such effects are not yet well understood. BECAME aims to fill this gap by investigating the trajectory of bilingualism-induced functional neuroplasticity across the adult lifespan (ages 18-85), crucially adopting an individual differences approach related to measurable degree of bilingual engagement. Importantly, although such benefits are thought to be rooted early in the lifespan, evidence for the timeframe and conditions of their early emergence is scarce. The choice of including the whole adult lifespan allows us to investigate these mechanisms and their emergence more directly from a lifespan perspective. I combine behavioral testing with brain recordings via electroencephalography (EEG). EEG is widely used in cognitive neuroscience to assess brain activity and the degree of communication between brain regions (functional connectivity) in response to stimuli and at rest. Combining behavioral and EEG modalities will allow me to test bilingualism’s effect on functional connectivity, as well as its consequences for functional efficiency, the minimum required neural activation to successfully perform a task. This will enable a detailed, evidence-based account of the protective effects observed in older-aged bilinguals, and how they are built from earlier life stages. By illuminating the relationship between multilingualism and resulting neurocognitive adaptations, BECAME will enable to capitalize on it as a health initiative, with manifold societal implications and the potential to be translated into actionable policies exploiting multilingualism to ameliorate effects of CA.

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Modes of Medieval Authorship in the Middle Ages

The project investigates the competition between suffixal doublets in Middle English. These structures are characterised by the appearance of the same base with two different suffixes, with no apparent distinction in meaning. Examples of doublets are 'ble reschipe' and 'blerinesse' ('bleariness'); 'dulshipe' and 'dulnesse' ('dullness'); or 'narweschipe' and 'narwenesse' ('narrowness'). On most occasions, the base survives in Present-Day English with only one of the suffixes. The project is thus concerned w ith understanding mechanisms of word-formation and, more broadly, language change. It has a time span of three months.

The Stavanger team has, under the heading of the 'Middle English Scribal Texts Programme' (MEST), built a corpus of medieval English te xts, both documentary and non-documentary. The corpus is partly lemmatized (in a database form), while the whole of it, some 700 texts at present, is available in diplomatic transcript. Its availability will facilitate the retrieval of suffixal doublets.  The specific doublets to be studied are -NESS and -SHIP (which the applicant has studied in other corpora; see *Esteban-Segura 2011), -Y vs -FUL, and -Y vs -OUS.

Further, the corpora available at Stavanger allow the occurrence of the doublets to be relat ed to contextual elements such as text type, genre, and date. These elements may give clues to explain the success of one or the other doublet over time. 

The project will result in at least one peer-reviewed journal article and a conference presentation .

*Esteban-Segura, Laura. 2011. Suffixal Doublets in Late Middle English: -NESS vs -SHIP. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 112/2: 183-194.

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IS-MOBIL-Mobilitetsprogr.f.utl.Ph.D-stu

A Study of Middle English Derivational Morphology - Laura Esteban-Segura - Spain

Awarded: NOK 42,000

Project Period: 2014-2014

Location: Rogaland