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Health, European Muslims and Gender: Medical Authority and Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Sunni Islam

Infertility is estimated to affect an average of 14% people worldwide. It is an issue that affects equally both men and women, although it is often associated with a women’s social burden and the case of Islam is not an exception. While religion influences Muslims’ health beliefs, behaviours and decisions, health providers are not always aware of cultural and religious preferences and norms. Thus, Islamic norms on health treatments can result in Muslim’s exclusion from the health care system, especially affecting Muslim women. This can especially impact issues on infertility and reproduction, which holds exceptional moral and social significance across religions. Through an innovative focus, this project aims to advance scientific knowledge about how Sunni Muslims in a minority context in Europe navigate between the authority of medical science and the authority of religion, and to what extent this affect their access to health care.. The project will provide empirical data and develop a theoretical framework based on gender studies, sociology of religion and anthropology of health literatures. This will be achieved by applying intersectional perspective and qualitative methodologies, consisting of semi-structured interviews with Health Professionals and Muslims who have had fertility treatments. The research will be conducted in two European cities: Oslo and Barcelona. Both cities have experienced a rapid increase in religious diversity in last decades but are different in their organisation of religious communities and of health systems. The comparison between the two cities will provide insights into differences among Sunni Muslims around negotiating health, religious and gender issues. This project will contribute to new avenues of investigation concerning the life conditions of Sunni Muslims in Europe and will develop new knowledge on health inequality that may be adapted for future research on other religious minorities or vulnerable groups. 

Multidisciplinary Assessment of Crustacean Sentience

Crustacean sentience (the capacity of this group to experience emotions) has sparked a heated debate across multiple disciplines, particularly as it could impact several major sectors such as fisheries and aquaculture. The outdated argument that animals do not experience negative emotions (such as pain) because they lack conscience, has been proven wrong for vertebrates and some invertebrates (e.g. octopus), but remains controversial for crustaceans. There is evidence of criteria consistent with the idea of pain, as crustaceans have and activate nociceptive pathways, but there is no evidence of the neural pathways integrating the responses nor the demonstration of the awareness thereafter. This is partly due to the ‘dispersed’  central nervous system (CNS) these animals present, with multiple ganglia, but no ‘brain’ as a focal point. To overcome this, MACS aims to apply new technology to measure 9 simultaneous nerve signals (8 ganglia and the heart) to fully understand the nociceptive pathways and how are they integrated in crustaceans’ CNS. This approach will tackle the principle of triangulation by (1) The development of an electroencephalogram (EEG) to record the nervous system of commercially important crustacean species; (2) the characterization of pain and stress through physiological and molecular animal-based indicators; and (3) the evaluation of behaviour and its neurological integration pathway.  As such, this multidisciplinary study will only be possible through a combination of my crustacean stress physiology background, my supervisor’s knowledge of the central nervous system anatomy, and my second supervisor's expertise in aquatic species' EEG. The outcome of this fellowship will range from CNS studies to validate current industrial practices (during a non-academic placement), to socio-economic impacts involving the society's concern for animal welfare. The knowledge and skills gained from this project will allow me to become an independent researcher.

Due to its multidrug resistance (MDR), Enterococcus faecium (Efm) poses a challenge to the healthcare system and renders most standard antibiotics useless.  Bacteriophage (phage) therapy has resurfaced as a treatment strategy for bacterial infections due to increasing antibiotic resistance. Its advantages include specificity, low side effects and production costs, especially when used in combination with standard-of-care antibiotics.  Phage therapy has been successful in compassionate use, but its wider implementation is hindered by a lack of knowledge on which antibiotics phages synergize and the mechanisms behind remain elusive.  Our project is unique in that it aims to enable the use of conventional antibiotics in MDR Efm through phages. We want to explore which antibiotic classes phages synergize with, which survival strategies Efm uses against phages, and how host factors influence the ability of the antibiotic-phage combination to kill Efm. First, we will investigate phages' interaction with different antibiotic classes against Efm. We will explore the dynamics of phage-antibiotic combinations and whether they are additive, synergistic, or antagonistic. Second, potential phage survival strategies of Efm will be investigated. Additionally, membrane vesicles will be investigated as a potential survival strategy against phages, and their ability to act as a decoy and protect the bacterium from phages will be studied. Third, we will investigate the impact of host factors on the phage-antibiotic killing of Efm, to see whether they can enhance or suppress the phage-antibiotic killing. This approach will provide a deeper understanding of the phages-antibiotic interaction against MDR Efm strains, as well as potential survival systems of Efm which may also shed light on possible mitigation strategies.  Overall, this approach has the potential to enable the use of standard-of-care drugs against MDR bacterial infections in general.

Phages against MDR Enterococcus faecium

HydroConnect focuses on the connectivities afforded by hidden, underground fresh water that surfaces along the coastlines of islands lacking accessible, perennial fresh water. It explores how Austronesian-speaking seafarers transformed such freshwater ‘seeps’ into wells throughout the South China Sea and Indo-Pacific, affording sea-routes around these well networks. Thus, HydroConnect breaks with the tendency in the social sciences and historiography to analytically privilege oceans or navigable rivers as vectors of global connections and history-making.  With the innovative concept of hydroconnectivities – human connections afforded by fresh water access – HydroConnect develops a novel theoretical framework linking the terrestrial and the aquatic through comparative historical ethnography of Austronesian speakers’ Indigenous knowledge, which has crossed oceans and flowed down generations, travelling between different groups of people. Deploying a cyclical tidalectic methodology transcending anthropology, archaeology and geology, it breaks new methodological and theoretical ground for conceptualising global history through hydrological connectivities across these chains of island worlds in different oceans.  First, it studies how this travelling Indigenous knowledge enabled hydroconnectivities that opened up sea routes and integrated fresh water, well infrastructure, and ecological and social exchanges across immense oceanic spaces in the past. Second, the project maps and theorizes how present-day descendants and successors of Austronesian-speaking seafarers benefit from vernacular hydrological knowledge of underground freshwater seeps. Thus, it advances analogical knowledge for tackling groundwater depletion to enable past-informed and future-oriented water policies for the sustainable management of the Earth’s aquifers. 

Global Hydroconnectivities beyond Oceans, Seas and Rivers

Deciphering Evolutionary Innovations: Comparative genomics of the origin and loss of venom in marine snails

The VENORIGN project aims to understand the evolution of novelty in biology. A major goal of contemporary evolutionary biology is to decipher the molecular basis of major phenotypic innovations in organisms, such as winged flight in birds and echolocation in whales. However, most cases of evolutionary novelty involve complex interactions among multiple genes, each with only minor effects. To address this challenge, we turn to venomous marine snails, specifically the Conoidea group, which includes cone snails and related species. Venom in these snails is linked to a limited set of proteins called toxins, representing the primary genetic changes responsible for the shift from non-venomous to venomous animals. The long-standing interest in cone snail toxins provides a unique context for studying this transition. Yet, the origins of the conoidean venom system and the processes governing multiple venom losses remain poorly understood. This project tests the hypothesis that the origin and loss of conoidean venom resulted from rapid genomic and morphological changes and will investigate these genetic and morphological alterations driving venom's emergence and disappearance. Using cutting-edge methods spanning morphology, taxonomy, genomics, and transcriptomics, we will analyze venomous and non-venomous conoidean and related species. This comprehensive comparison will reveal the processes governing venom acquisition and loss, shedding light on the principles of evolutionary novelty. Our work extends beyond venomous snails, offering a novel model to understand the molecular foundations of significant evolutionary changes. These findings will contribute to our understanding of how novel traits emerge in various biological systems, including human pathogens and agricultural development.

Chemosensation is a critical signalling process for sea cucumbers which relies on the interaction between their chemosensory receptors and various ligands for foraging and reproduction. Although there is a vast amount of research on the chemistry of secreted specialized metabolites of sea cucumbers, and some behavioural data evidencing chemoreception of these metabolites, the chemosensory receptors of these organisms have not yet been identified and nothing is known about the physiology behind sea cucumber chemosensation. This setback is in large part because the scientific approach behind studying chemosensation requires a vast array of techniques and expertise in ethology, chemistry, molecular biology, and biophysics.  Firstly, a behaviour associated with a chemical cue must be quantifiable, secondly, the precise chemical cue eliciting the behaviour response must be identified and isolated, thirdly, the chemosensory receptor of this specific cue needs to be identified on a tissue, cellular, and molecular level, and finally, the activation of this specific receptor by a specific chemical cue must elicit a measurable response on a molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal level. Through this project, I will elucidate the physiology of chemical communication between sea cucumber by considering these sequential steps in chemosensation. With my previous experience in sea cucumber ethology and chemistry, SensHolo will enrich my skill base in molecular biology and biophysics so that the mechanisms behind intraspecific chemical communication between sea cucumbers may be determined from both the emitter and receiver perspective; from signal to receptor.  This holistic approach will be ground-breaking in chemosensation and sea cucumber research. It will enable future research to address the evolution of chemosensation in marine invertebrates and the chemical ecology of sea cucumbers both in the context of optimizing aquaculture and in their ecological conservation.

Chemosensation in Holothruoids

Extending Techniques in Wall-Crossing and Enumerative Sheaf Theory

The goal of ExtWest (Applying and Extending Techniques in Wall-Crossing and Enumerative Sheaf Theory) is twofold: First, we plan to find and realize new applications of the recent technical developments in the field of enumerative sheaf theory, thereby proving new groundbreaking results. Second, we plan to develop new techniques inspired by the extisting results, and to thereby extend the range of accessible questions in this research area.

RMIT EU spearheads the Driving Climate Positive Futures (DREAM+PLAN), a truly interdisciplinary, international and intersectoral PhD program, uniting European and Australian research via 32 doctoral positions for double degree.  DREAM+PLAN brings together a community of visionary changemakers, leaders, who dream big and develop tangible pathways for solving local and global climate-related challenges, all united by a mission to create a positive impact, towards a more sustainable, fair, inclusive and thriving planet for future generations.  The need for  1. resilience (ability to withstand and recover from disruptions),  2. restoration (ability to repair or rehabilitate degraded ecosystems) and  3. regeneration (fostering the renewal, revitalization and replenishment of ecosystems, communities)  research is more acute than ever.   The overarching objectives of DREAM+PLAN research training program is to create and deliver, legacy-worthy, novel, cutting-edge, 3i-centric training through best-practice multi-faceted, multi-modal group and individual training options for DCs. Ultimately, breeding the next generation of high-performing ESRs equipped with a unique set of skills and capabilities to fully comprehend and address the multifaceted nature and scale of climate change, across sectors.  DREAM+PLAN’s training program is aligned to contribute to EU Missions, the European Green Deal and supporting RIS3 strategies and includes 3 annual doctoral schools, adopting a novel scaffolding approach.  DREAM+PLAN will fully embrace diversity and through its ecosystem approach, develop pathways for ESRs towards new mindsets, behaviours, technologies, policies supporting the transition to more sustainable, fairer, and productive futures. 

Driving Climate Positive Futures

PrepApp: An Embodied Scenes approach for the teaching and learning of English prepositions

Prepositions play a critical role in communicating spatial relations that involve real-world physical entities (e.g., The keys are on the dresser) and abstract concepts (time after time), yet teaching their usage patterns can be tricky (Tyler, 2012). The research question addressed by this project deals with how we can teach prepositions in a systematic way. The purpose of this study is to address five scientific problems surrounding the teaching and learning of prepositions by bridging the divides between: (1) psychology and linguistics, (2) the laboratory and the real world, (3) native speakers and students, (4) educational professionals and accessible tools, and (5) disciplines by bridging a methodological gap via a novel theoretical framework. We can bridge these divides by implementing principles from cognitive psychology that tap into the mechanisms that scaffold thought processes. The main objective is to produce profiles for high frequency prepositions, to build lessons combining these profiles with an Embodied Scenes (ES) framework, and to test the lessons in the classroom. While new methods in preposition teaching are slow to be adopted, research is moving fast. An ES approach that is compatible with Cognitive Linguistics (CL) research may increase traction for preposition course materials. This study would provide data about real world behavior and provide an accessible tool for students.

Co-benefits and synergies between biodiversity conservation, poverty alleviation and climate change mitigation from a social-ecological systems perspective

CoBioPovCli addresses the question of how to conserve biodiversity, alleviate poverty, and mitigate climate change simultaneously, which are interrelated challenges that threaten human and environmental well-being. The importance of this topic is highlighted by the current context of the global COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war, which have exacerbated these problems and their impacts on human and environmental well-being. The main gaps in this topic are: (1) lack of comprehensive data, especially on the dynamics of socio-ecological systems, (2) lack of integrated knowledge, and (3) lack of holistic approaches that consider co-benefits and synergies. CoBioPovCli aims to overcome the limitations and gaps in the current state-of-the-art by developing an integrated spatial planning approach that can achieve win-win synergies between biodiversity conservation, poverty alleviation, and climate change mitigation from a social-ecological systems perspective.  CoBioPovCli will use literature, models remote sensing data, and other data sources to construct and apply the spatial planning approach, based on case studies, spatial analysis and scenario simulation. CoBioPovCli will generate new knowledge, data and solutions that are conceptually novel, scientifically rigorous and policy-relevant. It will enhance our understanding of the multiple values of biodiversity and its contributions to human well-being under changing climatic conditions. It will provide evidence-based recommendations and best practices for promoting more integrated and sustainable approaches that benefit both people and the planet. CoBioPovCli will also enhance Europe’s scientific and technical capacity and excellence in the field of co-benefits and synergies between biodiversity conservation, poverty alleviation, and climate change mitigation, as well as contribute to Europe’s global leadership and influence in addressing these interlinked challenges.

IMPART - Urfolksrepresentasjon i majoritetsbaserte partier og "det grønne skiftet": strukturer, strategier, og politiske resultater.

Midlene fra P-SAMISK-Program for samisk forskning fordelt på år

Midlene fra P-SAMISK-Program for samisk forskning fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra P-SAMISK-Program for samisk forskning fordelt på fagområde

Forsker II

Much of the literature on Indigenous representation concerns Indigenous organizations or representative bodies. IMPART, on the other hand, studies how Indigenous people attempt to influence policy through the political parties of the majority peoples of their states: How are the Sámi included - or not included - in the statewide political parties of Norway and Sweden?

Norway and Sweden are generally held to be two quite similar countries, but in this case we find some rather notable differences. What are they? Why have these countries developed in so different directions when it comes to Sámi inclusion in mainstream political parties? And what can explain differences between parties within the same states? How do the different relationships between parties and Sámi activists in Norway and Sweden, affect the relationship betweeen the states and their Sámi Parliaments?

When IMPART's researchers seek explanations, we will map political structures in contemporary politics through interviews and document studies, we will research the historical development of the relationship between the Sámi and the different parties and states, and we will learn from international research on Indigenous representation and on party politics.

IMPART also looks specifically on how Indigenous inclusion or lack of such relates to different parties' "green shift" policies. Contemporary political debate is characterized by conflict between Indigenous industries and "clean energy" industries. Do parties with strong Indigenous inclusion structures take Indigenous rights and interests more into account ijn their "green shift" policies? Or is Indigenous inclusion symbolic, without measurable effect on this policy field? IMPART studies different parties in the two countries to investigate this.

IMPART studies Indigenous interest representation through majority-based political parties, with a specific focus on how this phenomenon affects parties' policies regarding disputes between "green" industry development vs. protection of natural resources that are fundamental for traditional Indigenous economic activities.

How do Indigenous political activists attempt, and to what extent are they successful in, influencing the majority-based parties that control the state when it comes to "green shift" policy? Why do some parties create Indigenous representation mechanisms, while others do not? What different models and practices have been created for Indigenous interest representation in parties, and what political outcomes do these differences have?

IMPART compares two of the states that have partitioned Sápmi and the Sámi people: Norway and Sweden. These two states have similar models for Indigenous representation - elected Indigenous assemblies, Sámediggis. Yet, when it comes to the relationship between the Indigenous people and the majority-based parties, Norway and Sweden display prominent differences. Such differences are also displayed between different parties within the same country. Hence, the two cases provide interesting ground for comparative research.

The project draws on and contributes to, two bodies of academic literature: 1) Indigenous representation, and 2)
party organizations. It takes existing theory on Indigenous representation, and on the representation of traditionally marginalized social groups in political parties, and seeks to further develop theory through structured comparison of parties and countries.

IMPART has a three-part structure that involves: (1) Data collection; (2) Analysis of the Sámi representation structures and practices of Norwegian and Swedish parties, and their origins; (3) Analysis of consequences for parties' "green shift" policies and state-Sámediggi relations regarding the "green shift".

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