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LTP Climate, environment and environmentally friendly energy

Climate and loss of natural diversity

Internationalization

Societal security and civil preparedness

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Petroleum og mineraler

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Oceans and coastal areas

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Enabling and industrial technologies

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Professional environment

High quality and accessibility

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Strengthened competitiveness and innovation capacity

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Health

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Enabling technologies

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Life sciences

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Natural sciences and technologies

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Humanities and social sciences

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Global development and international relations

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Democracy, administration and renewal

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Education and competence

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Oceans

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Petroleum

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Climate and polar research

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Land-based food, the environment and bioresources

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Energy, transport and low emissions

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Genredigering er den nye generasjonen av genmodifiseringsteknikker som kan anvendes på mat gjennom produksjon av planter, dyr og mikroorganismer med ønskede agronomiske egenskaper. Nano4CRISPR går fra en «transgen laboratorietilnærming» til en «på stedet tilnærming» hvor komponentene for genredigering vil bli anvendt direkte i åkeren for å modifisere planter, skadedyr og andre organismer. 
Hovedformålet til Nano4CRISPR er å utvikle, teste og risikovurdere en innovativ plattform der nanopartikler og CRISPR-konjugater utvikles for bruk til fremtidig genredigering av produkter. Denne plattformen er unik i sin kombinasjon av nano- og genteknologi og er derfor velegnet til bruk i den banebrytende teknologien som skal benyttes for transport av nanoCRISPR-konjugater og representerer en signifikant fordel over de eksisterende metodene for genteknologi. Målrettet design av nanopartikler vil muliggjøre utviklingen av nanoCRISPR-konjugater som kan trenge gjennom plantecellenes rigide cellevegger og membraner for å oppnå genredigering av hele planter ute i en åker, uten å benytte kompliserte, lange og arbeidskrevende genteknologiske prosesser. Denne tilnærmingen vil også være aktuell innenfor andre felt, slik som akvakultur, skadedyrkontroll og økologiske bevaringsformål.
I tillegg til å utvikle nye nanoCRISPR-konjugater, vil vi også sette søkelys på risikovurdering og undersøke uønsket bruk/misbruk ved hjelp av en RRI (Responsible Research and Innovation) basert tilnærming. Vi vil også se nærmere på mulighetene for industriell produksjon og skalering av nanoCRISPR-konjugater, med den hensikt å forbedre underliggende risikovurderinger samt rammeverket innenfor vurderingen av samfunnsnytte, etikk og miljø som er relevante for genmodifiserte organismer. Interessenter fra akademia, industri, statlige etater og sivile samfunnsorganisasjoner i Norge og andre Europeiske land, vil delta aktivt sammen med oss i en samordnet prosess som vil gi en høy sosial relevans og tillit.

Nano4CRISPR will generate knowledge on nanoparticles based CRISPR delivery products that can be applied externally to crops in the open field for both agricultural and environmental purposes. The project aims to contribute to the transition towards environmentally friendly and sustainable food production following a Responsible Research and Innovation co-creation platform. NanoCRISPR conjugates have the potential to contribute to reducing the use of harmful chemistries that create persistent agrochemical pollution and to increasing resilience and suitability of our food system. The main goal of Nano4CRISPR is to develop, test and risk assess an integrated platform for the development of personalized nanoCRISPR conjugates for use in future gene-editing products directly in the field or at point of scale.  Rational nanoparticle design will enable the development of nanoCRISPR conjugates that can overcome membranes and rigid cell walls surrounding plant cells and enable gene-editing in whole plants, in the field, without the aid of complicated, long and laborious genetic engineering processes. Hence, the approach is also suitable for other field applications, such as in aquaculture, pest control, and ecological conservation purposes. The integrated gene-editing platform comprehends a holistic risk assessment approach including the investigation of unintended and malicious use. Stakeholders from academia, industry, governmental agencies, and civil society organizations in Norway and other European countries will actively participate with us in a co-creation process that delivers high societal relevance and trust.

Nano4CRISPR: Novel nanocarrier reagents for environmental delivery of CRISPR/Cas

Epoksyresiner er en gruppe kjemikalier med bred bruk i bygg- og beleggapplikasjoner. Selv om de allerede bidrar til bærekraft ved å beskytte og utvide levetiden til blant annet offshoreinstallasjoner, skip, biler, fly og husholdningsapparater, er de nesten utelukkende laget fra fossile ressurser og basert på giftige forbindelser som kan utgjøre en trussel mot miljøet og helse. Mer bærekraftige og tryggere alternativer til konvensjonell epoksy med lignende ytelse som deres originale motparter er derfor etterspurt.
Samarbeidsprosjektet NordiCoats adresserer behovet for en grønn omstilling i kjemikalie- og materialsektoren ved å utvikle mer bærekraftige epoksybindemidler ved en unik kombinasjon av bioteknologi, nanoteknologi og kjemiske syntesemetoder, som fører til nye trygge og bærekraftige biobaserte epoksyforbindelser og resiner med unike egenskaper, mulig resirkulerbarhet, og redusert energiforbruk. De beste nye epoksyresinene vil bli vurdert som bindemidler i høyytelsesbelegg for den maritime sektoren.
NordiCoats implementeres av et konsortium av fire forskningspartnere i aktivt samarbeid med fire industrielle partnere, som med sin komplementære kompetanse og bidrag til prosjektet vil bane vei for nye, mer bærekraftige epoksyprodukter for en mengde ulike bruksområder og markeder.

Epoxy resins represent a highly developed group of chemicals with a broad use in building and coating applications. Although they in high-performance coatings already contribute to sustainability, e.g., by protecting and expanding lifetime of offshore installations, ships, cars, aircraft, and household appliances, etc., they are almost exclusively derived from fossil resources and based on toxic compounds that can pose a threat to the environment and health. More sustainable and safer alternatives to conventional epoxy with similar performances as their original counterparts are therefore in high demand.
The collaborative project NordiCoats addresses the need for a green transition in the chemicals and materials sector by assembling an innovative platform for the development of more sustainable epoxy binders by a highly interdisciplinary approach. Advanced biotechnology methods are applied to produce microbial oils and biopolymers from lignocellulosic sugars, and biorefinery by-products are sourced and upgraded to assemble a set of base compounds for subsequent upgrading. The base compounds are chemically and/or enzymatically activated and combined with advanced nanotechnology, in order to generate new bio-based epoxy compounds and resins with unique properties, possible recyclability, and reduced energy consumption. These new epoxies are then subjected to functional tests, accompanied by safety, environmental, and economic assessments, providing feedback for further material improvement in the project. Ultimately, the best new epoxy resins will be evaluated as binder additives or substitutes in high-performance coatings for the maritime sector. 
NordiCoats is implemented by a consortium of four research partners in active collaboration with four industrial partners, who with their complementary competences and contributions along the entire value chain will pave the way for new, more sustainable epoxy products for a plethora of different applications and markets.

New bio-based epoxy compounds for high performance applications  (NordiCoats)

Norge har et stort antall områder med viltfare langs veier hvor det ikke er kostnadseffektivt å bygge store gjerder eller viltkryssinger. Tilstedeværelsen av dyreliv langs åpne veier kan forårsake trafikkkollisjoner med dyreliv, skape stress og skape farlige situasjoner for sikkerheten til både mennesker og dyr. Alvorlighetsgraden av situasjonen er synlig i antall kollisjoner med hjortevilt. Til tross for forsøk på ulike løsninger har disse hatt liten suksess og antall trafikkpåkjørsler med dyreliv har økt med rundt 50 % de siste 5-10 årene. WILDETECT har som mål å samle inn både eksisterende og nye data for å bygge kunnskap om hvor sannsynligheten for kollisjonsulykker er høyest, for å varsle trafikanter og redusere antall trafikkulykker med dyreliv. Prosjektet skal utforske ulike løsninger som samler inn data om antall og/eller bevegelse av viltgrupper, som: 1) statistiske data, 2) sensordata og videoobservasjoner med droner, og 3) ustrukturerte data fra trafikantene, for eksempel. sosiale medier. I tillegg vil det bli utforsket hvordan man kan bringe data sammen (datafusjon), for å bygge kunnskap om hvilken type data man skal kombinere og hvordan man kan forbedre statistiske modeller for å forutsi kollisjoner. Kunnskapen som genereres i WILDETECT skal også brukes til å teste ulike varslingssystemer, alt fra mobilapplikasjoner til skilt med variabel hastighet som aktiveres når risikoen er høy. Disse varslingssystemene vil bli evaluert av sjåfører. For å teste ulike varslingsløsninger, vil WILDETECT benytte seg av Virtual Reality (VR) og en kjøresimulator for mer effektivt å evaluere sjåførenes adferd når det varsles om risikoen. WILDETECT vil også inkludere aktører involvert i transportsystemet, inkludert de som mottar data, varsler, og trafikantene. Dette vil tillate samskapingsprosesser, hvor bidrag fra interessenter og brukere vil bli vurdert for å definere hvilken type data som kan inkluderes i en løsning.

WILDETECT explores and extends various statistical and technical solutions in investigating the integration potential of data and technology in answer to traffic collision avoidance between vehicles and animals. The project aims to develop knowledge-based outcomes for the development of a safe and smart traffic system that can detect wildlife and warn road authorities and drivers of increased collision risk. The project results will be a starting point for developing future technology systems that can be applicable to traffic planning, providing road users with real and dynamic traffic information, thus contributing to increased transport safety.

Exploring preconditions for an integrated safe and smart traffic environment system - for Wildlife collision avoidance.

Europas energiforbruk øker for hvert år, og bygninger står for mer enn 40% av det totale energiforbruket (Europaparlamentet, 2022). 

Ifølge Eurostat (2020) står innendørs oppvarming og kjøling, sammen med varmtvann, for opptil 80% av energiforbruket i boligsektoren. Med tanke på klimaendringene er det avgjørende å utvikle lokale og rimelige lavkarbonenergikilder med lav miljøpåvirkning for å kunne nå EUs klimamål for 2030, samt innfri den langsiktige strategien om å bli klimanøytrale i 2050 (2030 Climate Target Plan). 

Ettersom karbonavtrykket fra elektrisitet reduseres, er elektrifisering av oppvarming og kjøling gjennom bruk av høyeffektive jordvarmepumper nøkkelen til å redusere bruken av ikke-fornybar energi og bidra til reduksjon av CO2-utslipp. Imidlertid er høyere oppstartskostnader, installasjonstid og teknologiske utfordringer fortsatt betydelige barrierer for adopsjon.

Til tross for det enorme potensialet, installeres geotermiske systemer i lavere hastighet enn andre fornybare kilder. Siden 1980-tallet har utviklingen av Energy GeoStructures (EGS) gjort det mulig å utnytte grunn geotermisk energi fra betongstrukturelle elementer i kontakt med bakken (f.eks. pælefundamenter, støttemurer og tunneler) ved å installere varmevekslerrør i dem. EGS er dermed tekniske underkonstruksjoner som ikke bare kan brukes som bærende elementer, men også for varmeoverføring og lagring. Prinsippet er å installere varmevekslerrør koblet til armeringsburene for disse geostrukturene. Dette gjør at den termiske energien i bakken/fjellet kan benyttes til oppvarming og kjøling, i tillegg til den mekaniske støtten konstruksjonen uansett gir. Målet med LEG-DHC-prosjektet er å fremme utviklingen av EGS i Norge og Europa for å både redusere forhåndsinvestering, samt redusere karbonavtrykket betydelig.

In the light of low-carbon sustainable city, underground structure, such as retaining wall, pile, tunnel etc., can be equipped with ground heat exchangers to harness thermal energy stored by the ground for heating and/or cooling buildings, leading to a friendly technology namely Energy Geostructures (EGS). Previous investigations over the decades have significantly advanced the technological readiness level (TRL) of some EGS (thermo-active piles) to a higher 4+ level with a number of pilot sites. Despite this well-known interest, there still remains some technical barriers on the route of the implementation and integration of EGS at a large scale as mentioned below: 
• The lack of visibility on positive thermal and mechanical feedback for the stakeholders
• The integration of EGS into a district heating system at the regional scale 
• The collaborative operation and management of geothermal energy, solar and other local energy sources for a climate neutral regional community.
To breakdown the aforementioned barriers, this project will aim to: - Show the global feasibility in terms of thermal efficiency and mechanical impact on existing complex infrastructure. In particular, the energy production, carbon reduction and other existing data will be analysed to demonstrate the environmental protection over previous efforts. - Provide a structured, easily accessible and clear database presenting feedback on thermomechanical behaviour, energy performance, overall efficiency, durability, etc.

Large-scale climate neutral Energy Geostructures in District Heating & Cooling systems/networks. Funded by CETP2022, RCN Aage Stangeland.

Arrhythmical Risk Indicator (ARI) – cardiovascular images to reduce the need of pacemakers

Det siste års sterke svingninger og raske økninger i energiprisene har satt søkelys på hvordan den pågående omstillingen av Norge til et lavutslippssamfunn kan slå ulikt ut for ulike samfunnsgrupper. Det har vist seg utfordrende å finne politisk og økonomisk gode grep som både kan kompensere utsatte forbrukere og samtidig sikre andre mål i klima- og energipolitikken. FAIRPOWER-prosjektet vil ta for seg dette dilemmaet. Det består av tre integrerte deler: 

Arbeidspakke 1 vil utforske modellscenarioer for hvordan kraftmarkedene vil kunne respondere på lavutslippsutviklingen. Kraftmarkedene vil bli påvirket direkte, men også indirekte via andre sektorer og internasjonale markeder. Et sentralt element i omstillingen vil være å gå over fra fossil energi til fornybar kraft. Scenarioanalyse er en måte å illustrere usikkerhet på; utfallene vil avhenge ikke bare av strategivalgene i Norge, men også i utlandet, ikke minst utviklingen i og samspillet med resten av Europa. 

Med scenarioene som bakteppe vil vi i arbeidspakke 2 analysere hvordan ulike husholdningsgrupper påvirkes av energiomstillingen. Virkningene forventes å være forskjellige avhengig av husholdningenes inntekt, hvor de bor og arbeider og hva slags teknologier og energikilder de benytter til oppvarming og transport. Til disse analysene vil vi utvikle en ny husholdningsmodell som kan koples til de økonomiske scenarioene. 

In arbeidspakke 3 vil vi bruke erfaringene fra de to første delene til å vurdere mulige tiltak som kan kompensere husholdningene for økte energipriser og motvirke uønskede fordelingsvirkninger av lavutslippsomstillingen. Som del av arbeidet vil vi gå gjennom kompensasjonsordninger som er blitt brukt i ulike europeiske land siden energiprisene steg betraktelig i 2022. Vi vil sammenlikne ulike utforminger med tanke på fordelingsvirkninger, samfunnsøkonomiske kostnader og utslag på sentrale energi- og klimapolitiske mål.

The recent energy price peaks have called attention to how an accelerating low-emission transition ahead may have undesired distributional impacts. A key challenge is to design compensatory policies that do not set the transition nor other energy policy goals at risk. FAIRPOWER seeks to advance the scientific knowledge base relevant to this policy dilemma through 3 research steps. Main outcomes of Work Package (WP) 1 will be scenarios for how the power markets respond to low-emission strategies. The case is Norway, who aims to substantially electrify the economy. The use of a multisectoral, multiregional macroeconomic model system will capture interrelated adaptations across all sectors, indirect power market feedbacks and Norway’s dependency on the EU’s low-emission strategy, given their partly integrated power markets and common climate policies. The scenarios will reflect the uncertainty about how these international political and economic relations will evolve. 

WP2 will investigate distributional impacts of the low-emission transition, both across income groups and across households distinguished by a variety of attributes within income groups, incl. region, job sector and heating equipment, household composition and residential characteristics. The research will methodologically go beyond state-of-the-art by building a microsimulation model with better data, more details and simultaneity. With the consistent macroeconomic scenarios as a backdrop, we will study distributional impacts of simultaneous changes affecting households through consumer prices, investment costs and income elements. 

WP3 will use the results from WP1 and WP2 to analyse compensatory schemes. First, we will survey and analyse European recent compensatory policies. Based on this insight we will investigate how various designs can balance fairness concerns against the low-emission transition and other energy and climate policy goals in the Norwegian setting and under different scenarios.

A fair low-emission transition of the power market (FAIRPOWER)

ForestFeed skal utvikle bærekraftige mikrobielle fôringredienser av høy kvalitet (MI; mycoprotein) i fôr til laks ved å oppsirkulere sidestrømmer fra skogbruk ved hjelp av avansert bioteknologi, og dermed bidra til en sirkulær økonomi, styrke matsikkerheten og redusere klimaendringene. Prosjektet inkluderer partnere med kompetanse langs hele verdikjeden fra skogsråstoff til de endelige fiskeproduktene. MI og MI-produktene som blir utviklet vil bli brukt i funksjonelle fôr for å styrke immunforsvaret, helse, sykdomsresistens og dermed øke velferden hos fisk. Det lokalt produserte MI vil også redusere miljøpåvirkningen fra oppdrettsnæringen, øke produktiviteten, redusere kostnader og øke forbrukernes tillit til de endelige fiskeproduktene.  Nye bioprosess teknologier vil bli utviklet for behandling av sidestrømmer fra skogbruket som bærekraftige innsatsfaktorer for produksjon av MI. De mest lovende prosessene og råstoffet vil så bli brukt til å oppskalere MI-produksjonen. Nye bioaktive produkter vil bli isolert fra MI, karakterisert og evaluert for bioaktivitet i cellekulturstudier med immunceller fra laks, der de mest lovende produktene vil bli brukt i funksjonelle fôr. Næringsverdi, vekst og helseeffekter av MI- og MI-produktene vil bli validert i forsøk med regnbueørret og atlantisk laks med bruk av moderne verktøy (tarmfysiologi, histopatologi, transkriptomikk og proteomikk). En risikoprofil for prosessen og råstoffet vil bli utviklet, og miljømessig livssyklusvurdering (E-LCA), liv sykluskostnadsvurdering (LCC) av det optimaliserte akvakultursystemet, og tekno-økonomisk analyse av prosessen vil bli utført. Samlet sett vil ForestFeed skape sterke nye, tverrfaglige forsknings- og innovasjonsgrupper fra Norge, Finland, Sverige, Tyskland og Canada for å legge til rette for en skogbasert bioøkonomi og redusere klimaendringene i Norden.

ForestFeed will develop sustainable high-quality microbial feed ingredients (MI; mycoprotein) for farmed salmonids by up-cycling forestry waste streams by advanced biotechnology, thus facilitating a circular economy, strengthening food security and mitigating climate change. The project includes partners with complementary expertise along the value chain from primary forestry by-products to the final fish products. The MI and derived products will be used in functional feeds to improve immunological function, health, disease resistance and welfare of fish. The locally produced MI will also reduce the environmental impact of the aquaculture industry, benefiting productivity, costs and consumer confidence in the final fish products. 

Novel bioprocessing technologies will be developed to exploit side streams from forest biomass processing as a sustainable feedstock to produce the MI. Most promising processes and feedstock will be used to upscale MI production. Novel bioactive products will be isolated from the MI, characterized, and evaluated for bioactivity in salmon immune cell culture studies, where the most promising products will be used in functional feeds. Nutritional value, growth performance and health effects of the MI and MI products will be validated in trials with rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon with state-of-the-art tools (gut physiology, histopathology, transcriptomics and proteomics). A risk profile of the process and feedstocks will be developed, and environmental life cycle assessment (E-LCA), life cycle costing (LCC) assessment of the optimized aquaculture system, and techno-economic analysis of the process will be performed. Overall, ForestFeed will create strong novel, interdisciplinary research and innovation groups from Norway, Finland, Sweden, Germany and Canada to facilitate a forest-based bioeconomy and mitigate climate change in the Nordic region.

Bioeconomy in the North -ForestFeed - A Nordic blue-green value chain from forest to fish filet

Den geopolitiske situasjonen i Europa endret seg dramatisk med Russlands invasjon av Ukraina, og forårsaket umiddelbart bekymring for sikkerheten til europeisk energiinfrastruktur. Etter sabotasjen mot Nord Stream-rørledningene og observasjoner av uidentifiserte droner rundt norske olje- og gassinstallasjoner til havs, har det blitt et mål å sikre sikkerheten til petroleumsinfrastruktur. En rekke internasjonale, statlige og bedriftsaktører må nå samarbeide for å koordinere innsatsen for å sikre kritisk petroleumsinfrastruktur.

Koordinering og samarbeid mellom vidt forskjellige aktører rundt felles problemer viser seg ofte å være utfordrende. INTERSECT utforsker hvordan det institusjonelle miljøet rundt petroleumsinfrastrukturen kan samarbeide om sikkerhetsstyring. Til grunn for prosjektet ligger antakelsen om at tilstrekkelig sikkerhetsstyring må omfatte flere styringsnivå og en rekke aktører. INTERSECT analyserer utfordringer og muligheter for sikkerhetsstyring mellom flere analysenivå; internasjonalt nivå, nasjonalt nivå, og sektor- og industrinivå. Prosjektet vil her studere samspillet og samarbeidet mellom aktører på ulike nivå, inkludert NATO, norske statlige institusjoner, tilsynsmyndigheter og petroleumsselskaper. Fokus vil ligge på å identifisere og overvinne samarbeidsbarrierer.

Staten er ansvarlig for nasjonal sikkerhet, men selskaper eier petroleumsinfrastrukturen. Ved analyse av industrinivået er bedriftsinterne forhold og tilpasningsevne sentralt. Petroleumsselskapene er rettet mot sikkerhet (safety), ikke først og fremst sikring (security), og de nye omstendighetene tvinger selskapene til å rette mer oppmerksomhet mot "security". INTERSECT utforsker bedriftsinterne løsninger i samarbeid med nøkkelbedrifter i norsk sektor, og analyserer også bedrifters roller i sikkerhetspolitikken kritisk.

INTERSECT er et tverrfaglig samfunnsvitenskapelig prosjekt som bygger på disiplinene statsvitenskap, organisasjonssosiologi og samfunnssikkerhet.

The geopolitical situation following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has put a premium on the security of petroleum infrastructures. The changed geopolitical context represents a sudden and significant shift in the framework conditions for the petroleum sector's risk governance model. The shift involves 1) a more influential international dimension in the petroleum sector’s risk governance, and 2) changes in the intersections between safety and security, at different societal levels. These shifts, and how to deal with them, are the points of departure for INTERSECT.

The stronger international dimension involves a new regulatory and supervisory landscape where state security regulations (the Security Act) enter a field where risk governance has traditionally been based on strong sectoral-industrial risk regulation. The new geopolitical situation, and the corresponding changes in the regulatory framework conditions, challenge the sector’s institutional logic and the division of labour between safety and security regulators and supervisory agencies. Changes in power structures, roles and responsibilities emerge, and trigger a need for coordination and collaboration to be able to align matters of safety and security into comprehensive risk governance. The changes also challenge companies’ structures, cultures and practices for risk management.

INTERSECT responds to an industrial and societal need to detect and understand the conditions for constructing adequate security risk governance around petroleum infrastructure. Assuming that adequate security governance must be multi-level and multi-actor, INTERSECT studies coordination and collaboration between actors at different governance levels, from the international, through the state to the company level. INTERSECT explores challenges and opportunities for security governance, seeking to identify and overcome collaborative barriers, including the alignment and collaboration between safety and security professionals.

New geopolitics and the interaction between safety and security in petroleum risk governance

Energiomstilling for å redusere utslipp av klimagasser vil kreve en massiv økning i fornybar energiproduksjon i Norge, samtidig som naturkrisen bør vurderes på lik linje med klimakrisen.  I tillegg, har vi sett at utbygging av fornybar energi har blitt stoppet på grunn av konflikter og uheldige fordelingsvirkninger, noe som viser at økonomisk effektivitet ikke kan skilles fra fordeling og aksept av politikk. Det kreves derfor en mer helhetlig tilnærming for å balansere hensyn til klima, natur og bredere samfunnsinteresser. EnergyWise er et tverrfaglig prosjekt som tar sikte på å sammenstille og vurdere de viktigste konsekvensene for samfunn, økonomi, klima og natur av økt fornybar energiproduksjon i Norge. Prosjektet vil deretter inkludere disse konsekvensene som verdsatte kostnads- og nyttekomponenter, eller ved å holde viktige naturområder utenfor utbygging ("bærekraftsskranker"), i den nasjonale energisystemmodellen TIMES. EnergyWise-prosjektet vil så analysere i TIMES avveininger og fordelingseffekter av scenarier for økt fornybar energiproduksjon og anbefale effektive og akseptable løsninger som kan gi en bedre balanse mellom ulike interesser. Prosjektet har seks arbeidspakker (WP) der WP1 sammenstiller konsekvensene av økt fornybar energiproduksjon, WP2 har som mål å verdsette konsekvensene for natur og samfunn av den økte produksjonen, WP3 gjennomfører analyser av de ulike produksjonsscenariene i TIMES-modellen der de ulike konsekvensene er verdsatt i kroner eller inkludert som skranker, og WP4 analyserer ulike virkemidler og bidrar med anbefalinger. WP5 er rettet mot brukersamarbeid og formidling, mens WP6 er viet prosjektledelse. Forskere fra Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB), Institutt for energiteknikk (IFE), Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA) og Menon skal gjennomføre prosjektet i samarbeid med partnere fra flere statlige institusjoner, inkludert NVE, Miljødirektoratet, Statkraft, privat og frivillige organisasjoner og et vitenskapelig ekspertråd.

The energy transition will require a massive expansion of renewable energy production in Norway. At the same time, the nature crisis needs to be considered on par with the climate crisis. Further, attempts at energy expansion have stalled due to conflict and distributional impacts, demonstrating that economic efficiency cannot be separated from acceptability and equity of policies and outcomes. Hence, a more holistic approach is required to achieve a better balance between climate, nature and wider societal interests. We propose an interdisciplinary project that aims to synthesise and assess the most important impacts on society and economy, climate and nature from renewable energy expansion and integrate these either as monetised welfare effects (costs and benefits) or as sustainability constraints in an integrated national energy system model framework. This framework will be used to analyse trade-offs and distributional effects of expansion scenarios and recommend efficient and acceptable policies that can achieve a better balance between interests. Hence, the proposed project addresses the main topic and challenges of the call and portfolio plan: “The need for comprehensive understanding and knowledge of the issues and trade-offs we face “..” when “Development of new energy production and infrastructure puts pressure on land and biodiversity, while efficient resource management is more important than ever.” Further, we address the two priority areas of the call in an interdisciplinary way, “generating knowledge of power markets, regulations….and distributional effects” and taking head on “controversial topics involving conflicting societal interests”. Researchers from Statistics Norway, Institute for Energy Technology, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, and Menon will implement the project in cooperation with collaborators from government, e.g. Environment Agency, the Energy Regulator, Statkraft, private and NGO sectors, and a scientific advisory board.

EnergyWise: Integrated modelling of efficient and acceptable expansion of renewable energy in times of nature and climate crises

Man0EUvRE will improve energy system modelling across Europe and provide open research-based answers with ambitions to: 1. Develop robust pathways for the European energy system that meet climate targets towards net-zero GHG emissions and consider current policies 2. Provide feedback and advice to the National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) of the individual EU countries. 3. Improve a set of models for conducting energy transition studies at European and national level,
which can support NECP generation, evaluation and future updates. 4. Publish consistent energy system modelling datasets and scenario projections at European and national level. 5. Strengthen coordination between national energy plans and EU-wide transition goals. Man0EUvRE will push the research frontier by: • Bridging the gap between academic energy system models and real-life applications that support the clean energy transition with model development, • New insights in
scenarios and pathways for Europe that lead us to a net-zero 2050 while incorporating the perspective of a secure energy supply described in the REPowerEU strategy and the Net Zero Industrial act, • Man0EUvRE will provide a pan-European perspective to the NECP development, enabling joint undertaking with lower costs. Man0EUvRE meets call module 1.1 objectives National vs European perspectives, Integrated energy system planning tools, Resilient planning and operation,
Market design and regulation and Energy-economy models.

Energy System Modelling for Transition to a net-Zero 2050 for EU via REPowerEU

Midlene fra SKATTEFUNN-SKATTEFUNN fordelt på år

Midlene fra SKATTEFUNN-SKATTEFUNN fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra SKATTEFUNN-SKATTEFUNN fordelt på fagområde

Environmental risk assessment of shipping in ice-covered waters with Northern Sea Route in focus

Secondary metabolites are those that do not have a direct function in plant growth and reproduction. Because there are costs associated with the production of all metabolites, it is generally assumed that genes for secondary metabolites are passed on due to the evolutionary advantages they impart to the plant, especially for defence from the elements and from plant pathogens, parasites and herbivores.
Cruciferous vegetables are a rich source of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products. Consumption of cruciferous vegetables is associated with antioxidant activity and reduced risk of certain forms of cancer. Isothiocyantes such as sulforaphane, are known to have anti-carcinogenic properties.  Flavonoids and other phenols have a demonstrated positive eff ect on human health, including anti-carcinogenic properties and cardiovascular benefits. These, and other secondary plant metabolites are used by insect herbivores and their natural enemies for host finding and acceptance.
This project focuses on factors that influence plants to increase or decrease production of secondary metabolites that are important for human or plant health. These factors are agroecosystem (soil type, fertilizer and plant species), climatic parameters (temperature, day-length, light quality and light quantity) and insect herbivory. The project will also investigate previously unstudied interactions between secondary plant metabolites and insect herbivore attraction and repellence. The use of secondary metabolites in control of insect  pests and the effect of secondary metabolites on natural enemies of insect pests, including fungal pathogens, will also be studied.

Plant metabolites for healthy plants and healthy people

In 2006, the Norwegian government developed the strategy for increased annual harvesting of wood in Norwegian forests. Several analyses show that the strategy can be sustainably implemented. The annual growth of Norwegian forests has the last decades been  considerably larger than the annual harvest of wood.

A number of factors restrains the development of increasingly efficient forest operations:
The mature forests that will be harvested in the next decades have a lower average standing volume of wood pe r hectare.
The average distance from mature forest to road networks are increasing. 
A higher percentage of harvesting operations will be difficult terrain.
An increasing volume of wood will be harvested on non-frozen ground. 
The average distance from ma ture forests to industrial facilities is increasing. 
The mature forests are increasingly located in areas with little interest and traditions for forest management 

This project will study three main hypotheses: 

1. The unit cost of wood delivered road side can be reduced by 20 % by means of better tactical and operational planning and improved routines on the harvesting site. 

2. The emissions of greenhouse gases per unit of wood delivered to industry can be reduced more than 30% by means of eco-drivi ng, utilisation of machines with a lower fuel consumption and through better planning of the operations. 

3 The environmental quality of harvested forest areas in Norway in terms of abundance and distribution of desired habitats and intactness of the for est floor can be improved even if the annual harvesting is increasing. This can be achieved by selecting the right equipment for each site, by better planning of the forest operation and by utilizing GIS/GPS-technology in planning and execution of harvest ing operations.

Increasing wood deliveries and environmental quality

Prosjektet har siste år jobbet på flere fronter: Transkriptom-analyser for meitemark eksponert for ulik miljøgifter og blandinger, med sikte på å beskrive giftighetsmekanismer. Bioinformatikk-arbeidet er ennå ikke ferdigstilt og utarbeides som del av sama rbeidet med Universitetet i Cardiff.
 
Parallelt med transkriptom-studiene har det blitt foretatt analyser av apoptosefrekvens (frekvens av programmert celledød) i meitemark eksponert for de samme stoffer og mengder, for å ha et fysiologisk endepunkt so m kan relateres til genregulering av stress og toksisitet. Disse er analysert og viser at EC50 for flere stoffer sammenfaller med sterkt forhøyet frekvens av apoptose i ulike vev. Det gjøres derfor spesifike søk på opp- og nedregulering av apptoserelatert e gener som kan indikere årsakssammenhenger og likheter/ulikheter mellom virkningen av de ulike pesticidene og forurensingsstoffene. 

En rekke organiske miljøgifter og pesticider kan ha hormonhermende effekter som med fare for alvorlig miljømessige kon sekvenser uten at man kan dokumentere giftighet i tradisjonell forstand. Prosjektet har derfor gjenopptatt studier av nonyl-/oktylfenoler og andre (mistenkte) endokrine disruptorer og gjennomført studier med effekter på reproduksjon som følge av eksponeri ng i ulike livsfaser hos meitemark, samt flergenerasjonsforsøk som kan ha resultere i økt sensitivitet ved gjentatt eksponering. Tidlige forsøk innen prosjektet avskrev f.eks nonylfenol som et problemstoff pga rask nedbryting i jord, uten at verken bioakk umulering og effekter av kort eksponering var undersøkt. Resultatene fra disse forsøkene er fortsatt ikke klare, men vil inngå i sluttrapporten.

Effekter av klorerte miljøgifter (DDT, PCB) og deres nedbryting ved remediering med nanojern har også blitt  studert og testet vha et spekter relevante organismer fra meitemark, via kollemboler til planter og krepsdyr. Nanojern har vist en kortvarig giftvirkning ved høye konsentrasjoner, men en tilsvarende rask nedgang i både DDT og PCB som gir nettogevinster v ed remediering. Resultatene er publisert i artikler og en dr. gradsavhandling, og ytterligere to manuskripter er submitted (1)/in prep (1).

Flerartsforsøk i mesokosmos med effekter av pesticider og blandinger på organismer med ulike trofiske nivåer (me itemark, collemboler, rovmidd) har også blitt gjennomført og vist at stoffblandinger endrer følsomheten og responsen ulikt i en næringskjede sammenliknet med tester der kun en art/ett trofisk nivå inngår. Dette arbeidet har skjedd i nær samarbeid med Univ ersitetet i Århus og er under pubsliering (vil også inngå i en doktorgrad som avlegges i mai 2014).

The proposed strategic institute program focuses on emerging issues within terrestrial ecotoxicology that represent cutting edge research at the interface between environmental chemistry, toxicology and ecology. Pollutants released from industry and housh olds, as well as chemicals that are applied on agricultural sites to combat pests enter the soil as mixtures and represent an often unknown number of the 30,000 to 70,000 chemicals that are in daily use in Europe. However, authorities often use a chemical -by-chemical approach, focusing on a single media, a single source, and a single toxic endpoint to assess environmental risks. This program will therefore contribute in the development of methods for assessing the cumulative risks from combined exposures to multiple chemical stressors. What is more the program seeks to elucidate the the relationship between concentrations  in soil, bioavailability for and effects on different kinds of soil living organisms. Insight in this relationship is considered as a prerequisite for understanding and modelling of the combined effect of mixtures is soil. Novel methods will be developed and evaluated that measure actual exposure of chemicals to soil organisms. By including bioavailability in exposure and effect assessm ent uncertainty in risk assessment will be reduced. An important subject of the institute program is the implementation of molecular techniques within the field of genomics in ecotoxicological research to investigate effects on diversity of soil fungi. Mo lecular techniques will also be used to unravel the mode of action of agricultural and industrial chemicals for relevant soil organisms.

Bioavailability and biological effects of chemicals - Novel tools in risk assessment of mixtures in agricultural and contaminated soils

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), in which fish tank water is recycled with the aid of biological filters, is little used in Norway. RAS may offer advantages over traditional flow-through (FT) systems, regarding sustainability and fish welfare, but  these aspects have been little studied for Atlantic salmon smolt production. The main hypothesized advantages concern reduced use of water for production, improved control and stability of environmental conditions for the fish, and fulfillment of strict waste discharge limits. However, welfare and performance of Atlantic salmon in such production systems must be secured. The competence of the Norwegian aquaculture research sector is low in this field, a situation that must be remedied. AKVAFORSK has reco gnized these limitations, and made a strategic decision to improve the competence regarding RAS. 

In RASALMO, the overall aim is to improve the knowledge of how welfare and performance of Atlantic salmon relate to environmental conditions in RAS. In the first section we will investigate effects of fish density, ammonia, nitrite, and temperature, parameters that have not been sufficiently studied regarding RAS and Atlantic salmon. In the second part, focus will be put on RAS design and water quality manag ement, including a long-term comparison between FT and RAS, tank hydraulic parameters, and strategies to maintain fish welfare around milestones such as vaccination. Finally, feed pellet structural stability will be investigated, issues affecting mechanic al filtration and thus biofilter function. A limited study of microorganism classes in RAS will be performed on selected trials. To complement traditional parameters, development of sensitive indicators of fish welfare and performance will be conducted, s uch as molecular and biochemical markers. The project will be lead by a group of scientists with knowledge of welfare, physiology, and molecular biology, as well as microbiology and RAS design.

Fish welfare and performance in recirculating aquaculture systems

Landscapes are a valuable but also limited and vulnerable natural resource, which currently are changing at unprecedented rates in many locations. Increasing our understanding of landscape change, including driving forces, policy tools (focusing on the ag ricultural landscape) and how different options of landscape change can be illuminated and communicated is the topic of this project.

Knowledge of what the landscape resource consists of, its characteristics as well its geographic distribution and variat ion are prerequisites for a sustainable management and development as outlined e.g. in the European Landscape Convention. While the need for information may seem obvious, we still lack this for Norwegian landscapes and thus have an urgent need for new lan dscape management tools. Also, to achieve environmentally friendly and innovative landscape-based commercial developments we require improved knowledge. An unfortunate but frequent consequence of the current lack of information, or undervaluing of landsca pe resources, is irreversible change, reducing future options for financially, socially and environmentally sustainable development.

Our approach to this challenging task is to develop a landscape model and use this, in conjunction with data on landscape  change and information from stakeholders, to analyse driving forces of landscape change, options for landscape change and consequences of current and historic policy tools. This will make original and significant advances that strengthen Norway's researc h in this field and develop an important tool to secure sustainable landscape management. 

This programme will be an essential component in fulfilling the strategic objectives of the newly established Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute.

Landscape Change

This programme aims at meeting an increasing demand for research-based knowledge on the competitive position of Norwegian agriculture and food processing industries. This will be achieved through an international comparative study with a particular focus on productivity and the roles of institutional frameworks. The programme addresses productivity changes and their main sources in Norwegian agriculture compared with the productivity development in Finnish agriculture before and after Finland's EU-accessi on in 1995. It also addresses competitive strategies in the processing industry. The intension is to get a better understanding of core aspects of competitiveness by focusing on effects of micro- and macro-level institutions on availability and prices of input factors and competitive strategies within the agri-food sector. This combination of approaches aims at developing a deeper understanding of the unexplained variance that results from traditional econometric analyses. 
The SIP is divided into three m odules. Module 1 analyses farm-level panel data. It applies a microeconomic framework and econometric methods to estimate productivity changes and sources of productivity changes, and compares Norway and Finland. The aim of module 2 is to account for miss ing variables and reduce unexplained variance in module 1 by treating unexplained residual of the quantitative analyses as a set of cases that will be compared in a qualitative follow-up study. It will focus specifically on the role of social networks and  trust-based, non-monetised exchange among farmers. The aim of module 3 is to address specifically the effects of macro-level institutions on competitive strategies within the agri-food sector, through a comparative study of Norway and Finland. What can b e learned from the development of the Finnish food industry after the EU-accession in 1995?

Productivity and competitiveness in the agri-food sector: Comparing Norway and Finland

Cultural activities and heritage, rural tourism and small-scale food production (CULTOURFOOD) are three fragmented sectors or industries with many actors and little coordination. In spite of increasing economic and social importance and political awarenes s, those industries have separate sector authorities, business service and R&D institutions. Cultural leisure activities and tourism experience uneven growth in many areas, and it appears to be a large and undeveloped market potential for knowledge-based rural development.  The Centre for Rural Research is the only R&D institution in Norway with competence in all the three sectors concerned: culture activities and heritage, local food production and tourism, travel and leisure. In initiating this strategi c programme CULTOURFOOD (2007-2010), CRR would like to propose the development of a holistic knowledge-base which will define, describe and analyse this new sector, as well as produce basic knowledge on how to strengthen the cooperation and integration of  the CULTOURFOOD-economies. The sub-projects will focus on describing state of the art regarding size and socio-economic structure of culturally-grounded tourism and food production, investigate the discourse on rurality and authenticity, scrutinise the t ourist host - tourist dialectic, and put focus on coordination, collaboration, networks and innovation in the field of culturally-grounded tourism and local food. Through case studies, surveys and statistical analyses the programme aim for identifying key  factors for successful rural and regional development based on rural culture, tourism and local food. The results will be disseminated internationally and nationally through publications, presentations on conferences and seminars, and presented in media.  Dissemination to the scientific community and to national business actors, organisations, authorities etc will be given equal priority.

Culturally grounded tourism and local food in rural development

Each year strawberry- and raspberry producers experience serious economical losses due to fungal or oomycete diseases. In this project we will address two such diseases, strawberry crown rot (Phytophthora cactorum) and raspberry root rot (Phytophthora fra gariae var. rubi). An efficient control measure is the use of resistant cultivars. Raspberry and strawberry cultivars vary in resistance but most commercial cultivars are susceptible to these two diseases. We will identify genetic markers linked to crown rot resistance in strawberry and Phytophthora root rot in raspberry. The mapping populations will be progenies from a cross between a susceptible and a highly resistant strawberry cultivar e.g. Senga Sengana, and a corresponding cross between resistant As ker and susceptible Glen Moy raspberry cultivars. From closely linked markers, assays for MAS will be developed. Plant resistance (R) proteins recognise pathogen effectors, so-called avirulence (AVR) proteins. This recognition often triggers signal transd uction cascades leading to rapid defence mobilisation. Most known R genes encode proteins with a nucleotide-binding site. We will study the diversity of such genes in raspberry and octoploid and diploid strawberry. R gene analogues will be sequenced and c haracterized, and possible co-segregation with markers linked to disease resistance will be studied. In addition we will isolate and characterize genes from P. cactorum encoding effector proteins, including Avr genes. Isolation of the effector genes will allow the plant-pathogen gene-for-gene interaction to be studied in detail. The basic knowledge generated and genes and genetic markers identified in this project will be of international importance and might provide tools for the development of new resis tant cultivars or more effective control measures for disease management.

Phytophthora diseases in Rosaceae: Plant resistance and plant-pathogen interactions

Fungal decay of wood products is a global problem that has been traditionally combated with chemical preservatives. There is currently a great demand for alternatives to contemporary chemical preservatives due to their toxicity to the environment, and the  current Strategic Institute Program (SIP) is focused on alternative wood protection systems that do not pose any environmental hazards. Similarly fungal decay in living forest trees, particularly decay caused by Heterobasidion annosum in conifers, result s in considerable economic losses. The goal of the present proposal is to gain knowledge about the defence mechanisms utilized by decay fungi when challenged with alternative wood protection systems and natural host defence compounds. This goal will be pu rsued by sequencing of cDNA libraries and transcript profiling of candidate genes of decay fungi under these stress situations. The knowledge thus gained will contribute to a better understanding of the sequence of events that take place in wood colonizat ion and decay. This will allow further modification in the application of new wood protection systems in order to increase the protection provided by them. Similarly, an understanding of how decay fungi such as H. annosum detoxify natural host defence com pounds in living trees will likely facilitate the establishment of breeding programs targeted against decay fungi. The study involves also innovative elements due to the chemical complexity of woody substrates. In addition to the publications produced, we  predict that the products of the study, modified nucleic acid isolation protocols, expressed sequence tags of major decay fungi, and quantitative real-time PCR assays for monitoring fungal growth rates and transcript levels will provide a spin-off platfo rm that will facilitate future research on wood decay and associated fungi. Since decay of wood products and living forest trees is a major problem, the resources to conduct the study are well justified.

Functional genomics of wood degradation: strategies used by decay fungi against wood protection systems and natural host defence compounds

Agriculture in Norway is traditionally based on a high level of national support and payments. Policy changes, especially if the state support has to be reduced considerably, can lead to substantial changes regarding land use, the multi functionality of a griculture, cultural landscape qualities, as well as rural businesses. A new WTO-agreement will probably make it necessary to document the effects of 'green box' measurements. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to show and document the connections betw een agricultural production (primary products) and cultural landscape qualities (public benefits and ecosystem services i.e. secondary products) as well as the financial results. 

On this background the main objective of this strategic programme is to ge nerate knowledge that can contribute to improve a more sustainable livestock production and maintenance of important cultural landscape qualities. The programme will gain competence and develop tools to analyse the production of cultural landscape qualiti es from grassland based livestock production systems. Based on modules the programme aims to develop a model visualizing the linkage between different production systems, public benefits and ecosystem services (including knowledge on environmental load) a nd farm profitability. The results will give indications on payment rates which are necessary to achieve desired land use regarding cultural landscape qualities.

A second main objective of the programme is the capacity building and consolidation in Biofo rsk of research linked to holistic approaches to complex problems in agriculture. The programme will involve researchers from several institutes, also abroad, representing different disciplines, methods, traditions and experience. NILF will participate as  a major partner. The interdisciplinary cooperation will strengthen the programme process and the scientific network of Bioforsk.

Designing sustainable livestock production systems delivering cultural landscapes with public goods and ecosystem services

The salmon farming industry demands optimal production through-out the entire life-cycle. This demand is currently not realized due to seasonal environmental changes that dramatically influences on feed intake, lipid accumulation, and growth rate during t he sea stage. To improve the predictability and cost-efficiency of salmon farming, there is a need to compose dynamic diets that are optimized according to the major seasonal changes.
 	In OptiProd, this will be pursued by developing a new and integrated understanding of how growth in salmon relates to the physiological state of the fish, how this interacts with seasonal and climatic conditions, and how this may be manipulated by diet composition and strategic supplements to optimize the performance by th e fish. In particular, we will characterize physiological and underlying biochemical responses to feed supplements such as bioactive fatty acids and nitrogenous components in order to boost and regulate the metabolism of salmon in advance of or during cri tical periods of the production cycle. In addition to traditional nutrional research tools, we will implement new technology within functional genomics and metabolomics to provide detailed information of the metabolic status in salmon and molecular mechan isms involved in season dependent growth regulation. The main experiments will be conducted in sea by using 0+ and 1+ smolts, whereas smaller feeding experiments as well as cell culture studies will be performed to complement our knowledge. 
OptiProd is a  strategic important project that will integrate research experience from production biology, nutrition, and biotechnology in a novel multidisciplinary approach to reduce the severe problem with seasonal dependent growth stagnation in the salmon industry.  This will be pursued by feed optimalization and by increasing the global understanding of the mechanisms affecting growth and well-being of salmon during the seawater phase.

Dynamic and integrated production biology of farmed salmon in sea

The goal of the National Veterinary Institute (NVI) is deliver decision support of good quality for decisions made within the area of animal health and welfare and food safety. According to the political signals and the needs seen, the NVI will intensify the work on preparedness related to all items for which it is responsible; diagnostics, disease knowledge, epidemiology and risk assessments.  
To develop knowledge and competence for improvement of the preparedness and as a basis for the decision support  to be given within the area fromearth and fjord to table.
The projects incorporated are entitled 
1             The importance of the bacteria in the Mycobacterium avium complex for    human      and animal health in Norway.
2	How can the risk for introd uction of Campylobacter in broiler flocks be reduced?
3 	Penicillium-toxins in food and feed 
4	Characterising the inflammation response in cod
Four PhD's and some part-time reaserchers will be resposible for the  research activity. Project will be orient ed towards preparedness in various areas of which NVI is responsible

Improving preparedness through research

Management and use of biomass from non-traditional forest operations has today a low priority, partly because the work is expensive and partly because a rational and economic exploitation, for example for bioenergy, is not facilitated. The result is regen eration, while the challenge should be local exploitation for energy purposes. This main goal is to utilize the biomass and maintain the landscape in a sustainable way. The landscape includes  regeneration forest (preservation of cultivated landscape, roa ds and projected roads, infield/edges of cultivated land/tree care/garden refuse), immature forest and final harvesting.
The project has two sub-projects, and in each sub-project a PhD student will be employed.
1.	Competitive biofuel deliveries from culti vated landscapes and late clearing/early thinning
2.	Biomass from regenerating forest/immature forest as chips and raw material for pellet production

(1) Professor Rolf Björnheden at The University of Växjö will be scientific advisor in sub-project 1 and   Dr. Juha Nurmi at The Finnish Forest Research Institute will be scientific advisor in sub-project 2. In addition the project will have a consultative group.

Biofuel from regeneration forest, immature and final harvesting

Disease and meat quality are of high importance to the aquaculture producer, processor and consumer. However, both disease resistance and meat quality traits are complex to understand and measure, costly to evaluate and slow to improve using current metho ds of selective breeding. In this project we will develop new techniques, new knowledge and a new integration of expertise that will enable us to tackle the problem of selectively improving these complex traits. We will focus on Atlantic salmon, but resul ts from the project will be applicable to other aquaculture species. Simulation models will be developed to test what likely impact new techniques will have on genetic gain and to test alternative designs for selective breeding programs. The cost/benefits  associated with the use of these methods and how the IP derived from such project can be well managed and fully exploited will be determined. As disease is a worldwide problem for intensive aquaculture and as animal welfare, meat quality and price are dr iving consumer choices and preferences, the results of this project will be of major significance to aquaculture industries worldwide and, if effectively implemented, could dramatically improve the sustainability, yield and profitability of the industry.

New techniques to achieve more cost efficient selective breeding for improved consumer acceptance of aquaculture products

Return of organic wastes to soils is a step towards more closed nutrient cycles, greater sustainability and reduced environmental loads. Because of the enormously variation of availability of plant nutrient as nitrogen and phosphorus between different org anic waste types, there is a great demand for increased knowledge about the potential nitrogen fertilization effects and plant availability of P. In this research programme special emphasis will be made on phosphorus in different organic waste types. The studies will include effects of different treatments on P sorption and availability, and potential for leaching and loss to water bodies. Studies on influence of organic waste of different origin on selected soil quality indicators will also be performed.  The results from experimental studies will be used for resource assessment of nitrogen and phosphorus recycling. The outcome of the research programme will be relevant for producers and users of organic waste, and may lead differentiated recommendations for use of organic waste and suggestions for revision of regulations for such use.

Recycling organic waste - effects on soil quality, plant nutrient supply and environmental impact

The greatest welfare challenges for sheep during grazing are tick-borne fever (TBF), blow-flies, alveld and predators. Production losses on tick infested pastures are substantial, and it is expected that more than 300 000 lambs/sheep are affected by TBF. In sustainable farming, particularly organic farming, the focus on solving these challenges should be on preventive measures. The dependence on drugs implies a risk for developing resistance. It is therefore of general interest to use preventive methods. However, few efficient preventive measures against tick infection and TBF are available. Thus, there is a need for alternative strategies. The focus of the project will be on:
Indirect losses
The indirect loss caused by TBF is impaired welfare, growth rat e, meat quality and income. National data will provide information on weight, slaughter quality and losses of animals on tick infested pastures and will be used to identify and quantify indirect losses. Increased knowledge about the extent of indirect los ses to ticks will increase awareness and motivation for implementing preventive measures.
Turn out time on pasture and immunity
Lambs on tick infested pasture and sheep brought to tick infested pasture for the first time are at highest risk. Animals will develop immunity after the first infection. The effect of exposing lambs to tick infection at a very early life stage will be tested in an experiment carried out at five farms involving 300 lambs. The hypothesis is that lambs infected early will handle th e disease better and will not become seriously ill.
Disease resistance
There is indication of individual variance in susceptibility against TBF in sheep. Many factors may cause variation in resistance to ticks and TBF between individuals. Exploiting a pos sible genetic variance between breeds and individuals within breed in such resistance will be done by a controlled challenge test and by analysing data on sheep from ram circles in tick infested areas.

Improved welfare in sheep production -
Preventive measures, disease resistance and robustness related to tick-borne fever in sheep

The Norwegian farm sector faces a number of challenges related to future adjustment.
The development of rural tourism and recreation, value-added food products oar new combinations of products and services depends on entrepreneurial activity involving far mers.

Research related to the challenges for farmers as entrepreneurs, to how support systems and organized marketing initiatives can facilitate innovation and business development, and of the potential economic impact of farm entrepreneurship on a farm,  regional and national level will be of potentially great value when agricultural policy is changed to allow market forces to have e greater influence on production.

While an increasing proportion of farmers choose to diversify, there is limited knowledg e of market development, success factors and the entrepreneurial decision-criteria. Increasing the competency of NILF as producer of knowledge and statistics related to the economic development and the effects of policy in and the agro-food sectors is the refore an important aim. The project plans to include two doctoral programmes and one or two post-doctoral researchers. The programme will strengthen the research field through building on complementary resources at NILF, Bodø Graduate School of Business and Nordlandsforskning as well as international and especially Nordic networks.


Farm entrepreneurship: the potential and challenges of farm-based new venturing

Klimaendringsscenariene for Norge varsler et mer variabelt vinterklima med hyppige variasjoner mellom frost og mildvær, mer nedbør som regn, mer isdekke, mer vass-sjuk jord og mindre snødekke. Spørsmålet hvordan disse endringene vil påvirke overvintringen  av fôrgras og høsthvete, plantesjukdommer og ugras vil bli fokusert gjennom en kombinasjon av forsøk og simuleringsmodeller. Modeller vil bli utviklet ved å bruke kalibrerte data fra nøye planlagte forsøk i omfattende simuleringsstudier av effekter av forventede klimaendringer på viktige vekstparametrer. Hovedvekt vil bli lagt på å estimere graden av vinterherdighet og overvint ringsevne, på utviklingen av ugras og sjukdommer, og på behovet for plantevernstiltak i fôrgras og høsthvete. Dette vil redusere usikkerheten med hensyn til konsekvensene av vinterklimaendringer på viktige jordbruksvekster i Norge, og bidra til å utvikle tiltak for å unngå redusere faren for negative effekter av klimaendring. Prosjektet vil utfylle pågående modelleringsarbeid og bidra til å forme en plattform for en videre utvikling av dynamiske simuleringsmodeller for klimaeffekter på jordbruksvekster.

Effekter av klimaendring på overvintringen av flerårige fôrvekster og høsthvete, og på plantesjukdommer og ugrasvekst og kontroll av disse,

Industrielt skogbruk er i økende grad basert på prinsipper om bærekraftig bruk og utvikling. Skoglige tiltak og vern av viktige biotoper for sjeldne og truete arter er et vesentlig element i en slik miljøvennlig policy. Kjennskap til artenes spredningsøko logi er avgjørende viktig for å forutsi hvilke forvaltningstiltak som vil være mest effektive. Hvis spredningsbegrensning er en utbredt egenskap hos slike arter bør forvaltningen innrettes mot strengt romlig avgrensete arealer og korridorer som sikrer for flytning i landskapet. Hvis de fleste arter har god spredningsevne kan forvaltningen i større grad baseres på en mer dynamisk modell som gir større spillerom til å variere de skoglige tiltakene innenfor rammene av historisk forekommende forstyrrelsesregim er. Dagens kunnskap om spredningsøkologi hos sjeldne og truete arter i skog er svært mangelfull og ikke egnet til å gi konkrete kunnskapsbaserte forvaltningråd. Programmets formål er å innhente kritisk informasjon om spredningsøkologi hos utvalgte artsgrupper av rødlistede skoglevende organismer (i første rekke lav og sopp). Forskningen vil basere seg på studier av populasjonsdynamikk, skogshistorikk, molekylærbiologi, og teoretisk modeller. Programmet skal bygges opp gjennom et nettve rk av spesialiserte forskningsmiljøer samt en styrking av skogshistorikk-miljøet på Skogforsk.

Spredningsøkologi: Er rødlistede arter i skog spredningsbegrenset?

Skogs- og fjellbygdene er rike på naturressurser, men de tradisjonelle næringene svekkes og marginaliseres. Nasjonale og internasjonale føringer knyttet til bla landbruks- og miljøpolitikk får til dels store konsekvenser. Natursyn og syn på arealbruk og - arealrettigheter er i endring. Programmet fokuserer på de lokale reaksjoner og tilpasninger til de endrede forutsetningene, og de handlingsrom som kan utvikles. Programmet vil analysere ulike handlingsstrategier på individ-, enkeltbruk-/husholdningsnivå o g lokalsamfunnsnivå. Programmet vil både beskrive og analysere disse handlingsstrategiene som utslag av større endringer og se hvilke konskevenser strategiene i neste omgang får sosioøkonomisk, sosiokulturelt, for landbruk, arealbruk og landskapsutvikling .



Metodisk skal det gjennomføres flere casestudier  i skogs- og fjellbygder. I casestudiene inngår både  kvalitative studier og kvantitative surveyer. I tillegg skal det gjennomføres en kvantitativ holdningsstudie som vil være representativ for hele be folkningen. Programmet er tverrvitenskapelig, med disiplinene sosiologi, geografi, statsvitenskap og biologi.

Naturressurser og lokal utvikling i skogs- og fjellbygdene - mellom marginalisering, kommersialisering og vern

Norsk akvakultur opplever for tiden en fase med spesialisering og ekspansjon samtidig som infrastruktur og kompetanse innen bakteriologisk ekspertise i akvatisk bakteriologi i Norge er minimal for tiden. Det er grunn til å tro at bakterieinfeksjoner vil h indre utviklingen av en blomstrende marin oppdrettsnæring. Det er derfor svært viktig at institusjonene som er involvert i sjukdomskontroll i akvakulturen, sammen utvikler et nødvendig strategisk forskningsnettverk for å møte de bakterielle utfordringene på et tidlig tidspunkt i utviklingen av denne nye delen av næringen. Det er foreslått at de fire deltagende institusjonene: Veterinærinstituttet (VI), Norges veterinærhøgskole (NVH), Havforskningsinstituttet (HI) og Fiskeriforskning (FF) (fem inkludert de  to deltagende VI - laboratoriene) vil være ansvarlig for prosjekter som er fokusert på diagnostisk bakteriologi, molekylær bakteriell taksonomi, sykdomsoverføring, funksjonell genomikk og antigen ekspresjon i bakterielle patogener som alt sammen er relev ant for den gryende marine oppdrettsnæringen. Selv om enkeltinstitusjonene er finansielt ansvarlig for hvert sitt prosjekt, vil det være en svært stor grad av samarbeid mellom institusjonene. Etablering av samarbeid og forskning på tvers av fagdisiplinene  mellom de fire partnerne vil øke effektiviteten ved å redusere tid og ressurser som kreves i forskningsarbeidet og vil også redusere konkurranse og dobbeltarbeid på nasjonalt nivå.

Bakterielle utfordringer i oppdrett av marine arter

Det vil i fremtiden bli begrenset tilgang på fiskeoljer til bruk i fiskefôr. For å sikre en fremtidig vekst innen global akvakulturnæring, vil det være nødvendig å ta i bruk forskjellige fettsyreblandinger inkludert vegetabilske oljer, i fôr til fisk. For andringer i fettsyresammensetningen av fôret til oppdrettsfisk, vil påvirke fettsyresammensetningen av cellemembraner og fettdeponering i fett og muskelvev. Man vet imidlertid relativt lite om hvordan slike forandringer i fettsyresammensetningen påvirker genuttrykk og lipidhomeostase og videre påvirker aktiviteten av membranbundne enzymer, reseptorer, ionekanaler og fettdeponering. Det er ønskelig at fremtidige dietter kan øke fiskens evne til å utnytte fett fra fôret til energiproduksjon og samtidig bruk e protein fra dietten til muskelvekst, uten at dette igjen forårsaker negative effekter på fiskens helse. Hovedhensikten med dette programmet vil være å undersøke hvordan forandringer i fettsyresammensetningen (i kombinasjon med andre fettsyresammensetningen (i kombinasjon med andre næringsstoffer) påvirker uttrykk av viktige regulatoriske gener i lipidmetabolismen, spesielt i forhold til lipidopptak, akkumulering og nedbrytning av fett og muskelcelleegenskaper relatert til produktkval itet.

Establishing knowledge within functional genomic and biochemistry for optimal use of future fish feed lipid resources

'Organic cropping systems for higher and more stable cereal yields' is a 5- year Strategic Institute Programme from Norwegian Research Council,  "Bioproduksjon og  foredling" led by The Norwegian Crop Research Institute (Planteforsk) in the cooperation wi th The Agricultural University of Norway, Norwegian Centre for Ecological Agriculture and Hedmark College. In addition scientists from Denmark, Finland, The Netherlands and China are involved.        Of vital importance for future policy on the structure and development of organic farming in Norway is how and to what extent we can improve the level and stability of cereal yields in organic cash cropping systems with limited access to organic nu trient sources, without compromising the major goal of sustainability in organic farming. In this programme we will seek solutions to this task through a comprehensive agroecological analysis combined with component-oriented studies of the main bottleneck s in organic cereal production:1) poor soil structure; 2) insufficient nitrogen supply; 3) perennial weeds.         Organic agriculture has a high priority in the strategic plan of Planteforsk as well as in the strategic plans of the cooperating institutions. Thus, education of a PhD candidate in agroecology, increased international cooperation and broadening o f the level of competency in this field of research will be focussed upon.

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