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Klimaendringer sammen med fiskepress er allerede kjent for å være en viktig trussel mot hav og marine ressurser. I et miljø i endring trengs det mer kunnskap om konsekvensene av disse menneskeskapte stressorene på fiskers reproduksjonsbiologi og avkom, berettiget av den grunnleggende relevansen til disse livsstadiene for at fiskebestander skal kunne tilpasse seg disse stressorene. Våre foreløpige data har vist fascinerende og underutforskede, atypiske reproduksjonsmønstre hos nordøstatlantisk torsk som dagens kunnskap ikke kan forklare. Disse endringene i reproduksjonssyklusen, som potensielt er relatert til forhøyede temperaturer, kan føre til forskyvning av gytesesongen fra vår til høst. Under de pågående klimaendringene forventes det at forekomsten av disse atypiske fenomenene vil kunne øke hos atlantisk torsk. Konsekvensene av slike endringer på reproduksjonssuksess og avkom er imidlertid ukjent. Prosjektet er utformet for å undersøke potensielle menneskeskapte effekter av klimaendringer (dvs. temperatur) og fiskerier på torskens reproduksjonsbiologi og fysiologi, med spesielt fokus på om disse stressfaktorene forårsaker de observerte atypiske reproduksjonsmønstrene, og effektene dette har på avkommet. Ved å kombinere eksperimentelle, laboratorie- og feltstudier vil flere bestander av den ikoniske Atlantiske torsken bli undersøkt og resultater vil bli sammenlignet med andre fiskearter som Atlantisk hyse og sild, som har ulike vekst- og reproduksjonsegenskaper. Økt forståelse av effekter fra havoppvarming og fiskerier på fiskers biologi er avgjørende for å kunne evaluere økosystemkomponentenes sårbarhet for slike påkjenninger. Gjennom å utforske disse prosessene i Atlantisk torsk, har ANTHROCOD-prosjektet som mål å svare på spørsmål som danner grunnlaget for beslutninger om nåværende og fremtidig forvaltning av torskebestandene.

Climate change together with fishing pressure is already known to be an important threat to oceans and marine resources. In the context of a changing environment, consequences of these anthropogenic stressors on fish reproductive biology and offspring require further study, warranted by the fundamental relevance of these life stages for the population to be able to adapt to these stressors. Indeed, our preliminary data highlighted fascinating and underexplored atypical reproductive patterns in Northeast Atlantic cod that the current knowledge cannot explain. These changes in reproductive cycle, potentially related to elevated temperatures, could result in shifts in spawning season from spring to autumn. Under the ongoing climate change, the occurrence of these atypical phenomena in Atlantic cod would be expected to increase. However, the consequences of these changes on reproductive and offspring performance are unknown. The proposed project is designed to explore the potential anthropogenic impacts of climate change (i.e., temperature) and fisheries on male and female Atlantic cod reproductive biology and physiology, in particular examining if these stressors are drivers of the atypical patterns observed, and the consequences on offspring. By combining experimental, laboratory and field studies, several stocks across different latitudes of the iconic Atlantic cod will be investigated and findings will be compared to species presenting different life-history traits, the Atlantic haddock, and herring. Understanding ocean warming and fisheries effects on fish biology is decisive for assessing the vulnerability of ecosystem components to such pressures. Therefore, by exploring these processes in Atlantic cod, ANTHROCOD project will address questions of the highest priority from the perspective of phenological implications, but also of high ecological relevance involving key principles that form the basis for decisions about current, and future management of cod stocks.

Anthropogenic impacts of climate change and fisheries on reproductive and offspring performance of high-latitude marine fishes

Kystområder med høy folketetthet er uten sidestykke i frontlinjen for konsekvensene av klimaendringer. En av de mest sårbare kystlinjene i India er kysten til staten Kerala, som også er den tettest befolkede kystsonen langs landets vestkyst. Prosjektet C3-eKerala er en indo-norsk, tverrfaglig innsats (forskere, politikere og samfunns-/borgervitenskapelige eksperter) for å vurdere effektene av klimaendringer på Keralas marine kystøkosystem. Resultatene vil støtte utvikling og implementering av relevante planer for skadebegrensning gjennom Keralas statlige handlingsplan for klimaendringer 2023-2030. C3-eKerala vil undersøke i detalj de klimarelaterte endringene i havnivå og bølge-klima og dets kaskadeeffekter på strandlinjeendringer, sensitive økosystemer som mangrover og sjøgress, og dynamikken og intensiteten til skadelig algeoppblomstring (HAB). C3-eKerala vil bruke en tverrfaglig tilnærming, inkludert integrert bruk av satellittsensorsynergi, in-situ observasjoner, statistisk og numerisk modellering sammen med toppmoderne maskinlæringsmetoder. Vi vil bruke den oppnådde kunnskapen til å forutsi årlige strandlinjeposisjoner frem til 2050, lage et interaktivt kart som foreslår restaureringssteder for sjøgress, og varsle HAB-hendelser langs Kerala-kysten. Vi vil kommunisere prosjektresultatene direkte til kystsamfunnene og valgte beslutningstakere via en rekke offentlige møter og workshops. I samarbeid med Kerala State Disaster Management Authority gjør vi vitenskapen om til handlingsplaner som tar opp klimaendringer for kystsamfunn. Sammen vil vi utvikle strategier for å dempe og tilpasse oss de endrede forholdene, for å øke motstandskraften til sårbare kystsamfunn. Oppsummert fremmer C3-eKerala forståelsen og motstandskraften til Keralas kystbefolkning overfor klimapåvirkninger via en omfattende tilnærming – vitenskapelig forskning, modellering, teknologisk integrering og samfunnsengasjement.

Coastal areas with high population density are in the frontline of the unprecedented impacts of climate change. India, one of the top-most densely populated nations of the world has highly vulnerable coastal areas subjected to climate change. Of many in India, one of the most vulnerable is the coast of Kerala state (total length, 593 km) which is also the most densely populated coastal zone  in the entire South India (tropical Latitudes lower than 20N). Urban settlement, industrial as well as port establishments in the Kerala coast reside within 25 km to the shore and hence most of the socio-economic exchanges happen here. The project C3-eKerala is an Indo-Norwegian, transdisciplinary (scientists, policy maker and social/citizen science experts) effort to assess the impact of climate change on the marine coastal ecosystem of Kerala, which will support the development and implementation of relevant mitigation plans through the Kerala state action plan on climate change 2023-2030.
Using a multidisciplinary approach including the integrated use of satellite sensor synergy, in-situ observations, statistical and numerical modeling together with state-of-the-art machine learning methods, we attribute the impact of climate change on the coastal sea level and ocean waves via changes in the winds and ocean warming, map the observed shoreline changes along the Kerala coast and to predict future coastal shoreline changes and inundations, assess the impact on the structure and functioning of the vulnerable coastal ecosystems like mangroves and seagrass, and understand the impact of climate change induced ocean variability in triggering the Harmful algal blooms. All results obtained are further transferred to the policy makers and the societal stakeholders.

Climate Change impact on the marine Coastal ecosystem of Kerala (C3-eKerala)

Epoksyresiner er en gruppe kjemikalier med bred bruk i bygg- og beleggapplikasjoner. Selv om de allerede bidrar til bærekraft ved å beskytte og utvide levetiden til blant annet offshoreinstallasjoner, skip, biler, fly og husholdningsapparater, er de nesten utelukkende laget fra fossile ressurser og basert på giftige forbindelser som kan utgjøre en trussel mot miljøet og helse. Mer bærekraftige og tryggere alternativer til konvensjonell epoksy med lignende ytelse som deres originale motparter er derfor etterspurt.
Samarbeidsprosjektet NordiCoats adresserer behovet for en grønn omstilling i kjemikalie- og materialsektoren ved å utvikle mer bærekraftige epoksybindemidler ved en unik kombinasjon av bioteknologi, nanoteknologi og kjemiske syntesemetoder, som fører til nye trygge og bærekraftige biobaserte epoksyforbindelser og resiner med unike egenskaper, mulig resirkulerbarhet, og redusert energiforbruk. De beste nye epoksyresinene vil bli vurdert som bindemidler i høyytelsesbelegg for den maritime sektoren.
NordiCoats implementeres av et konsortium av fire forskningspartnere i aktivt samarbeid med fire industrielle partnere, som med sin komplementære kompetanse og bidrag til prosjektet vil bane vei for nye, mer bærekraftige epoksyprodukter for en mengde ulike bruksområder og markeder.

Epoxy resins represent a highly developed group of chemicals with a broad use in building and coating applications. Although they in high-performance coatings already contribute to sustainability, e.g., by protecting and expanding lifetime of offshore installations, ships, cars, aircraft, and household appliances, etc., they are almost exclusively derived from fossil resources and based on toxic compounds that can pose a threat to the environment and health. More sustainable and safer alternatives to conventional epoxy with similar performances as their original counterparts are therefore in high demand.
The collaborative project NordiCoats addresses the need for a green transition in the chemicals and materials sector by assembling an innovative platform for the development of more sustainable epoxy binders by a highly interdisciplinary approach. Advanced biotechnology methods are applied to produce microbial oils and biopolymers from lignocellulosic sugars, and biorefinery by-products are sourced and upgraded to assemble a set of base compounds for subsequent upgrading. The base compounds are chemically and/or enzymatically activated and combined with advanced nanotechnology, in order to generate new bio-based epoxy compounds and resins with unique properties, possible recyclability, and reduced energy consumption. These new epoxies are then subjected to functional tests, accompanied by safety, environmental, and economic assessments, providing feedback for further material improvement in the project. Ultimately, the best new epoxy resins will be evaluated as binder additives or substitutes in high-performance coatings for the maritime sector. 
NordiCoats is implemented by a consortium of four research partners in active collaboration with four industrial partners, who with their complementary competences and contributions along the entire value chain will pave the way for new, more sustainable epoxy products for a plethora of different applications and markets.

New bio-based epoxy compounds for high performance applications  (NordiCoats)

Den geopolitiske situasjonen i Europa endret seg dramatisk med Russlands invasjon av Ukraina, og forårsaket umiddelbart bekymring for sikkerheten til europeisk energiinfrastruktur. Etter sabotasjen mot Nord Stream-rørledningene og observasjoner av uidentifiserte droner rundt norske olje- og gassinstallasjoner til havs, har det blitt et mål å sikre sikkerheten til petroleumsinfrastruktur. En rekke internasjonale, statlige og bedriftsaktører må nå samarbeide for å koordinere innsatsen for å sikre kritisk petroleumsinfrastruktur.

Koordinering og samarbeid mellom vidt forskjellige aktører rundt felles problemer viser seg ofte å være utfordrende. INTERSECT utforsker hvordan det institusjonelle miljøet rundt petroleumsinfrastrukturen kan samarbeide om sikkerhetsstyring. Til grunn for prosjektet ligger antakelsen om at tilstrekkelig sikkerhetsstyring må omfatte flere styringsnivå og en rekke aktører. INTERSECT analyserer utfordringer og muligheter for sikkerhetsstyring mellom flere analysenivå; internasjonalt nivå, nasjonalt nivå, og sektor- og industrinivå. Prosjektet vil her studere samspillet og samarbeidet mellom aktører på ulike nivå, inkludert NATO, norske statlige institusjoner, tilsynsmyndigheter og petroleumsselskaper. Fokus vil ligge på å identifisere og overvinne samarbeidsbarrierer.

Staten er ansvarlig for nasjonal sikkerhet, men selskaper eier petroleumsinfrastrukturen. Ved analyse av industrinivået er bedriftsinterne forhold og tilpasningsevne sentralt. Petroleumsselskapene er rettet mot sikkerhet (safety), ikke først og fremst sikring (security), og de nye omstendighetene tvinger selskapene til å rette mer oppmerksomhet mot "security". INTERSECT utforsker bedriftsinterne løsninger i samarbeid med nøkkelbedrifter i norsk sektor, og analyserer også bedrifters roller i sikkerhetspolitikken kritisk.

INTERSECT er et tverrfaglig samfunnsvitenskapelig prosjekt som bygger på disiplinene statsvitenskap, organisasjonssosiologi og samfunnssikkerhet.

The geopolitical situation following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has put a premium on the security of petroleum infrastructures. The changed geopolitical context represents a sudden and significant shift in the framework conditions for the petroleum sector's risk governance model. The shift involves 1) a more influential international dimension in the petroleum sector’s risk governance, and 2) changes in the intersections between safety and security, at different societal levels. These shifts, and how to deal with them, are the points of departure for INTERSECT.

The stronger international dimension involves a new regulatory and supervisory landscape where state security regulations (the Security Act) enter a field where risk governance has traditionally been based on strong sectoral-industrial risk regulation. The new geopolitical situation, and the corresponding changes in the regulatory framework conditions, challenge the sector’s institutional logic and the division of labour between safety and security regulators and supervisory agencies. Changes in power structures, roles and responsibilities emerge, and trigger a need for coordination and collaboration to be able to align matters of safety and security into comprehensive risk governance. The changes also challenge companies’ structures, cultures and practices for risk management.

INTERSECT responds to an industrial and societal need to detect and understand the conditions for constructing adequate security risk governance around petroleum infrastructure. Assuming that adequate security governance must be multi-level and multi-actor, INTERSECT studies coordination and collaboration between actors at different governance levels, from the international, through the state to the company level. INTERSECT explores challenges and opportunities for security governance, seeking to identify and overcome collaborative barriers, including the alignment and collaboration between safety and security professionals.

New geopolitics and the interaction between safety and security in petroleum risk governance

Maritime route optimisation for superior fuel economy, increased safety and enhanced traffic management

Blekkspruter er fasinerende dyr og med deres unike kroppsfasong, forseggjorte nervesystem og avanserte adferd, kan de enkelt tilpasse seg til komplekse miljøer, overliste predatorer og konkurrere om mat mot store virveldyr.  Tilpasningsdyktigheten kommer av at de er utrolige sansespesialister som bruker de sugekoppkledde armene sine som sanseorgan for å føle seg frem, eller rettere sagt, smake seg frem i områder som ikke er tilgjengelige for tradisjonelle sanser som synet. Hver arm inneholder ikke bare tusenvis av sanseceller som kan oppfatte kjemisk og mekanisk informasjon, men de har også uavhengige ganglier, som fungerer som «mini-hjerner» og disse tillater armen å intergrere perifere signaler slik at armen kan handle selvstendig uten at hjernen bearbeider dem. 
 
I dette prosjektet skal vi utnytte disse mini-hjernene som forenklede nervekretsmodeller, sammen med den nylig oppdagede blekksprut-kjemotaktile reseptorfamilien (CRs) som et robust  modellsystem for å bygge bro mellom fundamentale prinsipper for hvordan kjemiske signaler oppfattes, filtreres og kodes i hjernen, med organismens tilpasning. 

Kjemisk kommunikasjon brukes i flerfoldige komplekse adferder i marine miljø; det inkluderer mikrohabitatseleksjon, navigasjon over store havområder, predasjon og søken etter en make. Dyr har derfor et bredt spekter av cellulære og molekylære tilpasninger som tillater dem å oppdage, filtrere og prosessere relevant kjemisk informasjon fra deres spesifikke økologiske nisje. Å sammenligne to blekksprutarter med helt forskjellige livsstiler og anatomi vil gjøre det mulig for oss å gi et solid kunnskapsgrunnlag om kjemosensoriske prosesser i akvatiske miljø, og studere hvordan kjemisk koding skjer. Da kan vi begynne å forstå hvordan disse prosessene forvrenges av forurensing og hvilke potensialer blekkspruter har til å tilpasse seg et miljø i endring.

The ability to detect and process salient sensory information from complex and ever-changing environments is crucial to an organism’s survival. Chemical communication is used in a variety of complex behaviors in marine environments, that include microhabitat selection, navigation across large ocean basins, predation, and mate location and animals exhibit a broad range of cellular and molecular adaptations that enable them to detect, filter and process relevant chemical information from their specific ecological niche.
Here I propose to leverage a sensory specialist and the recently discovered octopus chemotactile receptor family (CRs) as a powerful model system to bridge fundamental principles of how single proteins transduce and filter chemical signals based on their environmental and cellular context with organismal adaptation. We will perform comparative analysis of octopus protein sequence to learn about functional domains of these proteins and pair this approach with the characterization of cellular properties and neuronal coding across octopus species. The results will provide a foundational basis to study chemical signaling among aquatic organisms. This foundation can then be extended so understand which chemical molecules are employed as info chemicals in species specific environments and how chemical coding might be distorted by environmental pollution. We will use an interdisciplinary approach, that spans from protein structure function analysis over single cell electrophysiology to nervous system coding and natural products identification to further the knowledge in marine invertebrate chemosensation. The project will provide a solid basis of knowledge about these processes in a sensory specialist- a unique opportunity that enables insights into the vast mechanisms of aquatic chemosensation that cannot be easily studied in other systems.

A sucker for taste – Octopus chemotactile sense as a model for molecular evolution and ecological adaptations in marine chemosensory systems

Prosjektet har som mål å bidra til løsninger på bærekraftsutfordringer i lakseoppdrettsindustrien. For at lakseproduksjonen i Norge skal kunne øke på en bærekraftig måte, må man finne løsninger på problemer knyttet til for eksempel dødelighet som følge av sykdommer, og genetisk påvirkning hos villaks fra rømt oppdrettslaks. Viktige verktøy i denne sammenheng vil være selektiv avl med fokus på sykdomsresistens, og generering av steril produksjonsfisk. Foreløpig er fremgangen begrenset av laksens lange generasjonstid, kompleksiteten ved å selektere for flere egenskaper, og den tekniske utfordringen med å avle genetisk steril laks. I dette prosjektet skal vi kombinere in vitro kultivering av kjønnsceller fra Atlantisk laks med surrogati for å etablere et verktøy bestående av protokoller spesifikt for denne arten, som kan tas i bruk i industrien som en del av avlsprogrammene for å akselerere genetisk forbedring av viktige egenskaper. Protokoller vil bli etablert for akkumulering, optimalisering og genredigering av kjønnsceller i tredimensjonale cellekultursystemer, kryopreservering og transplantasjon av slike celler gjennom surrogati, for å kunne videreføre utvalgte genetiske egenskaper til neste generasjon. En kombinasjon av disse teknologiene har et stort potensial for å bidra til mer effektiv selektering og oppskalert produksjon av viktige genetiske egenskaper.

The project aims to address sustainability challenges in the Norwegian Atlantic salmon farming industry. To ensure a sustainable growth in the industry, issues such as high mortality caused by diseases, and genetic introgression from farmed escapees to wild populations, need to be solved. Selective breeding for disease resistance, and developing sterile production fish, are important for addressing these challenges. However, progress is limited by the long generation time of salmon, the complexity of targeting multiple traits in the breeding goal, and the technical challenge of breeding genetically sterile salmon. Here, we will combine in vitro propagation of salmon germ cells in combination with surrogate broodstock technology to establish a toolbox of salmon-specific protocols that can be applied by the industry to accelerate the genetic improvement of key production traits, and to develop sterile production animals. Protocols will be developed for germ cell enrichment, propagation and gene editing in three-dimensional cell culture systems, germ cell cryopreservation and transplantation into sterile surrogates that will carry the donor-derived selected traits to the next generation. Combining these technologies is a powerful addition to existing breeding programs, allowing more efficient selection and upscaled production of key genetic traits to overcome sustainability challenges.

Accelerated genetic improvement of key traits in farmed Atlantic salmon via transplantation of in vitro propagated germline stem cells

Forestill deg en verden der vi trygt kan lagre karbonutslipp eller hydrogen i brønner etter at de har tjent sitt primære formål. Dette er visjonen bak WELLFATE-prosjektet, som søker å kaste lys over de komplekse underjordiske prosessene rundt borehull. Den norske kontinentalsokkelen, en omfattende petroleumsprovins med nesten 7000 brønner, har løftet om å omdanne uttømte reservoarer til karbonlagring og redusere globale utslipp. Imidlertid har det oppstått bekymringer angående integriteten til disse brønnene, noe som kan ha alvorlige miljø- og klimakonsekvenser. WELLFATE-prosjektet søker å fylle hullene i vår forståelse ved å karakterisere brønnene som lekker gjennom direkte observasjoner og tilgjengelige data. Dessuten vil en observatorium på sjøbunnen bli utplassert for å overvåke utslipp i et helt år. Denne omfattende strategien vil hjelpe oss med å forstå hvilke lekkarsjeveier fluider tar i berggrunnen, identifisere opprinnelsen til disse fluidene, finne ut når lekkasjen starter, og relatere denne dynamikken til brønnkonfigurasjon og geologi. Konsekvensene av WELLFATE-prosjektet er betydelige. Det legger veien for retningslinjer og beste praksis for å optimalisere nedstengingsprosedyrer for brønner og tidlige boringstrategier for å forhindre problemer i økologisk sensitive områder. Til syvende og sist har det som mål å tilby løsninger for å redusere lekkasje fra allerede problematiske brønner. WELLFATE er mer enn bare en vitenskapelig innsats; det er en vei mot bærekraftig havforvaltning. Ved å forhindre at uttømte felt lekker og dermed gjøre dem egnet for CO2-lagring, harmonerer prosjektet med Norges utslippsmål for 2050. Videre posisjonerer WELLFATE Norge som et senter for kunnskap om ren og bærekraftig energi, og støtter teknologisk innovasjon gjennom forskning. Dette er et skritt mot en renere, tryggere og mer bærekraftig fremtid.

The Norwegian Continental Shelf is a vast petroleum province pierced by nearly 7,000 wells, either plugged and abandoned or heading for decommissioning in the next decades. Suspected leakage is raising concerns about potential implications for the environment and for repurposing depleted reservoirs for permanent carbon storage. However, the current scarcity of direct observations and samples at leaky wells limits our confidence in the mapping of emission fluxes, fingerprinting the origin of the methane, and ultimately prevents us from correlating geology and well design to a risk of leakage. The project WELLFATE aims to understand the processes of fluid migration near wells, which is crucial to achieving sustainability of marine resources from the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS), particularly when planning to repurpose depleted reservoirs for carbon storage to reduce global emissions. Our multidisciplinary approach is to characterize leaky well sites by integrating direct seafloor observations, geophysical, geochemical, and geological data with well configuration and P&A data. In addition, we will deploy a seabed observatory to monitor emission rates and variations over a full year. This strategy will allow us to interpret fluid migration pathways confidently, define the origin of the fluids, date the onset of leakage, and relate the system's dynamics with well configuration and geology to identify critical wells and predict possible leakage locations with the help of state-of-the-art fluid flow simulations. Ultimately, the project results can be used to develop guidelines and best practices to optimize well-decommissioning protocols and/or implement early drilling strategies to prevent lateral fracturing in sensitive sedimentary units and propose possible solutions to mitigate already leaking P&A wells.

Understanding Fluid Migration Processes at Offshore Well Sites | WELLFATE

MOCHyS har som mål å forstå hvilken rolle og påvirkning mikroorganismer kan ha på hydrogen, som lagres i undergrunnen. MOCHyS adresserer spesifikt muligheten for å bruke eksisterende gassreservoarer som hydrogen-lager. Disse porøse reservoarene er det rikelig av på norsk kontinentalsokkel. De har en rekke kjemiske og fysiske egenskaper (spesifikt saltholdighet, temperatur, trykk) og et mangfold av mikrobielt liv. Det er et kjent faktum at mange av disse reservoarene huser forskjellige mikroorganismer og at hydrogen er en perfekt energibærer for mikrobiell metabolisme. 
MOCHyS vil jobbe med å få mer kunnskap om hvilke typer mikrober som vil være aktive aktører ved underjordisk hydrogenlagring og om alle potensielle lokasjoner vil bli påvirket av mikrobiell aktivitet. De nye resultatene vil være avgjørende for fremtidens hydrogenøkonomi og beslutningstakere for å realistisk evaluere lagringssteder, utvikle screeningskriterier og spesifikke overvåkingsverktøy. 
Å utvikle Norges energisystem i en bærekraftig retning krever en rekke innovative energisystemløsninger for å sikre tilstrekkelig og stabil energiforsyning over tid. Mange fornybare energisystemer bruker "Power-to- Gas"-teknologier, som bruker fornybar elektrisitet til å produsere hydrogen. For å ha en sikker forsyning av hydrogen gjennom hele året, er det viktig å ha fleksible, storskala energilagringsløsninger for å balansere forventede svingninger i energiproduksjon og -etterspørsel. Underjordisk lagring er foreslått som en gunstig løsning for mellom- til langtidslagring, på grunn av de store tilgjengelige volumene. 
Nøkkelspørsmålet i underjordisk hydrogenlagring vi ønsker å svare på er: Når undergrunns mikrobene er i kontakt med det injiserte hydrogenet, vil de begynne å konsumere det?

Developing Norway’s energy system in a sustainable direction requires a variety of innovative energy system solutions to secure sufficient and stable energy supply over time. Many renewable energy systems utilize “Power-to-Gas” technologies, which use renewable electricity to produce hydrogen (H2). To have a secure supply for H2 throughout the year, it is essential to have flexible, large-scale energy storage solutions to balance expected fluctuations of electricity-production and -demand. Underground/subsurface storage has been proposed as a favourable solution for mid-to long-term storage, due to the large available volumes. The proposed project addresses specifically the option of using existing gas reservoirs as H2 storage sites. These porous reservoirs are abundant on the Norwegian Continental Shelf having a variety of chemical and physical properties (specifically salinity, temperature, pressure) and a variety of microbial life. It is a known fact that many of these reservoirs harbour diverse microbial communities and that H2 is not only a perfect energy carrier for human industry but also for microbial metabolisms. The key question in underground H2 storage we want to answer is: When the subsurface microbes are in contact with the injected H2, will they start consuming it? This would entail not only H2 loss (economic loss) but also could trigger subsequent mechanisms like H2S formation and loss of hydraulic properties. Our ambition is that our findings will be the first to generate knowledge on the question as to whether and which kind of microbes will be active players during H2 underground storage and whether all potential sites will be affected by microbial related risks like H2S formation. The novel results will be essential for our and other industry stakeholders and decision makers to realistically estimate operational risks of the storage sites, develop screening criteria and specific monitoring tools.

Microbiological Opportunities and Challenges of Hydrogen Underground Storage

Geostyring, dvs. evnen til å finjustere brønnposisjonering i sanntid, øker brønnverdien og reduserer risiko. Geostyring er avgjørende for petroleumsbrønner, og aktuelt for andre operasjoner som geotermiske prosjekter, horisontalboring av brønner og tunneler, samt CO2-lagringsbrønner. Nåværende geostyringsbeslutninger bygger på rask manuell tolkning av sanntidsdata med hensyn til modeller, geologi og tilknyttet usikkerhet. Men, ifølge Rassenfoss (2022, SPE JPT) har personen ansvarlig for geostyring svært begrenset tid til å tolke innkommende data, langt mindre å vurdere usikkerheten.
 
Avanserte ensemble-metoder er kjernen i lukket-løkke reservoarstyring (EnCLRM), den nye standarden for automatisk optimalisering av petroleumsfelt under usikkerheten. EnCLRM er dessverre ikke rask nok for geostyring i sanntidsoperasjoner pga. kompleksiteten i geomodellering. Dette kan løses med nye generativt nettverks (GN) geomodeller som "lærer geologi" før boreoperasjon og har ytelse på under ett sekund. GN-geomodellene vil muliggjøre sanntids data-assimilering og gi støtte til beslutninger. DISTINGUISH vil utvikle disse teknologiene i en geostyringsarbeidsflyt. Prosjektet introduserer ny tankegang ved å erstatte "deteksjonsdybde" med "prediksjonsavstand" og sannsynlighetsbetinget beslutningsstøtte.
 
Vi planlegger tidlig testing med data fra operasjonelle felt. Vi vil inkludere fremtidige teknologibrukere for å akselerere adopsjon av arbeidsflyten. DISTINGUISH håndterer utfordringer knyttet til brønnplassering som påpekt i "Olje og gass for det 21. århundre" maskinlæringsrapporten. Ifølge rapporten vil bedre brønnplassering føre til oppdagelser på den norske kontinentalsokkelen, gi økt netto nåverdi fra boring og betydelig redusere CO2-utslipp.

The ability to fine-tune well positioning in real-time through geosteering increases the potential value of wells and minimizes risks. Geosteering is essential for petroleum and penetrates other types of drilling, including geothermal projects, civil wells and tunnels, and soon CO2 storage wells. Currently, geosteering decisions rely on fast-paced manual interpretation of real-time data, which needs to consider pre-job modeling, geological setting, and embedded uncertainties. “Given the pace of drilling, the person in charge of geosteering is hard-pressed just to interpret the incoming data, much less contemplating the uncertainty in it” (Rassenfoss, 2022, SPE JPT). Following the newest trends in the industry geosteering workflow of the future shall capture and update uncertainty in an ensemble of geomodels.

The most advanced ensemble methods are the core of closed-loop reservoir management (EnCLRM), the new standard for optimizing the development of petroleum fields. However, EnCLRM is not fast enough for real-time operations due to the involved geomodelling complexity. We plan to remove this complexity by creating new Generative-Network (GN) geomodels. GN-geomodels “learn geology” before the operation and have sub-second performance. They unlock next-generation data assimilation and new predictive decision-support AI. DISTINGUISH will develop these technologies and combine them into the “geosteering workflow of the future.” It proposes a new way of thinking substituting “depth of detection” with “distance of prediction” and probabilistic decision support. 

We plan early testing on field data and with future technology users to accelerate adoption. DISTINGUISH addresses research challenges related to well placement from an Oil-&-Gas-21 machine-learning report. According to the report, better well placement may lead to additional discoveries on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, an increased net present value from drilling, and significant CO2 emission reductions.

DISTINGUISH: Decision support using neural networks to predict geological uncertainties when geosteering

Utenpåliggende sensorer for nivåmåling i separator

Midlene fra PETROMAKS2-Stort program petroleum fordelt på år

Midlene fra PETROMAKS2-Stort program petroleum fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra PETROMAKS2-Stort program petroleum fordelt på fagområde

VP Technology

Nicoustic ble grunnlagt i juni 2022 basert på fremdragende forskningssamarbeid mellom Equinor og Fraunhofer IKTS i Tyskland. Produktet vårt er en utenpåliggende sensor der måleprinsippet baserer seg på ultralydsbølger. Våre sensorer skal klare å måle nivå av faststoffer og væsker inne i tanker og separatorer fra utsiden, uten behov for flenser. Vår hovedkunde i starten er olje & gassindustrien, men vi har også sett interesse for vår teknologi fra andre industrier (fornybar energi og kjemikalier).

Vi har allerede utviklet prototype av en sensor som klarer å måle nivå av faste stoffer og totalt væskenivå i laboratorie- og pilotskala. Denne prototypen skal snart testes ut på offshore plattform i Norge. Men vi må gjennomføre mer forskning for at vår teknologi skal bli kommersielt attraktiv. Dette prosjektet dekker følgende temaer:

1. Våre sensorer må klare å måle mer. Vi skal utvikle måling av forskjellige væskefaser i samme tank og grensesnitt mellom forskjellige væsker (emulsjoner) samt skumm som dannes på toppen av væske.

2. Det er mye tøffere forhold inne i en prosesstank i operasjon sammenlignet med laboratorie- og pilotutstyr. Vi skal undersøke hvordan forskjellige avleiringer på innsiden av tankveggen (scale, voks...) påvirker våre målinger. Kanskje gjør dem våre sensorer blinde - eller så kan vi bidra med verdifull karakterisering av disse avleiringer?

3. Vår teknologi blir mye mer verdifull hvis vi klarer å utføre flere forskjellige typer målinger med samme utstyr. Vi skal prøve å utvikle integritetsmåling med hjelp av våre sensorer, det vill si vi skal prøve å måle og karakterisere skader på innsiden av tanken som har oppstått grunnet korrosjon og erosjon.

4. Det ville være en stor fordel at i fremtiden lage våre sensorer i Trondheim. For å få det til må vi utvikle nye produksjonsmetoder.

There is an unmet need for reliable measurement of multiphase levels in oil & gas separation equipment, especially when it comes to measurement of sand/solid layers, liquid interface levels as well as emulsion and foam layers. This need comes from the fact that improved level measurement will lead to less equipment downtime and an opportunity to better optimize production.

The technology to be further developed in this project is a novel sensor system that has already been confirmed to provide accurate solids and oil/water interface measurements in pilot scale. Measurement principle utilizes Guided Ultrasonic Waves. The biggest differentiating factor compared with other measurement methods is that our sensors are non-intrusive (they are mounted on the outside of the vessel). This is a big advantage with respect to installation and maintenance cost and ease. 

Our technology was initially developed by the German research institute Fraunhofer IKTS, which responded to the Equinor innovation challenge. Nicoustic AS was formed in Trondheim in 2022 to carry on the development and to commercialize the R&D results. It is now becoming evident that other industries than oil & gas (for example biofuel and chemicals production) face many of the same challenges in their separation processes. Nicoustic is one of the finalists at Jump Start technology competition by PRIO, a leading biodiesel manufacturer in Portugal. There is also a potential for hydrogen and ammonia storage, which will be addressed later.

In this project we seek to develop capabilities to measure liquid, foam and emulsion interface layers, explore how fouling on the inside of the separator wall influences our measurements, conduct research in integrity measurement using the same hardware as level measurement and prepare industrialization of our hardware and software manufacturing methods.

Non-intrusive separator level monitoring

We propose to build an automated reasoning system for first-order logic (FOL) by translating reasoning problems to a fragment of FOL called coherent  logic (CL) and then solving them by a fast problem solver for CL. Both the translation and the fast CL so lver are to be developed in the project. 

Automated reasoning in FOL is an established research field with many applications in mathematics, logic and computer science (e.g., the verification of hard- and software, deductive databases, semantic web appli cations etc.) The strong point of CL as compared to weaker logics (for example, resolution logic) is that CL has both quantifiers  ("for all" and "there exists") together with a simple proof procedure. Due to this expressiveness problems can be  directly or equivalently formulated in CL so that the problem solver works on essentially the same problem as the user. The advantages of this approach are: 
- strong support for interactive problem solving; 
- explanation of solutions found by the system is facil itated (of crucial importance for many applications);
- some inefficiencies inherent to the translation of FOL to weaker logics than CL are avoided.

A novel feature of the proposed system is that it will generate proof objects, that is, detailed formal d escriptions of solutions found, which can be imported and used by logical frameworks such as Coq, Isabelle and Agda. Proof objects are important for explanation, independent verification and they increase the level of automation of the logical framework i n a significant way.

Automating  Coherent Logic

This project will focus on new multi-quantum-well lasers in MBE grown gallium antimonide based materials, with wavelengths around 2.33, 2.8, and 3.5 mikrometers, and with line widths and tunability as required for trace gas sensor applications and free sp ace optical communications. The project is headed by Prof. Bjørn-Ove Fimland at Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), NTNU, in cooperation with Prof. Arne Rønnekleiv, also at DET, and Assoc. Prof. Turid Worren at Department of Physics, N TNU. Combined they will cover the main areas for the project; MBE-growth and characterization of laser materials, and laser design, processing and testing. The main collaborating research institutions are The Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, Kjel ler, Norway, and Center for High Technology Materials (CHTM), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA. The project will run for 4 years and bring out 2 PhDs, We further plan to bring out at least 6 articles in refereed journals from the project.

Fabrication of tunable mid-IR laser diodes for sensor and communication applications

Process operation often involves controlled, discrete transitions between multiple, continuous dynamical modes of operation, in order to handle changes in raw materials, energy sources, product specifications and market demands. This leads to an overall p rocess behaviour that is more appropriately viewed as a hybrid (switched) system, i.e. intervals of piecewise continuous behaviour interspersed by discrete transitions. The hybrid nature of these systems and the presence of state and input constraints mak es them difficult to analyze and control. In this respect, model predictive control (MPC) methodology is very suitable for the stabilization and optimal control of switched nonlinear systems, since it allows the solution of complex constrained multivariab le control problems.

This project will focus on the development of efficient methods and software tools for explicit solution of constrained MPC problems for switched nonlinear systems with scheduled mode transitions. The problem of stabilization of a sw itched process, transiting between its constituent modes at prescribed transition times, will be considered. The benefits of an explicit solution, in addition to the efficient on-line computations, include also verifiability of the implementation, which i s an essential issue in safety-critical applications. The stability and the performance of the explicit MPC controller in closed-loop with the switched nonlinear system will be analyzed through test on several simulation examples.

Explicit model predictive control of switched nonlinear systems: Stability and optimality

CALCO brings together researchers and practitioners to exchange new results related to foundational aspects and both traditional and emerging uses of algebras and coalgebras in computer science. The study of algebra relates to data while the study of coal gebra relates to processes, the two sides of software.

CALCO was first arranged in 2005 in Swansea, a successful event, attracting 90 participants, with a mix of highly acclaimed international researchers and emerging researchers at the PhD. and post-doc  level. The proceedings were published by Springer verlag in the Lecture Notes in Computer Science series, as LNCS 3629. A special issue of Theoretical Computer Science consisting of extended versions of selected papers is in preparation.

CALCO'07 - 2nd Conference on Algebra and Coalgebra in Computer Science

The "Micropower sensor interface in nanometer CMOS technology" project aims at developing new and unique methods for low power digital sensor interfacing using state-of-the art nanometer CMOS-technology within the framework of biomedical wireless sensor n etworks. The major result of the project will be an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) optimized for wireless sensor nodes with very limited power budgets. This will increase the quality of biomedical sensor systems in terms of smaller size, improved signa l integrity, and reduced power consumption. Electronic equipment for biomedical applications, exemplified by implantable- and body-near electronics, is designed to sense, monitor, or control body functions. Such systems are cochlea implants, brain/blood p ressure sensors, ECG-sensors, etc. 

The scientific focus in the project will be to combine novel technology for high quality data conversion with recently developed methods for low-power sub-threshold CMOS logic. In addition the limitations with respect to low power supply voltage is to be considered in order to maintain acceptable signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) throughout the signal path from sensor readout to a wireless transceiver. The performance limiting factors that will be addressed in particular ar e 1) Signal distortion and component noise introduced by the analog circuitry operating in weak inversion and 2) Power consumption / speed of the digital processing logic in the sensor node. The project participants have the necessary key knowledge and re search experience within these areas.

The inclusion of an active industrial partner will ensure the necessary realism and introduce a system framework for the sensor interfacing module. Novelda AS is a Norwegian R&D company focusing on complete solutions  for low-power wireless sensor networks.

Micropower sensor interface in nanometer CMOS technology

Sequences have numerous uses  in modern communication systems. They have found ingenious application to error-correcting codes, cryptography, and in particular to the  design and analysis of stream ciphers, radar systems, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and modern third generation mobile communication. In order to avoid interference and to maintain synchronization between users in a CDMA system it is of fundamental importance to construct families of sequences with ''good correlation properties''. In cry ptography, stream ciphers are presently an important research topic due to their  potential to offer encryption and decryption of data at very high speeds. 

Design and analysis of sequences combines advanced techniques from computer science, engineering and mathematics, and  researchers from the Selmer Center at the University of Bergen have made significant contributions at  international level to  sequence designs, coding theory and cryptology for more than three decades. The Selmer Center currently  c onsists of 12 researchers, 10 doctoral students, and frequent international visitors. The Selmer Center is a member of three European networks of excellence/projects.

In this application the Selmer Center applies for funding for one podtdoctoral student  (for 3 years) and one PhD student (for 3 years). The main activity for the PhD student and the researcher will be to focus on the constructions of new families of sequences with good correlation properties and to use the properties of sequences in the de sign and analysis of stream ciphers.

Sequences and Their Applications

Financial support for hosting the 37th International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic (ISMVL07). 

This is an annual IEEE conference with accepted papers published in a proceedings. The conference covers theory, modelling av implementation (microelectro nics) of multiple-valued circuits and systems.

It is important for the research group Microelectronics systems at the departement of informatics, UiO to extend and increase the contact to the international research community. We are focusing on hosting t he ISMVL conference in order to obtain new research contacts.

We have been active in the research field and at the conference for several years.

Host the 37th International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic 
(ISMVL07)

The functionality of many modern advanced computer systems -- such as,
e.g.,  wireless sensor networks, the Internet and other kinds of
networks, and control systems -- is crucially dependent on the amount of
time that passes during/between events. Furthe rmore, such advanced and
often critical systems must be well understood before deployment. The
design of these systems should therefore be modeled and thoroughly
analyzed at an early (and at different stages) in the system
development process. 

Advanced real-time systems pose a challenge to
modeling tools in that different aspects, such as, e.g., real-time and
probabilistic behavior, object
orientation, 
communication, data types, etc., must be captured, and in that they
should provide not only simulatio n or verification capabilities, but
preferably a wide range of analysis techniques (including the
before-mentioned two extremes). 

Ølveczky and Meseguer have developed a formal language and tool,
Real-Time Maude, that provides a flexible and general mode ling
language that can naturally model many aspects of a real-time
system at different levels of abstraction. The tool provides a
spectrum of time-specific analysis 
commands, including  simulation/prototyping and different kinds of
exhaustive state space  
exploration. Real-Time Maude has been applied to a range of advanced
applications, including sophisticated multicast protocols for active
networks and the Internet, new state-of-the-art scheduling algorithms,
and new wireless sensor network and
scheduli ng algorithms, that are beyond the range of systems that 
can be specified by popular automaton-based formalisms. Indeed, 
we believe that our work on the OGDC wireless sensor network algorithm
 represents 
the first formal modeling and analysis of advanc ed wireless sensor 
network algorithms.

In this project we aim at extending Real-Time Maude's capabilities and
at applying the tool on advanced systems. In particular, to make
analysis feasible for large and advanc

High-level Formal Modeling and Analysis of Real-Time and Hybrid Systems

The goal of the three year IT-IDA postdoctoral project is to develop new machine learning algorithms for intelligent data analysis, such as robust non-linear clustering and classification techniques, based on recently developed concepts in information the ory, Mercer kernel theory and graph spectral theory. 
Intelligent data analysis deals with the automatic detection of linear and non-linear patterns in data, and is an important research topic in machine learning and artificial intelligence. It also plays  an important role in other areas of research, such as e.g. bioinformatics, remote sensing, text categorization, image analysis and web retrieval. 
Mercer kernel methods are considered the current state-of-the-art of machine learning, enabling  classifica tion, clustering, correlation and ranking to be done in a non-linear feature space. In addition, graph spectral methods are also emerging rapidly, and have proved to be very useful, especially in data clustering.
The project will focus on theoretical issu es as well as application potential of a new information theoretic approach to machine learning, which is based on recent information theoretic cost functions and non-parametric estimation of probability density functions. This approach has been shown to be closely linked to kernel methods and graph spectral methods, but is in some sense much more intuitive. It also has the advantage of providing more apparent procedures with respect to the selection of system parameters. All together, this provides us ne w tools for a better mathematical understanding, and for developing better algorithms. It even opens avenues for fusing together the best parts of the above mentioned related research areas, which to date have been considered separate fields. 
The project  will lead to new and powerful information theoretic machine learning algorithms for intelligent data analysis, which will be aimed at operational use in applied areas such as remote sensing and bioinformatics.

New Information Theoretic methods for Intelligent Data Analysis

It is applied to the Research Council of Norway for a Ph.D. project with the title ?Input and state constraint handling in nonlinear and adaptive backstepping control design?. 

The main objective is to develop a theoretically well-founded design approach  for constrained nonlinear and adaptive control based on Control Lyapunov Function design methods such as backstepping. Moreover, the project will demonstrate the practical applicability of such real-time algorithms in an experimental case study on an ele ctro-pneumatic clutch actuator in collaboration with Kongsberg Automotive.

We apply for a Ph.D. grant for a period of 3 years. The project is located at the Department of Engineering Cybernetics at NTNU, Trondheim.

Input and state constraint handling in nonlinear and adaptive backstepping control design

The objective of the project is to incorporate new capabilities into MPC controllers:
a) Improving economic performance without sacrificing traditional control performance.
b) Improved transitions between operating regions, simultaneously minimising off-s pec production and maximising learning derived from the strong excitations involved.
c) Including adaptation and learning, to make advanced constrained control applicable to highly uncertaint control problems or problems which change with time (e.g. crane  operations with variable load in confined spaces).

All these objectives involve significant research challenges, where issues related to performance (economic and control-related), stability and computational complexity need to be addressed.

The projec t will train two PhD candidates.  The results will be disseminated both nationally and internationally at conferences and in scientific journals.

Enhanced Model Predictive Control

The need for secure digital communication has increased a lot during
the last decade.  Various algorithms are used to achieve the security
needed, for example encryption algorithms, message authentication
codes and digital signatures.  It is important tha t these algorithms
are thoroughly investigated, as the consequences of holes in their
security will be big.

Any encryption algorithm can be described by a non-linear equation
system, and the security of the algorithm relies on the assumption
that this sy stem can not be efficiently solved.  Some methods have
recently been proposed for solving such systems, but so far without
any major results.  This project will approach the problem from a
different angle, and test some promising new ideas for solving the se
kinds of systems.  These ideas are motivated by coding theory, where
similar techniques are used with great success in the decoding of
error-correcting codes.

The results of this research will give insight into this kind of
attack on computer security , and may uncover serious security flaws in
some encryption algorithms.  The algorithms identified as weak should
be taken out of use and replaced by stronger ones before their
weaknesses are exploited.

Cryptanalysis by Solving Equation Systems

The Algorithms Research Group at the Department of Informatics,
University of Bergen, is organizing  WG 2006 -  32nd International
 Workshop on Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science. This is one of the main international events in the graph algorit hms research society, and it is eagerly awaited by
many researchers.
 The workshop is highly respected and prestigious, and every year its program committee accepts only a fraction of the submitted research papers, which are all of high
quality. There is a strong competition between universities in Europe to become the organizers of this conference and to welcome its around 100 participants every year.

Organizing the annual international workshop  WG 2006 in
Bergen

This project will maintain and extend the collaboration between world leading international research groups in coding theory, cryptology and wireless communication and the Selmer Center at the University of Bergen. The research group at the Selmer Center has been doing international research in coding theory and cryptology for more than three decades and consists presently of 12 researchers and 12 doctoral students and frequent international visitors. The to  maintain the international network of research  contacts by: (1) Invite international researchers to visit the Selmer Center for shorter and longer stays for joint research collaborations and for giving lectures and short advanced courses in the area of their expertise. (2) To encourage and make it po ssible for researchers at the Selmer Center to visit leading international research group for boosting joint ongoing research and to develop and start new joint research activities. (3) To enable the researchers at the Selmer Center to present their resea rch papers at international conferences. (4) To organize international workshops in coding theory, cryptology and in wireless communication.

During the planned project period (2006-2009), the Selmer Center aims to: 

- Invite leading international resear chers for visits, guest lectures and advanced courses.
- Visit international research groups to maintain and start new collaborations.
- Organize at least one major international conference in coding theory or cryptography.
- Organize at least one nationa l conference with leading international researchers as lecturers.
- Publish more than 60 papers in leading international refereed journals and at conferences.
- Present at least 32 papers at international conferences.
- Publish at least 20 papers with int ernational co-authors.

International collaborations with research groups in reliable and secure communication

Statistical physics and multi-user communications show strong analogies from a
conceptual point of view. In both cases many objects interact with each other
through variables that are constrained to be binary. These interdisciplinary analogies
can be expl oited to advance the understanding and design of future wireless
communication systems. Though the analogies between the two fields do not extend
too far and, in real-world communication systems, statistical physics results
cannot be applied directly, the  engineering community can strongly benefit very
much from the analytical toolboxes developed by physicists to understand the
macroscopic properties of spin glasses. The research focuses on improving the
efficiency of wireless multi-user communications, t hus reducing the demand of
physical spectrum, prolonging the stand time of battery driven devices, and reducing
the emitted electromagnetic radiation. To achieve this goal the project will
target several important open problems in wireless multi-user comm unications:
• Capacity analysis of multi-user systems with dual antenna arrays in correlated
fading.
• Speed of convergence of large system results for non-linear multi-user detectors
towards their asymptotic limits.
• Impact of detector mismatch on the p erformance of wireless multi-user
receivers.
• Pre-coding for wireless broadcast channels.
Additionally, the project seeks to achieve a new realm in education for communication
engineers: The project will develop interdisciplinary course programs to
incre ase mutual exchange between physicists and communication engineers. The
statistical mechanics interpretation of digital communications will be reformulated
into a form that is suitable for students with a standard engineering background
to give them new i nsight and additional intuition when designing communication
systems. An experimental graduate program will be implemented at NTNU.

Statistical Physics in Advanced Multiuser Communications

Modifications and Applications of Alternating-time Temporal Epistemic Logic

This project will focus on fundamental research in coding theory and cryptology at an advanced international level. Project topics will be analysis and construction of symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms and protocols; and analysis and desig n of error correcting codes and of their decoding algorithms. In particular we will use our knowledge involving deep techniques from coding theory on cryptological problems where these techniques may improve upon the current state-of-the-art.  The researc h will be carried out at the Selmer Center at the University of Bergen. The research group at the Selmer Center has been doing research in coding and cryptology for more than three decades and consists presently of 20 researchers, doctoral students, and f requent international visitors.

A Little Basic Research in Coding and Cryptology

The new generation of earth observation sensors include hyperspectral sensors with a high number of spectral bands. Each pixel in a hyperspectral image with D spectral bands will result in a D-dimensional vector corresponding to the measured energy in dif ferent parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Although the higher spectral resolution enables us to better characterize and separate similar spectra, statistical analysis of hyperspectral data poses special problems. In this project, we will develop new m ethods for robust analysis of high-dimensional data, in particular for feature selection from the spectral curve, with the focus of landcover classification.

Hyperspectral image analysis

This project is aimed to develop methods to improve image quality in ultrasonic
array imaging using recent model based reconstruction methods for realistic array
layouts. The drawback of the traditional delay-and-sum (DAS) based array focusing 
method---w hich requires the array pitch to be less than half the acoustic wavelength 
to avoid grating lobes and the element sizes to be small since they are regarded
as point sources by the DAS method---is relaxed by this new approach; thus enabling
a more flexibl e design of the array layouts. The objective of the project is to further 
develop and adapt these methods to medical, sonar, sparse arrays, 2D arrays, as well 
as undersampled linear arrays. Issues that also will be considered are design of robust 
metho ds for treating model errors, design of optimal input signals for optimizing 
reconstruction performance, as well as development of methods for designing focusing 
methods specifically customized to these model based reconstruction algorithms. 
Furthermor e, since the methods can be computational demanding the project will also 
include studies in efficient sparse representations as well as development of parallel 
implementations for large scale problems.

High Resolution Ultrasonic Array Imaging

Computational modeling using partial differential equations (PDEs) is becoming
an important tool for industry and research. The traditional methods for
developing such models are time consuming and expensive. Newer methods
exploting object oriented and ge nerative techniques are being developed, but
there is a considerable sceptisiscm in the user communities against the new
generation of abstraction based software. One reason for this hesitation is
the need for run-time speed, and it is generally assumed t hat using higher
levels of abstraction in the code entails a high run-time overhead. 

In this project we will do a side by side comparison of geophysical solver
software developed using traditional methods and software developed using
algebraic and gener ative SAGA technologies. An important research topic is
then to develop the SAGA tool set to achieve comparable run-time properties
while maintaing the SAGA development effectiveness.

Scientific computing with algebraic and generative abstractions for 
geophysical problems

Automated deduction in non-classical logics is an important field of research in areas of computer science such as software verification and security analysis. The project is in the heart of this field and addresses systems of tableaux. Among the virtues of this family of deduction systems are (1) readability of proofs, (2) ability to construct counterexamples and (3) applicability to a large class of non-classical logics - three crucially important points for a number of practical applications. For class ical logics, proof-search in tableau systems has proved less efficient than for resolution systems, mainly due to two computationally significant shortcomings recently overcome by independent work within the PMA group in Oslo (the method of uniform variab le splitting) and the Formal Methods group in Göteborg (the incremental closure technique). This project aims at integrating the two contributions in a new tableau system for classical logic and extending the methods to a wide range of non-classical logic s.

Tableaux with Accelerated Search

Research in minimal separators and minimal triangulations is undergoing an expanding phase, with several new researchers joining the field and exciting results published yearly. The applicants of this project proposal  have been heavily involved in resear ch in several aspects of minimal separators and triangulations, and today we are in contact with all the main developments at the forefront of this research area. As we have recently gathered a deeper insight into the structural properties of minimal tria ngulations, just at the time when the research community interest in the topic is increasing, we are in the fortunate situation of having several ideas for new results that should be investigated and subsequently published as soon as possible. This will a dvance the state-of-the-art within the project topic, and have important implications for related theoretical and practical problems. It will also ensure that Bergen and Norway can keep, and probably even advance, its good position in the research communi ty within this area. In order to be able to achieve this we are in need of Ph.D. and post doctoral positions, which constitute the basis of this project proposal.

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