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En av de vanligste, men minst studerte, utfordringene med å bli eldre er problemer med å kommunisere. Mange eldre sliter spesielt med pragmatiske ferdigheter, som å forstå undertekst, eller tilpasse det de sier til personen de snakker med. 

La oss si at en lege må gi en alvorlig beskjed til en pasient. For å gjøre det litt lettere å takle, bruker legen vagere språk, som "kanskje" i stedet for "sannsynligvis". Mens yngre voksne ofte tar hensyn til høflighetsstrategier i måten de tolker det som blir sagt på, har eldre ofte vanskelig for å forstå når noen snakker indirekte. Mange eldre voksne har vanskelig for å forstå ikke-bokstavelig språk og kan misforstå alvorlighetsgraden av diagnosen. Dette kan påvirke beslutningen deres om behandling, noe som kan føre til utilsiktede konsekvenser. 

Siden god kommunikasjon er viktig både i viktige medisinske samtaler og i hverdagen, er det viktig at vi finner ut hva som gjør at eldre kan ha vansker med å forstå og bli forstått. RESILIENCE skal hjelpe til med denne utfordringen ved å samle data om praktiske, kognitive og språklige ferdigheter hos voksne i alderen 18-90 år over tid. Dette vil gi oss en stor mengde data om pragmatiske, kognitive og språk ferdigheter og gjøre det tilgjengelig for forskning. Med denne dataen som grunnlag har vi følgende mål: 

• Forstå hvordan praktiske evner endrer seg generelt gjennom voksenlivet. 
• Finne ut hvilke mekanismer som påvirker pragmatiske evner på forskjellige tidspunkter i livet.
 • Utvikle en teoretisk modell som forklarer hvordan pragmatiske ferdigheter endrer seg med alderen.
 • Lage algoritmer som kan forutsi hvordan pragmatiske evner vil utvikle seg for enkeltpersoner i årene som kommer. 
• Utvikle og teste et verktøy som kan måle pragmatisk helse (både pragmatiske ferdigheter og deres underliggende mekanismer), noe som kan åpne  for å iverksette tiltak. 

Dette vil gi oss muligheten til å forstå bedre hvordan folk kan utvikle pragmatisk resiliens gjennom livsløpet.

A cornerstone of human communication is our reliance on pragmatic skills to guide linguistic interactions (e.g., reasoning about others' mental states to bridge the gap between what is said and intended in conversation). However these skills are highly sensitive to age-related decline, leading to miscommunication and uninformed decision making in the older adult population. This raises an important question, one which has puzzled linguistics and psychologists for decades: if pragmatic competence is fundamental to communication, why do individuals vary so much in this capacity? 

Traditionally, psychologists have approached pragmatic competence from a cognitive angle, reasoning that individual differences in executive functions (i.e., the cognitive skills associated with goal-directed actions) are what underlie effective pragmatic behavior. In a similar vein, language scientists have taken a linguistic approach, reasoning that one’s language background (e.g., the frequency with which individuals shift between languages) shapes pragmatic skills by enhancing sensitivity to the communicative context. This focus on either cognitive or linguistic influences has resulted in two expansive yet disparate areas of research.

RESILIENCE will unite these disciplines to pursue a longstanding debate on what underlies pragmatic resilience and decline using a large-scale, interdisciplinary and longitudinal approach. By gathering data on adults' (ages 18-90) pragmatic, cognitive and language skills over multiple time points, we will develop a comprehensive theoretical model that explains how cognitive and linguistic systems interact to shape pragmatic competence as we age, and create algorithms that predict the trajectory of an individual’s pragmatic abilities in upcoming years. Based on these results we will design a multidimensional tool that detects the earliest signs of pragmatic deficits, leading to future interventions, allowing us to uncover the paths to pragmatic resilience.

Uncovering the paths to pragmatic resilience

Ny forskning fra Europa og USA peker på at bedrifter bidrar til økende lønnsforskjeller– selv innenfor smalt definerte jobber eller industrier, som økonomifag eller treforedling. Til tross for stor interesse og økende tilgjengelighet av administrative data, vet vi overraskende lite om hvordan– og hvorfor bedriftene påvirker lønnsulikhet. Det viktigste hinderet har vært at variasjon i foretaks lønns- og personalpraksis (heretter kalt HR) har vist seg vanskelig å måle for et representativt utvalg av bedrifter.

I dette prosjektet løser vi måleproblemet ved å utvikle en ny forskningsinfrastruktur. Vår datainnsamlingsmetode muliggjør måling av HR og personalpolitikk på bedriftsnivå og kobling til inntekts- og arbeidertakerforhold. 

Denne kombinasjonen tilrettelegger for ny kunnskap om bedrifters interne arbeidsmarkeder og betydningen av HR og personalpolitikk for lønnsulikhet i arbeidsmarkedet.  

Vi starter med å utforske hva HR gjør i det eksterne arbeidsmarkedet. Her vil vi prøve å forstå hvordan bruk av rekrutteringsmetode avhenger av arbeideres utdanningsnivå, f.eks. master eller grunnskole, om man ansetter fra andre arbeidsgivere eller fra arbeidsledighet, og hvordan dette virker på ulikhet. I prosjektets hoveddel vil vi undersøke hvordan bedrifter organiserer sine interne arbeidsmarkeder, som for eksempel innebærer hvordan ulike jobber er rangert i et jobbhierarki, teams, hvordan ansatte navigerer karrieremuligheter i bedriften, oppnår forfremmelse og lønnsvekst, og hvordan ansatte verdsetter de interne mulighetene i forhold til muligheter i andre bedrifter. I siste del av prosjektet vil vi undersøke betydningen av informasjon om muligheter for arbeidere og hvorvidt forskjeller i lønn også reflekterer gap i kunnskap om muligheter. 

Samlet sett vil prosjektet bidra til økt forståelse av hvordan moderne arbeidsmarkeder fungerer og hva offentlig og bedriftspolitikk kan gjøre for å håndtere utfordringer knyttet til økende lønnsulikhet.

Firms’ human resource policies play an important role in shaping individual workers’ careers and overall inequality. The key challenge with identifying the role that firms play in shaping workers’ careers is that existing worker-firm datasets, such as Norwegian register data, do not include information on what goes on inside of firms. For instance, these data do not include information on how firms advertise or fill vacant positions, how workers learn about these positions, or how firms organize their internal hierarchies. This project aims to advance our understanding of the determinants of HR policies and the consequences of these policies for individual careers and for labor market inequality. In order to do so, the researchers will establish a research infrastructure that combines the strength of the Norwegian administrative data with recent advancements in survey design. 

The research infrastructure will allow them to open the "black box" of firms’ HR policies and make three distinct contributions. In the first project, they will use the infrastructure to develop and validate new survey instruments for measuring firms’ internal HR policies. This will allow them to describe determinants of firm recruitment policies, how practices differ across firms and workers, and whether different recruitment strategies reinforce existing labor market inequalities. In the second project, they will explore workers’ search across and within firms and examine the value workers attach to internal labor markets. This will leverage experiments embedded in the worker survey, as well as recent techniques to measure the organizational structure of firms. The third project will estimate the value that workers place on information about the outside labor market. In doing so, it contributes to an ongoing academic and policy discussion about the role of information in the labor market.

Firming Up Careers: Human Resource Policies and Inequality

Accelerated by the Covid-19 pandemic, rapid digitalisation has fundamentally transformed European working conditions. While its positive consequences are well recognised, digital transformation also puts a sorely needed part of the European workforce at risk of unemployment, poverty and social exclusion. IDILAB (Implications of digital transformation for migrant labour) investigates the impacts that technological progress and subsequent structural changes have on the labour market integration of migrant workers. By developing a new methodological approach, IDILAB shall provide novel evidence on migrants’ exposure to the process of digitalisation, and formulate evidence-based and innovative policy options for the EU and national governments to improve on the scope and adequacy of national and European policy directed at encouraging a fair digital transition for all, including migrants. The proposed project will contribute with new knowledge on migrants’ own perspectives on barriers and enablers for a sustainable integration in a fast-changing labour market. I, the experienced researcher (Dr Olga Gheorghiev, the Czech Republic), will work with a European centre of excellence (the Research Centre for Digitalisation of Public Services and Citizenship (CEDIC, OsloMet, Norway), and the European Trade Union Institute (ETUI, Belgium) for intersectoral knowledge transfer, career development, and European added value.

Implications of digital transformation for migrant labour

Prosjektet «Øyer i Ørkenen» (SilkRoMo) søker å tenkje nytt rundt det store handelsnettverket kalla Silkevegen som batt saman Europa, Asia og Afrika frå antikken til tidlegmoderne tid. Ofte blir Silkevegen framstilt som eit nettverk mellom aust og vest, knytt saman av ruter mellom mindre stadar, byar og kongedømme. Silkevegen er også ofte trekt fram som det fremste eksempelet på ein tidleg globaliseringsprosess. Men sjølv om viktigheita av Silkevegen ofte blir understreka finst det få systematisk studiar av korleis handelsnettverket opererte i praksis, og lite er blitt sagt om rolla til stadane langs ruta, øyene i ørkenens hav. 
SilkRoMo-prosjektet vil bøta på denne kunnskapsmangelen ved å gjennomføre ein komparativ studie av fem stadar frå den seinantikke perioden, kongedømmet Kroraina (Kina), kongedømmet Kucha (Kina), kongedømmet Rob (Afghanistan), byane Palmyra og Dura-Europos (Syria), samt ein femte case utvikla av ein stipendiat. Funna vil bli brukt til å teste og vidareutvikle ein ny analytisk modell for å forstå og beskrive Silkevegen, ein «lagvis nettverksmodell». Denne modellen tenkjer seg Silkevegen som eit nettverk bygd opp av samanvevde nettverk, mange mindre og nokre større. Lokale nettverk blei skapt av lokale behov men skapte infrastruktur og institusjonar som mogleggjorde større, regionale og inter-regionale nettverk. Dette rammeverket søkjer soleis a) å famne både store og små aktørar, lokale så vel som regionale, b) å fange mangfaldet i nettverka som inngjekk i Silkevegnettverket, c) å systematisk beskrive infrastrukturen og institusjonane som gjorde reise og kommunikasjon mogleg. 
Ved å kombinere detaljerte komparative studiar av stadar og statar ofte sett som sentrale i Silkevegnettverket med nye perspektiv og teoretiske nyvinningar søkjer SilkRoMo-prosjektet soleis å fornye tenkinga rundt Silkevegen. Resultat frå prosjektet og nye perspektiv vil også bidra inn i debatten rundt tidlege globaliseringsprosessar og handel i antikken meir generelt.

The Silk Roads are the prime example of ancient globalization, envisioned as a vast system of trade routes and networks spanning across Eurasia since at least antiquity. The Silk Roads are usually depicted as a network of routes connecting a multitude of sites, cities, and kingdoms, yet within Silk Roads studies surprisingly little attention has been paid to these nodes, the islands in the seas of sand. 
This project proposes to change the way we understand the Silk Roads phenomenon by developing a new model with which to conceive of Silk Roads exchange. This model, a layered network model of the Silk Roads, proposes to see the Silk Roads as a series of interconnected networks operating on a number of different scales, from regional networks within one polity to inter-regional diplomatic networks between polities. It furthermore suggests that the fundament that made this global network-of-networks possible were the local networks of those inhabiting the regions across which the Silk Roads are thought to have run. 
In order to test this hypothesis, the project will conduct four critical case studies of smaller polities situated along the Silk Roads, namely the kingdom of Kroraina (China), the kingdom of Kucha (China), the kingdom of Rob (Afghanistan) and the city-state of Palmyra (Syria). An attached PhD project will study a fifth case. These case studies will then be analysed to see if the proposed model can be applied. Through this work, by testing and developing the “layered network model”, the project aims to provide a new framework for understanding the Silk Roads. 
Finally, the project will critically examining the narratives and frameworks used to study premodern globalization, including a PhD project which will look at how such narratives are applied in history-didactical contexts. By doing this, and bringing its results into these debates, the SilkRoMo project will encourage a rethinking of early globalization processes and ancient trade more broadly.

Like Islands in a Sea of Sand.
Understanding the Silk Roads of Late Antiquity as a layered network model.

AGREE tar for seg klimaendringers innvirkning på kulturarv gjennom tverrfaglige metoder og samarbeid mellom ulike samfunnsaktører. Prosjektet tar særlig for seg urbane områder som påvirkes av flom. Målet er å forstå det komplekse forholdet mellom forvaltning av kulturarv, klimatilpasning og samfunnets sårbarhet, og å se på tiltak for å minimere risiko for tap og ødeleggelse som følge av klimaendringer. Sentrale delmål inkluderer integrering av strategier for bevaring av kulturarv med strategier for klimatilpasning, spesielt gjennom konseptet Historisk Urban Landskap (HUL). 

AGREE vil utvikle en beslutningsmodell forankret i HUL-konseptet som sammenligner dagens forvaltningspraksis med historiske data for å belyse sårbarhet og klimatilpasning i en urban kontekst. AGREE vil fremme transformative strategier for klimatilpasning ved å evaluere beslutningstakernes forståelse av disse samspillene. 

Prosjektet ledes av University of Leeds (Storbritannia), og har Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning (NIKU), Politecnico di Torino (Italia) med som partnere. ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), British Council (Storbritannia), UK’s Department for Culture, Media and Sport (Storbritannia), Hull City Council (Storbritannia) og Innlandet fylke (Norge) deltar som samarbeidspartnere. Gjennom dette samarbeidet skal prosjektet bidra til å forme politikk og klimastrategier, både lokalt og globalt.  AGREE vil også engasjere publikum for å øke bevisstheten om klimatilpasning og mobilisere til felles handling.  Gjennom bred involvering skal AGREE bidra til å sikre at kulturarven forblir beskyttet og motstandsdyktig i møte med klimaendringer.

Alt i alt vil AGREE utforske klimaendringers påvirkning på kulturarv med en praksisorientert tilnærming, og med fokus på samarbeid, databasert beslutningstaking og samfunnsengasjement for å sikre vår felles kulturarv for fremtidige generasjoner.

AGREE champions transformative sustainability in response, emphasizing interdisciplinary methodologies and societal shifts. It explores the intricate link between cultural heritage governance, climate adaptation, and community resilience, rooted in responses to flooding in urban contexts. AGREE promotes the Historic Urban Landscape concept for integrative decision-making in climate adaptation, considering community resilience amidst environmental changes. An interactive Geographic Information System platform will illuminate this interplay over time. An innovative AGREE's contribution is a decision-making model grounded in the HUL paradigm. This model juxtaposes current national and local policies enabling cultural heritage integration in climate adaptation with historical data sources revealing urban resilience lessons and changes in the built environment over time. AGREE employs transformative governance concepts to evaluate decision-makers comprehension of these synergies and their perspectives. It advances transformative climate adaptation by uncovering potentials and barriers within heritage governance in case studies from the UK, Norway, and Italy. Beyond research, AGREE will shape policies with multi-scalar and cross-sectorial governance, interpreting climate intricacies through cultural heritage. It will strengthen global, national, and local heritage-focused climate strategies through partnerships with the British Council, ICCROM, and the UK's Department for Culture, Media, and Sport and local stakeholders, such as Hull City Council (UK) and Innlandet Region (Norway). AGREE also engages the public, raising climate adaptation awareness and mobilizing collective action, benefiting governmental climate efforts.

Advancing Cultural Heritage Governance for Resilient Climate Adaptation

SASCHA har som mål å utvikle praktiske verktøy og metoder for å vurdere og håndtere kulturminner når klimaendringer utgjør en risikofaktor. Prosjektet ledes av University College London (UCL), og har Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning (NIKU), Arizona State University (USA), NHAZCA (Italia) og North Carolina State University (USA) med som partnere. ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), English Heritage Trust (Storbritannia) og Ventotene kommune (Italia) deltar i prosjektet som samarbeidspartnere. 

 Hovedmål for prosjektet:  
- Utvikling av indikatorer og målemetoder for måling av klimaendringers virkning på kulturarv. 
- Etablere metoder for å involvere relevante aktører i identifiseringen og målingen av disse virkningene. Metodene skal kunne tilpasses lokale forhold og kulturell kontekst. 
- Utvikle verktøy for å hjelpe beslutningstakere til å vurdere og anvende målinger på ulike nivåer. 
- Utforske utfordringer og muligheter knyttet til bruk av nye metoder for vurdering klimarelaterte risikofaktorer for kulturminner. 

Ved å oppnå disse målene skal SASCHA ruste lokalsamfunn og kulturminneforvaltningen til å bedre forstå og håndtere klimarisiko. I tillegg, gjennom samarbeid med organisasjoner som UNESCO og ICCROM, skal SASCHA bidra til globale diskusjoner om hvordan klimaproblematikken kan integreres i kulturminneforvaltningens praksis. Alt i alt vil SASCHA legge til rette for politikkutvikling og styrke kulturminneforvaltningen ved å tilby verktøy og metoder for å effektivt vurdere, tolke og formidle klimarisiko for kulturarvsteder over hele verden.

SASCHA proposes operationalisation for transferable risk assessment and a value-based decision support tool. Supported by this approach, the overarching aim of SASCHA is therefore to develop innovative methods for understanding risks of climate change for heritage that allow for multiscale analysis and scalable approaches, bridging the gaps between local knowledge and global data, and from local vulnerability to global risks. To this end, SASCHA will: a) develop a set of operationalised indicators/metrics for relevant determinants of climate change; b) develop a locally adaptable protocol for stakeholders' engagement in the identification of relevant determinants of climate impacts that acknowledge and celebrate diversity in cultural contexts; c) develop a climate adaptation decision support tool to evaluate relevance of assessment approaches for different spatial scales; d) explore the challenges and opportunities of an operationalisation approach to climate change--heritage risk. Addressing a complex, wide and research-intensive subject, SASCHA unfolds several organisational, scientific, technical, technological and cultural heritage-oriented elements. SASCHA includes four research partners, together bringing significant experience in climate change and heritage and requisite expertise in physical sciences (UCL), social sciences and humanities (NIKU, NCSU/ASU) and technology (NHAZCA). The consortium can significantly contribute to safeguarding and protecting their region's coastal heritage but also to the global discussion of the integration of climate impacts assessment on cultural heritage through the close collaboration with UNESCO's Advisory body, ICCROM and case study stakeholders. SASCHA will develop methods for assessing, interpreting, and communicating climate change risks for heritage, while also supporting effective policy development and heritage management.

Multiscale approaches and scalability within climate change-heritage risk assessments

This workshop gathers a group of international humanities scholars (Indigenous and Western) from Europe, Canada and the USA and 2-3 Arctic Indigenous visual artists to build and disseminate critical research on the historic and ongoing causes of climate and environmental change in the Arctic. Through novel research that draws on postcolonial, Indigenous and ecofemnist theory and a world-historical perspective grounded in Jason W. Moore’s (2015) concept of the Capitalocene, the workshop extends the historically shallow and universalizing Anthropocene explanations of the climate crisis. It also challenges the techno-scientific green solutions, which, still based on the capitalist logic of extracting cheap nature, often meet with resistance from Arctic Indigenous communities. 
Appreciating connections between the past and the present, the local and the global, the workshop considers the capitalist contexts of environmental change in the Arctic and the region’s own colonial histories. It examines 1) the intellectual and practical ways in which dominant society historically contributed to the climate crisis through the creation of ‘cheap nature’ and radically transforming social worlds, 2) Indigenous resistance towards, and alternatives to, the colonial and capitalist world system’s exploitation and appropriation of humans and nature. 
‘Patterns of Environment-making: the Arctic and its Global Contexts’ is innovative because of its strategic positioning as part of the Riddu Riddu Festival. In situating the workshop in a non-academic setting and within an established Indigenous platform, it becomes a genuine outreach project that invites and listens to the perspectives of a relevant public. The workshop is innovative in its inclusion of artists, whose ways of thinking, creating and communicating through artistic, conceptual and material means have the potential to move intellectually and emotionally in different and more immediate ways than academic presentations.

Patterns of Environment-making: the Arctic and its Global Contexts

Kulturlandskap leverer viktige økosystemtjenester, blant annet erfaringsbasert, lokal kunnskap om hvordan man kan tilpasse seg og begrense negative effekter av klimaendringer. Landskapene er sårbare for klimaendringer og andre påvirkninger. Derfor blir kunnskapen kontinuerlig oppdatert og overført mellom generasjoner. Ved å studere seterlandskap i Norge og lignende beitebetingete kulturlandskap i Frankrike og Spania vil vi dokumentere klimaendringer og andre trusler mot immateriell kulturarv. Vi vil beskrive landskapenes egenskaper og hvilke faktorer som muliggjør tilpasninger og avbøtende tiltak, både politiske virkemidler og tiltak i samfunnet ellers. Prosjektet har tre målsetninger:
1. Utvikle en verktøykasse som skal hjelpe lokalsamfunn og beslutningstakere med å vurdere kulturlandskapets sårbarhet og motstandsdyktighet overfor negative endringer ("resiliens").
2. Utvikle formidlingsmateriale om verdien av å bevare erfaringsbasert kunnskap som en levende kulturarv og hvordan den kan bidra til at samfunnet gjør tilpasninger og tiltak mot negative effekter av klimaendringer.
3. Bidra til den vitenskapelige litteraturen om kulturlandskapets sårbarhet og motstandsdyktighet overfor klimaendringer, og til å utvikle strategier for tilpasninger basert på den immaterielle kulturarven.
Prosjektgruppen er internasjonal og tverrfaglig: Amerikanske, franske, norske og spanske forskere skal samarbeide om å dokumentere og modellere endringer i landskapet. Interesseorganisasjoner vil bidra i prosjektstyringen og i sammenstillingen av resultater. Seterbrukere vil bidra med erfaringsbasert kunnskap, og til å analysere og tolke data. I tillegg til verktøy for klimatilpasninger og for forvaltning av den immaterielle kulturarven skal det lages veiledere for journalister, og det skal produseres filmer. Prosjektet skal øke samfunnets bevissthet om immateriell kulturarv og støtte arbeidet med å ivareta erfaringsbasert kunnskap om beitebetingete kulturlandskap.

Cultural landscapes provide essential ecological and sociocultural services and contain insights needed to combat climate change, but they are vulnerable to climate change and other stressors. By examining the cultural landscapes of transhumant pastoralism in France, Norway, and Spain, we will detail climate and other threats to this intangible cultural heritage (ICH), the characteristics and factors that create adaptive capacity in these
systems, and methods for sustaining ICH through community action and policy. The research supports three goals established with societal partners:
1. Develop a toolkit that helps communities and decision-makers assess the vulnerability and resilience of cultural landscapes. 
2. Develop communication resources for the public and policy makers illustrating why threatened cultural heritage matters and how cultural heritage can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. 
3. Contribute to scientific literature on the vulnerability and resilience of cultural landscapes and culturally informed strategies for climate mitigation and adaptation. 
Our team builds on multiple collaborations and deep expertise. The most significant involves French, Spanish, and U.S. partners modeling future changes in the French Basque pastoral system. The Basque Centre for Climate Change specializes in Spanish transhumant pastoralism and ecological modeling; Swiss partners designed tools for measuring livelihood resilience, and partners in Norway have expertise in agricultural landscape change, cultural heritage, and public participation. Societal partners (Syndicate of Soule and Concejo de la Mesta) will contribute to project management and synthesis, and farmers are fully engaged in collecting and analyzing data. In addition to adaptation and management tools, the project supports guides for professional journalists and farmer-made films to spread awareness and increase public support for cultural heritage protection.

Mitigation and Adaptation in Cultural Heritage Landscapes: Lessons from Transhumant Pastoral Systems for Managing
Novel Climate Risks

Norske kvinner har den høyeste sykefraværsraten av alle OECD-landene, til tross for god befolkningshelse. Kjønnsforskjellen i sykefravær er relativt høyere i Norge (ca. 70% høyere hos kvinner enn hos menn) enn i andre OECD-land (cirka 50% høyere). 

Denne kjønnsforskjellen i sykefravær er en stor utfordring når det gjelder kvinnehelse, livskvalitet og likestilling mellom kjønnene. Årsakene til kjønnsforskjellene er i stor grad uforklarlig i forskningslitteraturen. Det finnes ingen evidensbasert klinisk intervensjon som kan redusere eller forhindre kjønnsforskjellen i sykefravær.

Vi vil bruke data fra to store multisenter randomisert kontrollerte prosjekt fra HelseIArbeid-klinikkene i Nord-Norge. Pasienters bakgrunn og videre forløp vil hentes i registerdata for sykefravær, sysselsetting, langsiktige fordeler, bruk av helsetjenester over en periode på 20 år. 

I arbeidspakke 1 (WP1) vil vi utforske seks hypoteser for høyere sykefraværsrater hos kvinner enn menn. Disse inkluderer kjønnsforskjeller i: 
1. spesifikke helseproblemer, inkludert symptomer og diagnoser, 
2. tanker om årsaker til helseproblem og konsekvenser for sykefravær, 
3. overbevisninger om helsebringende eller forebyggende effektene av sykefravær, 
4. opplevd arbeidsmiljø og utfordringer i mulige konflikter mellom arbeidsliv og privatliv, 
5. opplevde barrierer retur til arbeid fra sykmelding, 
6. ønsker, prioriteringer og forventninger til karriere og andre livsprioriteringer. 

Psykiske lidelser som angst og depresjon, samt muskel- og skjelettplager, er vanlige diagnoser for sykmelding, og vanligere blant kvinner enn menn, og et flertall av HelseIArbeid-pasientene er kvinner. I WP2 vil vi teste om en klinisk intervensjon for å forebygge sykefravær, og øke retur til arbeid blant sykmeldte, kan redusere kjønnsforskjellen i sykefravær. 

Vi vil gjennomføre systematiske litteraturoppsummeringer for begge arbeidspakkene i tidlig prosjektperiode.

Norwegian women have the highest sickness absence rate of all countries in the OECD, despite a good population health. The gender difference in sickness absence is relatively higher in Norway (70%) than in other OECD countries (50%), but the gender difference is observed in all economies where female labour force participation is high.

This gender difference represents a major concern in terms of health, wellbeing, and gender equality and is largely unexplained in the research literature. No intervention has yet proven to be efficacious in reducing this gender gap in sickness absence.

We will use data from two large multi-center RCTs on occupational health and return to work. To the best of our knowledge, these two RCTs constitute the largest within the field of work and health service delivery. The first RCT (n=1144) has successfully completed recruitment, and the second RCT (n=2500) will conclude recruitment during 2024. Patient data will be linked with high quality longitudinal register data from three different sources, containing data on employment, benefits, sickness absence and healthcare service utilisation covering a time span of 20 years.

In WP1, we will go beyond the state-of-the-art and explore three existing hypotheses with a novel angle, in addition to two original hypotheses for the relatively higher sickness absence rates in women compared to men. WP1 is based on secondary analyses of uniquely rich data from the RCTs. This level of detailed data have previously not been available for research on the gender difference in sickness absence.

In WP2, we will test the efficacy of a clinical intervention tailored to prevent sickness absence and promote return to work. Preliminary data indicates that there is high demand for this service in women, with a 70/30 split. This is as expected as the intervention targets those reporting symptoms of common mental disorders and/or musculoskeletal problems, conditions that are more prevalent in women than in men.

Explaining the gender difference in sickness absence and testing the efficacy of a clinical intervention to promote return to work in women

Hva kan vi lære av håndverkerne i middelalderen til å bevare dagens kulturarv som går en usikker fremtid i møte? Steinkirker fra middelalderen har økt risiko for skade på grunn av de pågående klimaendringene. Glemte historiske materialer og teknikker kan være nøkkelen til å redde den arkitektoniske steinarven. 

Hvordan og hvorfor ble tretjære brukt til å reparere steinbygninger i middelalderen? For å svare på dette spørsmålet vil Sticking Stones-prosjektet forske på bruken av tretjære som steinlim i katedralkonstruksjoner og som et middel brukt til å utføre steinreparasjoner. Vi tar sikte på å gjenoppdage den tapte middelalderkunsten å bruke tretjærelim til tradisjonell steinreparasjon, den historiske limblandingen skal gjenskapes, og vi skal gjøre forsøk på å bruke den i praksis i moderne steinkonservering. 

Kunnskapen og teknologien bak de 700 år gamle tjærereparasjonene kan anvendes til å utvikle nye limtyper til bruk ved bevaring av steinarkitektur. Ved å avdekke en utbredt middelaldersk europeisk bruk av tjærereparasjoner, kan den glemte håndverkspraksisen læres på nytt. Taus kunnskap om den immaterielle kulturarven som disse håndverksferdighetene representerer, vil bli utforsket i dybden for å kaste lys over de avgjørelsene som ble tatt av håndverkerne i middelalderen. Feltarbeid og bygningsarkeologi vil bli kombinert med et folkeforskningsprosjekt som skal kartlegge limreparasjonene. Hva er sammensetningen til de historiske tjærelimblandingene? Kan vi lykkes med å gjenskape disse historiske limene så vi kan bruke dem innen steinkonservering i dag? Hvordan er ytelsen til en bærekraftig tretjærelim sammenlignet med dagens moderne syntetiske limer? Dette er bare noen av de spørsmålene den tverrfaglige gruppen vil besvare gjennom materialkarakterisering og utvikling av nye limtyper. 

Dette ambisiøse prosjektet tar sikte på å revolusjonere dagens bevaringspraksis ved å tilføre historiske metoder til det moderne verktøyskrinet for bærekraftig konservering.

Medieval northern European stone churches are at increased risk of damage due to climate change. The STICKING STONES project will rediscover forgotten medieval techniques of stone repair and construction using wood tar adhesives, repurposing this sustainable adhesive material for modern heritage conservation practice. The recent, hitherto uncharted discovery of hundreds of medieval wood tar repairs on Stavanger cathedral (Norway) provides significant potential for shedding light on an understudied historic craft tradition, advancing the state of the art in building archaeology, stone conservation and adhesives science. Forgotten medieval techniques of construction and repair which have successfully lasted 700 years can be drawn on to address the limited selection of suitable adhesives for stone conservation, contributing to the preservation of medieval stone architecture. The project uses one case study combined with extensive fieldwork and transnational perspectives to examine the broader medieval European context of architectural adhesive use. Intangible heritage and embodied knowledge are key to understanding the craft skills of wood tar repairs across medieval northern Europe, in conjunction with comprehensive material characterization of historic samples. 
This tar discovery presents a novel solution for modern conservation in the form of alternative sustainable materials based on historic techniques. A multidisciplinary project team consisting of specialists from conservation, archaeology, history, materials science and geology will undertake pioneering research into an understudied topic, the historic use of tar as stone adhesive, subsequently testing its potential application in architectural conservation. In this manner, we will rediscover lost medieval knowledge and repurpose it for modern conservation practice by creating applied knowledge on the performance of reengineered wood tar adhesives for contemporary stone conservation and the built environment.

Sticking stones: rediscovering medieval wood tar adhesives for stone conservation

Midlene fra SiS-4.05 Science in Society fordelt på år

Midlene fra SiS-4.05 Science in Society fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra SiS-4.05 Science in Society fordelt på fagområde

Ethical Frameworks for Telecare Technologies For Older People at Home

This project is based upon a collaboration among scholars whose expertise lies in Turkish as a heritage language  spoken in Europe and its contact with majority languages  such as Norwegian, French and Dutch, [see Akinci (2004, 2009, 2010, 2016) Nistov (1989, 1999, 2001), Türker (1993, 1999, 2000, 2005) Sevinç (2012, 2014, 2016, Sevinç and Dewaele, 2016)].
 Turkish is one of the most widely spoken immigrant languages in Europe (see Backus 2013). Including first, second and third generation, there are about 18,000 Turks living in Norway (SSB, 2015), and 611,500 Turks living in France (Akinci, 2016).

This research project aims to investigate language contact phenomena in an immigrant situation across three generations within the same family. We would like to have a both grammatical and a sociolinguistic approach to the data analysis. The linguistic contact phenomena are also vital for the study of identity constructions across generations. Le Page and Tabouret-Keller (1985) take individual as the central point in order to reach the linguistic behaviors of the communities. Therefore, it is wise to combine the analysis of the social network (results from the questionnaire) with an examination of identity- and culture-related issues among generations. In this way, we can have a better understanding of the individuals? immigrant experiences, therefore family attitudes towards the languages they use.
This research will add to new knowledge and understanding of language maintenance and shift within immigrant families by combining both linguistic factors (i.e. language contact phenomena at lexical and structural level) and social factors (i.e. attitudes towards both the heritage language - Turkish- and majority languages-Norwegian and French).

Language contact and language change across Three Generations in Turkish families in Norway and France

The aim of our Aurora mobility program is to establish a collaboration between Oslo and Toulouse. Oslo?s multi-scale multi-physics platform will allow the implementation in advanced individualized medicine in the area of neurosciences in conjunction with the integrative mechanobiology developed in Toulouse. This will provide robust opportunities to launch joint research projects in of brain computational fluid-structure mechanics modelling based on human data, with a strong integrative target.

BRAIN, AGING AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE  - exchange with Neuroscientists in Toulouse

The aim of our collaboration is to allow integration of a micro-pressure sensor for implantion in the urinary bladder with a neurostimulation system. The symptomatology of what is called a «neurological bladder» is dominated by abundant urine leakage and/or by incapacity to empty the urinary bladder. The pressure-micro sensor developed by SINTEF and Sunnaas hospital (Norway) has already been tested in human and a wireless prototype is in development. As neurostimulation has already been validated in the two situations described above, two implants have been developed and are at present in the process of being commercialized (a- Brindley-Finetech et b- Interstim). Unfortunately, in their present form, these devices can only act on bladder muscle without taking into consideration the degree of bladder filling. Thus, their functioning depends on user input (a) or based on continous stimulation (b), with a consequent risk of delayed stimulation or extreme energy consumption. The described collaboration aims at creating a loop between these two devices so that in the future patients can 1) be warned that the urinary bladder is fully 2) trigger at the desired moment a controlled voiding.

re-establishing a functional urinary bladder using technology

Efficient water electrolysis is a requirement for a transition to a hydrogen-based energy system. Therefore, comprehensive efforts are directed towards potential reductions in the capital costs and an increase in the energy efficiency of PEM water electrolysers for production of hydrogen from renewable electricity.

This project deals with water electrolysis with proton-conducting membranes. Due to the acidic conditions in these membranes the oxygen evolution reaction at the anode is slow and requires use of expensive and scarce materials for electrocatalysts which will hamper the use of this otherwise efficient technology. Thus, the project supports the introduction of new concepts in the development of highly active electrocatalysts for PEM electrolysers expected to lead to up to 75% reduction of the use of platinum group metals compared to the state of the art PEM electrolysers.

The project draws on recent experimental and theoretical progress to solve this problem by designing and implementing catalyst architectures of ultra-high catalyst utilization. Work performed at NTNU and LEPMI indicates that significant reduction in the amount of for example iridium used in PEM water electrolysis catalysts can be achieved in segregated structures without loss of performance.

The project thus pursues the use of wet-chemical synthesis techniques, to achieve improved catalyst architectures such as MOx@IrO2 core@shell catalysts based on iridium oxide shells and a conducting oxide cores. This will be combined with advanced characterization techniques for verification of the structures as well as their implementation in electrolysis cells. In particular will the Project benefit from the new Norwegian Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Centre and an experimental rig for in-situ characterisation of catalyst degradation at LEPMI.

Core@shell and Nanosegregated Crystallites for Low-temperature Water Electrolysis

Associations between fetal and the first months of life exposure to environmental factors and long-term health and chronic diseases have been established. For more thorough investigation several big birth cohorts have been established worldwide. In Norway the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) has included pregnant women from 1999 to 2009 and in France The EDEN study included pregnant women from 2003 to 2006 and the Elfe cohort from 2011.  Aim of the cohorts is to investigate factors that can cause or prevent diseases both early and later in life and by finding casual effects being able to take preventative steps.    
One of the main sources of exposure to chemicals during fetal and early life is through food intake. Exposures to several contaminants present in food, like PCBs, perfluorinated compounds and acrylamide have been associated with growth in utero and/or during early postnatal life and impaired cognitive development. So far most evaluations have been performed with single contaminants however, studies that evaluate potential cumulative effects and interactions between multiple contaminants and have been called for in nutritional, toxicological and child health research fields. It is therefore necessary to also consider exposure to chemicals associated in mixtures. Furthermore, differential associations between prenatal and early postnatal exposure and postnatal outcomes have been described but rarely within the same study, preventing to study cumulative or opposing effects
The main objective of this project will be to explore different models for assessments of dietary exposure to mixtures of contaminants. For the MoBa dietary group this will be undertaken in collaboration with one research groups at Inserm, France. Both research groups are working with large cohort studies and both groups have experience with assessments of food contaminants.

Pre- and postnatal exposure to a mixture of dietary contaminants and child development.

In the modern world, around 40% of all energy is consumed in buildings. The energy needs tend to increase together with the standards of living and can thus be expected to further increase in the future. Smart windows that adjust the light transmission have the potential to combat this trend. By use of smart windows one can regulate the transport of light and heat through the window, e.g. reduce the transmission on hot days while still keeping a clear view on cold days or when the sun is not shining. This kind of windows can reduce the demand for energy for heating, cooling and lightning in modern buildings. The proposal is related to establishing scientific collaboration on the above topic between International leading Institutions in France and Norway with subsequent project developments for EU Institutions. Research focus of the proposal will be related to fabrication of a photochromic demonstrator device, preliminary testing and characterization of the device both realistic usage conditions and accelerated ageing, study of stability with respect to environmental conditions such as humidity and thermal variations, identify the market potential of the devices and perform a cost analysis. The project will enhance French-Norwegian collaboration by exchange visits, sharing of infrastructure and equipment, exchange of ideas and competence on advanced chromogenic materials. The possibility of dissemination by inviting a session at E-MRS will be discussed. The project presents good balance between genders as well as early stage and experienced scientists. This is multidisciplinary project that combine the complementary expertise of the research partners in materials scientists, smart windows, physics, chemistry, and modeling. The project will help to keep Norway and France at the forefront of new developments in smart window research, which in the future will lead to joint EU project developments, high impact publications and business opportunities.

Materials research for chromogenic device applications

This Aurora application will focus on Humanitarian Logistics. Answering to the calls for more multi-disciplinary and empirically grounded research, the research centres at CIEM and in Albi bring together their individual competences to build up a collaboration dedicated to Humanitarian Logistcs together with the IFRC. 
The project entails three phases:
(1) Theoretical research and analyses and concept (2015)
(2) Field research (2016)
(i) Develop the list of objectives and problem modelling
(ii) Real-time in-field data collection
(iii) Validation with end users
(3) Analysis of the model results and final validation (2017)
The achieved research results will be published at international forums such as refereed conferences (2015-2017) AND journals (2016/2017) and finally in the form of a PhD dissertation (2017). The AURORA funding will be particularly useful to support the execution of Step 2 that will need knows, and know-how of both University of Agder and Mines Albi to succeed. 
This research program has established for the period 2015-2017 in a partnership with the Global Logistics Service (GLS) Americas, based at Panama. GLS is the humanitarian logistic services provider of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC, www.ifrc.org/what-we-do/logistics/). -	First, this partnership allows mutualizing efforts to study the whole problematic of HSC by studying both upstream and downstream parts of the supply chain. To do such a study two complementary PhD resources were needed and such collaboration allows sharing the associated costs. 
The partnership between UiA and Albi will allow mutualizing efforts to study the whole problematic of HSC by studying both upstream and downstream parts of the supply chain. To do such a study two complementary PhD resources were needed and such collaboration allows sharing the associated costs.
In addition, the two partners will aim at submitting a joint H2020 proposal in 2016.

SiS-4.05 Science in Society

Ethical Frameworks for Telecare Technologies For Older People at Home

Awarded: NOK 1.3 mill.

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SiS-4.05 Science in Society

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