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The Arctic region is witnessing more frequent shipping accidents than ever which require accurate search and rescue operations. The existing communication systems use drones with radio frequency (RF) technology, which has limited bandwidth and cannot offer 4G/5G connectivity due to harsh weather constraints. It further limits the capacity of drones and affects the resolution of images and videos. The current research proposes to design free space optical communication (FSOC) link-based drones that can enhance connectivity between multiple drones and rescue ships as well as the capacity of drones to produce high resolution images and videos. The proposed FSOC-based drones can provide highspeed connectivity than the existing RF technology. The research will collect atmospheric turbulences data from the Arctic region and use it for designing the FSOC link. Furthermore, to enhance the capacity of FSOC-based drones, the research will design advanced multiplexing schemes (Mode Division Multiplexing and Orthogonal Code Division Multiple Access) and to ensure link stability, omnidirectional receiver will be designed. The research will further evaluate the performance of proposed FSOC link under the impact of various atmospheric turbulences. The expected outcomes of this research will lead to the optimisation of FSOC-based drones in expanding search areas and improving communication systems for SAR operations in the Arctic region.

Optimization of Free Space Optical Communication Link based Drones for Search and Rescue Operations in the Arctic Region

Sjøisen i Arktis har minket drastisk de siste tiårene, og Polhavet forventes å være isfritt om sommeren mot slutten av århundret. Denne nedgangen har utsatt store havområder for vind, noe som har resultert i at det oftere dannes store bølger i Polhavet. Disse bølgene kan forplante seg over flere titalls til hundrevis av kilometer i sjøisen, knekke den og akselerere smeltingen. Disse fysiske prosessene – bølger som knekker sjøis og effekten dette har på sjøissmelting og vekst – mangler i modellene vi bruker for å forutsi klimautviklingen. Dette bidrar til store usikkerheter i klimamodeller. Effekten av bølger på sjøisen er heller ikke tatt med i prognoser for havets og sjøisens forhold, som brukes av skip som opererer i islagte farvann. I ForWArd ønsker vi å vurdere bølgenes innvirkning på sjøisens utvikling i det stadig røffere Polhavet. I dette arbeidet brukes en svært avansert modell som inkluderer sjøis, hav, bølger og deres interaksjoner. Vi skal først vurdere hvor godt den representerer forholdene i Polhavet sammenlignet med de få tilgjengelige observasjonene. Vi vil så bruke modellen til å undersøke hvordan bølgehøyden og arealet av ødelagt sjøis har utviklet seg de siste tre tiårene. Deretter vil vi kombinere modellen vår med forholdene i det fremtidige Polhavet gitt av klimafremskrivninger, for å undersøke hvordan betydningen av interaksjoner mellom bølger og is vil utvikle seg ettersom sjøis avtar i det 21. århundre. Vår modells estimering av "bølgepåvirkningen" vil tillate polarvitenskapsmiljøet å vurdere hvor usikre deres klimaspådommer uten bølger er. Til syvende og sist vil våre modellresultater og utviklinger legge grunnlaget for å legge til bølgeeffekter i hav- og sjøisvarsler i Arktis. Dette vil gjøre varslene mer nøyaktige og bidra til sikkerheten for menneskelig aktivitet i denne regionen.

Arctic sea ice decline under climate change has allowed waves to form and grow more easily in the Arctic Ocean. These waves propagate into the sea ice over tens to hundreds of kilometres, fragmenting it into small floes. This area of broken ice, known as the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ), is a highly complex region where many interactions occur between the ocean, sea ice, and atmosphere. The action of waves strongly affects these interactions, with rapid feedbacks on the sea ice. However, climate models do not account for these wave-ice interaction processes, which likely contributes to the strong biases in their estimation of modelled sea ice extent and volume and their inability to capture short-term sea ice extent variability. Given the lack of observations available, numerical models remain the best way to estimate how wave-ice interaction processes can impact Arctic sea ice, but most wave-ice coupled models are still prototypes. In ForWArd, we will use one of the most advanced of these models to assess this impact in the context of climate change. To this aim, we will use the latest observations to calibrate the modelled wave-affected area and produce a 30-year-long hindcast of the MIZ extent evolution to analyse how it responded to larger wave height, delayed refreezing, and thinner ice. Then, we will assess the relative importance of the wave-ice interactions suspected to affect sea ice in the MIZ using well-documented events. Finally, we will estimate how waves will contribute to sea ice extent and volume variability in the coming decades, as large areas of open water will remain open until late in the autumn. The flexibility of our setup will allow us to test the sensitivity of our results to model resolution and assumptions, giving invaluable insights into the biases induced by misrepresenting wave-ice interactions. ForWArd will also pave the way for the integration of wave effects in sea ice forecasts, a requirement for safer operations in ice-infested waters.

Forecasting Wave impact as Arctic sea ice declines

Sustainable cultivation of polychaetes as feed in aquaculture

Utslipp av miljøgifter i Arktis er lave, men høye konsentrasjoner av persistente organiske miljøgifter (POP) og kvikksølv (Hg) er registrert i arktiske sjøfugler i hekkesesongen. Miljøgifter transporteres over store avstander fra mer sørlige områder til Arktis med elver, hav- og luftstrømmer hvor de avsettes på havis og isbreer i arktiske habitater. Smelting av havis og isbreer har økt over tid med klimaendringer, som også frigjør miljøgifter i Arktis.
Sjøfugler er utsatt for miljøgifter i hekkesesongen i Arktis, med negative effekter på reproduksjon og atferd. Sjøfugler er også trekkende arter som overvintrer i sørlige havområder, hvor de blir mer utsatt for miljøgifter enn om sommeren. Langtidseffektene av både sommer- og vinterforurensning på sjøfuglenes overlevelse og reproduksjon er fortsatt lite studert. Vi tar sikte på å fylle dette kunnskapshullet for å bedre håndtere risikoen for langsiktige og akutte effekter av miljøgifter på sårbare arktiske fuglearter. Vårt arbeid vil være viktig for bevaring av sjøfugler.
Vi vil studere tre sjøfuglarter som hekker i Kongsfjorden på Svalbard, men lever av ulike typer byttedyr og overvintrer i ulike regioner som påvirker deres eksponering for miljøgifter. De tre studieartene er ærfugl (Somateria mollissima), tyvjo (Stercorarius parasiticus) og storjo (S. skua). Disse artene har vært overvåket for miljøgifter i 14-16 år i Kongsfjorden, og vi planlegger ytterligere feltarbeid. For analyser av miljøgifter vil vi samarbeide med eksperter fra laboratoriet LIENSs ved Universitetet i La Rochelle (Frankrike), ARCTOX-nettverket og NILU. Vinterområdene vil bli studert i samarbeid med SEATRACK-programmet. ACCUMULATION skal kombinere moderne verktøy innen sporing av fugletrekk, økotoksikologi (miljøgifter og økologi) og demografi (reproduksjon og overlevelse).

The Arctic has become a sink for pollutants like Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and mercury (Hg), exacerbated by climate change. As POPs and Hg increase in individuals (i.e., bioaccumulation) and into marine food chains (i.e. biomagnification), top-predators like seabirds present some of the highest wildlife concentrations, making them particularly sensitive to the pollutants toxicity. The long-term effects of contaminants on Arctic seabird population dynamics are still scarcely explored but the few studies found that those pollutants had deleterious effects on adult survival or breeding success for the most contaminated species. However, those studied focused on breeding period contamination only, that just represent a part of their annual cycle. With this project, we aim to study the influence of seasonal (i.e., breeding and non-breeding period) and spatial variations in distribution and contamination by POPs and Hg on population dynamics of Arctic seabirds. More specifically, we will study the influence on the population survival of 1/ long-term contaminant exposure during breeding periods and the relationship with climate change, 2/ non-breeding distribution and long-term contaminant exposure. To do so, we will study common eiders (Somateria mollissima), Arctic- (Stercorarius parasiticus) and great skuas (S. skua) breeding sympatrically at Kongsfjorden (Svalbard), where they have been monitored for ~17 years. Ultimately, this research will be essential to better acknowledge the risk of long-term and acute contamination to pollutants on already sensitive Arctic seabird species. Dr Albert will 1/ lead two additional field seasons to collect blood and feathers samples, and deploy geotracking devices 2/ do the laboratory analyses and 3/ perform population dynamics analyses. We will work with an interdisciplinarity team to investigate for the first time spatial ecology, ecotoxicology, climate change and population dynamics.

Long-term effects of environmental changes on ArctiC seabirds: effeCts of seasonal distribUtion and contaMination on popULATION dynamics

I Norge har det vært en økende trend til å benytte regnbueørret (Oncorhynchus mykiss) i oppdrett på grunn av dens raske vekst og toleranse for et bredt spekter av miljøforhold. I dag utgjør regnbueørret 5 % av den årlige produksjon av laksefisk i Norge. Produksjonen har økt med 14 % det siste tiåret, dvs. fra 14453 til 85233 tonn, noe som gjør regnbueørret til den nest mest produserte arten etter atlantisk laks. Til tross for den store interessen er oppdrett av regnbueørret begrenset på grunn av ulike produksjonsutfordringer. Næringen er bl.a avhengig av sesongbasert rognproduksjon. En utfordring er redusert tilgang på rogn i perioden fra juni til oktober, hvilket resulterer i en 5-måneders periode uten tilgang på stor settefisk, fra mars til juni året etter. Videre er forståelsen av hvordan ulike miljøfaktorer initierer og påvirker utviklingen av sjøvannstoleranse dårlig dokumentert. Bl.a. er overføring til sjøvann basert på kroppsstørrelse i stedet for osmoregulatorisk kapasitet. Av den grunn kan settefisken møte ulike helse og velferds utfordringer etter overføring til sjøvann, noe som kan forklare økende dødelighet (rundt 10 %) og høy forekomst av taper fisk (rundt 10 %) i sjøanleggene. Denne utfordringen påfører oppdrettere betydelige økonomiske tap og representerer et velferdsproblem.
I Sande-prosjektet har vi som mål å utvikle nye produksjonsprotokoller for regnbueørret, fra rogn til stor settefisk, basert på optimalisert temperatur, lysrytme og vannkvalitet. En kritisk faktor i prosjektet vil være testing og validering av nye oppdrettsprosedyrer for å kontrollere fiskevekst og utviklingshastighet for å forlenge eller forkorte smoltproduksjonsperioden og tidspunkt for utsetting til sjø. I tillegg vil vi utvikle nye verktøy og analyser for å vurdere smoltkvalitet og tidspunkt for smoltvindu. Denne kunnskapen vil utgjøre en ny biologisk protokoll som tar sikte på å forbedre produksjonen av settefisk av regnbueørret, og som kan leveres til sjøanlegg hele året.

Idéen bak dette prosjektet er å utvikle en sesong uavhengig protokoll (Best Management Practice, BMP) for regnbueørret, fra befruktet rogn til leveringsklar smolt (settefisk), basert på optimalisert temperatur, lysrytme kontroll og styrt vannkvalitet (CO2 nivå), herunder kartlegge konsekvenser på fiskens ytelse, fysiologi, helse og produksjonstid. 
Prosjektet vil innbefatte tre feltforsøk som gjennomføres hos Sande Settefisk. I første forsøk vil effekt av temperatur på tilvekst, helse og kvalitetsutvikling hos regnbueørret i RAS bli kartlagt. Ett sentralt spørsmål vil være; Hvor mye kan vi endre produksjonstiden til ørret i settefiskfasen i vekstintervallet 20 til 400 gr gitt at snitt-temperaturen endres fra 12 til 8?C.  Dette spørsmålet er viktig da en forsinkelse kan benyttes til å dekke perioder hvor oppdretter står uten settefisk som følge av underskudd på egg om våren. Videre vil vi kartlegge hva som er optimalt lysregime under styrt smoltutvikling, herunder gir best smoltkvalitet. Avslutningsvis vil vi undersøke sammenheng mellom variasjon i vannkvalitet (CO2 nivå) på velferd, tilvekst, helse og kvalitet hos regnbueørret. En viktig del av utviklingsarbeidet vil være teste og validere en nyutviklet analyse for vurdering av smoltkvalitet hos regnbueørret (1. Innovasjon). Basert på positive funn og en integrert tolkning av samspillet mellom biologi, drift og vannmiljø, vil vi foreslå analysemetoder og strategier som bedrer fiskens kvalitet og tilvekstpotensial. Kunnskapen vil sammenfattes i en ny biologisk protokoll (BMP, 2. Innovasjon) for optimal sesonguavhengig produksjon av høykvalitets regnbueørret.  I sum vil prosjektet bidra til å sikre en jevn tilgang på settefisk som kan overføres til sjø hele året, og derav styrke oppdrett av regnbueørret i ett bærekraftig fremtidsrettet perspektiv.

Sesonguavhengig produksjon av regnbueørret

Maritim- og offshoreindustrien har etterlyst en mer strukturert metode, som utnytter dagens teknologiske potensial, for å registrere og få tilgang til informasjon om fartøyets skrogtilstand. Utviklingen av en digital tvilling for vurdering av fartøyets skrogtilstand er et svar på dette som har flere fordeler.

Tidligere forskningsresultater har vist at droner tillater trygge,  automatiserte og fleksible fjerninspeksjoner. For å gi droneinspeksjoner en ekstra fordel, bør teknologi for å utføre droneinspeksjon mens fartøyet seiler, og muligheten til å automatisk gjøre tykkelsesmålinger, utvikles. Registrering av inspeksjonsdata fra droner til en digital tvilling er et naturlig neste steg. Gitt tilstrekkelig kvalitet på drone-innsamlede data, i tillegg til effektiv registrering av menneskelig innsamlede data, kan både menneskelige og dronebaserte inspeksjoner gi data til en digital tvilling og komplementere hverandre. Dette kan muliggjøre en mer effektiv overvåkning av skrogtilstand og redusere antall ganger mennesker utsettes for farene ved inspeksjon av trange/innestengte rom.

Ved å samle inn relevante skrogdata er det et potensial for å utnytte historisk informasjon fra en mengde fartøyer til å lage en statistisk modell for å forutsi skrogtilstanden. Dette kan tillate estimering av skrogets tilstand basert på operasjonelle forhold et fartøy har vært utsatt for. I kombinasjon med konstruksjonsmodeller kan dette også brukes til å automatisk lage skroginspeksjonsplaner som prioriterer områder med økt risiko for å ha feil.

Prosjektet ledes av DNV, et ledende klassifikasjonsselskap, i samarbeid med rederiene Altera Infrastructure og Klaveness, som er henholdsvis oljetanker- og lasteskipsoperatører i dette prosjektet, ScoutDI, en inspeksjonsdrone-leverandør, og NTNU gjennom Autonomous Robots Lab ved avdeling for kybernetikk.

The project will develop the concept of a digital twin of the hull condition for assessing the structural integrity and compliance of the physical hull. The digital twin is kept up to date with the physical hull over its lifetime by frequently collecting large amounts of data, in non-intrusive ways that do not interrupt business operations. This enables continuous monitoring and compliance assessment. Autonomous drones collect the data instead of humans to improve personnel safety. Automated damage detection and coating breakdown assessment assists the human expert, leading to improved quality of the structural integrity assessment. The project will enable digital twin-based surveys as industrial standard and realize economic and safety benefits as well as reducing environmental footprint due to reduced need for travels. 

The innovation will lead to improved quality and safety of vessel inspection services, in particular: 
1. Hull condition assessment and continuous compliance decision in a 3D digital twin, a multi-data digital representation of the physical hull based on data such as high-precision point clouds, videos, AIS and weather data. The digital twin also holds location-tagged thickness measurements, history of damages and repairs, and data of sister vessels. 
2. High coverage, high-quality, location-tagged data of the hull compartment, collected frequently by autonomous/automated drones with semantic knowledge of the physical structure. Automated data collection ensures standardized data which improves comparison with historical data. Drone-based collection during sailing or between discharge and loading of cargo causes minimal interruption of business operations. 
3. Automated damage detection in point clouds and videos, automated damage probability predictions based on data in the digital twin, and an automatically generated targeted inspection plan for the drones as well when physical inspections are deemed necessary.

Assessment of ship hull Integrity based on a Digital Twin

Trådløs kommunikasjonsrevolusjon i maritim industri

Scandinavian Reach Technologies leder et banebrytende prosjekt for trådløs kommunikasjon i stålkonstruksjoner, som skip. ScanReach fokuserer på å forbedre sitt produkt for trådløs tilkobling om bord (OWC) for å møte de økende kravene fra den maritime industrien, offshore og havvindindustrien, som raskt går over til digitale og IoT-baserte operasjoner for forbedret effektivitet, sikkerhet og motstandsdyktighet.

Innovativ teknologi: Teknologien er designet for å muliggjøre trådløs kommunikasjon i stål-dominerte miljøer, en kjent utfordring i den maritime sektoren. Denne teknologien baserer seg på lavenergi-radio meshnettverksnoder som muilggjør trådløs datatransport gjennom skip, og baner vei for diverse IoT-applikasjoner som sporing av personell og eiendeler, og integrering av miljøsensorer. Med en industri som beveger seg mot digitale tvillinger, maskinlæring og overvåking av energiforbruk i sanntid, utvikler selskapet neste generasjon av avanserte kommunikasjonsnoder. Disse nodene er ment å håndtere større mengder trådløse data, noe som gjør dem passende for de høyteknologiske kravene til moderne skipsfart.

Fordeler over tradisjonelle systemer: Denne innovasjonen skiller seg ut fra tradisjonelle trådløse løsninger som ofte sliter i tette stålrike skipmiljøer og bruk av kabler. Den fjerner behovet for omfattende og kostbar kabling, noe som fører til en forenklet infrastruktur, enklere installasjon og lavere vedlikeholdskostnader.

Fokus på forskning og utvikling: F&U-arbeidet er fokusert på å utvikle et effektivt og pålitelig trådløst system for maritime industrier. Dette inkluderer å identifisere brukbare frekvenser og protokoller for robust kommunikasjon i ståltunge miljøer, og designe kompakt, energieffektivt utstyr. Prosjektet innebærer en kombinasjon av litteraturgjennomgang, datamodellering, eksperimentell prototyping og felttesting.

This project strives to advance wireless communication in large steel structures, such as ships, improving our existing Onboard Wireless Connectivity (OWC) product. This enhancement will bolster Scandinavian Reach Technologies AS market presence and relevance in the competitive shipping industry. The primary need for this innovation arises from the maritime, offshore, and sea wind industries. These industries are transitioning towards digital and IoT-based operational models for efficiency, safety, and resilience. 

Scandinavian Reach Technologies is at the forefront of addressing this need. Its revolutionary technology enables efficient wireless communication within confined steel environments. It eliminates the need for costly and complex cabling based on an innovative, low-power radio mesh networking node that allows wireless data transport to the gateway/edge computer throughout the mesh network. This technology paves the way for various IoT applications, such as tracking personnel and assets, collecting environmental sensor readings, and integrating other third-party sensors.
 
While the company's current mesh nodes are designed for simple sensor data and limited data volumes, the emerging ambitions for Digital Twins, Machine Learning models, and Real-time Energy Consumption monitoring in the industry have created a demand for high-volume wireless data transport to an internet endpoint. To meet this demand, Scandinavian Reach Technologies AS is dedicated to developing next-generation communication nodes capable of handling large amounts of wireless data in complex steel environments to replace signal cabling entirely.

SteelWave High Volume Wireless Communication Platform for Steel Environments (HWC-SE)

Inline measurement of PVT and thermophysical properties of drilling fluids

Fangst- og håndteringstress påvirker fiskens kjøttkvalitet eller overlevelsesevne dersom den blir sluppet fri. I WelTuna er målet vårt å minimere disse stressorene i for å forbedre velferd, bærekraft og produktkvalitet av makrellstørje i det norske stangfisket.
Kystnært stangfiske etter makrellstørje fra mindre fartøy har økt raskt i omfang for rekreasjon-, kommersielle- og vitenskapelige formål. Stangfiske har betydelig potensiale som velferdsvennlig fangstmetode, da metoden i motsetning til andre påvirker fisken i relativt kort tid og hver fisk blir håndtert individuelt.
Prosjektteamet vårt bestående av forskere, fiskere, fiskeriforvaltning, fiskekjøpere, foredlingsindustri, dyrevelferdsgrupper og andre interesseorganisasjoner fra hele verden, vil bruke de nyeste metodene og teknologien til å overvåke velferdstilstand under fangst, håndtering og slakting og relatere dette til kvalitet på individnivå. Denne kunnskapen vil så danne grunnlaget for utvikling av fangst- og håndteringsmetoder som minimerer stress og opprettholder høy kjøttkvalitet forebygger utilsiktet slipping av makrellstørje samt reduksjon i bifangst. Vi vil også gjennomføre studier av struktur og aktivitet i hjerne hos makrellstørje for å utvikle humane bedøvelsesmetoder som reduserer stress under håndtering og slakting.
Tilslutt vil vi, i samarbeid med internasjonale eksperter innen makrellstørje biologi og kvalitet, utarbeide beste-praksis-retningslinjer for fangst, håndtering, slakting, lagring og kvalitetskontroll. Vi håper at vårt fokus på bærekraft, god velferd og høy kvalitet vil fungere som en inspirasjon for utviklingen av ansvarlige fangstmetoder med fokus på fiskevelferd både nasjonalt og internasjonalt.

This project will improve animal welfare in wild-capture rod-and-line (R&L) fisheries for Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABT; Thunnus thynnus). By improving welfare, the project intends to minimise the environmental impacts of fishing through improvements to sustainability and product quality.

Since the re-establishment of the Norwegian ABT quota, the traditional capture method (purse seine) has not been efficient or profitable. As purse seiners target aggregations of fish, animal welfare  and product quality are easily compromised. In 2022, only 48% of the 315-tonne purse seine quota was caught.

A rod-and-line (R&L) fishery using coastal powerboats has also developed. In 2022, ~100 ABT were caught by R&L for recreational, commercial and scientific purposes. R&L capture overcomes many of the issues associated with purse seine fishing. Catching fish one-by-one gives the opportunity to maintain welfare and quality at the individual level. Norwegian R&L fishing for ABT is therefore well placed to transition towards an animal welfare conscious and environmentally sustainable fish capture method. However, knowledge gaps exist that hinder this transition:

1.	Lack of knowledge of the animal welfare impacts of capture and slaughter;
2.	Sub-optimal handling practices and limited processing infrastructure
3.	Limited understanding of ABT behaviour and distribution
4.	Bycatch and escape rates are unknown

The project is organised into four scientific work-packages (“Capture”, “Stunning”, “Welfare” and “Quality”) and a management WP to coordinate activities and communication. Fundamental to the project design is that every fish caught will be used by each scientific WP, with each using specific methodologies to address their respective objectives. The project will also benefit from the input of various stakeholders, including fishers, fishery managers, fish buyers, fish processors, animal welfare agencies and NGOs.

Welfare conscious capture and slaughter of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.) in the Norwegian rod and line fishery.

Akvakultur er for tiden den raskest voksende matproduksjonssektoren globalt, men på grunn av utilstrekkelig avfallshåndtering i produksjonssystemene, har den en betydelig miljøpåvirkning. For å sikre at industrien kan vokse på en bærekraftig måte, er det avgjørende å dempe disse miljøeffektene, samtidig som det skapes en sirkulær økonomi.

SEA-CYCLE-prosjektet har som mål å utnytte avfall og avløpsvann fra havbruksnæringen ved å innføre sirkulærøkonomiske prinsipper i håndteringen av havbruksavfall som en del av produksjonsprosessen.

Hovedmålet med SEA-CYCLE er å utvikle kunnskap som vil bidra til flere bærekraftige tilnærminger i produksjonsprosesser og samtidig minimere forurensning i havmiljøet. Prosjektet foreslår teknologier for å bidra til de sirkulære tilnærmingene i akvakultursektoren, samtidig som miljøforurensningen reduseres via bærekraftig avløpsvannbehandling og ressursgjenvinningsteknikker. I tillegg vil SEA-CYCLE evaluere den økonomiske levedyktigheten til disse teknologiene fra et samfunnsmessig ståsted, med tanke på både miljøkostnadene og fordelene involvert.

Aquaculture is currently the fastest growing food production sector globally, but it also has the potential to leave a significant environmental impact due to inadequate waste management practices within its production systems. To ensure a sustainable expansion of this industry, it is crucial to make efforts to minimize or mitigate these environmental effects, while creating circular economy. The SEA-CYCLE project aims to utilize waste and wastewater from the aquaculture industry by implementing circular economy principles in the management of aquaculture waste as part of the production processes.

The project proposes creating value chain for aquaculture waste resulting from aquaculture production. The project will i) investigate the valorization options of aquaculture sludge through anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis, ii) assess the ability of biochar produced from aquaculture sludge for N and P recovery and heavy metal removal from aquaculture wastewater, iii) assess the potential of aquaculture wastewater enriched biochar as biobased fertilizer. The environmental and economic impacts of the proposed technologies in the project will be assessed by life cycle analysis (LCA) and social cost-benefit analysis. 

In this project, we have assembled a strong interdisciplinary team of scientists with complementary expertise in the valorization of aquaculture waste including anaerobic digestion, production and utilization of biochar for environmental applications, LCA and cost-benefit analysis. The project primarily supports the achievement of the SDG 6, SDG 7, SDG 12, SDG 13 and SDG 14 by proposing technologies to contribute to the circular approaches in the aquaculture sector while reducing the environmental pollution via sustainable wastewater treatment and resource recovery techniques.

Sustainable aquaculture industry waste valorization through recycling

Midlene fra POLRES-Polarforskning POLRES fordelt på år

Midlene fra POLRES-Polarforskning POLRES fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra POLRES-Polarforskning POLRES fordelt på fagområde

Prosjektdirektør

Infrastrukturmidler for deltakelse i SIOS

As a student of an "Europaschule", which maintained intensive partnerships to many schools in Europe and the world, I had the opportunity to participate in diverse exchange projects and the organization of international events. Already then, I developed a  strong personal interest in Norway and in similarities and differences to other nations and cultures as such. Because of that I later specialized in European law and international law within my law studies. Especially the ever more complex international  interlacings interest me, both in its juridical as well as actual arrangements.

Already in winter term of 2011 I absolved an exchange semester at the University of Bergen, which gave me the opportunity to get some fascinating insights into the Norwegian  society. To become acquainted with many Norwegians and other people from all over Europe enriched my live. I started to learn the Norwegian language at the UiB and even after my stay in Bergen I am constantly seeking to improve my language abilities, for  example by visiting advanced language courses at my home university.

Especially because of my personal interest in Norway and intercultural exchange in general, I have applied for another exchange semester at the Arctic University of Norway. But also for  academic reasons I would be very glad to have another stay in Norway: In another exchange semester I would like to hone my language skills further. I also would like to visit some courses about Norwegian law, which are taught in Norwegian. I already chec ked the course offer of the UiT and found some introductory classes, which seem therefore appropriate. Also in general I find the course offer quite attractive. Especially energy law and the law of the sea are courses I would like to visit. Finally, I hav e planned to gain a master degree in international law at my home university, for which I need to study another semester abroad. I would be very happy, if I could spend this semester in Tromsø.

Exchangesemester at the Arctic University of Norway in spring semester 2015

My PhD-project aims to look into what the scope of the leniency programme in competition law in the EU should be, and how to enforce a programme like this to most efficiently detect established cartels and prevent the emergence of new ones. One of the mai n objectives of competition law in the EU is economic efficiency. Leniency has proven to be an effective tool to detect and destabilize cartels, and it is therefore reason to argue that an optimized leniency programme will lead to economic efficiency. But  how can we strengthen the incentives of a cartel participant to cooperate with the competition authorities? What would be an obtainable solution? 
The subject raises many questions, among others how public enforcement and the relationship between public  and private enforcement should be. The US is considered by many to have the most efficient antitrust regulations in competition law worldwide, and has inspired the EU. However, as opposed to the US, the competition rules at EU-level are administrative law -based and leave out criminal law. This raises the question whether or not to criminalize cartels, and whether or not a cartel member should receive immunity from criminal sanctions to make cartel detection more efficient. Further, a cartel member is not  protected against private damages claims, and the information provided by the cartel participant to the competition authorities might be used in a private damages action. One could argue that this creates disincentives to cooperate with the competition au thorities, and thus ask if this should be changed in favour of the cartel member. Another part of my this will look at what types of collusions both horizontally and vertically a cartel member should receive immunity from. Will leniency always lead to a m ore efficient market? Finally, the question arises if and how to deal with a situation where a cartel participant has received immunity, but still risks prosecution for corruption or bribery.

EU perspectives on Leniency in Competition Law

From October 2014 to October 2015, I will undertake a thorough study of European law at one of Germany's leading universities, the University of Freiburg. While the European Union as a whole interests me, there are particular aspects that interest me more  than others. 

Seeing as I intend to live through most of the 21th century, I cannot help but worry about the changes in the climate. In addition, resources that have proved vital to our civilizations, such as oil, gas and phosphorus, to name but a few,  are projected to peak in the near future. The future without them looks uncertain.

Being very interested in energy politics, where Germany plays a central part in Europe, I am highly motivated to move towards a stronger understanding of European energy l aw. It is this area that I want to write my thesis on.

Whilst already possessing some comprehension about the politics of energy after completing my degree in political science at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, my knowledge of the ar ea has grown extensively since I moved to Bergen. I follow the market closely, and I read articles on the topic on a very regular basis. I therefore understand the strong difficulties in forming a comprehensive energy policy in the European Union. Nonethe less, some results have been made, and these results are what I want to focus on. 

It's difficult for me to name a specific research question before it has been reviewed by a professor at the University of Freiburg. Still, I think what warrants a full di scussion, is the interpretation and use of Article 194 TFEU, and particularly letter b, concerning the Unions security of energy supply.

While having a particular interest in the energy policy of the union, I would also consider writing about other topic s, should my thesis be rejected. Alternatives I would consider include intellectual property law and consumer law. Both of which will aid me in my likely career as a lawyer

Study of European Energy Law

I am applying for an grant for an LL.M in European and International Law at The Europa-Institut at the University of Saarland for the year 2014/2015

LL.M in European and International Law at the University of Saarland

During the fall of 2008, the world was struck by a financial crisis as a consequence of the collapse of banks and the bankruptcy of large companies. This caused hard times for many companies. Threat of bankruptcy, cash flow problems, and a drought in new  orders, lead to a re-vitalization of the discussion of the legal issues of employment protection, management?s rights and related issues. 
Could companies with financial difficulties call back expensive benefit arrangements from the employees in order to  lift the situation and improve a cash flow situation? The questions of the legality, the distinctions, and the limits were actualized. In the context of Norwegian labor legislation, this is a question about the intersection between management?s rights, an d obligation law, hereunder more specifically the relationship between employee's rights and the employers right to alter agreed terms. To the business market this issue will have importance in times of change, change management, and change implementation . To many companies it is a question of "to be or not to be" if struck by a financial crisis. On the other hand the matter has great impact on the security provided for the employee by traditional Norwegian labor legislation. My research is focused on emp loyment benefits and the right, or lack of such, the employer has to remove or dismiss such rights. 
During this project research, I will strive to analyze the legal issues which are forthcoming when the intersection between management's right to lead the  work and to make decisions with impact on the employee, and the rules which follows from more general contractual legislation with the basis in the employment agreement, is in focus. 
The Trier university and the IAAEG has a highly respected staff and a  large library. I aim to use the facilities to enable me to gain knowledge on the European perspective of my thesis' areas of interest. My research period in Trier will hopefully enable me to fulfill this aim.

Research stay in Trier

n/a (motivation letter follows on last page)

With this application I am applying for a Personal mobility grant for one semester, autumn 2014. 

I am at present studying at The Faculty of Law, University of Bergen, on my 4th year of my Master Degree. I have applied for an exchange to Heidelberg, Germ any through the Erasmus program from autumn 2014-2015. I have attached a confirmation from my university that says I'm nominated for Heidelberg University under "Recommendation and invitation".

For more information about my application and motivation for  this grant, please see my Project Description attached.

Exchange Germany 2014

I am doing an exchange semester in 2014/2015 at Humboldt Universität in Berlin, Germany as part of my master degree in law. During the semester I plan to take courses in European Union law and courses regarding German and international competition and ene rgy law.

ERASMUS-exchange semester

The core of the phd project is the simultaneous application of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. Together the provisions constitute the control of the behaviour of undertakings on the common market under EU Competition Law. The main research question for the pro ject is how an assessment of abuse under article 102 TFEU should be appraised, contrary or similar to the assessment of anti-competitive agreements under article 101 TFEU. 

Neither the EU Courts nor the European Commission seems to have developed any sys tematic principles on when and on which criteria both provisions can be applied. Further, there seems to be an inconsistency in the jurisprudence of the EU Courts on what affecting competition through restrictive agreements and abuse of dominance entails.  

The discrepancy between the provisions gives rise to an uncertainty, incoherency, and a series of questions relating to the simultaneous application of the provisions and the agreements which might be covered by both.

By the research question the proj ect intends to analyse the jurisprudence of the EU Courts with the aim of clarifying both what effects the courts has considered as restricting competition and abuse of dominance, and through the analysis of the jurisprudence, clarifying how the determina tion of an anticompetitive agreement and abuse of dominance should be carried out, determining the criteria for applying the provisions simultaneously.

Considering that EU Compeition Law is a subject with an international topic with a worldwide reseach c ommunity, several stays abroad are planned to contribute to research and dissimenation, amongst others, two stays at the the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition in Munich.  A stay at the institute with access to the library would be a valu able contribution on several stages of the project, especially for research at a early stage of the project. A two week superintensive german language course at the goethe institut in Munich is also planned.

Anti-competitive agreements and abuse of dominance - The relationship between Articles 101 and 102 TFEU

I am applying for a Participation in a three-semester Master Programme at the University of Oslo (Universitetet i Oslo) beginning with the autumn semester 2014. I intend to complete the LLM-Programme in 'Information and Communication Technology Law', offe red by the University, as well as studying and staying in Oslo. During my studies at the University of Hamburg I started to focus on media law. My study of law was completed in January 2014 with my second State examination (Zweites Staatsexamen) in Hambur g. Before working as a lawyer , if possible in a Norwegian-German context, I would like to deepen my knowledge in these fields and to broaden my horizons. The LLM-Programme in Oslo deals particularly with legal issues associated with the use of informatio n and communication technology. It contains courses in different fields of media law and gives a good overview of the most relevant aspects. In particular the European and Nordic aspects of the LLM-Programme are very interesting and at the same time relev ant because legal aspects in connection with the internet also very often have an international element. I also chose Oslo because I have a special relationship to Norway. My grandmother was from Norway; I still have relatives there. I started with course s in Norwegian one and a half years ago at the adult education centre in Hamburg.

Participation in a three-semester Master Programme at the University of Oslo

The core part of the project is the influence of European provisions on the burden of demonstration and proof in trademark infringement trials in Germany and Norway.
It can be observed that both German and Norwegian codifications of civil procedure are in creasingly influenced by European provisions. This is especially true for questions related to the burden of proof in trademark infringement trials as these are partly determined by European law. Due to the historically grown similarity of the two civil p rocedure codes and the common challenges existing, a legal comparison could lead to greater insights for both legal systems.

An in-depth research should give answer to the following questions:
1. Which rules apply with respect to the burden of demonstrat ion and proof in German and Norwegian law?
2. Whether and if so in how far are the national civil procedure laws of the two countries influenced by European provisions?
3. How do European requirements influence the burden of demonstration and proof in tra demark infringement trials in each country?

While these question have already been discussed in Germany in detail, the same cannot be said for Norway. It is therefore likely that in this third area a problem-based approach for the Norwegian law has to be  worked out, while insights from the German procedural law can help.

The burden of presentation and proof in trademark trials in Germany and Norway

As a student at the University of Oslo, I'm planning a study period as an Erasmus exchange student in Hamburg, Germany.

The stay will take place in the spring/summer of 2014 and last for one semester (five months). In addition, I will attend a four week  language course in advance of the semester.

As further described in the project description my main interests on the legal area are European and international law. I am also interested in environmental law. With Germany as a key player in the EU, I espec ially see the stay as an excellent way of studying European law and EU law in depth.

The subjects for the summer semester of 2014 have not yet been published, but I intend to attend subjects on the abovementioned topics. This is further outlined in the p roject description.

Exchange program in Hamburg, spring 2014

See motivational letter.

- Study EU-law / EEA-law
- Learn german as a language as well as a comparative study between the German and the Norwegian legal system.
- Study International Business Law, hereunder specifically private equity

A wider understanding of EU-law and its effect on EEA law + International Business Law with special focus on private equity

The project explores criminal intent from a functionality perspective, and the main topic is the substance and function of criminal intent in Norwegian criminal law. The Norwegian criminal legislation requires - in several different contexts and forms - t hat the offender has acted intentionally or with a further intention, as conditions for criminal liability. Both the content and the effect of such terms, and how such terms work or possibly could work in different contexts in criminal law, will be analys ed.

The main purpose of the dissertation is to contribute to ensuring the foreseeability and legal safety by increasing the standards to which the "subjective" criteria for punishment is determined.

Criminal Intent in a Functionality Perspective

While having the possibility to spend my exchange semester in Norway I will participate in subjects which will complete my emphasis in internet, telecommunications and media law as well as studying subjects regarding the european union with particular emp hasis on the relationship to Norway. As immigration is one of the various political discussions and an everyday concern (one third of the population of Oslo is not from Norway originally) I hope to get a better knowledge in this regard through 'refugee an d asyluum law'.
I will try to engage in university groups to get closer with Norwegians and their way of life and thinking. I hope to get an overview and basic knowledge about the political but also and especially the economic side of Norway, as there are  plenty of ressources and it is a 'sea country' - something very different from Germany.
Iam excited to explore one of the 'far neighbours' of Germany, an important trade partner and see similarities and differences.
Getting future job perspectives and po ssibilities is something I wish to conecntrate on as well.

Erasmus semester at the University of Oslo

The topic and purpose of the project is a legal in-depth analysis of (1) selected institutional aspects of the new European financial market supervisory architecture and (2) with a view to its suitability to cope with the challenges of financial markets.  Focus will be on whether and to what extent the design, the organisational and operational structure, tasks, powers and instruments of the authorities forming the European System of Financial Supervision (ESFS) and in addition the European Central Bank (E CB) are capable of responding to the challenges posed by financial globalisation and the integrated and interconnected reality of European financial markets.  The analysis will be supplemented by a comparative perspective, introducing to at least one non- European institutional approach to the regulation and supervision of financial markets. The analysis will be complemented also by an interdisciplinary approach by integrating the monetary policy perspective.

Is the European Financial Market Supervisory Architecture well enough set-up to cope with the challenges of financial markets?

The topic and purpose of the project is a legal in-depth analysis of (1) selected institutional aspects of the new European financial market supervisory architecture and (2) with a view to its suitability to cope with the challenges of financial markets.  Focus will be on whether and to what extent the design, the organisational and operational structure, tasks, powers and instruments of the authorities forming the European System of Financial Supervision (ESFS) and in addition the European Central Bank (E CB) are capable of responding to the challenges posed by financial globalisation and the integrated and interconnected reality of European financial markets.  The analysis will be supplemented by a comparative perspective, introducing to at least one non- European institutional approach to the regulation and supervision of financial markets. The analysis will be complemented also by an interdisciplinary approach by integrating the monetary policy perspective.

European legal interpretation methods apply wh en interpreting Union (primary and secondary) law. A comparative law approach will be taken when analysing non-European provisions in the realm of the financial market regulation. The aspects of monetary policy touched in connection with the project will  require a cautious interdisciplinary approach.

the new European financial market supervisory architecture

Two current events have caused the following synopsis and decision to research on this topic: The Competition Market of Classification Societies - A legal economic and comparative analysis of the market and liability of Classification Societies under Germ an, Norwegian and English Law. 
On the one hand the New York District Court of Appeals refused the appeal in Kingdom of Spain vs. American Bureau of Shipping (Prestige) in August 2012 confirming the lower court decision. On the other hand there are fusion  tendencies for the first time since the foundation of Classifications Societies in 1760. It may change the market sustainable. In December 2012 the German Classification Society Germanischer Lloyd and its Norwegian Competitor Det Norske Veritas decided t o merge. Together they are going to run one fifth of the world shipping fleet with about 70.000 ships (data 2012). Even if antitrust law prohibits a merger, also these prohibition causes give reason for a legal economic study. With the affirmation of the  European Commission in August 2013 and the anti-competition authorities in the US and South Korea in June, now only Chinas Ministry of Commerce can block a formal integration of both companies. Further the Italian Classification Society RINA GROUP started  a Joint Venture with the more regional working Arabic Classification Society TASNEEF.In order to presume possible market failure and anticipate the future development of the Classification Market, firstly, it needs to be analysed which economic mechanism s effect Classification Societies and how the legal frame is structured. 
Based on these elaborated results, secondly, it shall be discovered, if and how a liability of Classification Societies should be formed to reduce possible erroneous trends (misallo cation) at the market. In this connection the focus will be given on German, Norwegian and English Law.

The Competition Market of Classification Societies

Please look at my letter of motivation, where I described the motives in detail.

Exchange Semester in Norway

Tema for avhandlingen er bruk av straff overfor barn som var under 18 år på handlingstidspunktet for den straffbare handlingen. Avhandlingens hovedproblemstillinger vil knytte seg til spørsmålet om hvilke(n) straffereaksjon(er) som skal og bør benyttes de r barn dømmes for straffbare handlinger, og spørsmålet om straff i det hele tatt bør velges - fremfor andre reaksjoner. Temaet omfatter både strafferettslige og menneskerettslige spørsmål

Avhandlingen har en rettsdogmatisk del der jeg systematiserer og a nalyserer ulike straffereaksjoner som benyttes overfor barn i norsk rett.  Det er her særlig fokus på hvordan en har søkt å tilpasse rettsreglene til de særlige behov mindreårige tiltalte har. Blant annet blir FNs barnekonvensjon sin betydning i disse sak ene analysert her. I denne delen av avhandlingen analyserer jeg i hvilken grad alternative straffereaksjoner som bygger på restorative justice-prinsipper, er i samsvar med de menneskerettslige forpliktelsene Norge er bundet av.
 
For å kaste lys over de n orske rettsreglene ønsker jeg å se nærmere på bruk av straff overfor barn i andre rettsystem. Jeg vil undersøke svensk, engelsk/walisisk og tysk rett på dette området. Disse landene representerer tre ulike tilnærmingsmåter for bruk av straff overfor barn.  Norsk rett vil analyseres i lys av disse ulike tilnærmingsmåtene.

Avhandlingen har en teoretisk del der de ulike begrunnelser for å straffe barn blir analysert og vurdert. Utgangspunktet for analysen er flere idealmodeller for hvordan samfunnet bør tiln ærme seg barn som har begått lovbrudd. Disse idealmodellene blir beskrevet, og ulike tilnærmingsmåter til straff av barn både i gjeldendene norsk rett og tidligere norsk rett blir vurdert i forhold i lys av disse idealmodellene. Modellene blir benyttet so m analyseverktøy for å sammenligne dagens norske rettstilstand med de tre ovenfornevnte lands rett. Videre analyseres i hvilken grad barns behov ivaretas i de ulike modellene.

Barn og straff

Together with Dr Diana Zacharias, LL.M., from the Max-Planck-Institue for Comparative Public Law and International Law in Heidelberg, I shall be the editor of the book project "The Protection of Legitimate Expectations under Administrative Law. A Comparat ive Study", to be published at Hart Publishing (Oxford) or Springer International (Heidelberg). 

This book is a result of a comparative research project, including quite a successfull workshop-conference, held at the University of Bergen in October 2012,  with important funding of the E.ON Ruhrgas Foundation, project number 219217, (see the attached additional information). The book will contain articles about the historical, methodological and constitutional foundations, 16 country reports, articles abou t the situation in European and in International Law as well as a comparative analysis. 

We will have to review the articles to be delivered by the end of the year 2012, give advice to the yet 23 external authors from all over Europe, edit the articles u nder formal and substantive perspectives and write an introduction and especially a final comparative analysis on the basis of the country reports. 
During these final works we do need to have an intensive contact going beyond telephone calls and emails.  

Therefore, I would like to apply for a personal mobility grant to visit my research partner Dr. Diana Zacharias, LL.M. in Heidelberg, so that we can discuss our findings, improve our insights in the various administrative law systems, sharpen the view f or the differences and the various perspectives and, of course, make use of the excellent library of the Heidelberg Max-Planck-Institute.

The Protection of legitimate expectations under Administrative Law. A comparative Study.

The aim of this research project is to compare how the distinction between ?objective? and ?subjective? elements of the crime is worked out in legal doctrine in some European states. This should be done not only through a comparison between different lega l scholars, but also through an analysis of how and to what extent the systematization in the respective state?s criminal code has influenced the legal doctrine at this point, and vice versa. It should also be discussed whether differences in the systemat ization of the general part seem to have had intended or non-intended consequences for the normative content of the different conditions for criminal liability.
The study is meant to include some core states and scholars, such as Norway (Andenæs, Jacobsen ), Germany (Roxin, Jescheck, Kühl, Kindhauser a.o.), England (Ashworth a.o) and Sweden (Jareborg/Asp/Ulväng). In addition, some other countries will be studied more briefly, in order to grasp the extension of the major schools of thought in this area. In  order to get easy and thorough access to the relevant sources, a stay at the Max Planck institute for international and foreign criminal law in Freiburg (Germany) will be an important part of the project.

Different approaches to the division between "objective" and "subjective" elements of the crime ? a comparative analysis

ERASMUS PROGRAMME

This semester I am attending the Erasmus exchange program, and I am going to study at the Freie Universität Berlin. 

The subject of law is not only a national phenomenon, but it also has a vast variety of international and global aspec ts. Globalization does not only produce internationally active companies that operate across borders, but requires an open mind for other countries and cultures. According to this, I think it is important to get new perspectives and inspirations from othe r cultures and countries. Besides, Germany is one of Norways most important associates in trading. For this reason, an exchange in Berlin would be very useful and informative in proportion to a later carrier with international business law and associates
 
During my stay in Germany, I will get a great vision of German and European law, legal culture and business mentality. This will be a great opportunity for my further carrier, since I am planning to work with international, including German, law and busi ness associates.

Erasmus programme - Freie Universität Berlin

Exchange semester in Germany for a masterstudent in law

Application for E.ON Ruhrgas-scholarship

Dear Sir or Madam,

the goal of the E.ON Ruhrgas foundation is the promotion of academic exchange between Germany and Norway. For me as a young German citizen studying at the University of Oslo it would be a great pleasure to become a representative of th e foundation and play an active role in that academic exchange. 

After finishing my studies at the University of Oslo and the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster I aim at a professional career in information, communication and technology law (ICT l aw). Especially the dynamic and the constantly arising new challenges are making that branch of law particularly attractive for me. 
Studying at the University of Oslo will help me gain international experience, develop personally and get to know another  European legal system. 

Living in Norway and feeling to be part of the society for me implicates understanding the native language and being able to talk to the Norwegian citizens in their language. For that reason I have already started to learn the Nor wegian language and am highly looking forward to taking further language courses next semester.
The impression that I have yet gained about the country has already made me consider Norway as a possible place for working and living in the future wherefore  being proficient in Norwegian is of great relevance.

The E.ON Ruhrgas personal mobility grant would give me, on the one hand the possibility, to focus on my career, expand my horizon and reach my set goals. I can, on the other hand, also contribute to st rengthening the ties between Germany and Norway and thereby carry out the guiding principle of the E.ON Ruhrgas foundation.

Yours faithfully,

Kyra Otte

POLRES-Polarforskning POLRES

Infrastrukturmidler for deltakelse i SIOS

Awarded: NOK 0.86 mill.

Funding scheme:

POLRES-Polarforskning POLRES

Funding Sources

Thematic Areas and Topics