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Hovedmålet med kreftbehandling er å eliminere kreftceller og dette er tradisjonelt oppnådd ved kirurgi, bruk av giftige medikamenter (cellegift) og stråling. En ny og betydningsfull tilnærming til kreftbehandling kalt immunterapi, har derimot fått mye oppmerksomhet det siste tiåret; Her forsøker leger og forskere å utnytte immunsystemet vårt for å målrettet  ødelegge kreftceller. En nøkkelaktør i denne banebrytende tilnærmingen er en gruppe «drapsmenn» i immunsystemet kjent som cytotoxiske T-lymfocytter (CTL-er). Disse cellene har en bemerkelsesverdig evne til å oppdage kreftceller ved å gjenkjenne unormale molekyler på overflaten av kreftcellene - molekyler som friske celler ikke har. Når CTL-er gjenkjenner kreftcellene ødelegger de dem ved å frigjøre giftige molekyler som initierer kreftcellenes selvdestruksjon. 
 
Selv om betydelige innsats har blitt dedikert til å forstå hvordan CTL-er aktiveres og hvordan de gjenkjenner kreftceller, vet vi mindre om de påfølgende hendelsene inne i kreftcellene som fører til deres død. Fra før vet vi at CTL-er kan initiere to forskjellige typer celledød i kreft: den første, kalt apoptose, er en stille og ordnet prosess der kreftcellene krymper og brytes opp uten å varsle immunsystemet; den andre, kalt pyroptose, er en mer dramatisk prosess som involverer dannelse av åpninger i cellemembranen, noe som fører til at cellene svulmer opp og sprekker. Under denne cellebristen blir innholdet inne i cellene frigitt i omgivelsene, og dette kan fungere som 'faretegn' som kan stimulere en sterkere immunrespons mot kreftcellene. Betydningen av denne cellebristen for å forsterke anti-tumorresponsene vil bli undersøkt i dette prosjektet. 
 
Videre er vi fascinert av muligheten for å avdekke ytterligere, ennå ukjente, former for celledød indusert av CTL-er. Utforsking av disse dødsrelaterte prosessene i kreftcellene kan potensielt øke effektiviteten av immunterapi og bidra betydelig i den pågående kampen mot kreft.

The primary goal of most cancer therapies is to induce cancer cell death. Immunotherapy relies on the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes such as natural killer cells (NKs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to achieve this. While a significant amount of research in immunotherapy focuses on the events within cytotoxic lymphocytes or at the interface between cytotoxic lymphocytes and cancer cells, less is known about the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate cancer cell death, particularly in the case of CTL-mediated death.
CTLs are known to induce two types of cell death in cancer: non-inflammatory apoptosis and proinflammatory pyroptosis. Pyroptotic cancer cells release proinflammatory signals that attract immune cells to the tumor site, thereby enhancing the anti-tumor response. Cell lysis is a common outcome of pyroptotic cell death. It is unclear whether lysis can be decoupled from pyroptosis in cancer cells and whether the proinflammatory properties of pyroptotic cancer cell death depend on lysis. Moreover, it remains unknown whether CTLs can induce other forms of cell death in cancer, apart from apoptosis and pyroptosis.
Studying the mechanisms of CTL-mediated cancer cell death is challenging because CTLs selectively target cells expressing specific antigens. However, given the critical role of CTLs in immunotherapy, it is essential to deepen our understanding of CTL-induced cancer cell death.
This project aims to develop novel methodologies to investigate the death mechanisms that are initiated by CTLs. In addition, we will identify new pathways and mediators involved in CTL-induced cancer cell death. Furthermore, we will assess the contribution of proinflammatory cell death and lysis in promoting anti-tumor responses in vivo. Overall, this research will improve our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of CTL-mediated cancer cell death and potentially reveal novel targets to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.

T-cell-mediated proinflammatory cell death and lysis in cancer

Renewable energy on the high seas – science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations for regulatory and governance challenges

The high seas are those marine areas under no State's jurisdiction. So far, all marine renewable energy (RE) activity is being conducted under State's jurisdiction. However, recent advances in technology are raising the prospect of carrying out RE activity on the high seas. Currently, only seabed mining activities in the Area have been regulated. The Area is the seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits of State's jurisdiction. From the legal viewpoint, the main gap is a lack of an international regulatory framework, informed by participatory mechanisms and supported by scientific evidence, for RE activities on the high seas, especially regarding their environmental and social impacts. 
The primary project objective (O) is to provide the scientific community and policymakers with science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations in support of the development of  RE regulation on the high seas. 
Two specific Os are set to complement the primary O, namely:
O1 To advance the use of systematic consultation processes that facilitates research at the crossroads of marine sciences and law. 
O2 To advance critical knowledge and understanding of environmental pressing issues comparable to the regulation of RE on the high seas, such as deep-sea mining in the Area.
A multistep innovative methodology will be adopted, by integrating marine scientific knowledge, consultative processes, and advanced critical research in the subject matter. A case study (interdisciplinary and participatory) involving marine scientists, indigenous and coastal communities and policy makers will be conducted onboard the Research Vessel KronPrins Haakon at the beginning of the project. The case study outcomes will be analysed through critical legal analysis to build a knowledge base for policy recommendations. 
The project will advance the PI’s career in an international research environment, allowing her to generate independent, high-quality, and reproducible results.




Effektene av fysisk og seksuell vold på ofre og deres familier kan være ødeleggende og vedvarende, med potensielt langvarige konsekvenser for fysisk og mental helse, utdanning, sysselsetting og bruk av velferdstjenester. Mens strafferettssystemet anses som en viktig del av offerets gjenopprettingsprosess, er det begrenset empirisk forskning på hvorvidt strafferettslige prosesser hjelper og/eller hindrer bedring langs disse ulike dimensjonene. I dette prosjektet vil vi adressere dette kunnskapshullet ved å bruke en kombinasjon av kvantitative og kvalitative forskningsmetoder. I de kvantitative analysene vil vi bruke administrative registerdata som dekker hele befolkningen sammen med kvasi-eksperimentelle metoder for å kunne trekke kausale slutninger. Vi vil også benytte maskinlæringsteknikker for prediksjon. De kvalitative analysene vil supplere de kvantitative analysene ved å gi kontekst til et komplekst felt av saker og ofre og ved å identifisere potensielle mekanismer mellom strafferettslige prosesser og utfall for ofrene. Samlet vil disse metodene gi en mer robust, representativ og nyansert forståelse av hvordan kontakt med strafferettssystemet påvirker offeret på tvers av flere viktige livsområder både på kort og lang sikt. Prosjektet ledes av Folkehelseinstituttet (FHI) med Frischsenteret og Universitetet i Oslo som partnere. Prosjektet har et rådgivende utvalg med medlemmer fra Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter om vold og traumatisk stress (NKVTS), ETH Zurich, Universitetet i Oslo, Frischsenteret, Universitetet i Bergen, og OsloMet. Det er også tilknyttet en brukergruppe bestående av personer og organisasjoner som er i kontakt med ofre for vold og overgrep.

Victims of sexual and physical violence is one of the most vulnerable groups in our society. The criminal justice system (CJS) serves a critical role in providing assistance to victims of these crimes, enabling them to seek justice, protection, compensation, and closure. Yet, knowledge about whether the CJS helps or harms these victims is extremely limited. This project aims to remedy this by providing a comprehensive understanding of the role of the CJS in supporting and providing restoration for victims of physical and sexual violence in Norway. We will utilize a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods across disciplines to study outcomes across multiple important life domains, both in the short and long run. For the quantitative analyses we will use exceptionally rich longitudinal administrative register data with full population coverage combined with state-of-the-art quasi-experimental methods for credible causal inference and predictive machine learning techniques. The qualitative analysis will be based on narrative interviews with victims, providing context and insights into how interactions with the CJS shape life stories. The results will yield a robust and nuanced understanding of how the different stages of the CJS impacts victims. This is particularly urgent given how the current emphasis on legal responses to assaults has caused a sense of obligation and civic duty for especially women to report incidents, while the chances of legal closure remain small. In addition to advancing the methods for quasi-experimental designs and machine learning within quantitative criminology, this project will provide valuable insights for policymakers, stakeholders, and practitioners working in the field of victim support and rehabilitation and may inform current legal reform efforts aimed at addressing these issues.

Helpful or harmful: The effects of criminal justice system contact on victims of sexual and physical violence

The Arctic region is witnessing more frequent shipping accidents than ever which require accurate search and rescue operations. The existing communication systems use drones with radio frequency (RF) technology, which has limited bandwidth and cannot offer 4G/5G connectivity due to harsh weather constraints. It further limits the capacity of drones and affects the resolution of images and videos. The current research proposes to design free space optical communication (FSOC) link-based drones that can enhance connectivity between multiple drones and rescue ships as well as the capacity of drones to produce high resolution images and videos. The proposed FSOC-based drones can provide highspeed connectivity than the existing RF technology. The research will collect atmospheric turbulences data from the Arctic region and use it for designing the FSOC link. Furthermore, to enhance the capacity of FSOC-based drones, the research will design advanced multiplexing schemes (Mode Division Multiplexing and Orthogonal Code Division Multiple Access) and to ensure link stability, omnidirectional receiver will be designed. The research will further evaluate the performance of proposed FSOC link under the impact of various atmospheric turbulences. The expected outcomes of this research will lead to the optimisation of FSOC-based drones in expanding search areas and improving communication systems for SAR operations in the Arctic region.

Optimization of Free Space Optical Communication Link based Drones for Search and Rescue Operations in the Arctic Region

Evaluation of thermohydraulic characteristic of printed circuit heat exchangers in pseudocritical region for supercritical CO2 cycle

Currently, 28.2% of the total EU-28 greenhouse gas emissions come from the power sector, a large contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, the emphasis of the research in power generation has swung towards assessing highly efficient and greener power cycles. In this reference, the novel supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle (sCO2-BC) is an ideal choice that outstrips other formally well-known power cycles (Brayton & Rankine cycles). In sCO2-BC, the role of the pre-cooler is critical. It serves as a sink to the power cycle and regulates the conditions at the compressor's inlet. The compressor's inlet temperature is intended to be maintained close to the critical temperature of carbon dioxide (CO2) to achieve greater cycle efficiencies. However, exceptionally higher values of the specific heat capacity of CO2 near its critical point (up to 40 times higher than water) require exceedingly high water flow rates on the cold side to achieve the desired exit temperatures of CO2. Consequently, the pre-cooler's pumping power requirements become high enough to deteriorate the cycle's performance. This problem can only be mitigated by exploring new channel geometries with enhanced thermohydraulic characteristics. Therefore, the proposed study plan to characterize the complex thermohydraulic characteristics in the pseudocritical region of CO2 using a multifaceted technique that includes, experimental, numerical, and machine learning techniques. The proposed work will provide a step forward to the success of sCO2-BC technologies that, in turn, will facilitate its integration with the green energy resources (generation-IV nuclear reactors and solar concentrated plants), helping to meet the EU's 2030 climate and energy framework goals of achieving at least 32% share for renewable energy.

Norge har under Parisavtalen påtatt seg en forpliktelse til å redusere klimautslippene sine med minst 55 prosent innen 2030 sammenlignet med nivået i 1990. Hittil har vi kun oppnådd 5 prosent av dette målet; vi har følgelig kun syv år på å redusere de resterende 50 prosent for å imøtekomme målene. For 2050 har vi satt oss enda større mål: å redusere klimautslippene med hele 90 prosent. Bakgrunnen for målene er at vi prøver å unngå de verste scenarioene FNs klimautvalg skisserer opp i sine rapporter. I tillegg har energiforbruket økt, og prognosene fra Statnett for ulike scenarier viser at energiforbruket skal fortsette å øke. Vi trenger følgelig mer energi. Dette har bidrat til at diskusjoner rundt kjernekraft i Norge er høyaktuelle og pågående. Norsk Kjernekraft AS har blitt opprettet med formål om å bygge Norges første kjernekraftverk. I tillegg ble det i fjor også bevilget 200 millioner kroner fra Regjeringen til et nytt senter som skal drive med nukleær forskning. Målet er å styrke den norske kunnskapsberedskapen på det nukleære området. Dette betyr at vi beveger oss i en retning hvor kjernekraft en dag kan bli aktuelt i Norge, og noen mener at dette er den eneste veien å gå hvis vi skal nå målene våre for 2050. Men i dag sitter vi med flere spørsmål enn svar, blant annet: Hvilken teknologi og leverandør burde vi velge? Er regelverket for snevert og strengt? Hvordan kan dette gjøres og samtidig ivareta sikkerhet? Hvordan tjener et kjernekraftverk penger?

Dette prosjektet skal svare på samtlige av disse spørsmålene i en detaljert og omfattende analyse. Her bruker vi grunnlagsdata til å vurdere dagens forskning opp mot hvordan industrien i andre land opererer, og ut ifra dette forsøke estimere hva risikoen knyttet til å bygge kjernekraft som industri i Norge er. Prosjektet sikter på å gi et så helhetlig bilde som mulig slik at vi kan gjøre oss opp en mening basert på fakta; om kjernekraft passer inn i miksen av det som utgjør norsk energi.

Denne prosjektbeskrivelsen skisserer forskningen Vala Maria Valsdottir (omtales herunder som stipendiaten) skal utføre innenfor sin doktorgradsavhandling. Prosjektet skal være en del av Senter for nukleær forskning (SNF) som fikk midler vinteren 2023.
Ph.d.-prosjektet er initiert av Inmeta Consulting AS, som igjennom denne ph.d.-stillingen vil bli en del av SNF. Inmeta planlegger en prosjektperiode på fire år, hvor stipendiaten arbeider 75 % med ph.d.-prosjektet og 25 % med vanlig virksomhet hos Inmeta. 
Prosjektet skal undersøke muligheten for kjernekraft som industri i Norge. Dette er både en samfunnsaktuell problemstilling samt en som medlemmene i SNF er interessert i å utforske. Stipendiaten kommer derfor til å samarbeide med alle aktørene som er involvert i senteret og benytte forskningsdata fra dem. Dette gjelder da spesielt Institutt for energiteknikk (IFE) som har mest grunnlagsdata som er relevant for dette prosjektet.
Kandidaten ferdigstilte en masteroppgave høsten 2020 i kjernefysikk på Universitetet i Oslo (UiO) og har derfor gode og relevante grunnkunnskaper for å ta på seg et slikt prosjekt. I tillegg har kandidaten tre års erfaring innenfor energibransjen, og er derfor oppdatert på industrien og forstår deres problemstillinger godt.

Er kjernekraft aktuelt for Norge?

Applied Biocatalysis is the development through science and engineering of useful biological catalysts and their commercial applications. The BNCM 2024 conference has an intention to gather approx. 100 international and national scientists from academia and industry in addition to PhD students from the international community. BNCM 2024 will be the 7th in this series of meetings with attendees from both academia and industry presenting and discussing the newest research in enzyme catalysed reactions in other media than water. The conference series was started in 1986 by professors Hans Tramper and Urs von Stockar, University of Wageningen, the Netherlands, and has later been chaired in Russia, Italy and Germany before Elisabeth Jacobsen at NTNU was give the honor of chairing the conference.  Collaboration in biocatalysis research has been supported by EU Frameworks as three subsequent COST actions. The first action, COST Action D25 "Applied Biocatalysis. Stereoselective and environmentally friendly reactions catalysed by enzymes " (2001-2007) was initiated and chaired by professor Thorleif Anthonsen, NTNU, the founder of the Biocatalysis Group at NTNU, which the project leader of this conference now chair. The strategy of applied biocatalysis fits well under the definitions of white biotechnology and Sustainable chemistry (Suschem) and fits also well with the EU Green Deal Strategy.

7th International Conference on Biocatalysis in Non-Conventional Media

End-to-End Green House Gas (GHG) Monitoring Service

Sustainable cultivation of polychaetes as feed in aquaculture

InterNASH - An intercellular-pathway therapeutic for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

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Midlene fra BEHANDLING-God og treffsikker diagnostikk, behandling og rehabilitering fordelt på år

Midlene fra BEHANDLING-God og treffsikker diagnostikk, behandling og rehabilitering fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra BEHANDLING-God og treffsikker diagnostikk, behandling og rehabilitering fordelt på fagområde

Professor

NOR-TEST tested thrombolytic treatment in acute ischemic stroke with the new drug tenecteplase. NOR-TEST finished the inclusion and Control of patients in December 2016 as planned. A total of 1100 patients from 13 hospitals were included. The study shows that tenecteplase has has a similar safety profile as the commonly used alteplase and also a similar effect as alteplase. The study thus did not reach the aim of demonstrating that tenecteplase was superior to tenecteplase in acute ischemic stroke within the first 4,5 hours after stroke onset. The study is published in The Lancet Neurology 2017 Oct;16(10):781-788.

BACKGROUND: Tenecteplase (TNK)is a modified tPA, which is less cytotoxic, more fibrin-specific and more resistant to inactivation as compared with tPA.
HYPOTHESIS: TNK may be given safely and improves clinical outcome in patients with ischemic stroke as c ompared to tPA.
AIMS: To compare efficacy and safety of TNK 0.4 mg/kg vs tPA 0.9 mg/kg given within 4,5 hours after stroke onset. 
DESIGN: Multi-centre PROBE (prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint) study. Superiority design. Randomisation  TNK:tPA = 1:1. 
STUDY ENDPOINTS: Primary = functional handicap at 90 days. Secondary = recanalisation and safety (bleedings).
POWER CALCULATION: Aiming to detect 9% higher percentage excellent outcome with TNK vs. tPA(r1=0.40; r2=0.49; OR 1.44; power 0.8) , including 954 patients during 3 years.

The Norwegian Tenecteplase Stroke Trial - NOR-TEST (The Norwegian Stroke Project Part A)

It is now a well established fact that in order to mitigate unwanted environmental effects of CO2 emissions the capture and storage of CO2 is one method promising significant cuts. The continuing growth of world demand for fossil fuels, will only increase  the need for CO2 capture and storage technology. Capture technologies are in place, which can be applied to exhaust gases from both power generation plants and industry in general. Post-combustion scrubbing by use of amine solvents is one such technology ; other technologies are pre-combustion and oxyfuel. A large number of capture plants are needed world-wide, it is imperative that the cost and energy use in such plants are significantly reduced. Innovative solutions for utilizing existing process equipm ent, can lead to a reduction in energy consumption and simplify overall design of post-combustion capture plants. A negative aspect of CO2 capture technology is that amine reclaiming process gives a potentially large annual amount of hazardous waste which  will need treatment. We will build on existing competence and seek to improve performance of in particular post-combustion technology, thereby also improving our knowledge base and strengthen our industrial foundation as well as the scientific one. 

Thr ee main activities will be the focus:  
1.Monitoring of technology development within CO2 capture.
We will build our competence and also support the two other activities. It is an aim of this work to use the platform created to propose research projects t hat target a significant improvement of the technologies investigated.
2.Environmental impacts of CO2 capture technologies.
CO2 capture will play an important role in mitigating global environmental climate change, but the technologies to be used will or may give rise to more local environmental impacts that will need to be solved.
3.Simulation and optimization.
Mathematical modelling of both process and process equipment in CO2 capture technology.

Optimization and environmental improvement of CO2-capture processes

The usage of crystalline silicon in solar cells to convert sunlight directly into electricity is one of the fastest growing industries worldwide. A major challenge of all solar cell research is that electricity from solar cells currently is too expensive for being competitive. An essential issue is therefore the solar cell efficiency. Defects like impurities and dislocations that originate from the crystallization process strongly influence on the performance. A dislocation is a crystallographic defect, o r irregularity, within a crystal structure. While the effects of many impurities can be mitigated through processes used during the solar cell fabrication, the dislocations cause particular problems in multi-crystalline silicon solar cells, since the ener gy required for removing such defects is excessively high. Typically the dislocations exhibit an inhomogenous distribution in the material where zones with the highest dislocation density are often associated with a locally reduced efficiency. It is not c lear what causes these strong variations. Impurities in the form of dissolved atoms or particles are believed to play an important role. A reduced level of impurities can be achieved by controlling the convection in the melt. Advanced numerical modelling of these phenomena is addressed in the present project. Numerical work is accompanied by material characterization using a chemical process to map the dislocation structure and density in real silicon blocks made from directional casting. A challenge will  be to combine experimental data, fundamental theory and process simulations providing temperature and strain histories to build a model that can capture the key phenomena leading to the observed dislocation pattern. For IFE this project will strengthen t he competence in the field of silicon materials science in particular and in the field of computational materials science in general. Norwegian companies focusing on photovoltaics will benefit from this.

Modelling of Solar Grade Silicon Crystallization Processes

The Norwegian society is placing increasing demands on infrastructure, including transportation and harbor facilities.  Existing facilities are becoming more critical as full capacity is being reached. If problems or disturbances to normal operation or in terruption of service arise, the overall consequences for society are increasingly onerous and costly. New construction is underway to help meet these demands. However, the existing infrastructure in Norway is also aging, requiring increasing resources to  manage, operate and maintain it.  Prolonging the life of the infrastructure saves valuable resources, but the measures taken to ensure longer life must also ensure safety for people and material value.

The instrumentation industry has had a rapid techno logy development in the past years, and the 'bits and pieces' of this available technology is now mature for the next phase of research:  the integration of the available technology in system solutions appropriate for our civil and environmental infrastru cture projects.  This research will encompass both the direct application of technology, as well as the methodology and strategy needed to fully realize the benefits the technology implementation can offer. 

The focus of the project will include work on systems and solutions implementing both direct measurements as well as remote monitoring, and will emphasize research leading to immediate and important benefits for society such as early warning of potential hazards.   The research results will provide t echnology and expertise for the target end-users, including governmental agencies and public authorities (e.g. Norwegian Road Authority, Police and fire departments), contractors and construction companies, private industry as well as private individuals.

Measurement and monitoring for safety of infrastructure, environmental protection and reduction of society risk

With accelerating demands and increasing complexity of new, high value products there is a growing number of applications and requirements where the limitations of conventional manufacturing technology will hamper innovation and development. In response t o this, a new concept of manufacturing based on the successive addition of material (Additive Manufacturing Technology, AMT) has been developing since the last decades of the twentieth century. It is today possible to integrate AMT with conventional manuf acturing processes to create hybrid manufacturing processes. Hybrid manufacturing based on AMT has the potential to combine the design flexibility of AMT with the precision and productivity of conventional manufacturing and thereby create shapes that woul d be extremely difficult to produce through other methods.

SINTEF and NTNU have decided to initiate a joint effort on AMT. Establishment of a Geminisenter with a state-of-the-art AMT laboratory is planned for 2008. This will create a unique research comm unity. AMT will then be available for students and Norwegian industry. This is important for preparing students and Norwegian industry for the manufacturing technology of the future. SIP DIMOF together with CRI NORMAN will use the laboratory to introduce AMT and hybrid manufacturing for improvement of industrial processes and products. A next generation AMT system will be developed through MPP. This will make the research community in Trondheim a national, and possibly even a Nordic, center for AMT resear ch on both a fundamental and an industrial level.

Direct Metal Object Fabrication - A New Concept for the High Performance Manufacturing of Complex and Customized Parts

Although significant progress has been achieved in the development of models for particle-fluid flow and the understanding of physical phenomena on the single- particle level, it has not been fully utilized in the modeling and simulation of unit operation s. The ultimate goal would be a rigorous model of the whole system i.e. CFD with implemented models for mass and heat transfer and chemical reaction within the particle for the whole reactor. However such a model necessarily implies a high numerical compl exity and still somewhat restricted applicability. Therefore it is suggested to study the cross-effects on smaller systems and to develop a simpler model but based on well-understood underlying phenomena and well-founded parameters in the first stage. 

T ask A. Flow analysis - CFD for fluidized systems: Further develop 3D Lagrangian-Eulerian particle-fluid CFD code, investigate the influence of particle model parameters and force models on the flow regime, and investigate flow structure in the fluid-solid  systems under various operating conditions

Task B. Analysis of phenomena on particle scale - kinetics: Develop models for internal and external mass-and heat transfer as well as chemical reaction and particle shape dynamics, and implement single-particl e models, and perform parameter studies.

Task C. Analysis of cross effects - CFD flow with particle phenomena on small systems: Implement particle models in the Lagrangian-Eulerian particle-fluid CFD code, investigate particle functionality under various  flow conditions, and analyze and develop procedures identifying the driving mechanism and evaluating the governing parameters for a fluidized-bed model.

Task D. Analysis of fluidized bed unit performance: Review existing models/commercial software, util ize the understanding and apply the knowledge on fundamental phenomena, evelop/modify a fluidized-bed model based on simplified flow, mass and heat transfer and chemical reaction models, perform case study.

Multi-level modeling for design and optimization of fluidized bed processes - particle-fluid flow with chemical reaction

Mineral-leaching with CO2-acidified water represents an interesting alternative to conventional leaching techniques based on mineral acids. Previous research at IFE has shown the potential of using CO2 both as leachant and as chemical for downstream proce ssing to commercial products. In view of the international focus on carbon capture and storage, a CO2-based leaching process offers advantages with respect to new products and mitigation of waste problems in the mineral industry and possibility of CO2 sto rage as opposed to conventional processes. So far, research on CO2-based leaching has been mostly conducted in small autoclaves to study reaction kinetics for different mineral types. For commercial utilization of this technology, however, a continuous or  semi-continuous process will be required. The objective of this study is thus to develop a reactor concept for application in industrial processes. Design of a pressurized reactor system that allows for continuous operation and provides adequate reaction  conditions represents a significant challenge. A step-wise approach will be used to finalize the reactor design. The result of the project will be a small demonstration unit for CO2-based mineral leaching.

Development of a novel reactor system for mineral-leaching with CO2

A large part of the Norwegian physical infrastructure was constructed between 1950 and 1970 and is now on (or beyond) the expected service life. Several aspects make it necessary with an extensive focus on further development of rehabilitation techniques and methods. The inadequate funding of maintenance, increased performance requirements, international requirements, higher demands for reliability and safety and the expected increased load due to climatic change all contributes to a need for research and  innovative solutions for rehabilitation of the infrastructure.

This project will be an important step towards new methods and approaches allowing for better use of scarce funding or rehabilitation of infrastructure. The project will also be an important  element in the continuous development of more accurate criteria and Codes of Practice regarding the design, rehabilitation and functionality of critical elements in the infrastructure. The project will contribute to increased status for working with reha bilitation of infrastructure and hence lead to improved recruitment of qualified students and future researchers within this area.

Future Rehabilitation Strategies for Physical Infrastructure

Today, the term climate adapted buildings and building structures is the common designation given to structures which are planned, designed and performed to withstand various types of external climatic impact - including precipitation, snow deposition, wi nd, temperature and exposure to the sun. The term may also be widened to include a more proactive role of the building envelope, i.e. envelopes that are able to maintain an optimum indoor environment with a minimum of resource use (energy, materials, and labour) during the building's lifetime. Very little research has been attributed to the exploration of how to design envelopes that meet the increasing demands of minimum resource use in combination with varied and harsh climatic exposure.

The project's principal objectives are to develop more energy-efficient building envelope assemblies and new methods for the design of building envelopes in harsh climates, resulting in more accurate and geographically dependent design guidelines. The strategic project  will be organised as part of the Birkeland Centre for Sustainable Building at SINTEF Building and Infrastructure.

CAB - Climate Adapted Buildings

The research program is divided in four themes: A) Avalanche warning, B) Protection structures, C) Avalanche hazard zoning and D) Dissemination of snow avalanche information. The themes will continue over the three-year period. Each theme is subdivided in  a number of work packages.

A) Avalanche warning
There is an increased demand for avalanche warning with higher resolution in time and space. Exposed inhabited areas need avalanche forecasting to prevent loss of lives. Communication corridors must be kep t open as much as possible to prevent loss of profit. To meet the increased demand, NGI must improve its ability to collect and summarize relevant data. The field component of all seven work packages will be centered around the research station Fonnbu in Grasdalen, Stryn.

B) Protection structures
There is an increasing need in society to use protection structures to keep people and infrastructure safe. New and improved tools to analyze, dimension and implement protection structures are needed. These tool s must be developed based on a sound theoretical understanding of the physics in the avalanche. To arrive at new tools and design criteria, four work packages are proposed. The results from the research on snow avalanches can also be used for other slide types.

C) Avalanche hazard zoning
The number of requests for avalanche hazard zoning evaluations has increased over recent years, and this trend is expected to continue. To deliver products that meet the needs of the society, the six work packages aim at  further developing existing methods and ensuring that the same procedures are followed by everyone having a responsibility in this area.

D) Dissemination of snow avalanche information
NGI is the national competence centre for snow avalanche research in Norway, and is responsible for disseminating snow and snow avalanche information. The four work packages within the theme aim at making this information readily available to all users, mostly through web interfaces.

Snow avalanche research

The objective of the proposed research project is to meet the need for more advanced methods for prediction of hydrodynamic forces on ships and offshore structures, and to provide the foundation for the next generations of computational tools for hydrodyn amic analysis. An important goal is also recruitment and training of a new generation of experts in the field of numerical hydrodynamics. 
These goals will be achieved by developing:
-	a 3D BEM-based surface discretization code for multiple bodies includi ng forward speed, current and hydroelastic effects
-	a 3D  FEM-based volume discretization code for potential flow and prepared for viscous flow
-	a 3D FEM/BEM domain decomposition code for potential flow and prepared for viscous flow
Major R&D challenges  will be to handle nonlinear free surface conditions, body boundary conditions for complex geometry including structural deformations, open boundaries, wave-current interaction, to avoid numerical instabilities and reduce computational requirements. 
The simplest version of the code will be a 3D linear frequency-domain code that may become an industry standard tool. The next levels are time-domain BEM code and time-domain FEM/BEM code. These will be used for studying complex problems and special design sc enarios of limited duration, and for verification of simpler methods. The more advanced versions of the code will also serve as basis for further developments towards a code that include viscous, nonlinear and shallow water effects.

Theoretical and numerical hydrodynamics- Next generation of computational tools for hydroelastic analysis of ships and offshore structures

Norway has a unique situation with large resources of minerals and ores, and the mineral industry is in growth. Refinement of mineral products, development of new products and reduction of waste are important objectives in a market situation with high int ernational competition and increasing consciousness on environmental issues. A process for reacting carbonic acid with olivine to form magnesite and silica has been experimentally tested at Institute for Energy Technology. The reaction products are of com mercial interest. As a follow-up, similar experimental tests will now be done on a large number of mineral resources. In particular, titanium and aluminium are interesting commercial targets, where carbonic acid can be included as one or more steps in an industrial process. A screening of a large number of mineral resources will be carried out. On basis of this screening, the most promising mineral processes will be selected for further development. This will involve optimalisation of experimental conditi ons. The minimum number of process steps and how to combine them will be addressed. Reaction rates and quality of products are key issues. In order to obtain high quality products, good understanding and control on redox reactions is necessary. Evaluation  of possible processes will consider preliminary process design, techno-economical and environmental issues as well as the market situation.

Norwegian value chain based on carbonic acid and mineral resources

The research effort will be focusing on the following areas:

* Develop realistic and accurate numerical methods and models for predicting the motions and loads on marine vehicles in extreme wave conditions as well as in shallow and restricted waters with  waves and current. Speeds range from zero to very high. 

* Improve the integration between model testing and numerical tools, and methods for model testing and analysis of experimental results, to identify and quantify non-linear and transient effects. Implement in real-time simulators.

* Develop new nonlinear model-based control systems, using knowledge from nonlinear hydrodynamic and propulsion models to increase control system performance in extreme conditions. An overall goal is a common control sy stem in laboratories, numerical tools, simulators and full-scale.

This development will be supported by:

* Development and improvement of non-linear hydrodynamic methods in order to establish solutions to problems related to operation in extreme conditi ons. One will focus mainly on practical oriented tools for engineering use, based on improved numerical tools combined with experiments and empirical knowledge.

* Assessment and application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods to marine technolo gy problems, particularly motions in waves, ship manoeuvring and underwater vehicles. 

* Development of simulator models for high speed vessels and underwater vehicles.

Improved methods for prediction and control of the behaviour of marine vehicles in extreme conditions

The project's main objective is to provide cost-effective and sustainable geo-solutions to the building and construction sector (BAE) in Norway while advancing the state-of-the-art within ground-borne vibration, underground construction and environmental remediation. Sub-goals include developing expertise on:

Ground-borne vibration: the research focuses on understanding the mechanisms and developing models for the propagation and influence of frequency vibrations and low frequency noise, developing and d ocumenting sustainable mitigation measures for vibration due to transportation and construction work, and preparing guidelines for geo-sustainable urban development. 

Underground construction: the research focuses on developing methods for the design of tunnels and underground storage solutions, developing and interpreting methods to instrument and monitor underground constructions, developing methods to analyse tunnels and caverns and making recommendations for optimum and environmentally sound solution s.

Environmental remediation: the research concentrates on developing solutions for managing waste in the ground and predicting contamination loads on the environment, developing mitigation measures for preserving freshwater in Norway and abroad, develop ing innovative remediation methods and preparing guidelines for optimum solutions to geo-environmental problems.

For all three themes, the analytical work will be verified with case studies from the industry.

Geo-Sustainable Urban Development

The main focus of the present study is to advance the understanding of the mechanism of gas-solids flow systems through experimental study and modelling. Electrostatic charging of particulates during pneumatic transport will also be studied. This will pro duce generic knowledge of two-phase flow systems, which may be usable in other fields of process technology.
The application consists of two sub-projects, each dealing with a specific problem as described below.

*	Scaling up of pneumatic transport system s: This study will focus on further development of scaling up technique based on laboratory scale tests and CFD modelling. The project will study the pressure drop at the bends and the variation of pressure drop coefficients in case of vertical transport for various size distributions of the same bulk material. It is planned to use both experimental and modelling techniques for prediction of pressure drop. 

*	Electrostatic charging of powder during transport:  The objective of this study will be to enhan ce our understanding of the phenomenon of electrostatic charging of particulate materials under 300µm. Industries often complain that they are plagued by the problem of electrostatic charging and that often such charging can lead to dangerous dust explosi ons during pneumatic conveying of materials into a silo. Better understanding of the electrostatic charging phenomenon will help us in taking suitable measures for avoiding such dangerous situations.

Experimental and Simulation Studies of Gas-Particle Flow Systems

The need to understand water transport and other humidity related behaviour of concrete arises from many practical reasons. In floor constructions, the necessary drying time before surface coating is of vital importance in preventing deterioration and loo sening of coatings. High humidity may give rise to health problems as well as aesthetic and durability problems during the service life of the structure. 

In controlling and estimating the existing humidity in concrete, reliable and easy-to-use measureme nt methods are essential. However, practical experiences have shown that reliable humidity measurements in concrete are very difficult to perform, especially at the construction site. Further, existing guidelines regarding necessary drying time before sur face coating are old, and not valid for modern floor constructions. Similarly, modern Swedish software for predicting drying times is not applicable on Norwegian concrete constructions.

In this situation, the strategic institute program will focus on the  following work packages (WP):
1) WP1 shall sum up national and international experiences from earlier moisture measurements projects. 
2) WP2 shall measure moisture transport and drying times for a number of modern Norwegian concrete floor constructions.  In addition, WP2 shall document the reliability of various measurement techniques.
3) Based on the measurements in WP2, WP3 shall prepare tools for predicting drying times and moisture transport in concrete constructions. 
4) WP4 shall evaluate test meth ods for alkali-sensitive floor coatings, and prepare basic data for new guidelines concerning maximum moisture content in the concrete before surface coating.

The program will be carried out at SINTEF Byggforsk AS in close co-operation with the Norwegian  University of Science and Technology, NTNU.

Moisture in concrete - transport forms, measurement methods and economic and environmental significance

The main issue in this project is to develop methodology for better market focus on process control and therby improved operation.

Optimal operation of processing plants is a challenging area where new dynamic markets for gas components lead to a need fo r stronger analytical capabilities of decision support tools. Also the supply situation becomes more variable, as the gas companies responds to market opportunities. This leads to a situation where processing plants should be reconfigured more often as a consequence of changing environment. The is a need for better understanding of  how to make plantwide plans and implement these through process management. Typically such decision support tools should combine both optimization and simulation capabilities.  This is an area where little research has been done, and we wish to focus on developing new methodology for combining simulation and optimization.

The starting point in this project is the need for decision support as seen from the personnel in a plant operating company. This defines a set of tasks that requires optimization calculations, process calculations and measurement data handling. 
The personnel in question can be plant operators, production planners, sales personnel, maintenance planners, proc ess engineers, managements, etc. 

This requires contribution and integration of several technical disciplines:
•Control engineering – process control, control structuring, model interfacing
•Industrial Economy -	Description of economic mechanisms and env ironment, planning and scheduling
•Process engineering – Process knowledge, models, process design
•Applied mathematics –Optimization methods, efficient numerical methods, basic supplier to the above disciplines
•System integration – Framework/interface s tandards for system components  

The Gas technology Centre at NTNU/SINTEF has resources within each of the required disciplines and one challenge is to integrate knowledge and tools.

Optimal Design and Operation of Gas Processing Plants

The principal objective is to examine barriers and possibilities for increased innovation in industry. The focus is on integrated innovation, and based on the following postulate as a main point of departure: A better integration of actors with different expertise, skills, interests and geographical/political/administrative positions can strengthen innovation.  Important research questions are: How may increased integration promote the exploration of new business opportunities, new products, services, eff ective work processes, better production technology, better organisations, HSE, better learning processes, more effective supply chains, open supplier – customer relations and the conquest of new international markets? How may SME’s increase their coopera tion with R&D institutes and vice versa? How may enterprises better utilize the business environment at different levels; enterprise, network, value chain and regional partnership? How may international benchmarking of networks and partnerships be used to  identify new opportunities? The principal objective of the SIP will be realised through the following actions:
• Analyses of empirical data and results from several research projects at RF from the following programs: TEFT, MOBI, SkatteFUNN, PULS, MAROFF , PETROMAX, IRC/EU, ED 2000 and especially Value Creation 2010 (VC 2010). Additionally relevant international/Nordic results, like NEX, will be analysed.
• Create new knowledge about different approaches to innovation and learning in co-operation with RF’ s national, international/Nordic partners, networks and regional partnerships that we cooperative with, especially in VC 2010. 
• Make this knowledge applicable and accessible locally, regionally, nationally and internationally through the above mentioned  and other forthcoming programs like “Forskningsbasert Kompetansemegling” (research based competence mediation). Main ways of knowledge diffusion from the SIP will be presentations, papers and articles.

Integrated Innovation

Layer Manufacturing Technologies (LMT) is an emerging research area that are based upon building an object by adding materials instead of the conventional methods of removing material from a workpiece or forcing a workpiece into another form through the u se of pressure and temperature. 

LMT enable completely new products to be produced both with respect to geometrically freedom and material mixtures. Also, such technologies make one-of-a-kind-production and small series cost-effective to produce due to t he independence between unit cost and size of production series. Thus, such technologies may meet the increasing demand of products with complex geometries, special and gradient material characteristics as well as customization within the fields of medici ne, consumer goods, automotive, space, electronics, moulding and more.

Unfortunately, no existing LMT technology covers the need for fully functional metal and ceramic objects (beyond the prototyping level). The Metal Printing Process developed by SINTEF  has the potential to be the first Layer Manufacturing Technology that covers this need. 

In the ongoing MPP SIP (proof of concept), the research team has succeeded (despite 20 % cut in the proposed funding) to reach most of the sub-goals on the path to a fully functional MPP-machine. However, several research challenges are yet to be accomplished – the most important ones are the layer-by-layer sintering unit, the optimization of powder transfer functionality and software development (object slicing and  PC communication). These challenges are to be solved before any commercial or industrial value is released.

Three PhD candidates were included in the ongoing MPP SIP. Due to late employment and pregnancy two of the candidates will join phase 2 of the MP P project. The budget for all three candidates lies within phase 1. The PhD studies will be conducted at the NTNU departments Production and Quality Engineering, and Theoretical Physics.

Development of the Metal Printing Process as a method for producing functional metal and ceramic objects on demand - phase 2

Stability of Contaminated Sediments

From waste to value: New industrial process for mineral dressing by use of CO2

Climate 2000 - Weather protection in the construction process. Critical Decisions - Causes and Concequences - Protective Actions

RECON - Renewal of Concrete Infrastructure

Atmospheric freeze drying - Modelling of heat and mass transfer

Stability of contaminated sediments

Climate 2000 - Impact of climate change on the built environment

Multivariable Process Control in High Temperature and High Pressure Environments using Multi Sensor Data Fusion

Deepline - design, installation and operation of deepwater pipelines

Statistical Analysis of Risk (StAR)

Particulate materials, also called powders or bulk solids, are widely used and produced in Europe. In Norway, a very large number of companies use or produce such materials, ranging from cement and minerals to high value drugs and pigments.  In spite of their ubiquity, their behaviour in many processing or handling situations is still poorly understood. Extensive studies have shown that it is NOT possible to scale up to industrial scale from pilot plant tests, without an underlying understand ing of energy and mass balances.  This project is designed to improve our underlying understanding of such systems by developing a series of generic models that can be used in simulation of complex gas/particle systems. The models themselves will be developed and verified for a limited nu mber of systems, but it should be possible to extend them to other systems where concentrations are similar. Every model will be verified by experimentation, using medium to large scale test facilities.

Development and Experimental Verification of Numerical Models of Powder Flow (MODPOWFLO)

New sensor technology like fiber optics, “smart skins”, very accurate navigation/positioning and advanced IT-communication systems, will together with expertise in hydro/aerodynamics, structures and cybernetics revolutionalize operation and control of shi ps and sea structures. Significant increase of cost-effectiveness, reliability, safety and competitiveness will be obtained.  Within this programme the following operating scenarios will be focused upon: - Ship handling in narrow waters, areas with heavy traffic like harbors, ports, terminals and where environmental aspects require special attention, where grounding and collision will represent severe environmental damages. - Control and reduction of ship motions, accelerations and structural loads is vital for comfort, safety, payload and effective speed on routes. The competitiveness of future sea transportation of containers, cars, passenger etc. depends on these factors. - Exploration of the oceans for sea food, oil and gas and for naval warfare. More accurate manoeuvring of ships and systems will open new possibilities and significantly increase the effectiveness of such operations. - Multiship/craft operations at sea, like emergency/rescue operations, naval and offshore/oil operations.  MARINTEK will within this strategic institute programme combine new technology and simulation based design techniques to offer manufacturers, operators and maritime authorities extended R&D services and products, as mote efficient tools for operational pl anning decision-support systems onboard and remote pilotage, training and virtual prototyping of new concepts/products.  ations.  The main activities of the programme are: - Development and integration of hydro/aerodynamics, structure and control systems - simulation environment, laboratories and techniques - Experimental techniques and rapid control prototyping

BEHANDLING-God og treffsikker diagnostikk, behandling og rehabilitering

The Norwegian Tenecteplase Stroke Trial - NOR-TEST (The Norwegian Stroke Project Part A)

Alternative title: null

Awarded: NOK 7.5 mill.

Popular Science Description

Summary

Funding scheme:

BEHANDLING-God og treffsikker diagnostikk, behandling og rehabilitering

Funding Sources

Thematic Areas and Topics