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The Arctic region is witnessing more frequent shipping accidents than ever which require accurate search and rescue operations. The existing communication systems use drones with radio frequency (RF) technology, which has limited bandwidth and cannot offer 4G/5G connectivity due to harsh weather constraints. It further limits the capacity of drones and affects the resolution of images and videos. The current research proposes to design free space optical communication (FSOC) link-based drones that can enhance connectivity between multiple drones and rescue ships as well as the capacity of drones to produce high resolution images and videos. The proposed FSOC-based drones can provide highspeed connectivity than the existing RF technology. The research will collect atmospheric turbulences data from the Arctic region and use it for designing the FSOC link. Furthermore, to enhance the capacity of FSOC-based drones, the research will design advanced multiplexing schemes (Mode Division Multiplexing and Orthogonal Code Division Multiple Access) and to ensure link stability, omnidirectional receiver will be designed. The research will further evaluate the performance of proposed FSOC link under the impact of various atmospheric turbulences. The expected outcomes of this research will lead to the optimisation of FSOC-based drones in expanding search areas and improving communication systems for SAR operations in the Arctic region.

Optimization of Free Space Optical Communication Link based Drones for Search and Rescue Operations in the Arctic Region

Sjøisen i Arktis har minket drastisk de siste tiårene, og Polhavet forventes å være isfritt om sommeren mot slutten av århundret. Denne nedgangen har utsatt store havområder for vind, noe som har resultert i at det oftere dannes store bølger i Polhavet. Disse bølgene kan forplante seg over flere titalls til hundrevis av kilometer i sjøisen, knekke den og akselerere smeltingen. Disse fysiske prosessene – bølger som knekker sjøis og effekten dette har på sjøissmelting og vekst – mangler i modellene vi bruker for å forutsi klimautviklingen. Dette bidrar til store usikkerheter i klimamodeller. Effekten av bølger på sjøisen er heller ikke tatt med i prognoser for havets og sjøisens forhold, som brukes av skip som opererer i islagte farvann. I ForWArd ønsker vi å vurdere bølgenes innvirkning på sjøisens utvikling i det stadig røffere Polhavet. I dette arbeidet brukes en svært avansert modell som inkluderer sjøis, hav, bølger og deres interaksjoner. Vi skal først vurdere hvor godt den representerer forholdene i Polhavet sammenlignet med de få tilgjengelige observasjonene. Vi vil så bruke modellen til å undersøke hvordan bølgehøyden og arealet av ødelagt sjøis har utviklet seg de siste tre tiårene. Deretter vil vi kombinere modellen vår med forholdene i det fremtidige Polhavet gitt av klimafremskrivninger, for å undersøke hvordan betydningen av interaksjoner mellom bølger og is vil utvikle seg ettersom sjøis avtar i det 21. århundre. Vår modells estimering av "bølgepåvirkningen" vil tillate polarvitenskapsmiljøet å vurdere hvor usikre deres klimaspådommer uten bølger er. Til syvende og sist vil våre modellresultater og utviklinger legge grunnlaget for å legge til bølgeeffekter i hav- og sjøisvarsler i Arktis. Dette vil gjøre varslene mer nøyaktige og bidra til sikkerheten for menneskelig aktivitet i denne regionen.

Arctic sea ice decline under climate change has allowed waves to form and grow more easily in the Arctic Ocean. These waves propagate into the sea ice over tens to hundreds of kilometres, fragmenting it into small floes. This area of broken ice, known as the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ), is a highly complex region where many interactions occur between the ocean, sea ice, and atmosphere. The action of waves strongly affects these interactions, with rapid feedbacks on the sea ice. However, climate models do not account for these wave-ice interaction processes, which likely contributes to the strong biases in their estimation of modelled sea ice extent and volume and their inability to capture short-term sea ice extent variability. Given the lack of observations available, numerical models remain the best way to estimate how wave-ice interaction processes can impact Arctic sea ice, but most wave-ice coupled models are still prototypes. In ForWArd, we will use one of the most advanced of these models to assess this impact in the context of climate change. To this aim, we will use the latest observations to calibrate the modelled wave-affected area and produce a 30-year-long hindcast of the MIZ extent evolution to analyse how it responded to larger wave height, delayed refreezing, and thinner ice. Then, we will assess the relative importance of the wave-ice interactions suspected to affect sea ice in the MIZ using well-documented events. Finally, we will estimate how waves will contribute to sea ice extent and volume variability in the coming decades, as large areas of open water will remain open until late in the autumn. The flexibility of our setup will allow us to test the sensitivity of our results to model resolution and assumptions, giving invaluable insights into the biases induced by misrepresenting wave-ice interactions. ForWArd will also pave the way for the integration of wave effects in sea ice forecasts, a requirement for safer operations in ice-infested waters.

Forecasting Wave impact as Arctic sea ice declines

Sustainable cultivation of polychaetes as feed in aquaculture

Global oppvarming fører til store endringer i Antarktis; isbreene, is bremmene og havisen smelter; det påvirker havstrømmer og dynamikk i Sørishavet som igjen påvirker de marine økosystemene og deres evne til å absorbere den økte atmosfærisk CO2 som er et resultat av menneskelig aktivitet. Sørishavet er har rike økosystemer hvor planteplankton og isalger effektivt lagrer CO2 gjennom fotosyntese. De nåværende og fremtidige endringene i den fysiske dynamikken i Sørishavet vil spille en stor rolle for fremtiden til marine økosystemer her og dermed evnen til å absorbere CO2.

Dette prosjektet har som mål å etablere et observatorium for biologisk mangfold og økosystemendring for det østlige Weddellhavet / Kong Haakon VII-havet. I denne regionen har det vært begrensede effekter av klimaendringer, men det er nå økende bevis økte miljøforvandling med betydelig innvirkning på biologisk mangfold og funksjonen til økosystemene. Det er begrenset data om økosystemet i dette området. Ved å etablere systematisk overvåkning av økosystemet, vil dagens status for økosystemet og det biologiste mangfoldet sammenlignes med antatte framtidige endringer. Dette vil bidra til å oppnå internasjonale mål for bevaring av marint biologisk mangfold og demping av klimaendringer.

This Biodiversa+ project aims to lay the foundation of a transnational Weddell Sea Observatory of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Change (WOBEC) for the Eastern Weddell Sea / King Haakon VII Sea (EWS) in the Southern Ocean. The Weddell Sea plays a key role for global ecosystem services, such as climate regulation and food provision, and hosts many species with conservation status. Acknowledging this unique ecological value, the EU and other members of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) are working towards a Marine Protected Area in the Weddell Sea (WSMPA). In the EWS, there is increasing evidence of a transition from a period of relatively muted climate change into an era of environmental transformation with significant impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Until present, however, the ecosystem of the EWS has remained notoriously under-studied. By laying the foundations of systematic ecosystem monitoring in the EWS, WOBEC will provide a baseline of the present state of biodiversity and ecosystems against which change can be measured and contribute to a number of transnational goals in marine biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation, including the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, and the post-global biodiversity framework.

Weddell Sea Observatory of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Change

BioBoost+-prosjektet vil fremme kostnadseffektiv høyfrekvent prøvetaking og identifikasjon av marine planter og dyr ved å bruke Artificial Intelligence (AI)-teknologi på fotografier og video. Disse metodene vil bli brukt på habitater (sjøgressenger, skalldyrsenger og makroalgekroner), indikatorarter av økologisk og økonomisk betydning (f.eks. fisk, hummer, strandfugl), invasive arter og plankton (grunnlaget for næringsnettet). Ved Nord universitet vil fokus være på automatisering av analyser av dyreplanktonprøver samlet inn årlig i over 40 år, og nyere etablert overvåking av havbunnsfauna og fisk på livestream undersjøisk video i Saltfjord.

Disse dataene er nødvendige for å gi rettidig informasjon om helsen til økosystemene og endringer i biologisk mangfold i sammenheng med fiskeri, klimaendringer og invasive arter. Dette prosjektet i europeisk målestokk involverer åtte organisasjoner og har studiesteder i Middelhavet, Nord- og Norskehavet, inkludert steder med aktiv habitatrestaurering og marine verneområder. De forbedrede metodene vil akselerere tilgjengeligheten av informasjonen for forskere, myndigheter og innbyggere.

BioBoost+ is designed to improve non-invasive, cost-effective, and high-frequency sampling and identification of marine plants and animals by applying state-of-the-art Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology with digital imagery including real-time monitoring via camera networks and involvement of citizen science groups. These methods are applied to a wide range of taxa, from habitat-forming species (seagrass meadows, shellfish beds, and macroalgal canopies), indicator species of ecological and economic importance (e.g., coastal fish, lobsters, shorebirds), invasive species, and understudied groups (from microscopic, free-floating animals to rare fish). BioBoost+ enhances biodiversity monitoring within European regional seas from the Mediterranean, North and Norwegian Seas to support ongoing conservation interventions such as active habitat restoration projects and Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Improved biodiversity monitoring will allow a better understanding of large-scale phenomena, such as thresholds, regime shifts and species invasions in vulnerable ecosystems, improve the capacity to predict the impacts of multiple stressors, and to develop better indicators of marine ecosystem health.

Boosting the Frequency and Scale of Marine Biodiversity Monitoring Using Digital Imagery and Artificial Intelligence

I Norge har det vært en økende trend til å benytte regnbueørret (Oncorhynchus mykiss) i oppdrett på grunn av dens raske vekst og toleranse for et bredt spekter av miljøforhold. I dag utgjør regnbueørret 5 % av den årlige produksjon av laksefisk i Norge. Produksjonen har økt med 14 % det siste tiåret, dvs. fra 14453 til 85233 tonn, noe som gjør regnbueørret til den nest mest produserte arten etter atlantisk laks. Til tross for den store interessen er oppdrett av regnbueørret begrenset på grunn av ulike produksjonsutfordringer. Næringen er bl.a avhengig av sesongbasert rognproduksjon. En utfordring er redusert tilgang på rogn i perioden fra juni til oktober, hvilket resulterer i en 5-måneders periode uten tilgang på stor settefisk, fra mars til juni året etter. Videre er forståelsen av hvordan ulike miljøfaktorer initierer og påvirker utviklingen av sjøvannstoleranse dårlig dokumentert. Bl.a. er overføring til sjøvann basert på kroppsstørrelse i stedet for osmoregulatorisk kapasitet. Av den grunn kan settefisken møte ulike helse og velferds utfordringer etter overføring til sjøvann, noe som kan forklare økende dødelighet (rundt 10 %) og høy forekomst av taper fisk (rundt 10 %) i sjøanleggene. Denne utfordringen påfører oppdrettere betydelige økonomiske tap og representerer et velferdsproblem.
I Sande-prosjektet har vi som mål å utvikle nye produksjonsprotokoller for regnbueørret, fra rogn til stor settefisk, basert på optimalisert temperatur, lysrytme og vannkvalitet. En kritisk faktor i prosjektet vil være testing og validering av nye oppdrettsprosedyrer for å kontrollere fiskevekst og utviklingshastighet for å forlenge eller forkorte smoltproduksjonsperioden og tidspunkt for utsetting til sjø. I tillegg vil vi utvikle nye verktøy og analyser for å vurdere smoltkvalitet og tidspunkt for smoltvindu. Denne kunnskapen vil utgjøre en ny biologisk protokoll som tar sikte på å forbedre produksjonen av settefisk av regnbueørret, og som kan leveres til sjøanlegg hele året.

Idéen bak dette prosjektet er å utvikle en sesong uavhengig protokoll (Best Management Practice, BMP) for regnbueørret, fra befruktet rogn til leveringsklar smolt (settefisk), basert på optimalisert temperatur, lysrytme kontroll og styrt vannkvalitet (CO2 nivå), herunder kartlegge konsekvenser på fiskens ytelse, fysiologi, helse og produksjonstid. 
Prosjektet vil innbefatte tre feltforsøk som gjennomføres hos Sande Settefisk. I første forsøk vil effekt av temperatur på tilvekst, helse og kvalitetsutvikling hos regnbueørret i RAS bli kartlagt. Ett sentralt spørsmål vil være; Hvor mye kan vi endre produksjonstiden til ørret i settefiskfasen i vekstintervallet 20 til 400 gr gitt at snitt-temperaturen endres fra 12 til 8?C.  Dette spørsmålet er viktig da en forsinkelse kan benyttes til å dekke perioder hvor oppdretter står uten settefisk som følge av underskudd på egg om våren. Videre vil vi kartlegge hva som er optimalt lysregime under styrt smoltutvikling, herunder gir best smoltkvalitet. Avslutningsvis vil vi undersøke sammenheng mellom variasjon i vannkvalitet (CO2 nivå) på velferd, tilvekst, helse og kvalitet hos regnbueørret. En viktig del av utviklingsarbeidet vil være teste og validere en nyutviklet analyse for vurdering av smoltkvalitet hos regnbueørret (1. Innovasjon). Basert på positive funn og en integrert tolkning av samspillet mellom biologi, drift og vannmiljø, vil vi foreslå analysemetoder og strategier som bedrer fiskens kvalitet og tilvekstpotensial. Kunnskapen vil sammenfattes i en ny biologisk protokoll (BMP, 2. Innovasjon) for optimal sesonguavhengig produksjon av høykvalitets regnbueørret.  I sum vil prosjektet bidra til å sikre en jevn tilgang på settefisk som kan overføres til sjø hele året, og derav styrke oppdrett av regnbueørret i ett bærekraftig fremtidsrettet perspektiv.

Sesonguavhengig produksjon av regnbueørret

Maritim- og offshoreindustrien har etterlyst en mer strukturert metode, som utnytter dagens teknologiske potensial, for å registrere og få tilgang til informasjon om fartøyets skrogtilstand. Utviklingen av en digital tvilling for vurdering av fartøyets skrogtilstand er et svar på dette som har flere fordeler.

Tidligere forskningsresultater har vist at droner tillater trygge,  automatiserte og fleksible fjerninspeksjoner. For å gi droneinspeksjoner en ekstra fordel, bør teknologi for å utføre droneinspeksjon mens fartøyet seiler, og muligheten til å automatisk gjøre tykkelsesmålinger, utvikles. Registrering av inspeksjonsdata fra droner til en digital tvilling er et naturlig neste steg. Gitt tilstrekkelig kvalitet på drone-innsamlede data, i tillegg til effektiv registrering av menneskelig innsamlede data, kan både menneskelige og dronebaserte inspeksjoner gi data til en digital tvilling og komplementere hverandre. Dette kan muliggjøre en mer effektiv overvåkning av skrogtilstand og redusere antall ganger mennesker utsettes for farene ved inspeksjon av trange/innestengte rom.

Ved å samle inn relevante skrogdata er det et potensial for å utnytte historisk informasjon fra en mengde fartøyer til å lage en statistisk modell for å forutsi skrogtilstanden. Dette kan tillate estimering av skrogets tilstand basert på operasjonelle forhold et fartøy har vært utsatt for. I kombinasjon med konstruksjonsmodeller kan dette også brukes til å automatisk lage skroginspeksjonsplaner som prioriterer områder med økt risiko for å ha feil.

Prosjektet ledes av DNV, et ledende klassifikasjonsselskap, i samarbeid med rederiene Altera Infrastructure og Klaveness, som er henholdsvis oljetanker- og lasteskipsoperatører i dette prosjektet, ScoutDI, en inspeksjonsdrone-leverandør, og NTNU gjennom Autonomous Robots Lab ved avdeling for kybernetikk.

The project will develop the concept of a digital twin of the hull condition for assessing the structural integrity and compliance of the physical hull. The digital twin is kept up to date with the physical hull over its lifetime by frequently collecting large amounts of data, in non-intrusive ways that do not interrupt business operations. This enables continuous monitoring and compliance assessment. Autonomous drones collect the data instead of humans to improve personnel safety. Automated damage detection and coating breakdown assessment assists the human expert, leading to improved quality of the structural integrity assessment. The project will enable digital twin-based surveys as industrial standard and realize economic and safety benefits as well as reducing environmental footprint due to reduced need for travels. 

The innovation will lead to improved quality and safety of vessel inspection services, in particular: 
1. Hull condition assessment and continuous compliance decision in a 3D digital twin, a multi-data digital representation of the physical hull based on data such as high-precision point clouds, videos, AIS and weather data. The digital twin also holds location-tagged thickness measurements, history of damages and repairs, and data of sister vessels. 
2. High coverage, high-quality, location-tagged data of the hull compartment, collected frequently by autonomous/automated drones with semantic knowledge of the physical structure. Automated data collection ensures standardized data which improves comparison with historical data. Drone-based collection during sailing or between discharge and loading of cargo causes minimal interruption of business operations. 
3. Automated damage detection in point clouds and videos, automated damage probability predictions based on data in the digital twin, and an automatically generated targeted inspection plan for the drones as well when physical inspections are deemed necessary.

Assessment of ship hull Integrity based on a Digital Twin

Trådløs kommunikasjonsrevolusjon i maritim industri

Scandinavian Reach Technologies leder et banebrytende prosjekt for trådløs kommunikasjon i stålkonstruksjoner, som skip. ScanReach fokuserer på å forbedre sitt produkt for trådløs tilkobling om bord (OWC) for å møte de økende kravene fra den maritime industrien, offshore og havvindindustrien, som raskt går over til digitale og IoT-baserte operasjoner for forbedret effektivitet, sikkerhet og motstandsdyktighet.

Innovativ teknologi: Teknologien er designet for å muliggjøre trådløs kommunikasjon i stål-dominerte miljøer, en kjent utfordring i den maritime sektoren. Denne teknologien baserer seg på lavenergi-radio meshnettverksnoder som muilggjør trådløs datatransport gjennom skip, og baner vei for diverse IoT-applikasjoner som sporing av personell og eiendeler, og integrering av miljøsensorer. Med en industri som beveger seg mot digitale tvillinger, maskinlæring og overvåking av energiforbruk i sanntid, utvikler selskapet neste generasjon av avanserte kommunikasjonsnoder. Disse nodene er ment å håndtere større mengder trådløse data, noe som gjør dem passende for de høyteknologiske kravene til moderne skipsfart.

Fordeler over tradisjonelle systemer: Denne innovasjonen skiller seg ut fra tradisjonelle trådløse løsninger som ofte sliter i tette stålrike skipmiljøer og bruk av kabler. Den fjerner behovet for omfattende og kostbar kabling, noe som fører til en forenklet infrastruktur, enklere installasjon og lavere vedlikeholdskostnader.

Fokus på forskning og utvikling: F&U-arbeidet er fokusert på å utvikle et effektivt og pålitelig trådløst system for maritime industrier. Dette inkluderer å identifisere brukbare frekvenser og protokoller for robust kommunikasjon i ståltunge miljøer, og designe kompakt, energieffektivt utstyr. Prosjektet innebærer en kombinasjon av litteraturgjennomgang, datamodellering, eksperimentell prototyping og felttesting.

This project strives to advance wireless communication in large steel structures, such as ships, improving our existing Onboard Wireless Connectivity (OWC) product. This enhancement will bolster Scandinavian Reach Technologies AS market presence and relevance in the competitive shipping industry. The primary need for this innovation arises from the maritime, offshore, and sea wind industries. These industries are transitioning towards digital and IoT-based operational models for efficiency, safety, and resilience. 

Scandinavian Reach Technologies is at the forefront of addressing this need. Its revolutionary technology enables efficient wireless communication within confined steel environments. It eliminates the need for costly and complex cabling based on an innovative, low-power radio mesh networking node that allows wireless data transport to the gateway/edge computer throughout the mesh network. This technology paves the way for various IoT applications, such as tracking personnel and assets, collecting environmental sensor readings, and integrating other third-party sensors.
 
While the company's current mesh nodes are designed for simple sensor data and limited data volumes, the emerging ambitions for Digital Twins, Machine Learning models, and Real-time Energy Consumption monitoring in the industry have created a demand for high-volume wireless data transport to an internet endpoint. To meet this demand, Scandinavian Reach Technologies AS is dedicated to developing next-generation communication nodes capable of handling large amounts of wireless data in complex steel environments to replace signal cabling entirely.

SteelWave High Volume Wireless Communication Platform for Steel Environments (HWC-SE)

GeoPON-prosjektet tar sikte på å utvikle en 100 % sirkulær pongtong, fri for EPS, ved bruk av en skreddersydd geopolymer betong, og å dokumentere virkningene på ytelse og bærekraft. I tillegg, og for å redusere den totale tettheten til pongtongen, vil prosjektet også se på å erstatte de naturlige tilslagene i betongskallet med et sirkulært lett tilslag med lavt eller nøytralt karbonavtrykk, laget av avgang fra gruveindustrien og resirkulerte materialer fra industrien, . Som sådan vil innovasjonen føre til design av et nytt produkt, 100 % sirkulært og med lavere karbonavtrykk enn tradisjonell betong. For å passe til pongtong-spesifikasjonene, må produksjonsprosessen av det geopolymer baserte bindemiddelet og tilslagene optimaliseres og tilpasses.: Det  geopolymer baserte bindemiddelet er et semikrystallinsk amorft materiale, som dannes gjennom polymerisasjonsreaksjonen mellom en aluminosilikat kilde og en alkalisk reagens. Det er et sementfritt bindemiddel, med ultralavt karbonavtrykk, som også tillater CO2-binding. Tilslagene som produseres i prosjektet er satt sammen av et bindemiddel, et tilslagsmateriale samt ulike ytelsesbaserte tilsetningsstoffer, granulert og sintret ved høy temperatur, en prosess som gjør det mulig å skreddersy tilslagsegenskapene til brukerens behov, og for å kunne utnytte den produserte geopolymer baserte betongen som råmateriale ved produksjon av tilsvarende tilslag på slutten av levetiden. For å muliggjøre integrering av den sirkulære geopolymerbetongen som er utviklet i prosjektet til pongtongen, vil det etableres en helhetlig optimaliseringstilnærming i prosjektet, for å definere den beste utformingen av flytende strukturer basert på vurderingene av sirkulære betonger og kravet til de strukturelle ytelsene. Tilnærmingen vil inkludere design, bruk av fluidstrukturinteraksjonsmodellering, produksjon av pongtongen, produksjon av geopolymer og aggregater, og vurdering av miljømessige/økonomiske hensyn.

The main objective of the project is the development of 100% circular pontoon free of EPS using tailored geopolymer concretes and demonstrate the impacts on performance and sustainability. In addition, and for decreasing the overall density of the pontoon, the project will also look at substituting the natural aggregates in concrete shell by high performance recycled particles obtained from industrial wastes. As such, the innovation will lead to the design of a new product, 100% circular, manufactured and commercialised by Helmar. The production process of the foamed geopolymer concrete and the aggregates must also be optimised and tailored to fit for the pontoon specifications, leading to a new production process for Rockpore, and new waste recycle chain for Rana Gruber.
Helmar anticipates that the use of EPS might be prohibited in the future due to new regulations and is looking for alternatives.  The Rockpore solution appears very appealing as a substitute for EPS: The Rockpore concept is a type of low-density geopolymer-concrete, 100% circular, using recycled Light Weight Aggregates and cement free binders. The properties of the TBG can be modified to fit end user needs, which enables market penetration in markets outside the construction sector. The present project aims at utilising and adapting the Rockpore TBG together with a unique cement free, ultra-low carbon footprint binder as a substitute to traditional EPS block in the pontoons. In addition, a new aggregate type will be developed, as a substitute to the natural aggregates used in the shell concrete. To enable the integration of the circular geopolymer concrete developed in the project to the pontoon, a holistic optimization method will be established to define the best design of floating structure based on the assessments of circular concretes and the requirement on the structural performances, and will include design, manufacturing and assessment of environmental/economic considerations.

Development of a fully circular pontoon design by substituting EPS with a foamed carbon sequestrated geopolymer-concrete

Akvatiske sopp (AS) er en betydelig del av biologisk mangfold i ferskvanns og marine økosystemer. De er avgjørende komponenter i akvatiske økosystemer og har viktige økosystemfunksjoner som nedbrytere av dødt organisk materiale, mutualistiske symbionter, parasitter og patogener som kontrollerer dyre- og plantepopulasjoner. AS påvirker syklusen av karbon og næringsstoffer og fungerer som en ernæringskilde for høyere trofiske nivåer i næringsnettet. Til tross for deres betydning for akvatisk biologisk mangfold, økosystemfunksjoner og tjenester, og overlegent potensiale for biovurdering av vannmiljøer, mangler vi for tiden nasjonale overvåkingsprogrammer for AS. Vi har betydelige kunnskapshull om taksonomisk og funksjonelt biologisk mangfold og distribusjon av AS, samt deres følsomhet for endringer i klima- og arealbruk. Dette er spesielt kritisk for truede økosystemer som isbreer og elvemunninger som er under rask endring på grunn av menneskeskapte klimaendringer og tilstedeværelsen av andre menneskeskapte stressfaktorer som forurensninger. Med bruk av moderne DNA-sekvenseringsmetoder, arkivprøver fra nasjonale overvåkingsprogrammer og satellittbilder kan vi nå adressere kunnskapshull i AS-mangfold og distribusjon, bane vei for at AS kan inkluderes i store nasjonale overvåkingsprogrammer og forutsi responsen fra AS til endringer i klima- og arealbruks ved hjelp av modellering. NorMoSTFun bidrar til disse målene som en del av det multinasjonale prosjektet MoSTFun (Monitoring Strategies and Tools to address knowledge gaps on aquatic Fungal Biodiversity) som er finansiert av Biodiversa+-programmet.

Aquatic fungi (AF) are a significant part the of biodiversity in freshwater and marine ecosystems. They are crucial components of aquatic ecosystems and have important ecosystem functions as decomposers, parasites and pathogens that control animal and plant populations and affect carbon and nutrient cycling. They also function as a source of nutrition for higher trophic levels. Despite their importance for aquatic biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services, and superior potential for bioassessment of aquatic environments, we currently lack national monitoring programs for AF. We have substantial knowledge gaps on taxonomic and functional biodiversity and distribution of AF, as well as their sensitivity for climate and land-use changes. This is especially critical for threatened ecosystems such as glaciers and estuaries that are under rapid change due to human-caused climate change and the presence of other anthropogenic stressors such as pollutants. With the use of modern -omics methods, archival samples from national monitoring programs and earth observation technologies we can now address knowledge gaps in AF diversity and distribution, pave the way for AF to be included in large-scale national monitoring programs and predict the response of AF to climate and land-use changes using modelling. NorMoSTFun is contributing to these aims as part of the multinational MoSTFun (Monitoring Strategies and Tools to address knowledge gaps on aquatic Fungal Biodiversity) project that is funded by the Biodiversa+ program.

NorMoSTFun: Monitoring Strategies and Tools to address knowledge gaps on aquatic Fungal biodiversity in Norway

Midlene fra PETROMAKS2-Stort program petroleum fordelt på år

Midlene fra PETROMAKS2-Stort program petroleum fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra PETROMAKS2-Stort program petroleum fordelt på fagområde

Business developer

Biofilm i alle deler av petroliumsindustrien bidrar store utgifter gjennom korrosjon (microbiologically influenced corrosion, dvs MIC) og redusert gjennomstrømming. Biocider som i dag brukes mot biofilm er lite bærekraftig og reguleres stadig strengere  D et er derfor et sterkt behov for nye, bærekraftige produkter for bekjempelse av biofilm.INHIBIO er en gruppe miljøvennlige stoffer som hemmer biofilm. Målet med forsprosjektet er å etablere et korsortium og utarbeide en søknad til Petromaks 2 for videreut vikling av disse stoffene.

Nye, bærekraftige produkter mot biofilm og korrosjon i petroliumsindustrien

The design of molecule-based storage systems and switches is an important area in modern materials chemistry. Transition metal complexes exhibiting spin crossover behaviour is one group of molecules which has potential in the development of molecular elec tronic switches and displays. Spin crossover compounds are defined as transition metal complexes that change electronic state after an external application. A temperature dependent transition is the classical example of a spin crossover, but also change i n pressure or irradiating the compound might trigger a spin crossover. 
Bistability, where two different phases are stable at the same temperature, is obtained if the compound shows hysteresis effects. Cooperativity between the metal centres seems to be a n important factor in thermal hysteresis. Intermolecular effects such as solvents, anion, hydrogen bonding and pi-pi stacking can influence the cooperativitiy in a mononuclear metal complex. It is has been proposed that in polynuclear the cooperativity an d hysteresis effect should be larger. In this project I will investigate this hypothesis. 
I will be working with Fe(II), Fe(III) and Co(II) complexes. The N-donor ligands that will be used are commercial available or can be synthesised through one-steps reactions. Bridging ligands that can give dinuclear and polynuclear compounds have been carefully chosen. Together with end-ligands the transition metal complexes showing spin crossover will be obtained. When the complexes undergo a spin transition a stru ctural change will also occur. This structural change will be investigated with single-crystal x-ray diffraction. Magnetic susceptibility changes will be investigated with collaborating groups in Sweden and Australia.

Polynuclear spin crossover compounds of Fe(II), Fe(III) and Co(II) with aromatic N-donor ligands

The principal objective is to discover and probe the chemical properties of the heaviest elements known, the transactinides.. The transactinides can only be produced artificially, since their nucleuses are unstable and will disintegrate shortly after they  are produced. They are, though, a unique testing ground for our current understanding and modelling of the elements as they lie at the extreme of the known part of the periodic table of the elements. 
	Thus, our current models about the chemical properti es of the elements can be tested to see if they breaks down for extremely heavy elements. For example, there are predictions that the relativistic part of the wave functions will become so dominant that it will change the classically predicted chemical pr operties. 
	This project aims at investigating the chemical properties of the transactinides in the liquid phase, using our on-line and continuous liquid-liquid separation system SISAK. In the project period the focus will be aimed at extending and expand ing our investigation of rutherfordium (Z=104) and initiate work on dubnium (Z=105). The dubnium development work will be a joint effort between the SISAK collaboration and the heavy-element research-group collaboration between Lawrence Livermore National  Laboratory, USA, the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia, and several other European laboratories. The resulting chemistry will be used both for SISAK chemistry studies of short-lived dubnium-isotopes and for searching for long-lived dubnium-isotopes at the end of the decay chains from elements 115 and 113. 

Work to develop a liquid-phase chemistry to study hassium (Z=108) is also intended as part of the current project. At last, an Sg experiment with a three-stage separation system will be attempted.

Important new capabilities for SISAK will be developed as part of this project: Digital sampling and real-time analysis of detector pulses and simultanueous detection of both phases.

Exploring the chemistry of the heaviest elements with the automated liquid-liquid extraction system SISAK

A bi-stable spin crossover complex can exist in two electronic states with different physical properties. Switching back and forth between the two states can be achieved by changing the temperature, pressure or by irradiating the compound with light. At t he core of such a complex sits a transition metal ion, most often Fe2+, bonded to several ligand atoms. When individual complexes and other components, like counterions and solvate molecule, form an ordered crystalline solid, the spin crossover behaviour of a macroscopic sample depends on the collective behaviour of all the components of the crystal. Changing a component of the system will also change the spin crossover behaviour. The change of spin state also produces a colour change that is envisaged to  be of technical use in temperature sensors and optical switches. The abrupt transition with hysteresis confers a memory effect to the crystalline solid that may be used for the development of memory devices. This project aims at synthesising new such sys tems and studying their crystalline products in detail with temperature using X-ray diffraction, Squid (magnetisation), calorimetry, optical spectroscopy and laser irradiation over a temperature range from 2 K to room temperature. It implies investigating  collective behaviour of iron complexes in terms of short- and long-range correlations as well as the role of the other magnetically passive crystal structure components involved in the spin crossover process and developing theoretical models for the cros sover process and associated structural transitions. The latter modelling is primarily based on Landau theory but also includes combination with Ising-like models of theory.

Collective behaviour of bi-stable spin crossover iron complexes in the crystalline state

Global change depends critically on the concentrations of gases present in the atmosphere at trace levels. The balance between the production and the loss terms governs the concentration of these gases. The stable isotope abundance can be used to provide insight as to the sources and regional and global transformations of greenhouse gases. In particular, the additional information obtained from the construction of an isotopomers budget reduces the uncertainties in the grand budget. To obtain such isotopom er budgets, the isotopic signature of the trace gas’ sources and its atmospheric sinks must be quantified. The necessary information is not available today. The project aims at quantifying the isotopic signatures of relevant chemical and photolytic reacti ons of important atmospheric trace gases and includes both laboratory and theoretical studies. In addition, comparative photolysis experiments will be carried out at the EUPHORE facility in Valencia, Spain.

Atmospheric chemistry and transport from isotopic analysis

We intend to study a series of phosphines, selenols and germanes and possibly also stannanes as well as molecules of interstellar and prebiotic interest that have been synthesized by Prof. J.-C. Guillemin and co-workers in Rennes, France. These compounds belong to functional groups that have been very little studied and practically nothing is known about their physical properties. The few studies that have been made have already revealed that these compounds have unique properties different from related c ompounds with different functional groups (e.g. phosphines and amines, selenols and alcohols, etc.). Guillemin has also synthesized several compounds of prebiotic interest that we would like to investigate. These compounds may be present in interstellar s pace and are of interest to radio astronomy and space research.

Microwave studies of phosphines, selenols, arsines and germanes, as well as molecules of interstellar and prebiotic interest

This is one of three integrated project applications with focus on the development of novel types of catalysts for activation and functionalization of alkanes, and of methane in paraticular. Project 1 (this project – FRINAT) – homogeneous systems; project  2 (FRINAT) – heterogenized systems; project 3 (KOSK) – catalytic testing. The integrated project facilitates 1.	The co-operation between groups ofor homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis stimulated by the new possibility to make heterogeneous versions of transition metal complexes. 2.	Organization of an extended group to achieve the necessary multidisciplinarity needed to achieve a major fundamental breakthrough in catalysis. Experts on a broad range of techniques like computational chemistry, reaction kinetics, synthesis and charac terization of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography will focus on a common objective in an organized effort.

New Catalysts for Activation and Functionalization of Alkanes

N-confused porphyrins are a class of porphyrin isomers which have been known for almost a decade, being first isolated as by-products of one-pot porphyrin syntheses. They are known for the remarkable ease with which they form organometallic complexes. We plan to investigate a number of synthetic and electronic-structural aspects N-confused porphyrins, as listed below: 1. Only a handful of different N-confused porphyrin ligands have been isolated, most of them closely related to N-confused meso-tetraphenylporphyrin. Why? Is this because other systems have not been investigated or because such investigations have failed?  Our hope is to synthesize a variety of different meso-substituted N-confused porphyrins with “tuneable” electronic properties. 2. Second, relatively few high-valent transition metal N-confused porphyrin complexes are known, e.g. Mn(IV), Fe(IV), Ru(IV) and other high-valent middle transition metal complexes are unknown. We hope to develop this broad area. 3. The electronic structures of transition metal N-confused porphyrins remain essentially unexplored by theoretical methods. We hope to carry out a comprehensive study of the relevant issues.

Synthetic and theoretical studies of N-confused porphyrins: A search for new ligands and coordination chemistry

Heterogeneous nucleation of hydrate

10th European Turbulence Conference

In the last few years, new boundary conditions for the solution of the standard model beyond the double layer have been developed in the group in Leiden, where the project manager used to work. In this project we will first develop our own numerical code, to replace the commercially available codes, and then make a detailed comparison between the numerical solution and the solution obtained using the new boundary conditions. This will provide in sight in the structure of the solution and resolve why in certain limits the results do not match. Analytic expressions for the electrophoretic mobility and the Kerr coefficient will then be derived. Experiments will be done by the collaborating group in Leiden to measure these quantities in Latex suspensions. The method will further be extended to study details of the potential distribution in polymer and solid oxide fuel cells.

The response of double layers on applied electric fields

Urban areas in Norway experience high aerosol pollution levels every winter, and big concern is rising due to the health effect of the finest particular matter (<PM2.5). A detailed analysis of the fine aerosol fraction is needed to assess the cause, as we ll as direct future abatement policymaking. The analysis in this project will give a detailed profile and characterization of aerosol samples from Norway. The analytical tools provide a time resolution where one is able to tell differences in sample compo sition every three hours. The analytical methods are applied by the DELTA Group at University of California Davis, USA. Samples are collected over a six-week period with a DRUM Cascade Impactor. Characterization will be done by â-gauge attenuation for total mass, Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence (S-XRF) for elemental quantification, and Laser Desorption Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for qualitative characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and inorganic molecules. A method of time resolved quantification of 14C b y Accelerated Mass Spectrometry is under development. The information gained will be used to supplement the current aerosol research in Norway, and the techniques proposed in this project will enable the study of specific pollution events in greater detail than before possible.

Time resolved characterization of DRUM impactor fine aerosol samples from Norway by LDI TOF MS, 14C AMS, S-XRF, and Beta-gauge attenuation

Studies of liquids, particularly during compression or supercooling, have indicated the existence of phase transitions in the liquid state, and the first experimental evidence for liquid-liquid phase transition has recently been reported for molten phosph orus. A first order transition between two liquids of different densities is also consistent with experimental findings and molecular dynamic simulations for a variety of substances, including water, silica and carbon. Moreover, the coexistence of two pha ses, that are chemically identical but have different density and local structure, were observed in quenched Y2O3-Al2O3 melts. All these reports have encouraged the search for polymorphic phase transitions in li quids and glasses. The project will allow us to follow up our previous efforts (see e.g. Nature 2001, 414, 622) and to elucidate details in the complex chemistry and physics of liquid GeSe2. In addition the project will give us the opportunity to initiate a study of a new system that we expect show anomalous behaviour in the liquid state. Focus are given to an exploration of the phase space of network-forming liquid and glassy GeSe2, SiS2 and SiSe2. New polyamorphs are sought. In addition focus will be given to the relationship between fragility, fragility transitions and chemical disorder.

Exploring the phase-space of network-forming liquids: liquid-liquid transitions, fragility and chemical disorder

We plan to study the optimal geometric structure of a catalyst bed in a reactor, using the human lung as an inspiration. An non-equilibrium study shall first be done to obtain molecular insights on the reaction in a confined space. .

Nature-inspired chemical process design. A start

An interesting sub-group of ceramic materials is ferroelastic and exhibits a hysterysis in mechanical stress-strain behavior. The microscopic origin of the ferroelasticity is reorientation of ferroelastic domains under mechanical stress. Rhombohedral or o rthorhombic perovskite oxides are principally ferroelastic due to the crystal symmetry considerations. Ferroelastic behavior of these perovskites has also been established, but the mechanism for the domain formation/reorientation is not clear. In this pro ject the mechanism for domain reorientation will be elucidated by characterization of the non-elastic properties. Kinetics for the reorientation of domains will be studied by EBSP in-situ SEM studies under compression and tension as well as using in-situ neutron and X-ray diffraction.  Domain reorientation under mechanical load represents a fundamental mechanism for obtaining the desired higher fracture toughness of ceramics, and the project will aim to enhance the fracture toughness of ferroelastic perovskites. The unit cell of ferroel astic materials is anisotropic, hence other properties will be influenced by the reorientation of the ferroelastic domains. Coupling between ferroelasticity and other functional properties will be studied to understand the coupling and to identify possibl e applications. Especially the effect of domain reorientation on optical (including acoustical) and electronic properties will be emphasized.

Ferroelastic oxide materials

Several trace analytical techniques are available for industrial production and environmental pollution control. However, it is a great demand for online and continuos monitoring in the field. Voltammetric methods are among the few useful methods for such  measurements, and for many substances, i.e. heavy metals, this is the only acceptable one.  Formation of hydrogen gas limits the working potential range of an electrode. At negative applied potentials, hydrogen in solution is reduced to hydrogen gas. This results in a large current that, due to the high concentration of hydrogen present, will ma sk all signal currents due to reduction/oxidation of other species.  Mercury is among the available electrode materials with the highest overvoltage towards hydrogen. The overvoltage features of mercury have made it unique as electrode material in voltammetry.  However, due to the toxicity, mercury devices cannot be applied for online and field measurements.  Our research group has worked out alternative non-toxic electrode materials. This has gained great interest for industrial and environmental monitoring and extensive industrial production has started based upon these ideas.  Fundamental research to understand the nature of overvoltage and development of new analytical methods are carried out to extend the possibilities of this new method

Overvoltage in Voltammetry: Fundamental Processes, Connected to Analytical Sensor Development for Online and Remote Trace Analyses

1.	To develop an extensive body of systematics on structure-frequency correlations for metallocorroles, similar to what is available today for porphyrins. 2.	To appoint a postdoctoral associate, highly trained in Raman spectroscopy, and thereby further enhance our comptence in this area. 3.	To purchase a modem FT-IR spectrometer, to complement our Raman studies. 4.	To purchase a diamond anvil cell for high-pressure JR measurements  The work will be carried out in collaboration with Prof. Tom Spiro (Princeton University, USA) and the bioinorganic group in Tromsø.

Resonance Raman and Infrared Marker Bands of Metallocorroles as a Probe of Molecular and Electronic Structure

First-principles (ab-initio) calculations allow studies of properties of solids on the fundamental level. The electronic structure determines most physical properties of a solid. Such calculations became enormously enhanced by Density Functional Theory (D FT). They involve crystal structure data obtained experimentally and do not rely on empirical inputs. One becomes thereby able to predict many physical properties accurately, thereby helping chemistry with reducing costs and increasing reliability of expe rimental works. The access to supercomputers and advanced computational methods, facilitates accurate studies of materials with complex crystal structures. The present aim is to study electronic structure, magnetic, magneto-optical (MO) and optical proper ties of perovskite-like oxides with state-of-the-art DFT methods. The main objectives are: 1. Spin, charge and orbital ordering is important to most CMR materials and is believed to result from mixed valence of magnetic atoms. Electronic band structure studies of mixed-valence materials will help answering fundamental questions related to CMR. 2. Magneto-optical properties connect to spectacular developments in the frontier of information technology where magnetic materials are used as information storage devices and magneresistant sensors. Theoretical investigations of magnetism and MO propert ies such as Farday and Kerr rotation for double perovskite oxides may enable identification of potential materials for information storage applications. 3. Optical properties has a one-to-one correspondence to electronic structure. Moreover, to derive a MO figure-of-merit, reflectivity and absorption spectra are needed. If times allows, the calculations will include optical properties of a series of doubl e perovskites.

Theoretical investigation on fundamentally/technologically important perovskite-like oxides

The standard methods of computational quantum chemistry have been developed for small molecules and become prohibitively expen-sive for large systems. For quantum chemistry to make an impact on fields such as molecular biology and medicine, these methods must be reformulated in such a manner that, for large systems, the cost of their application scales linearly with system size. The purpose of the present project is to develop such methods for the calculation of static and dynamic properties of large syst ems, at the Hartree-Fock and density-functional (Kohn-Sham) level of theory. The projeet involves the following subtasks: (1) the adaptation of the fast multipole method to the calculation of molecular properties; (2) the introduction of sparse-matrix algebra for the one-electron density matrix. the overlap matrix, the Fock and Kohn-Sham matrices, and the orbital-rotation matrix in the atomic-orbital basis; (3) further develop-ment and refinement of the multilevel method for the direct optimization of the density matrix atomic-orbital basis; (4) the application of the developed techniques to large systems, in particular for properties such as shielding constants, spin-spin coupling constants, and for properties such as dynamic polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities related to linear and n onlinear optical processes

Linear scaling quantum-chemical methods for large systems

The project will develop a coupled-cluster program for the calculation of molecular magnetizabilities and rotational g tensors. Gauge origin independence and fast basis set convergence will be achieved through the use of London atomic orbitals. Our goal i s to develop a code for calculation of magnetic properties using coupled-cluster singles and doubles wave functions, including also a perturbative treatment of triples corrections, enabling benchmark results for molecular magnetizabilties and rotational g  tensors to be obtained. From microwave Zeeman experiments, highly accurate results in the gas phase can in principle be obtained for second-order magnetic properties such as magnetizability anisotropies and rotational g tensors. These results will provide us with important bench mark results with which to compare our calculations. However, approximations and assumptions of different kinds are often used to extrapolate measured results to other isotopic species of the molecule. We will, using the new code, explore the validity of these approximations, in particular in relation to mo lecular vibrations and isotopic substitution.

Benchmarking modern quantum chemistry methods: Molecular magnetizabilities and rotational g tensors

In this project we address association phenomena that take place in systems containing amphiphilic polymers (consist of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts) and surfactants. To gain a fundamental insight into mechanisms that control polymer-surfactant interactions and the formation of association complexes, we will investigate various polymer-surfactant systems. In the course of this project we will study rheological, dynamical, structural and thermodynamic properties of these systems by utilizing tech niques such as rheological experiments. time-resolved light scattering. dynamic and intensity light scattering. We also plan to perform simulations and model calculations.

Characterization of rheological, dynamical, structural and thermodynamic features in aqueous systems of amphiphilic polymers

Forsking på ferromagnetiske materialer, spesielt materialer som er makroskopisk ferromagnetiske, har fått mye oppmerksomhet i det siste. Grunnen til dette er at en forskning på molekylært nivå har ført til økende viten om sammenhenger mellom geometriske o g elektroniske oppbygninger og graden av ferromagnetisk interaksjon. I dette arbeidet vil jeg være med på å først utvikle molekyler med ferromagnetisk interaksjon og deretter forsøke å sette dem sammen til større molekylære enheter med høyt totalspinn.

Magnetic Interaction Phenomena in Transition Metal Complexes

The passive sampling technique DGT (Diffusive Gradients in Thin films) developed by Davison and Zhang at Aquatic Chemistry, Environmental Science Department, Lancaster University, UK, is a major breakthrough in sampling of labile ("bioavailable") metal sp ecies in water. Diffusional uptake of metals during the deployment time makes a quantification of the average concentration of labile metal species possible. The sampler performs well for heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Co and Ni. Laboratory experiments also suggest that AI, Fe, and several other trivalent metals can be determined using DGT. The objective of this projeet is to use gained experience on the  DGT technique adapted to metal toxicity problems in Norwegian aquaculture. The focus will be on the water types normally used (fresh water, brackish water and seawater), metals most frequently causing problems (At, Fe, Mn, Co, Zn) and other metals of env ironmental interest (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co Hg etc.). Other techniques for speciation analysis (SPE, DET/in situ dialysis, equilibrium modelling) will be employed parallel to the DGT investigations. The results will be compared to biomarkers of metal exposure such as analysis of gill tissue and blood plasma parameters. The work will consist of laboratory tests and field studies in aquaculture plants with documented water quality problems.

DGT - a new assessment tool for toxic metals in Norwegian aquaculture

It is proposed to investigate the response of a liquid bridge to a shearing collision by means of Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. From various fields there is a keen interest in the liquid bridging that occurs as an equilibrium phenomenon between two  closely opposed moist surfaces, and MD is a powerful technique to explore this to its full extend. In the present proposal we aim to study the response of a tensiled and sheared liquid bridge, loaded with external forces. These will then be extended to simulations of real -velocity, full collision events, which is of great interest for the interaction of particles, for instance in powder technology.  The proposed project will run in parallel with a post -doctoral project at the University of Groningen in Holland funded by the STW, and with representatives from Shell, Unilever, Akzo/Organon, DSM and the University of Twente on the advisory board, The o bject of the Groningen project is to study the forces between particles with rough surfaces using MD techniques.

Shearing particle collisions studied by MD

Neuronal plasticity is an essential feature of the nervous system in the transfer of pain responses into a state of pathological processing. Indications of neuroplastic changes in the human central nervous system may be derived from positron emission tomo graphy (PET). Previous studies have shown that the neuronal structures involved in the processing of pain have a region specific reduction of opioid receptor binding during ongoing pain and normalized binding after pain treatment. Furthermore, a recently reported study using a ligand labeled with the PET-radionuclide 11C (t1/2=20.3 min) demonstrated the significance of focusing on the my-opioid receptor (my-OR) for such studies. The planned project aims to provide my-OR selective ligands based on the radionuclide 18F (t1/2=109.7 min). By the longer half-life f this radionuclide as compared to 11C, it can be anticipated more flexible clinical proto cols, increased accuracy of the procedures involved and less stresses to the patients. The proposed strategies for the preparation of 18F-labeled my-selective ligands offer a broad spectrum of potential candidates. It also presents the possibility to vary and adapt the lead structure with respect to optimization of the ligand bin ding properties.

Fluorinated ligands for imaging My-opioid receptors in vivo

Prosjektet har til hovedmål å kartlegge de kjemiske egenskapene til de aller tyngste grunnstoffene. Disse grunnstoffene har atomnummer fra 104 og oppover, og er i vesentlig grad kjemisk ukjente. De blir fremstilt i tungioneakseleratorer. Det benyttes en a ktinide som target, og det dannes et eller noen få atomer pr. time. Et omfattende internasjonalt samarbeid, med 14 deltagende institusjoner, skal kartlegge disse grunnstoffenes kjemiske egenskaper. Til dette benyttes bla. gasskromatografi (OLGA), ionebytterkolonner (ARCA) og væske-væske ekstraksjon (SISAK). De kjemiske ekstraksjonsmetoder er utviklet gjennom et lengre tids samarbeid mellom kjernekjemigruppene i Mainz, Gøteborg og Oslo (SISAK kollaborasjonen). De korte halveringstider og lave produksjonshastigheter til de tyngste grunnstoffene krever hurtige isolasjonsmetoder. SISAK har, som en av de raskeste metodene, derfor et stort potensiale. Deteksjonssystemet - væskescintillasjon i en kontinuerlig strømme nde væske - er utviklet spesielt for SISAK. Det går en kontinuerlig produktstrøm fra targetkammeret til SISAKseparasjonssystemet og derfra videre til deteksjonscellene, systemet er derfor et on-line system. Det betyr at aktivitetstransport og dataopptaket skjer kontinuerlig og automatisk, noe som e r et stort fortrinn ved lange kjøringer. Prosjektet utførte de første vellykkede eksperimentene med transaktinider (Rf og Db) høsten 2000 og våren 2001 og er blant de ledende i verden.

Studier av transaktinidenes kjemi med SISAK

The main objective of the project is to determine the role of surfactant molecules in oil/water emulsions. The emulsions in consideration may be stable or unstable with respect to coalescence. The study will include a combination of MC and MD simulations, where the MC part will be used to design the complex water/oil/surfactant systems and to determine equilibrium properties, while MD will be used for simulation of the dynamic molecular behaviour. The model for the oil phase and the surfactants will be the  "United Atoms" or "Anisotropic United Atoms" model, whereas the water phase will be modelled with one of the current water models (TIPS or SPC). The model system will consist of one or two water droplets surrounded by an oil phase; one droplet will be us ed for system design and simulations of equilibrium properties (surfactant distributions, interfacial properties) and two droplets will be used for non-equilibrium simulations of coalescence. The properties to be investigated are the bulk and interfacial  concentration and distribution of the surfactants, the dynamic adsorption and replacement of surfactants at the interface, the compressibility of the interlayers, the surfactants' dynamic resp onse to interlayer thinning and to shear, and the effective f orce between droplets.

Numerical simulation of coalescence in oil/water emulsions

Hydrides are believed to be key materials in the future generation of environmental friendly energy storage systems. Many intermetallic compounds absorb hydrogen by filling interstitial sites in their metal atom network. The resulting hydrogen concentrati ons per unit volume are often higher than that of liquid hydrogen, which makes intermetallics attractive as hydrogen storeage materials. We have for two decades interacted very closely with research activities at the Institute for energy technology, making use of the neutron diffraction facilities at the JEEP-II reactor, and have made joint achievements in synthesis and solving crystal str uctures of novel intermetallic hydrides. Theoretical studies on these hydrides are now pertinent and will improve the basic understanding on structural stability, site occupancy of hydrogen, nature of chemical bonding for hydrogen, physical properties, et c. From combined theoretical and experimental studies we will improve our capability in deriving improved materials for various hydrogen storage applications. On hydrogenation intermetallic compounds often change their physical properties dramatically. As described in the proposal, hydrogenation affects the eletrical, mechanical, magnetic, optical, superconducting properties of intermetallics. The theoretical studies on physical properties of hydrides and the corresponding pure intermetallics will be mo st valuable in efforts towards tailoring of novel materials. From total energy minimization and force minimization, the crystal structure (atomic coordinates) can be optimized and such calculated structural parameters will be compared with experimental re sults obtained by neutron diffraction. The project aims also towards theoretical calculation of cell potentials for metal hydrides in battery applications.

Theoretical investigation of hydrogen in intermetallics

Grossly disordered compounds present considerable challenge to the experimentalist and to the theoretician. Order and disorder in such systems are usually described either from a structural chemist's point of view or from a high-temperature perspective. A structural chemist often describes ordered low-temperature structures in terms of arrangements of different types of polyhedrons. A high-temperature chemist often describes the disordered high-temperature structures in terms of defect equilibria. The pres ent project aims at producing a description of order-disorder in such systems that covers both the low-temperature and the high-temperature behaviour. Order-disorder in grossly non-stoichiometric oxides is described in terms of the redox energetic s and t hrough a description of the structural entities present in the compounds both at low and at high temperatures. The structural entities gives a considerably reduced configurational entropy compared to the ideal case. The present project aims at looking at order-disorder in owides of the type AeTmO3-d where Ae is an alkaline-earth metal and Tm a transition metal. Coulometric titration and calorimetry is used to study the energetics experimentally. Finite tem perature configurationally averaged l attice dynamics and novel Monte-Carlo and hybrid Monte-Carlo simulations are used for theoretical studies. The project introdues several new techniques to Norway.

PETROMAKS2-Stort program petroleum

Nye, bærekraftige produkter mot biofilm og korrosjon i petroliumsindustrien

Awarded: NOK 0.20 mill.

Summary

Funding scheme:

PETROMAKS2-Stort program petroleum

Funding Sources

Thematic Areas and Topics