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Nærings- og handelsd

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Institusjonsforankret strategisk prosjekt (t.o.m. 2018)

Grunnbevilgninger

Implications of digital transformation for migrant labour

Accelerated by the Covid-19 pandemic, rapid digitalisation has fundamentally transformed European working conditions. While its positive consequences are well recognised, digital transformation also puts a sorely needed part of the European workforce at risk of unemployment, poverty and social exclusion. IDILAB (Implications of digital transformation for migrant labour) investigates the impacts that technological progress and subsequent structural changes have on the labour market integration of migrant workers. By developing a new methodological approach, IDILAB shall provide novel evidence on migrants’ exposure to the process of digitalisation, and formulate evidence-based and innovative policy options for the EU and national governments to improve on the scope and adequacy of national and European policy directed at encouraging a fair digital transition for all, including migrants. The proposed project will contribute with new knowledge on migrants’ own perspectives on barriers and enablers for a sustainable integration in a fast-changing labour market. I, the experienced researcher (Dr Olga Gheorghiev, the Czech Republic), will work with a European centre of excellence (the Research Centre for Digitalisation of Public Services and Citizenship (CEDIC, OsloMet, Norway), and the European Trade Union Institute (ETUI, Belgium) for intersectoral knowledge transfer, career development, and European added value.

Employing a decolonial approach inspired by critical museology and Indigenous studies, LIT aims to initiate a visual restitution/rematriation process fostering attention to Sámi people’s experiences during colonial encounters, and to illuminate individual life-stories of women and children photographed by Italian anthropologists Mantegazza and Sommier between 1879 and 1886. It wishes to generate dialogical knowledge of unpublished visual/written materials, enabling Sámi communities of interest to gain access to these scholars’ photographs. In complex socio-historical Indigenous/settler contexts such as Sápmi (the Sámi homeland), Sámi people’s control over their own heritage has proved essential to processes of cultural and ethnopolitical self-determination. Part of the Sámi visual heritage consists of photographs taken - often through mild violence and coercion - by academics engaged in physical anthropological practices involving Sámi individuals of all ages and genders. The resulting academic and divulgative publications circulated in Europe for decades, shaping and reinforcing stereotypes of Sámi peoples and cultures. Photos taken in colonial encounters by late-19th/early-20th century scholars to visualize Sámi people’s supposed biological-cultural inferiority (until a few decades ago inaccessible to the Sámi) have become important means of decolonization and empowerment through art and activism. The visual restitution of such photographs is of the utmost importance not only from a cultural heritage perspective but is also considered by Sámi institutions and individuals as an urgent necessity. LIT proposes an innovative approach based on the co-construction of knowledge and with a gender dimension. I shall reconstruct life stories of women and children photographed by Italian ethnologists, locating their descendants and returning their photographs to their communities. LIT would benefit my career, making me a leading researcher in Sami Studies and museology.

Locating Intergenerational Ties, rematriating late-19th-century unpublished photographs of Sámi Women and Children

AGREE tar for seg klimaendringers innvirkning på kulturarv gjennom tverrfaglige metoder og samarbeid mellom ulike samfunnsaktører. Prosjektet tar særlig for seg urbane områder som påvirkes av flom. Målet er å forstå det komplekse forholdet mellom forvaltning av kulturarv, klimatilpasning og samfunnets sårbarhet, og å se på tiltak for å minimere risiko for tap og ødeleggelse som følge av klimaendringer. Sentrale delmål inkluderer integrering av strategier for bevaring av kulturarv med strategier for klimatilpasning, spesielt gjennom konseptet Historisk Urban Landskap (HUL). 

AGREE vil utvikle en beslutningsmodell forankret i HUL-konseptet som sammenligner dagens forvaltningspraksis med historiske data for å belyse sårbarhet og klimatilpasning i en urban kontekst. AGREE vil fremme transformative strategier for klimatilpasning ved å evaluere beslutningstakernes forståelse av disse samspillene. 

Prosjektet ledes av University of Leeds (Storbritannia), og har Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning (NIKU), Politecnico di Torino (Italia) med som partnere. ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), British Council (Storbritannia), UK’s Department for Culture, Media and Sport (Storbritannia), Hull City Council (Storbritannia) og Innlandet fylke (Norge) deltar som samarbeidspartnere. Gjennom dette samarbeidet skal prosjektet bidra til å forme politikk og klimastrategier, både lokalt og globalt.  AGREE vil også engasjere publikum for å øke bevisstheten om klimatilpasning og mobilisere til felles handling.  Gjennom bred involvering skal AGREE bidra til å sikre at kulturarven forblir beskyttet og motstandsdyktig i møte med klimaendringer.

Alt i alt vil AGREE utforske klimaendringers påvirkning på kulturarv med en praksisorientert tilnærming, og med fokus på samarbeid, databasert beslutningstaking og samfunnsengasjement for å sikre vår felles kulturarv for fremtidige generasjoner.

AGREE champions transformative sustainability in response, emphasizing interdisciplinary methodologies and societal shifts. It explores the intricate link between cultural heritage governance, climate adaptation, and community resilience, rooted in responses to flooding in urban contexts. AGREE promotes the Historic Urban Landscape concept for integrative decision-making in climate adaptation, considering community resilience amidst environmental changes. An interactive Geographic Information System platform will illuminate this interplay over time. An innovative AGREE's contribution is a decision-making model grounded in the HUL paradigm. This model juxtaposes current national and local policies enabling cultural heritage integration in climate adaptation with historical data sources revealing urban resilience lessons and changes in the built environment over time. AGREE employs transformative governance concepts to evaluate decision-makers comprehension of these synergies and their perspectives. It advances transformative climate adaptation by uncovering potentials and barriers within heritage governance in case studies from the UK, Norway, and Italy. Beyond research, AGREE will shape policies with multi-scalar and cross-sectorial governance, interpreting climate intricacies through cultural heritage. It will strengthen global, national, and local heritage-focused climate strategies through partnerships with the British Council, ICCROM, and the UK's Department for Culture, Media, and Sport and local stakeholders, such as Hull City Council (UK) and Innlandet Region (Norway). AGREE also engages the public, raising climate adaptation awareness and mobilizing collective action, benefiting governmental climate efforts.

Advancing Cultural Heritage Governance for Resilient Climate Adaptation

Kulturlandskap leverer viktige økosystemtjenester, blant annet erfaringsbasert, lokal kunnskap om hvordan man kan tilpasse seg og begrense negative effekter av klimaendringer. Landskapene er sårbare for klimaendringer og andre påvirkninger. Derfor blir kunnskapen kontinuerlig oppdatert og overført mellom generasjoner. Ved å studere seterlandskap i Norge og lignende beitebetingete kulturlandskap i Frankrike og Spania vil vi dokumentere klimaendringer og andre trusler mot immateriell kulturarv. Vi vil beskrive landskapenes egenskaper og hvilke faktorer som muliggjør tilpasninger og avbøtende tiltak, både politiske virkemidler og tiltak i samfunnet ellers. Prosjektet har tre målsetninger:
1. Utvikle en verktøykasse som skal hjelpe lokalsamfunn og beslutningstakere med å vurdere kulturlandskapets sårbarhet og motstandsdyktighet overfor negative endringer ("resiliens").
2. Utvikle formidlingsmateriale om verdien av å bevare erfaringsbasert kunnskap som en levende kulturarv og hvordan den kan bidra til at samfunnet gjør tilpasninger og tiltak mot negative effekter av klimaendringer.
3. Bidra til den vitenskapelige litteraturen om kulturlandskapets sårbarhet og motstandsdyktighet overfor klimaendringer, og til å utvikle strategier for tilpasninger basert på den immaterielle kulturarven.
Prosjektgruppen er internasjonal og tverrfaglig: Amerikanske, franske, norske og spanske forskere skal samarbeide om å dokumentere og modellere endringer i landskapet. Interesseorganisasjoner vil bidra i prosjektstyringen og i sammenstillingen av resultater. Seterbrukere vil bidra med erfaringsbasert kunnskap, og til å analysere og tolke data. I tillegg til verktøy for klimatilpasninger og for forvaltning av den immaterielle kulturarven skal det lages veiledere for journalister, og det skal produseres filmer. Prosjektet skal øke samfunnets bevissthet om immateriell kulturarv og støtte arbeidet med å ivareta erfaringsbasert kunnskap om beitebetingete kulturlandskap.

Cultural landscapes provide essential ecological and sociocultural services and contain insights needed to combat climate change, but they are vulnerable to climate change and other stressors. By examining the cultural landscapes of transhumant pastoralism in France, Norway, and Spain, we will detail climate and other threats to this intangible cultural heritage (ICH), the characteristics and factors that create adaptive capacity in these
systems, and methods for sustaining ICH through community action and policy. The research supports three goals established with societal partners:
1. Develop a toolkit that helps communities and decision-makers assess the vulnerability and resilience of cultural landscapes. 
2. Develop communication resources for the public and policy makers illustrating why threatened cultural heritage matters and how cultural heritage can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. 
3. Contribute to scientific literature on the vulnerability and resilience of cultural landscapes and culturally informed strategies for climate mitigation and adaptation. 
Our team builds on multiple collaborations and deep expertise. The most significant involves French, Spanish, and U.S. partners modeling future changes in the French Basque pastoral system. The Basque Centre for Climate Change specializes in Spanish transhumant pastoralism and ecological modeling; Swiss partners designed tools for measuring livelihood resilience, and partners in Norway have expertise in agricultural landscape change, cultural heritage, and public participation. Societal partners (Syndicate of Soule and Concejo de la Mesta) will contribute to project management and synthesis, and farmers are fully engaged in collecting and analyzing data. In addition to adaptation and management tools, the project supports guides for professional journalists and farmer-made films to spread awareness and increase public support for cultural heritage protection.

Mitigation and Adaptation in Cultural Heritage Landscapes: Lessons from Transhumant Pastoral Systems for Managing
Novel Climate Risks

I det globale nord fremstilles ofte ressursutvinning som "grønne" og klimavennlige prosjekter, mens de faktisk opprettholder de koloniale forhold mellom stater og urfolk. Et eksempel er "grønn gruvedrift" i Sápmi, der metaller for litium-ion-batterier utvinnes. Industriinteressene bruker klimaendring som argument og posisjonerer seg selv som forkjempere for det grønne skiftet. Dette er bakgrunnen for forskningsprosjektet GREENGROWTH, som skal analysere betydningen av "grønne" prosjekter for samisk politikk og handlingsrom. De samiske områdene står overfor to store utfordringer: et økende behov for mineraler og energi for å opprettholde livsstil og industriell vekst, og et stadig økende behov for å håndtere klimaendringer. Vi skal belyse hvordan samiske aktører og interesser kommer til orde og får innflytelse i debatten om miljøvern, "grønn" industri og urfolkspolitikk, historisk og i dag. Vi undersøker hvordan nærings- og økonomiske og samiske interessenter (stakeholders) plasserer seg i debatten om grønn vekst. Prosjektet tar for seg politikk og kommersialisering av naturen, og ser på hvordan klimaendringer påvirker samiske aktører og interesser i det offentlige rommet. Den offentlige debatten om samiske spørsmål er fragmentert, og en av prosjektets arbeidspakker utforsker hvordan samiske interessenter representeres gjennom nyhets- og sosiale medier. Prosjektet belyser samisk motstand mot fornybare prosjekter og utfordrer stereotypier ved å se på samenes dobbeltrolle som både ofre for arealbeslag og økologisk bevisste aktører. GREENGROWTH undersøker gruveindustriens historie, styring og rolle i opprettholdelsen av koloniale diskurser og strukturer, og tar for seg både historiske og samtidige aspekter ved samiske medier og debatten om det grønne skiftet. Prosjektet søker å forstå de komplekse virkningene på urfolkssamfunn og bidrar til en dypere analyse av spenningsforholdene mellom samiske interesser, grønn industri og miljøvernere.

GREENGROWTH will study and compare the positions the Sámi actors and stakeholders occupy and are attributed in the public debate on the Green transition and Green mining. How are the stakeholder groups formed and how are the Sámi stakes and interests weighted by other actors in the debate? The debate studied is concerned with growth-driven Green projects, of which the Green transition is the most recent example. The Sámi actors are analysed as interest-, rights- and stakeholders by utilizing stakeholder theory, settler colonial theorizing, discourse analysis and frame analysis. GREENGROWTH focuses on Sámi framings and responses in this debate. The interdisciplinary, international, multicultural and multilingual research group consists of senior and mid-career scholars with expertise on Sámi and Indigenous issues representing communication sciences, economic history and environmental history. The project will contribute to a deeper understanding of the Sámi political space under swift transformation in conditions of Green transition and the encroachments of resource extraction. Work package 1 is project administration; Work Package 2 will study the key Sámi organizations, the Sámi Parliaments in Finland and Norway, the frames articulated in their social media accounts, and the Sámi news media’s role and framings in the public debate on Green growth. WP3 will analyse the longer history of cooperation between the Sámi and the environmentalist movement, and the effects on the Sámi of being immersed in environmental discourses, with a special focus on the ideologies and projects of Green growth and nature conservation in Finland and in Norway. WP4will study the conduct of mining companies and financial imperialism in the Nordic north by charting the history of the transformation in mining adopting an environmental ideological foundation. WP5 draws together and concludes on the central findings of GREENGROWTH.

GREENGROWTH - Green growth and Sami Stakeholders. Public debate on Green resource extraction in Sápmi

En bekymringsfull trend finner sted i Norge: andelen 30-åringer som mottar uføretrygd har mer enn doblet seg de siste 25 årene. Denne økningen sammenfaller med ulike samfunnsendringer, inkludert en økning i diagnoser knyttet til mental helse blant ungdom, økt konkurranse i utdanning, reformer i trygdeordningene, endringer i arbeidsmarkedet på grunn av automatisering, og demografiske endringer på grunn av innvandring og eldre personer som forblir lengre i arbeidsstyrken.

For å forstå økningen i andelen unge mottakere av uføretrygd, er et omfattende forskningsprosjekt igangsatt. Ved å bruke omfattende administrative data, undersøkelser og komparative studier på tvers av de nordiske landene, har prosjektet som mål å dekomponere faktorene til denne økningen i ungdoms uførhet. Forskningen er strukturert i seks arbeidspakker, hver med fokus på et spesifikt aspekt, som økning i utdanningskonkurranse, skift i arbeidsmarkedet, og den økende forekomsten av psykiske helsediagnoser. Det primære målet er å oppnå en nyansert forståelse av faktorene som driver økningen i ungdoms uførhet, spesielt den  sosioøkonomiske gradienten. Gjennom empiriske undersøkelser søker prosjektet å informere og forbedre grunnlaget for sosialforsikringssystemet og tilhørende politikkutvikling i Norge.

The share of people aged 30 who receive disability benefits in Norway has more than doubled over the previous 25 years. Despite several partial explanations, this dramatic rise is not well understood. It coincides with several other potentially related societal changes:
•	A rise in the share of youths receiving diagnoses, treatment and medication for mental illness, and an expanded treatment capacity. 
•	Increased competition in the educational sector.
•	Changes and reforms in the social insurance system. 
•	Structural changes in the labor market, machines and automation changing the composition of jobs. 
•	Increased supply of labor, potentially in competition with youth labor, from immigrants as well as prolonged labor market participation among the elderly. 

The ambition of this project is to solve this youth disability puzzle by carefully assembling these pieces of potential explanations, and – to the extent possible – quantify their importance. Our motivation is to provide answers to the seemingly simple question “Why is youth disability rising?”, a question of the utmost importance for policy design in Norway. To do so, we assemble an interdisciplinary team consisting of researchers from economics, psychology and educational science, and employ high quality administrative data covering health care, schools, higher education, labor markets, family links and social insurance, as well as surveys. We also put the Norwegian experience into a larger context by comparing Norway with other countries in a comparative research design for the Nordic countries. 
The project has six work packages, all building on extensive use of detailed, linkable, micro data: 
WP1: Decomposing the rise in youth disability 
WP2: Nordic comparison
WP3: Educational competition/The school system
WP4: The labor market
WP5: Medicalization
WP6: Poverty

What is driving the increasing youth disability insurance receipt in Norway?

Mens kvinner har gått inn i stadig flere utdanningsretninger og yrker, fortsetter menn i stor grad å gjøre kjønnstradisjonelle utdannings- og yrkesvalg. Andelen menn i kvinnedominerte utdanninger og yrker har endret seg veldig lite de siste tiårene. Forskning som er gjort på kjønnsdelte utdanningsvalg har i stor grad handlet om kvinners valg og bortvalg av mannsdominerte utdanninger, mens vi har mindre kunnskap om menns vurderinger av kvinnedominerte utdanninger og yrker. Forskningen har også i stor grad vært opptatt av å identifisere og dokumentere hvorfor kjønnssegregeringen vedvarer, heller enn å studere hvordan oppfatninger om kjønnstypiske yrker kan endre seg. 

Missing Men vil bidra med kunnskap om hvorfor menn flest velger bort kvinnedominerte yrker, og undersøke hvordan endring i oppfatninger om kjønnstypiske yrker kan skje. Tre overordnede forskningsspørsmål skal besvares: (1) på hvilken måte henger oppfatninger av kjønn og arbeid sammen, og hvordan kan dette påvirke utdanningsvalg? (2) Hvordan kan slike oppfatninger endre seg? (3) Hva er barrierene og mulighetene for menns inngang i kvinnedominerte utdanninger? 

For å besvare spørsmålene bruker vi en kombinasjon av individuelle dybdeintervju, survey-eksperiment og registerdata for hele populasjonen. Arbeidet er organisert i to arbeidspakker. I den første arbeidspakken undersøker vi unge jenter og gutters vurderinger av kvinnedominerte yrker, hvordan oppfatninger om arbeid og ferdigheter er koblet til kjønn, og hvordan dette henger sammen med de unges utdanningsplaner. Her vil vi bruke en kombinasjon av dybdeintervju og survey-eksperimenter. I den andre arbeidspakken vil vi bruke registerdata for å studere faktorer som kan bidra til kjønnsutradisjonelle utdanningsvalg for menn og kvinner, og intervjue menn på sykepleiestudiet og på grunnskolelærerstudiet om deres valg av utdanning.

While women have spread out into a continuously larger part of the educational system, men continue to make gender-traditional choices, and the presence of men in female-dominated educational fields remains persistently low. There is an acute lack of knowledge about men’s assessment of female-dominated professions and of the barriers and potentials for men’s entry into these educational and professional fields. The international state-of-the-art research on gendered educational choices has drawn heavily on insights from the social psychological literature. This research has focused mainly on identifying the stabilizing factors in the gender segregation, documenting the persisting effect of deeply-rooted and slow to change gender beliefs. This project will build on and expand this work to develop a theoretical framework tailored for grasping change in gendered beliefs, and thus how gender non-traditional choices come about. 

We will produce new and needed empirical knowledge on the barriers and potentials specific for men’s entry into female-dominated study fields. By combining a diversity of methods and levels of investigation, we aim to advance the literature within this emerging field of research. We will fill a lacuna of knowledge on how gender-typing of skills, work and qualities influence educational aspirations, making use of both qualitative interviews and factorial survey experiments. We will add to the few existing studies of gendered assessments in the Nordic context, and how assessments vary with background and context. We will expand the literature by identifying which aspects of female-typed work constitute barriers to men’s entry into female-typed careers. Furthermore, we will use population wide registry data to study what impacts non-traditional choices for men and women, and interview men in nursing studies and primary education teacher studies about their way into female-dominated study fields.

Missing Men: New conceptual understandings of gendered educational choices

I en verden der klimaendringer er en betydelig bekymring, blir begrepet biokulturell arv en kilde til håp. Denne tilnærmingen erkjenner den nære forbindelsen mellom menneskelige kulturer og den naturlige verden, og gir verdifull informasjon om å overvinne utfordringene på en raskt skiftende planet.
Arktis-regionen påvirkes spesielt av klimaendringer og opplever alarmerende nivåer av oppvarming. Innenfor dette isete landskapet ligger travle bysentre som Fairbanks, Nome, Kirkenes og Tromsø, der virkningene av klimaendringer blir akutt følt. Men mot bakgrunnen av disse problemene, gir den rike mangfoldet av biokulturell arv en reserve av motstandskraft.
Biokulturell arv er basert på tradisjonell økologisk kunnskap (TEK) som er overlevert fra generasjon til generasjon av urbefolkningssamfunn. Denne kunnskapen inkluderer en rikdom av visdom, fra sporing av dyremigrasjoner til å forutsi værmønstre, og gir uvurderlige retningslinjer for tilpasning i møte med miljøsjokk.
Forskere, kunstnere, aktivister og samfunnsmedlemmer samarbeider for å utnytte kraften i biokulturell arv. Gjennom etnografisk feltarbeid, kunstnerisk uttrykk og samfunnsengasjement kombinerer de tradisjonell visdom og moderne vitenskap for å skape innovative løsninger basert på lokal kunnskap.
Prosjektet har som mål å styrke lokale samfunns stemmer og utvikle partnerskap mellom forskere, beslutningstakere og grasrotorganisasjoner. Dette vil være en katalysator for meningsfylt endring både lokalt og globalt.
Avslutningsvis gir biokulturell arv en tidløs visdom som kan hjelpe oss med å oppnå motstandskraft mot klimaendringer. Ved å ære og bevare denne uvurderlige arven, kan vi legge veien for en mer bærekraftig fremtid for kommende generasjoner.

The project focuses on the relationship between climate change and biocultural heritage, a holistic concept that emphasizes the interdependence of natural and cultural elements. The primary objective of the project is to understand how traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and Indigenous knowledge, and human-environment relationships that form the core of biocultural heritage can contribute to climate change adaptation in urban areas and surrounding landscapes. TEK and biocultural heritage have been critical resources for climate adaptation for future Arctic residents. However, climate change processes threaten cultural and biological diversity, underscoring the urgency for adaptation and mitigation measures, especially in the Arctic, which is changing four times faster than the rest of the world. The project will focus on case studies of Arctic cities, including Fairbanks and Nome in the USA and Kirkenes and Tromsø in Norway, and their associated subsistence landscapes that transform even faster. The project team, consisting of social and natural scientists, artists, and activists, will use quantitative and qualitative methods of climate science, remote sensing, human geography, and social anthropology to explore the potential of traditional knowledge and local land use practices as holistic and culturally sensitive tools for climate adaptation. By integrating scientific data with Indigenous long-term observations and artistic explorations, the team hopes to create publicly accessible, co-produced, and place-specific arts and science products. The project's results will be published in academic articles, disseminated via online media, and presented in art and science exhibitions. The main research question of the project is, "How can biocultural heritage integrated into urban and natural landscapes contribute to climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts?"

Biocultural Heritage in Arctic Cities: Resource for Climate Adaptation?

Kunstig intelligens (KI) er på full fart inn i skolen, og har med seg en rekke muligheter, men også problemer. Human Reading Assessment (HUMAN) har som mål å undersøke hvordan teknologien kan tas i bruk i skolen på en måte som setter eleven i sentrum. 

Prosjektet tar utgangspunkt i leseprøvene som elevene må ta på skolen, og svarer på utfordringene KI bringer med seg på flere nivå: 

På det mest grunnleggende nivået vil HUMAN utvikle og undersøke selve algoritmene, og finne ut hvordan de kan brukes i en menneskesentrert leseprøve. 

Neste nivå dreier seg om å undersøke innholdet i læringsteknologien, i dette tilfellet tekstene som skal leses og oppgavene som skal løses. Her legger vi særlig vekt på at Vurderingsforskrifta sier at prøvene ikke bare skal undersøke hva elevene kan, men også fremme læring og bidra til lærelyst. HUMAN vil undersøke hvordan læringsteknologi kan bidra til å utforme tekster og oppgaver slik at de både er engasjerende og støtter læring. I tillegg har vi et mål om å undersøke hvordan prøveresultater bør fremstilles for at lærere skal kunne bruke dem til å tilpasse opplæringen.

På det mest overordnede nivået undersøker vi hva AI i læringsteknologi har å si for barns opplevelse av og handlingsrom i verden, og hva den har å si for barns rettigheter. Hvordan AI implementeres og presenteres i skolen har store konsekvenser for individets evne til å handle med selvstendighet senere i livet. HUMAN handler derfor også om å undersøke utdanningssystemets rolle for individet og i samfunn og arbeidsliv. 

Kunnskapen som frembringes i prosjektet vil gi viktige innspill til fremtidig politikkutforming. Samtidig vil den også være direkte anvendbar for forvaltningen, for lærere og andre aktører i utdanningssektoren.

HUMAN vil foregå i nært samarbeid med norske skoler. Det er et tverrfaglig prosjekt, med forskere innen litteraturvitenskap, lesevitenskap, datavitenskap og juss.

Goal: identify how we can develop a HUMAN digital reading assessment that presents students with tasks adapted to their interests and level of reading skill.

Objectives:
1. New knowledge on the design of engaging texts, tasks and teacher interfaces that can be used to assess reading comprehension
2. A ground-breaking new methodology for adaptive reading assessment, combining IRT with machine learning techniques such as recommender systems and natural language processing
3. Analytical tools for analysing philosophical and legal implications that are specific to the use of AI in assessment
4. A validated and reusable framework harnessing results from objectives 1 to 3 to enable an engaging, precise, and usable assessment

Research questions:
1. What characterizes texts and items that are motivating for children to read and are suitable for valid and efficient assessment of their reading skills?
2. What kind of information do teachers need about their students’ reading skills in order to adapt their instruction?
3. Which methods (from e.g., machine learning, multidimensional scaling and natural language processing) are best suited to match the right text to the right student, with respect to their skills and interest?
4. How can we analyse students’ experience of AI-based digital reading assessment?
5. What are the legal implications of AI-based digital reading assessments?
6. Does the framework established in the project provide a more engaging and precise assessment of reading skills than currently existing assessments?
7. Does the framework established in the project provide the teacher with more actionable information than currently existing assessments?

The project is interdisciplinary. It is anchored in educational assessment, reading science, and computer science. In addition, methods from literature, law and philosophy are employed locally.

Human Reading Assessment

Forbrukersamfunnets vareproduserende industri har antatt slik en massiv skala og rekkevidde at det er åpenbart at design som aktivitet og profesjon har betydelig innvirkning på økologiske systemer både lokalt og globalt. Å designe innebærer viktige beslutninger om hvilke og hvor mye materialer som skal utvinnes fra naturen. Dette prosjektet undersøker hvordan disse avgjørelsene regulerer forbruk, og hvordan dette lite påaktede aspektet ved designprosessen har endret seg fra den andre industrielle revolusjon til i dag. Design sies ofte å ha en forbruks-drivende effekt, både om dette formuleres som kritikk eller løfte. Samtidig har design lenge blitt ansett å være et viktig element i forsøk på å styre forbruket i ønskelige retninger. I alle disse sammenhenger er design knyttet til forbruk gjennom dets manifestasjon som produkter. Men designs kulturelle betydning og økologiske konsekvenser kan ikke fullt ut begripes gjennom produkters ideologiske og sosioøkonomiske funksjoner og sirkulasjoner. For bedre å forstå hvordan design påvirker forbruk må vi åpne opp «den sorte boksen» som produktet fremstår som, og grave under dets forførende overflater. Vi må studere de økologiske egenskapene til de materialer som produktet består av, og hvilke sammenhenger disse inngår i. På denne måten gjør prosjektet det mulig å se hvordan design regulerer forbruk, ikke ved salgspunktet, men ved opprinnelsespunktet: i gruvene, dagbruddene og brønnene som forsyner designere og produsenter med materialene som utgjør den industrialiserte verden med alle dens moderne bekvemmeligheter og begjærlige objekter.

This project examines how design regulates the consumption of extractive materials, and how this practice has changed over time in response to ideological shifts in the understanding of nature. Designing entails crucial decisions on which and how much materials to mine, blast, drill, excavate, or fell. This project will examine how these decisions regulate consumption, and how this under-appreciated aspect of the design process has changed from the second industrial revolution to the present. Given the scale to which the manufacturing industry has grown in order to satisfy our seemingly endless needs and desires, designing as an activity and a profession has decisive impact on ecological systems both locally and globally. Design is habitually cast as a catalyst of consumption, whether formulated as criticism or as promise. At the same time, design has long been seen as key in efforts to steer consumption in more desirable directions. In all these contexts, however, design is related to consumption through its manifestation as consumer products. But now that everything from genes to jeans is understood to be designed, the cultural significance and ecological impact of design can no longer adequately be gauged from the ideological and socio-economic functions and circulations of commodities. To better understand how design influences consumption, we need to open the black box that is the consumer product, dig beyond its shiny surfaces and mesmerizing interfaces and examine its constituent parts; the ecological properties and entanglements of the materials of which it is made. By doing so, this project will allow us to examine how design regulates consumption, not at the point of purchase, but at the point of origin: in the mines, quarries, and wells supplying designers and manufacturers with the extractive materials making up the industrialised world with all its modern conveniences and objects of desire.

Designing with/out Extractive Materials

Midlene fra MILUTARENA-Formidlings- og koordineringstiltak knyttet for miljø- og utviklingsforskning fordelt på år

Midlene fra MILUTARENA-Formidlings- og koordineringstiltak knyttet for miljø- og utviklingsforskning fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra MILUTARENA-Formidlings- og koordineringstiltak knyttet for miljø- og utviklingsforskning fordelt på fagområde

Deputy Executive Secretary

Adaptation Actions for a Changing Artic-part C (AACA-C)er et prosjekt vedtatt av ministermøtet i Arktisk Råd mai 2013. Det er et Arktis råd prosjekt som ledes av AMAP. Prosjektet skal gjennomføre en vitenskapelig vurdering sammen med stakeholders og urbefolkning om hvordan klimaet i Arktis endrer seg på kort (2030) og lang (2080) sikt og hvordan klimaendringer og andre drivere påvirker marine og terrestre økosystemer, demografi, human helse og næringsutvikling i tre pilotområder i Arktis. Forskerne skal gi beslutningstakere i Barentsregionen et vitenskapelig kunnskapsgrunnlag slik at de bedre er i stand til å utvikle verktøy og strategier for sine beslutninger.  Barentsregionen er en av prosjektets tre pilotområder. Prosjektet skal levere projeksjoner for utviklingen i Arktis og et grunnlag for beslutningstakere om hvordan man skal kunne tilpasse seg de forventede endringene. Prosjektet er dels finanisert av nasjonale midler fra de nordiske land, dels gjennom tildelinger fra f.eks. Nordisk ministerråd samt et stort in-kind bidrag fra deltakende forskere og institutter.
Prosjektet er et av Klima- og miljødepartementets (og Utenriksdepartementets) prioriterte Arktis råd prosjekter i perioden frem til 2017.

AACA Barents workshop - address peer-review comments

Optical MEMS have great potential in a number of industrial applications. We intend to address two innovation areas that are powerful enablers of our vision of an intelligent environment: i) optical spectroscopy, and ii) sensors based on photonic crystals . Both these areas require advances in micro- and nanostructuring techniques. Optical spectroscopy is a powerful measurement tool that can contribute to the sensor technology required to solve a number of important societal problems, such as cost-efficien t recycling, protection of people from harmful gases, and ensuring food safety. Present spectroscometers are too costly and too bulky for most of these applications, however. The purpose of this proposed topic is to develop the technology for a new genera tion of dedicated optical spectroscometers that are based on silicon technology, and that are suitable for incorporation in consumer products. This new technology makes possible the miniaturization and integration of several optical functions on the same chip and to tailor the spectrometer capabilities to a given task, thus reducing the production cost of the whole sensor system by a factor of 10 to 100, with no performance compromises.
MOEMS spectrometers can be used to detect and analyze small concentra tions of gases. They are however, not sensitive enough to detect single molecules. In order to reach the goal of single molecule detection, we intend to use photonic crystals. Though the technology is less mature in this field we believe the future reward s to be great.

Micro and Nano Optical Sensors

Statistical science is an increasingly recognised tool for discovery and advancement in science, technology, industry and services. Analysis, exploration, interpretation and integration of data are all based on statistical methodology. During the last dec ade we have experienced that the methodological development within statistics to an extended degree is initiated by innovation needs in important application areas. In the spirit of NR's applied role, we will focus on specific application areas and their anticipated coming needs for new statistical tools. Moreover, similar statistical challenges often originate from rather different application areas, which we will exploit. The project will concentrate on methodological needs from the following areas:

- Financial sector, including insurance
- Health sector, including biotechnology
- Marine sector
- Environmental sector
- Public sector

All of these areas are of great importance to Norway, and are also highly relevant internationally. They are characteris ed by large data sets, the analysis of which often influences important and vital decisions. Some of the statistical challenges will be common to the areas. Hence, in addition to solutions connected to a specific area, the project will include methodologi cally driven cross-sector activities.

There will be a close integration between MASC and the work at the Center for Research based innovation, Statistics for Innovation, SFI2. In SFI2 the aim is long-term statistical methodology development needed for re aching innovation aims for the 13 commercial and public partners to the centre, and others, mainly focused on the key areas marine, petroleum, finance and health. 
In MASC there will be a more general and broader perspective by exploring new market areas and important areas to the society where there are few commercial actors.

Modern Application driven Statistical Challenges

Parallel computing is about to hit the mass market, replacing the traditional sequential computer. This change is caused by a major shift in technology, the introduction of heterogeneous computers equipped with both a multi-core CPU and data-stream accele rators. Such accelerators might come in the form of programmable graphics cards (GPUs) or embedded on the processor itself, like in the Cell BE processor. Heterogeneous computers have the potential for huge increases in performance, but mandate new progra mming paradigms.

Most computer programs existing today are programmed according to a sequential paradigm. Until a few years ago, commodity computers were almost solely based on single-core CPUs, and the steady growth in CPU frequency automatically increa sed the performance of sequential programs. In the last years, this growth has slowed down, and the trend is for computers to increase the number of cores at the expense of clock frequency. Hence, the performance of sequential programs does not increase a s fast as before and parallelization is necessary to effectively utilize new CPUs.

Data-stream accelerators are computational units that allow a series of compute-intensive operations to be applied to a set of data. These units are not as flexible as tra ditional cores, and they need to be controlled by a general-purpose core (like a traditional CPU). When properly controlled, data-stream accelerators easily give a tenfold increase in performance compared with multi-core CPUs for large data sets.

In this  strategic project we aim to sustain a position in the forefront of this emerging and rapid evolving technology, and address computational challenges from scientific and industrial application areas where we have deep knowledge and long experience. The re search of the project is grouped into three work packages:
-WP1: Heterogeneous computing
-WP2: Partial differential equations
-WP3: Geometry processing

Heterogeneous Computing - Boosting Performance of Scientific and Industrial Computing by Heterogeneous Parallel Architectures

The project utilizes the production facilities at SINTEF MiNaLab as a tool for University research. This production line is fully ISO sertified and offers state-of-the-art equipment for silicon based MEMS production. The project funds both production of d evices and training of students.

The main fields of work will be:
- Optical elements in collaboration with UiO, Staford and NTNU
- CMUT production and integration in collaboration with NTNU
- RF-MEMS switches in collaboration with NTNU
- Quantum dot base d UV detectors in collaboration with UiO
- MEMS sensors for biomedical in collaboration with UiO, Rikshospitalet and Ullevål Univeristy Hospital
- Microtechnological plattforms for investigation of nanosystems, in collaboration with UiO.

Microtechnological research platform

The main theme of MARIAGE is the ability to publish and access rich media material over a long period of time. The right-most column illustrates that we want to improve commercial services of different types at different level. 

Three problem areas that need to be solved for making rich media accessible for generations are:
1.Migration: i.e. how to move from one technology to the next whit a minimal loss of information
2. Human computer interaction and universal design 
3. Handling intellectual property rights

The glue for joining these tree aspects in MARIAGE is the Metadata / Ontology layer. This layer will provide the framework, the metadata and the ontologies needed to improve the state of the art in these three areas and thereby opening for better business models. The layer will consist of upper ontologies, domain specific ontologies and terminal and network ontologies.

The solutions and demonstrators we will produce as a result of the studies will be in the areas Transcoding, Adaptation, Storage systems and Rights management. The use of the terms transcoding and adaptation is often used as synonyms. We will refer to transcoding as part of a migration strategy while adaptation is a more day-to-day re-coding or reshaping of digital items from one f ormat to another. 

Software tools and demonstrators will be developed, among them a new version of NR's Motion JPEG 2000 encoder and decoder, practical tools for assigning rights to digital assets, HCI prototypes and a prototype of a multi media storage system (s/w).

Making Rich Media Accessible for Generations

Software development is critical for the modern society. Still, many software projects are completed late and have substantial cost overruns. Recently, agile software development has emerged as a radical new way of organizing the development process, stro ngly emphasizing change tolerance, evolutionary delivery and active end-user involvement. However, there are many agile development methods, few evidence-based guidelines and little scientific knowledge of the principal factors that enable the reported im provements. This is a barrier to the successful adoption of agile methods in industrial projects. 

EvidenSE aims at overcoming this barrier by developing theories and evidence-based methods for the trade-off between agility and discipline in effective so ftware development with a strong focus on project management, collaborative processes, and team learning.

The theory building activity includes the cumulation of scientific knowledge related to agile project management, collaborative learning processes i n agile teams, and a framework for describing software engineering theories.

The evidence-based methods activity includes developing guidelines for conducting, evaluating and reporting from individual empirical software engineering studies, synthesizing evidence from disparate individual studies, and developing guidelines for evidence-based professional software engineering practice.

EvidenSE will be tightly integrated with applied research projects with the Norwegian software industry, and will be carr ied out in close cooperation with top international researchers in relevant fields. The project will include two PhD candidates.

Evidence-Based Software Engineering

The proposed SIP will be divided into four main parts, EM Scattering properties, UAV technology, Environmental Informatics, and Applications. In the EM scattering properties part the main activity is improved understanding and modelling of the interaction  of EM waves with the earth surface. This is necessary to develop new and improved algorithms for satellite remote sensing within the main activity areas at Norut IT: satellite oceanography, landcover/climate change monitoring, geohazards and cryosphere. In the UAV technology development we will focus on introducing UAV as an important new platform for remote sensing. Within Environmental Informatics we will work with ICT problems relevant for the new Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) con cept, new improved remote sensing data processing technology and integration of UAVs with satellite and in-situ data. The backbone of the project is an application part where we together with users will demonstrate the applicability of remote sensing with in selected application areas as e.g. glacier mass balance monitoring, improved vegetation classification, snow parameter mapping and ocean wind field estimation.

New and improved remote sensing techniques for environmental monitoring

The proposed SIP will be strongly linked to national and international collaboration within various current projects covering NR's three main application areas 1) monitoring environment and climate, 2) natural resource mapping and monitoring and 3) detect ion and mapping of man-made objects. The current activities in Area 1 are related to 1a) monitoring climate change in the cryosphere, 1b) detection of marine oil spill pollution and 1c) monitoring the state of forests and natural vegetation. For Area 2 th e activities are 2a) mapping snow for improved water management, 2b) forest resource mapping and 2c) mapping mountainous grazing land, and for Area 3 the activities are 3a) updating maps of new and changed infrastructure, 3b) vehicle detection for traffic  statistics and 3c) detection of potential cultural heritage sites in agricultural fields. The proposed areas of methodological research and development are I) generic methodology for multi-sensor, multi-scale, multi-temporal and hyperspectral data, II) r etrieval of geophysical variables in the cryosphere, III) detection and classification of amorphous objects, IV) detection of man-made objects in very-high resolution imagery and V) high-accuracy pre-processing and lossless image compression. In synergy w ith NR's application-oriented projects, the SIP will contribute with key methodological frontier research results, while the other projects cover the more practical parts - including problem specification, establishing data sets, implementing large softwa re systems, validating and demonstrating the results, and finally the clients evaluating the results. When in-depth domain-specific expertise is needed - like botanic, forestry, glaciology and oceanography - NR's approach is to seek alliances with other r esearch institutes (nationally or internationally). Therefore, NR will also in this SIP work closely with other research institutes through the already established network of collaboration.

Next Generation of Image Analysis Methodology for Remote Sensing

Through the MiNaLab project, we propose:

- to develop processes and technology for application of porous silicon(PS) in MEMS. The technology will be demonstrated in an osmotic pressure cell and in a micro evaporator

- to improve the understanding of flu id flow in microfluid systems specifically on capillary driven dual (liquid/gas) flow and on continuos flow described by the Navier-Stokes equations. Surface modification, bonding compatibility of primers used for modifications and modelling of different devices are included

- to develop new Defractive Optical Elements (DOE) concepts and devices for spectroscopy, dense wavelength division multiplexing, optical wavelength demultiplexing, and interferometric sensors  

- to develop macroscopic models for d ifferent energy domains applied in multiphysics simulation and design, as well as models for nano-scale effects observed in MEMS

- to establish a world class MEMS design centre through development of methodologies for co-design of sensor/actuator, electr onics/ASIC, and package using a system oriented approach.

- to expand the first-level-packaging competence at SINTEF by developing new processes and technology for horizontal and vertical electrical feedthroughs

MiNaLab - Microsystems and nanotechnology

The aim of this project is to utilise source code metadata and configuration/deployment information to reduce software entropy. It will focus on tools and techniques to improve code analysis and reverse engineering for developers who use agile development  processes.  Automated support will allow high-level descriptions to be constantly up to date with the implementation and not generated by hand as a final documentation exercise. Furthermore, by automated checking of code quality as it is being produced, the amount of
disorder in a system, its entropy, can be checked much earlier in the process resulting in considerable savings later on.

Approach:

Leverage source code metadata and component deployment and configuration information.

Focus on languages t hat implement metadata, systems implemented to be run in application servers, and Web Services as example cases.

Incorporate results in tools that agile developers are now using in
practise.

Project Results:

(R1) New or improved understanding of the in formation necessary to capture the conceptual level of design in the source code.

(R2) New or improved understanding of the information necessary to determine the quality attributes of an implemented system.

(R3) Improved techniques for capturing this i nformation in specific software development contexts using source code metadata. 

(R4) Technologies that plug-in to industry standard tool frameworks to realise those techniques in a usable way.

(R5) A body of experiences from empirical studies of such technologies in industrial settings.

(R6) Academic publications, industry publications and general presentation materials of the above results.

Reducing Software Entropy: Exploiting software metadata to improve the quality of agile software development

Microtechnology and Microsystems

Graphic Cards as a High-End Computational Resource

Development of Techniques for Civilian Use of Spaceborne Radar Technology in Earth Mapping and Observation

FAMOUS - Framwork for Adaptive Mobile and Ubiquitous Services

This programme focuses on privacy protection in connection with personalized mobile and Internet-based services.  Realization of personalized services involves gathering and processing of sensitive personal data.  The objective of the programme is to cond uct research activites that lead to the development of concepts, models and demonstrators that enable programme partners to understand behaviour of users, and to handle barriers in the establishment of personalized services, and at the same time enable th em to operate according to the privacy protection Acts and Directives. Understanding of privacy concerns and behaviour of the users are essential.  Hence, surveys focusing on the user-perspective will be conducted in order to study behaviour and attitudes  in relation to personalized services.  Examples of relevant survey and research questions are; How much personal information should an individual subscriber disclose to get services tailored to his/her needs without putting his or he

PerProt - Personalized Internet-Based Services and Privacy Protection

TOP - Improved optimisation methods in transportation logistics

Det strategiske instituttprogrammet (SIP) har som hovedmålsetning å utvikle metoder for utvikling av og infrastruktur for netteverkbaserte informasjons- og tjenesteløsninger for bruk på flere plattformer. Slike løsninger vil muliggjøre tilpasning av infor masjon og tjenester til ulike målgrupper i forskjellige jobb- og livssituasjoner. 
De tjenestene som blir utviklet, inkludert informasjonen de gir, skal kanaliseres til målgruppene over flere alternative infrastrukturer og typer brukerutstyr. Den samme in formasjonen og de samme tjenestene skal være tilgjengelig uavhengig av typen brukerutstyr og plattform. Tjenestene som utvikles kan være kommersielle eller gratis. 
Kunnskapsbyggingen og det teoretiske arbeidet i SIPen er basert på empiri, både utvikling  av prototyper i laboratorier og brukertester. Utvikling av eksperimentelle tjenester vil basere seg på standardiserte teknologier. Empirisk arbeid vil organiseres rundt ulike case som alle omfavner flere horisontale forskningsfelt. Disse er tjeneste- og  informasjonsarkitektur; produksjon av innhold beregnet på flere kanaler, brukergrensesnitt og menneske-maskin interaksjon, multibruker og multiterminal tjenestesessjoner, samt multikanal tjenesteproduksjon.

MILUTARENA-Formidlings- og koordineringstiltak knyttet for miljø- og utviklingsforskning

AACA Barents workshop - address peer-review comments

Awarded: NOK 75,184

Summary

Funding scheme:

MILUTARENA-Formidlings- og koordineringstiltak knyttet for miljø- og utviklingsforskning

Funding Sources

Thematic Areas and Topics