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Matematikk og naturvitenskap

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Trøndelag - Trööndelage

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Over hele Europa er det tydelig at dagens jordbrukspraksis ikke lenger er bærekraftig, og at jordbrukssystemene må endres for å opprettholde matproduksjonen og samtidig ivareta det biologiske mangfoldet, økosystemene og de mange fordelene de gir samfunnet.

En løsning på dette er agroøkologi. Agroøkologisk jordbruk har til felles å utnytte naturlige økologiske prosesser for å gjøre jordbruk mer bærekraftig. Dessverre, til tross for mye forskning på agroøkologisk jordbrukspraksis, er bruken av dette svært begrenset i Europa.

I SAFER-prosjektet vil et stort team av europeiske forskere jobbe på tvers av et nettverk med seks 'levende laboratorier', det vil si at gårder i drift på tvers av Europa vil iverksette agroøkologisk praksis. Ved samarbeid på de involverte gårdene, vil bønder, forskere og andre interessenter sammen bidra til økt kunnskap om agroøkologi. Det vil gi mer kunnskap om de landbruksmessige, miljømessige og sosialøkologiske fordelene, samt de mulige avveiningene mellom ulike fordeler.  

Teamet fra Universitetet i Bergen, ledet av prof. Peter Manning, vil være en viktig bidragsyter i prosjektet. De skal oppskalere data fra prosjektet på felt- og gårdsnivå til hele landskap, og simulere endringer i gårdspraksis ved å bruke en kombinasjon av samfunnsvitenskap, fjernmåling og matematisk modellering. Dette vil gi prognoser for hvordan konsekvenser av landsbruksstrategier på landskapsnivå påvirker hele systemet, fra bønder til lokale interessenter. 

Sluttproduktet vil være detaljert kunnskap om hvordan ulike økologiske praksiser påvirker bønder, bygdesamfunn og om hvilke strategier som øker bærekraftig produksjon og flerfunksjonalitet i europeiske jordbrukslandskap. Ved aktiv involvering av bønder og andre interessenter gjennom hele forskningsprosessen, tar vi også sikte på å øke relevansen og bruken av de identifiserte løsningene.

Agroecology offers an opportunity to reconcile agricultural production with human well-being across Europe. However, despite significant evidence that agroecological farming reduces the environmental footprint of agriculture, agroecology is struggling to expand across Europe. This limited adoption emerges from a limited understanding of the cross-disciplinary impacts (agronomic, ecological, economic and social dimensions) of upscaling agroecological farming and recent social unrest following the deployment of agroecological policies indicates that there is an urgent need to address this issue. In addition, a major challenge for agroecology is that no single agroecological practice is suitable for all contexts. Instead, practices need to be targeted and adapted to local socio-ecological contexts, with a strong involvement of stakeholders. Addressing such challenge implies a paradigm shift towards co-design in research and innovation in agroecology.

SAFER will address these challenges by mobilizing a European network of 6 Living Labs distributed across contrasting regions and social-ecological systems, in a multidisciplinary approach. We will: (i) co-design best suited agroecological practices adapted to local social-ecological conditions via a participatory approach that actively involves stakeholders; (ii) quantify the multiple agronomical, environmental and socio-economic benefits and risks of scaling up these agroecological practices from the field to the landscape scale using a similar landscape-scale design across Living Labs; (iii) forecast the whole-system consequences of landscape-scale strategies for farmers and local stakeholders; (iv) identify how local policies, stakeholder demands and the Living Lab methodology can enhance or limit the expansion of agroecological practices

Work at UiB will concentrate on modelling work in (ii) and (iii) but will contribute to all aspects.

AGROECOL 1 SAFER Strengthening Agricultural landscape multiFunctionality through expansion of agroecological farming in EuRope (SAFER)

Klimaendringer påvirker oss alle, men ikke likt. Mennesker som allerede er marginaliserte, som lavinntektsgrupper, eldre og personer med helseproblemer, er mer sårbare for ekstreme værhendelser som hetebølger, stormer og flom. En viktig faktor som påvirker sårbarheten, er boligsituasjonen. Dårlige boforhold kan gjøre folk mer utsatt for helserisiko, særlig luftveis- og hjerte- og karsykdommer. ComDisp-prosjektet undersøker disse risikoene ved å utvikle en ny metode for å studere helseforskjeller knyttet til boligforhold. I stedet for å stole utelukkende på tradisjonelle modeller, fokuserer vi på spesifikke forhold i lokalmiljøene. Vi samarbeider direkte med lokalbefolkningen, helseorganisasjoner og beslutningstakere for å utvikle modeller som forutsier hvordan klimaendringer vil påvirke helsen under ulike boforhold. Ved å involvere lokalsamfunn i forskningsprosessen sikrer vi at løsningene vi utvikler, er praktiske og nyttige for dem som rammes hardest.

Forskningen vår foregår i fire land: USA, Vietnam, Tyrkia og Ecuador, men innsikten vi får, vil være relevant i en bredere global kontekst. På hvert sted samarbeider vi med lokale myndigheter, bolig- og helseorganisasjoner og klimaaktivister for å sikre at arbeidet får en reell innvirkning. Prosjektet bygger på en vellykket pilotstudie i Jacksonville, USA, hvor vi testet en modell for faktorer som påvirker boforholdene i et lokalmiljø. Nå skal metoden tilpasses og utvides til flere regioner, slik at vi kan sammenligne hvordan boligforhold og klimaendringer samspiller i ulike miljøer.

Gjennom dette prosjektet bidrar vi ikke bare til ny kunnskap, men også til at lokalsamfunn lærer av hverandre. ComDisp-prosjektet inkluderer partnere fra universiteter, lokale myndigheter og samfunnsorganisasjoner over hele verden. Ved å dele erfaringer og løsninger på tvers av landegrenser ønsker vi å bidra til sterkere, sunnere og mer motstandsdyktige bomiljøer for alle.

Around the world, climate change impacts fall disproportionately on those already marginalized in society. Natural hazards are being modified by climate change (e.g. extreme heat, storms, flooding) and result in adverse impacts on human health, ecosystems and infrastructure. The homes that people inhabit contribute to their risk. Poor housing conditions combine with environmental phenomena to create chronic conditions of public health risk, manifesting as health disparities in respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses. The ComDisp consortium will undertake community-centered research that develops a collaborative, iterative process for grassroots modeling of health disparities with predictive capability across climate change scenarios. It responds to health disparities related to housing conditions in the USA, Vietnam, Turkey and Ecuador - with broad relevance in every global society - where living environments are shaped by historical and contemporary injustices. The project users are populations who live in housing situations with high risk of climate change impacts, especially elderly, children, low-income communities, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions. In each location, we will leverage existing partnerships with non-academic stakeholders to include local governments (land use, housing, public health), community health & housing organizations, and climate change action advocates. Although our project will undertake research in 4 countries, the case studies are strongly connected by a focus on how housing conditions are affected by climate change and impact on the health of inhabitants. Pilot research in Jacksonville, USA, has developed an initial process for community-centered modeling, to be adapted in each location. Consortium members will share our range of skills, resources and knowledge, and PhD students supported by the project will gain experience across the network while affected communities will learn from each other and grow together.

Community-Centered Modeling of Housing Related Health Disparities

InfraGuard: A Tool for Performance Monitoring & Safety Assessment in Critical Transport Infrastructure

Co-benefits and synergies between biodiversity conservation, poverty alleviation and climate change mitigation from a social-ecological systems perspective

CoBioPovCli addresses the question of how to conserve biodiversity, alleviate poverty, and mitigate climate change simultaneously, which are interrelated challenges that threaten human and environmental well-being. The importance of this topic is highlighted by the current context of the global COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war, which have exacerbated these problems and their impacts on human and environmental well-being. The main gaps in this topic are: (1) lack of comprehensive data, especially on the dynamics of socio-ecological systems, (2) lack of integrated knowledge, and (3) lack of holistic approaches that consider co-benefits and synergies. CoBioPovCli aims to overcome the limitations and gaps in the current state-of-the-art by developing an integrated spatial planning approach that can achieve win-win synergies between biodiversity conservation, poverty alleviation, and climate change mitigation from a social-ecological systems perspective.  CoBioPovCli will use literature, models remote sensing data, and other data sources to construct and apply the spatial planning approach, based on case studies, spatial analysis and scenario simulation. CoBioPovCli will generate new knowledge, data and solutions that are conceptually novel, scientifically rigorous and policy-relevant. It will enhance our understanding of the multiple values of biodiversity and its contributions to human well-being under changing climatic conditions. It will provide evidence-based recommendations and best practices for promoting more integrated and sustainable approaches that benefit both people and the planet. CoBioPovCli will also enhance Europe’s scientific and technical capacity and excellence in the field of co-benefits and synergies between biodiversity conservation, poverty alleviation, and climate change mitigation, as well as contribute to Europe’s global leadership and influence in addressing these interlinked challenges.

Mining Impact-prosjektet ble valgt ut som en del av den tredje fasen av den vellykkede JPI Oceans Joint Action om de økologiske aspektene ved dyphavsgruvedrift. Forskningskonsortiet samler eksperter fra Belgia, Danmark, Tyskland, Italia, Nederland, Norge, Polen, Portugal og Storbritannia. Med et totalbudsjett på ca. € 9 millioner (hvorav ca. € 5,7 millioner er finansiert av nasjonale finansiører gjennom JPI Oceans), vil prosjektet fylle kritiske kunnskapshull om dyphavsøkosystemer og den potensielle effekten av gruvedrift på dem. Forskning vil ikke bare fokusere på polymetalliske knutefelt, men også adressere massive sulfidavsetninger, og kombinere eksisterende data med nye ekspedisjoner for å fremme vår forståelse av disse unike miljøene. Dette prosjektet er ment å gi avgjørende vitenskapelig bevis for å støtte informert beslutningstaking om fremtiden for havbunnsmineralutvinning og dens styrende internasjonal og nasjonal lovgivning.

MiningImpact3 har som mål å:
· Vurdere den romlige og tidsmessige variasjonen til dyphavsmiljøet
· Forstå genetiske sammenhenger mellom dyphavspopulasjoner
· Studere effekten av gruve-indusert toksisitet og press på bunn- og pelagiske samfunn.
· Støtte utviklingen av indikatorer for økosystemhelse og terskler for alvorlig skade
· Avanserte styrings- og styringsverktøy, inkludert digital tvillingteknologi
· Sammenligne virkningene av dyphavs- og landbasert gruvedrift

Prosjektet vil dra nytte av tilgang til forskningsfartøyet Sonne levert av det tyske forbundsdepartementet for utdanning og forskning. En ekspedisjon vil undersøke steder av tidligere polymetalliske knutergruveprøver i Clarion-Clipperton-sonen i det nordøstlige ekvatoriale Stillehavet fem år etter nedslaget. Ytterligere ekspedisjoner vil studere økosystemet ved havbunnens massive sulfidforekomster langs den arktiske midthavsryggen, med forskningstokt planlagt til Mohnsryggen i norske farvann i løpet av 2026 og 2027.

MiningImpact is the leading international research project investigating the environmental impacts of
future deep-sea mining (DSM). Since its start in 2015, it has delivered independent scientific research
output and significantly improved our knowledge on polymetallic nodule ecosystems in the Clarion-
Clipperton Zone (CCZ) and the Peru Basin and their responses to anthropogenic disturbances as
documented by >100 peer-reviewed publications (see Section VI). MiningImpact experts have closely
interacted with stakeholder groups (national and international authorities, industry, NGOs, the public),
and in particular the International Seabed Authority (ISA). Noteworthy are contributions to the CCZ
regional environmental management plan (REMP) (ISA, 2021a), draft Guidelines of the Mining Code
(ISA, 2022a, 2022b), and the current Intersessional Expert Group developing binding environmental
threshold values (ISA, 2022c). While the first phase of MiningImpact focussed on decade-old benthic
impact experiments in the CCZ (cruise SO239) and the DISCOL experiment in the Peru Basin (cruise
SO242), during and after the second phase an independent monitoring programme of the first
industrial trials of the pre-prototype nodule collector vehicle Patania II by GSR in the CCZ was delivered
(cruises SO268, IP21, SO295).
In the third project phase (MiningImpact-3), proposed here, we will focus on addressing identified
knowledge gaps (e.g., Boetius & Haeckel, 2018; Amon et al., 2022; Hitchin et al., 2023; Pickens et al.,
2024; Singh, 2021; Weaver et al., 2022) and furthering the understanding of the ecosystems associated
with polymetallic nodules (PMN) and seafloor massive sulphides (SMS) and their vulnerability and
resilience to mining.

Assessing the environmental impacts of deep-sea mining of polymetallic nodules and seafloor massive sulphides

I en tid med historisk og fremtidig oppvarming av kloden trenger vi modeller som kan predikere de fremtidige økologiske konsekvensene. For marine system består disse modellene ofte av en global klimamodell knyttet til ulike temperaturdrevne funksjoner som representerer biologiske og fysiologiske effekter. De fleste slike funksjoner er svært generelle og ofte basert på gjennomsnittsverdier på tvers av arter og system. Det er derfor sannsynlig at prediksjonene blir feil for en enkelt art eller region. Dessverre vet vi lite om hvor vanlige slike feil er, ettersom modellene nesten utelukkende brukes til å predikere fremtiden, og så godt som aldri fortiden.
I denne søknaden plukker vi ut sentrale modell-forventninger og skalerer dem ned til det regionale miljøet for ulike fiskebestander i norske farvann. Forventningene testes og analyseres ved hjelp av eksepsjonelt lange tidsserier, fysiologiske eksperiment og mekanistiske modeller for bioenergetikk og livshistorie.
Foreløpige resultater peker mot at flere fiskearter er mer fleksible, både fysiologisk og adferdsmessig, enn generelle modeller klarer å fange opp. Disse og fremtidige prosjektresultater vil bidra til å lage bedre prediksjoner, og forhåpentligvis også utvide forståelsen vår om hvordan temperatur virker og ikke virker på ulike biologiske prosesser.

In the face of global warming, state-of-the-art eco-physiological theories and their implementation in global models make sweeping predictions that high-latitude fish populations are imperilled from unavoidable physical-physiological mechanisms. These are often rooted in reproductive constraints, and at the base we find two main theories: 

1) The theory of thermal tolerance windows, predicting that spawning fish (with narrow tolerance) will encounter unavoidable thermal bottlenecks in a warming ocean. 
2) The theory of temperature-dependent physiological rates, predicting an unfavourable advancement of fish spawning time, causing offspring to fall out of sync with their zooplankton food – known as trophic asynchrony 

These are predictions, often drawn from controlled laboratory experiments, and in turn extrapolated to global models. But just as downscaling to regional specificities and higher resolution was necessary to improve predictive ability of earth system models, so a similar biological downscaling to particular ecosystems and species is required to assess predictions at the scale relevant for population processes and ecosystem dymanics.

In this project we will downscale these predictive theories for two test species - Atlantic cod and herring, among the best documented fish stocks in the world. Our previous publications and preliminary findings suggest that these species have remarkable plasticity in the timing of spawning, often opposite to that dictated by temperature, and in surprising synchrony with each other and with lower trophic levels.

Here, we pick key expectations from the high-profile literature on biological effects of ocean change and attempt to downscale these to local conditions for key high-latitude fish species using particularly long and detailed timeseries of biological data, remote sensing, high-resolution water column processes, individual behavioural observations, and biological models of bioenergetics and life histories.

Regional downscaling of eco-physiological theory. 
Confronting global predictions with local observations.

Jordbær er en av de viktigste små fruktavlingene i Norden, inkludert Norge. I 2022 var det årlige produksjonsvolumet av norske jordbær 7052 tonn, noe som bare dekker rundt 30 % av markedets etterspørsel (Statistisk sentralbyrå). Det er en økende etterspørsel etter lokalproduserte, ferske jordbær med minimal bruk av syntetiske kjemikalier. Å flytte avlinger av høy verdi fra åker til beskyttet dyrking kan oppfylle disse forbrukerkravene med minimal bruk av kjemikalier og redusert kvalitetstap forårsaket av lang transport. På grunn av den lange vinterperioden med korte daglengder og lavere innstrålingsnivå, er supplerende belysning nødvendig for drivhusproduksjon. De mest avanserte beskyttede dyrkingssystemene, kjent som "plantefabrikker", er helt avhengige av kunstig belysning. 

Imidlertid medfører kunstig belysning ekstra energikostnader på grunn av høye strømpriser. Derfor er strategisk belysning som forbedrer energieffektiviteten og presis bruk spesifikt tilpasset avlingen viktig.
I dette prosjektet vil vi utvikle og teste lyssystemer med tilpassbare lysmønstre for å forbedre fotosyntetisk ytelse ved bruk av mikropulsbelysningsteknologi. Lyssystemet vil kunne justere frekvens og pulsforhold for å tilpasse seg de lysavhengige og lysuavhengige reaksjonene i fotosyntesen, med redusert fotoinhibering. Videre vil belysningsoppskrifter som er spesifikke for utviklingsstadier av avlinger (primært jordbær) utvikles, ved bruk av 3D-modeller for avlings- og lysinteraksjoner. Dette muliggjør effektiv utnyttelse av lysenergi, forbedret avlingsutbytte og forbedret kvalitet etter høsting.
Hovedfunnene i prosjektet vil bli testet i en vertikal jordbærfarm for potensiell bruk. Det utviklede belysningssystemet skal også testes med ledende selskaper involvert i mikroalgeproduksjon. Forventede resultater vil bidra til kunnskapsbygging innen presisjonsbelysning og høyteknologisk presisjonsvertikalt landbruk.

Horticultural lighting is a common practice for high value crops produced in protected cultivation systems in Northern Europe. However, artificial lighting adds extra energy costs due to high electricity prices. Therefore, strategic lighting improving energy use efficiency, and precise application in a crop-specific manner is important. In this project we will develop and test lighting systems with customizable light patterns to enhance photosynthetic performance using micro pulse illumination technology. The lighting system will be able to adjust the frequency and duty cycle to adapt to the light dependent and independent reaction in photosynthesis with reduced photoinhibition. Further, lighting recipe specific for developmental stages of crops (primarily strawberry) will be developed, making use of 3D crop-light models, which make efficient utilization of light energy, enhanced crop yield and improved post-harvest quality possible. The main findings of the project will be tested in a strawberry vertical farm for its potential application. The developed lighting system will also be tested with leading companies involved in microalgae production.

Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in Horticulture with LED Flash Lighting Systems (FLASH-LED)

Hovedmålet i AllEcoSys er å skape bærekraftige og robuste landbrukssystemer ved å implementere et nettverk av ’living labs’ i Europa, noe som vil lette etablering av agroøkologiske tiltak med tanke på forbedret jordhelse, øket biologisk mangfold og fremme av naturlig skadedyrs- og sykdoms-kontroll. Herved søker AllEcoSys å skape fremgangsrike jordbruksbedrifter som bidrar til en bærekraftig matproduksjon og ivaretar miljøet. Prosjektet koordineres av Norges Miljø- og Biovitenskapelige Universitet. Konsortiet består av universiteter, forskningsinstitutter og produsenter i Norge, Danmark, Irland, Tyskland, Frankrike og Romania.

Living Labs vil bli etablert i Norge, Danmark, Tyskland, Frankrike og Romania og prosjektet vil være dedikert til samskaping og interessent engasjement med felles forsøk og eksperimenter for å teste og forbedre agroøkologiske metoder.

AllEcoSys vil vise hvordan ulike jordbruksmetoder påvirker jordkvalitet og mikroorganismer  i jorden,  og karbonlagring i jord, viktig med tanke på å redusere klimaendringer. Vi vil utforske hvordan diversifisering i dyrking og biologisk kontroll kan brukes til å øke plantenes robusthet, understøtte naturlige fiender av skadedyr, øke funksjonelt biologisk mangfold i dyrkingen og minke bruk av pesticider.  Effekten av agroøkologiske jordbruksmetoder på sosiale og økonomiske faktorer vil bli analysert. Resultater fra prosjektet vil bli formidlet nasjonalt og internasjonalt i form av artikler, nyhetsbrev, gårdsbesøk, workshops med mer.

Forventede resultatene av AllEcoSys er agroøkologiske innovasjoner basert på samskaping, økt kunnskap og kapasitet blant bønder, forbedret sosioøkonomisk og miljømessig potensial for agroøkologisk praksis. AllEcoSys vil bidra til å skape et mer bærekraftig jordbruk, sikre matsikkerhet samtidig som miljø- og samfunnsutfordringer tas opp. I tillegg bidrar prosjektet til mer overordnede mål, om klimaendringer, biologisk mangfold og målene til det europeiske grønne skiftet.

AllEcoSys aims to promote sustainable and resilient agricultural systems by implementing a network of living labs across Europe, one in Norway, facilitating adoption of agroecological practices that enhance soil health, increase biodiversity, and natural pest control. Through these practices, AllEcoSys seeks to create prosperous agro-businesses contributing to sustainable food production and environmental conservation. The co-creation process, combining traditional and indigenous knowledge with scientific insights, highlighting the role of producers' expertise and their close collaboration with the research infrastructure is at the core of AllEcoSys project.

The project's specific objectives are to increase soil health and carbon storage, promote crop diversification for resilience against environmental stresses, enhance functional biodiversity for natural regulation, reduce energy, water, and nutrient losses, and strengthen key ecological processes through biological interactions. Additionally, AllEcoSys will assess the socioeconomic impact of agroecology-led farming methods, focusing on drivers, trade-offs, and barriers to implementing new practices.

The expected outcomes of AllEcoSys include agroecological innovations based on co-creation, increased knowledge and capacity among farmers, improved socio-economic and environmental potential of agroecological practices, and methods to implement a co-creation process in a living lab approach. Additionally, the project aims to contribute to broader goals, such as addressing climate change, preserving biodiversity, and supporting the European Green Deal's targets.

By promoting agroecological practices, AllEcoSys aims to create a more sustainable agricultural landscape, ensuring food security while addressing environmental and societal challenges. The project will bring together a diverse consortium of stakeholders, researchers, and farmers to drive the transition towards a more sustainable future for agriculture.

AGROECOL 1 AllEcoSys Agroecology living labs fostering prosperous and sustainable agri-food systems

Navtool-prosjektet adresserer behovet for nøyaktig navigasjon i områder uten satellittdekning, som inne i tunneler. Eiere av infrastruktur, for eksempel tunneler, trenger presis informasjon for å inspisere og vedlikeholde disse strukturer effektivt. Med Navtool kan de holde oversikt over tilstanden til geo-tagget utstyr og skader inne i tunneler, og sikre høy kvalitet på data som kan overvåkes over tid. Dette betyr færre stenginger for vedlikehold, noe som sparer både tid og penger. 

Navtools lokaliseringssystem kombinerer data fra kameraer, lidar (som bruker lasere for å måle avstander), og treghetsmåleenheter (som sporer bevegelse) med sanntidsbehandling på en innebygd datamaskin. Dette oppsettet sikrer nøyaktig navigasjon og datainnsamling selv uten satellittdekning. 

Prosjektet utforsker markedsmuligheter for å sikre at dette innovative systemet kan være kommersielt levedyktig. Hvis nødvendig, vil designet bli tilpasset for å møte markedets krav, og bane vei for et produkt som kan revolusjonere navigasjon i utfordrende miljøer.

NavTool

SHIFT vil ta i bruk underutnyttede fellesgarasjer til delte tjenester, og redusere behovet for gateparkering. Ved å tilgjengeliggjøre plass til bildeling, elsykler, ladestasjoner og hjemlevering, vil prosjektet støtte bærekraftig urban mobilitet. Gjennom Parqios teknologi og TØIs forskning vil SHIFT muliggjøre sikker tilgang utover beboere og optimalisere bruken av parkering for delt mobilitet. Etter hvert som mer plass blir tilgjengelig, vil flere tjenester bli integrert og gjort tilgjengelig. Ved å adressere utfordringene innen urban transport, vil SHIFT fremme grønnere alternativer, maksimere arealutnyttelsen, lette belastningen på infrastruktur og redusere avhengigheten av privatbiler.

SHIFT presents an innovative solution to urban space and resource challenges by repurposing underused residential garage spaces for shared services. The project aims to make on-street parking redundant by providing the repurposed space and infrastructure to a variety of shared services such as car-sharing, electric bikes, charging stations, and home deliveries. The project is enabled by Parqio's technology, providing access to what was previously accessible to residents only, and TØI's continous research on the subject, like the Reshare research project.

SHIFT will establish a unique rental marketplace, enabling service providers to connect with residential parking space owners to deploy sustainable transportation services, accessible to both residents and the wider city population. The project will facilitate allocation of unused parking spaces for shared mobility and other services which reduces the need for private car ownership, adding more services as space becomes available.

The project addresses the transport challenges of growing urban populations, which strain infrastructure and contribute to environmental issues. SHIFT responds to the need for greener transportation options while acknowledging the need to better utilize urban space.

SHIFT - Shared hubs for integrated eco-friendly transportation

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EU Advisor

With this project establishment project, VID wants to give VID employees hours in their work schedule to prepare a good project proposal, as well as provide resources for participation in meeting places to network with relevant professional environments both nationally and internationally. The main focus is to ensure a well-developed project proposal for ERC, with broad financial and administrative support for VID's project manager. This will be made possible with external funds.

Activating the Unemployed: The Role of Trust in Street-Level Bureaucracy (ERC S)

Assume tha a three step one-pot reaction is tt be optimised: 

Lay out a design to map the first step. Depending on how detailed information is desired, this can be a fractional factorial, factoral, D-optimal, or a response surface design for quardratic m odels. Run the experiments and detrmine the responses. The response matrix
Y = [y1 y2...yr] summarises the results. A principal component analysis of Y will determine the number of independent event yielding Y, i.e the number of independent reaction that are responsible for the products (desired product and parasite products). By fitting regression models to the score vectors from the PCA of Y it is possible to identify the variable that are significant  and necessary to control for favouring the dessired  reaction and, equally important, which variable shoul be controlled to suppress the paraste reactions. We can, of course, also use PLS to model the fisrt step and use the PLS(X) scores as extra variables for the second step Now we know the important vari ables for the first step. These are now added as extra design variables when the experimental design for the next step is laid out and we determine the the composition of the reaction mixture after the second step. The outcome of the first step defines th e input for the second step. By perturbing the important variables of the first step we will induce variation in the input for the second step. This is necessary since certain by-products may be detrimental in subsequent steps. By this procedure, we conca tenate teh first and the seciond step of the process. The procedure is iterated for the third (an for all subsequent) step(s).
This technique makes it possible to establish quantitative models for multi-sstep batch pocesses. The model pays attantionto all  possible interfering side-product and gives a possibilty to control the process. This will be important when the TAC regulation is implemented and that pharmaceutial production must account for possible variation i

Design and optimisation in organic synthesis: Methodologies for the optimisation of multi-step one-pot batch processes

The goal of the project is to design new transition-metal complexes with a reactivity that is highly selective for the alkene double bond function. The selectivity will be exploited in the development of functional group tolerant catalysts for an importan t class of olefin refinement process: Olefin metathesis. In this process, catalyst tolerance toward functional groups other than the alkene double bond is vital and reduced activity is observed for the most functional group tolerant catalysts for olefin m etathesis. A second major challenge within olefin metathesis is particularly evident in organic synthesis, where the lack of rational control of the formation of cis and trans olefinic products currently represents a serious drawback. We intend to obtain active and functional group tolerant catalysts for olefin metathesis by a tight integration of theory-driven quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) catalyst design with expertise in organic, inorganic and organometallic synthesis as well as catalysis. Target structures based on the mid and late transition metals will be generated by the QSAR prediction-approach and subsequently subjected to synthesis and testing of catalytic activity. Finally, complexes active for olefin metathesis will be i nvestigated for possible optimization of stereoselectivity.

Theory-assisted design of functional group-tolerant catalysts for olefin conversion

Acid catalysis over zeotype materials is one of the most important and fundamental topics in catalysis. Basic natural gas conversion processes like MTO (methanol to olefins), dimerisation, and C4 isomerisation can be performed using acid catalysis by zeol ites and/or microporous SAPOs. In addition, refinery processes like catalytic cracking, reforming, aromatisation and C5-C6 isomerisation rely on zeotype catalysts as well. There is a growing understanding that many of these reactions share common features  regarding the elementary reaction mechanisms including deactivation.

The Oslo group has a long history of research on MTH-type reactions, and a break-through in the understanding of  the reaction mechanism has come during the past few years. In this pro ject, our ambition is to bring this knowledge even further  by studying the effect of individual material parameters on the selectivity of MTH-type reactions. Electronic effects, steric requirements as well as diffusion effects are among the main paramete rs affecting the reactions and they have previously not been studied in much detail.

Although MTH-type reactions are the focal point of this project, we believe that the results of the project will be beneficial not only for the creation of a second gene ration MTH catalyst, but also for tailoring catalytic zeotype materials for other carbocation-mediated reactions.

Carbocation mediated hydrocarbon reactions over acidic zeotype catalysts

Katalysesymposiet er Faggruppa for katalyse (Norsk kjemisk selskap) sitt viktigste arrangement. Faggruppas medlemmer er spredt over hele Norge, og samles bare til årsmøtet og katalysesymposiet som dermed får en viktig nasjonal faglig funksjon. Symposiet f ungerer tradisjonelt også som årsmøte for katalysedelen av forskningsprogrammet KOSK (Katalyse og Organisk Syntetisk Kjemi) i Norges Forskningsråd. 
Hovedhensiktene med symposiet er å vise bredden i norsk katalyseforskning, samt å gi yngre forskere en mul ighet til å fremvise og dikutere sine resultater. Årets symposium vil bli avholdt over to dager, 23. og 24. oktober i Forskningsparkens lokaler i Oslo. Årets inviterte plenarforedragsholder vil være Professor J. A. Moulijn fra det Tekniske Universitetet i  Delft, Nederland.


Norsk Katalysesymposium 23.-24. oktober 2007

Adenosine is a signaling substance, which mediate its effects by activation of fours different G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) (A1, A2A, A2B and A3). The receptors differs in their affinity for adenosine as well as their downstream signaling pathways a ctivated in the target cells. The ARs are present in basically every cell in the body, but their abundance in different tissue varies. Adenosine has very limited applications as a drug due to an extremely short half-life (t1/2 < 10 s). Caffeine and theoph ylline are classical non-selective AR antagonist with high affinities for A1 and A2A receptors. The excitatory effects of caffeine are a result of its ability to antagonize adenosine activity at A1 receptors in the central nervous system. A selective and  potent ligand for any of the ARs may have a drug potential, i.e. A1 antagonists for treatment of asthma, A2A antagonists as anti-Parkinson drugs, A2B antagonists for treatment of chronic pulmonary diseases and A3 antagonists as anti-cancer agents. We have  recently initiated screening of a small library of 6-arylpurines examined by us earlier as selective inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. From the results currently available, it is clear that minor structural changes may lead to compounds with comp letely altered selectivity, and we believe, that potent and selective antagonists of all four AR sub-types will be synthesized in the planned project. Synthesis of optimized structures with respect to potency and AR sub-type selectivity will be carried ou t at the University of Oslo, and target compounds will be designed based on available screening results, molecular modeling and drug-like physiochemical properties. Biological evaluations as adenosine receptor ligands in the group of Prof. Christa Müller,  University of Bonn and molecular modeling may be conducted in cooperation with Prof. Müller and collaborators at the University of Bonn and the Fraunhofer Inst. St. Augustin.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of selective antagonists for the various adenosine receptors

The Catalysis group at the Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo and the Department of Hydrocarbon Process Chemistry at SINTEF Materials and Chemistry have been collaborating fruitfully for decades, and during the last 10 years they have exploited t he synergy between experimental and computational methods with great success. This project involves one new PhD student. The PhD candidate will be dependent on interaction with scientists at both UiO and SINTEF, due to the methodologically advanced nature  of the project.

Aluminosilicate zeolites and silicoaluminophophate SAPO-type materials are solid acids that may act as catalysts for the conversion of methanol to light alkenes. Recent NMR results obtained in joint project between UiO and the group of P rof. Francis Taulelle in Versailles, France give new insight into the local environment at the active sites in zeolites. A long withstanding issue within the research on these materials is whether or not Al (or Si for the SAPOs) is randomly distributed am ong the various framework sites, if certain positions are preferentially occupied, or if ordering may occur. Advanced solid state NMR indicates that the mobility of framework T-atom during calcination of the catalytic reaction is substantial and that Al p airing takes place to a large extent. Within the current project, the PhD candidate will perform synthesis of microporous materials of the CHA structure and submit these to extensive characterization using solid state NMR utilizing a new instrument at SIN TEF, as well as other characterization techniques.

Advanced Characterisation of Local Coordination of T-atoms in Microporous Materials with CHA Topology

The next Organic Winter Meeting, the 24rd, will take place January 8th-11th 2009 at Thon Hotel Skeikampen, Skeikampen. This conference is the national meeting in organic chemistry in Norway, and it is held under the umbrella of the Division of Organic Che mistry of the Norwegian Chemical Society. Master and Ph.D.-students as well as pod.doc.-fellows present research results from their projects at the meeting. Four distinguished chemists have been invited and have accepted to participate as plenary speakers . The OKV-24 meeting will emphasize on these following topics: 
organometallic chemistry; natural products synthesis; medicinal chemistry; organocatalysis/asymmetric synthesis and synthetic methodology while keeping particular emphasis on bio-organic aspe cts.

Organic Chemistry Wintermeeting 2009

Telescope reactions:
Assume that a three-step reaction is to be optimised: Lay out a statistical design to map the first step. Run the experiments an determine the responses. The response matrix Y=[y1 y2 ....ur] summarises the results. A principal compone nt model will determine the number of independent events yielding Y, i.e. the number of independent reactions yielding the desired product and byproducts.  By fitting regression models to the PCA score vectors it is possible to identify those variables th at are necessary to control for favouring the desired reaction, and which variable to control to suppress the parasite reactions. The important variables from the first reaction step are now added as extra design variables for the next step. The outcome o f the first steps is the input for the second step, By perturbing teh variables of the first step we introduce variation of the input of the second step. The evaluation as depicted above will now reveal the important variable of the first two steps. The p rocedure in then iterated for the subsequent step. This will give quantitative models for multi-step reactions.

Orthogonal experiments:
With new synthetic reaction it is important to determine as early as possible if the reaction can be developed into a  new synthetic method. A new method for designing such explorative experiments is developed. The feature is that the search space defined by variable settings, interactions between variables can be explored by peeling of one dimension at a time of the sear ch space. The model space is factored by singular value decomposition (SVD) and the experiments that are most parallel to the singular vectors are selected. This yields a A-Optimal design. These principles are being tested with new reactions of synthons f rom small brominated unsaturated ketones.

Design and optimisation in organic synthesis:Optimisation of telscope reactions and methodologies base on orthogonal experiments

Organisk Kjemisk Vintermøte 2007

The Organic Winter Meeting is the national meeting in organic chemistry in Norway. It is a conference under the umbrella of the Norwegian Chemical Society, which has given me the task to organize the meeting. 

Since its infancy the tradition has been to invite 3-4 eminent chemists, covering various subdiciplines of organic chemistry, to give the plenary lectures. Due to financial support from the research council over the years it has been possible to maintain this tradition without having to charge a co nsiderable conference fee. This has been absolutely instrumental to keep up the numbers of participants in times with little money at Norwegian universities for conference participation.

The next winter meeting, which I will organize, will take place fro m the 10th to the 13th of January 2008. The participants will arrive with train midday the 10th. The meeting will then start just after lunch with a plenary lecture followed by shorter talks, poster presentations etc until approximately 19.30. The schedul e will be almost the same the 11th. The 12th, however, there will be two plenary lectures, and at the very end the annual meeting of the Organic Division of the Norwegian Chemical Society will be held; otherwise, the program will contain shorter talks and  poster presentations as the previous days. The participants will leave with train the next morning.

I have organized the winter meeting three times before, and each time emphasized certain parts of organic chemistry. This time I want to focus on organic  synthesis, in particular bio-organic chemistry.

I have started the process to invite the following as plenary speakers, of whom the three first on the list have accepted the invitation:

Professor Anita R. Maguire, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland 

Professor Dieter Schinzer,University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

Professor Peter Seeberger, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland

Professor Snorri T. Sigurdsson, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

Det 23. Organisk-Kjemisk Vintermøte 2008

The production of valuable chemicals via selective functionalization of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons is a major challenge in the field of contemporary organometallic chemistry.  A particularly attractive substrate is methane which has previously  been successfully C-H bond activated by electrophilic late transition organometallics under harsh conditions.  Highly electron-deficient donor solvent-free metallocene complexes of the rare-earth elements were also shown to activate methane via non-oxida tive mechanisms (e.g., sigma bond methathesis).  Such activation scenarios were successfully exploited for catalytic (stereoselective) hydrosilylation reactions.  The goal of this project is to sound out the C-H bond activation capability of various rare- earth metal tetramethylaluminate complexes which have been recently synthesized in our group.  Main emphasis will be put on studying monocyclopentadienyl and postmetallocene derivatives with respect to in situ generation of reactive Ln-alkyl bonds and lab eling experiments.  Consideration is given to aliphatic, olefinic, and aromatic substrates including donor-functionalized molecules such as pyridine.

Rare-Earth Metal-Promoted C-H Bond Activation

A number of substituted 3-nitropyridines are now easily available by a new nitration method, and some of these derivatives are suitable substrates for the preparation of a series of bis-heterocycles. We will investigate the chemistry of nitropyridyl deriv atives further and propose to utilise 3-nitropyridyl substrates for the formation of a series of heterocyclic compounds, many of which are present in pharmaceuticals. We want to study:
- the synthesis of beta-carboline analogues and furo-/thieno-azacinnol ines,
- cycloaddition reactions with benzyne and pyridyne (pyridopyrimidinone),
- Pschorr ring closure and oxidative cyclisation to fused tri-cyclic heterocyclic systems,
- cyanomethylation and cyclization (imidazopyridine-1-oxide),
- [2+4] cycloaddition of pyridyl isocyanate and diazonium ions (azolotetrazinone),
- cyclization of isocyanate and aminopyrazolo carboxylate (pyrazolopyrimidinedione),
- new cross coupling reactions of nitropyridines,
- chiral pyridine products formed by [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions,
- chiral hydroalkoxylation,
- Non Linear Optical (NLO) properties of isocyanurates,
- biological activity of potential products by bioassay screening.
A collaboration with research groups at the Universities of Hamburg and Tromsø will be establ ished.

Synthetic applications of nitropyridine derivatives.

Gold catalysis of organic reactions has  become a rapidly expanding field in recent years after being neglected by organic chemists for a long time. Gold catalysts react in very selective ways and may give access to highly complex molecules. The present p roject describes the continued investigations of our recently discovered new gold catalysed mono- and tandem cyclisation reactions, covering mechanistic studies and modified substrates, such as vinylesters/-amides, indoles, alkynesulfoxides, as well as st eroselective gold catalysed reactions.

NHC (N-Heterocyclic Carbene) compounds are electron-rich N,N-disubstituted imidazol-2-ylidenes developed the last decade due to their attractive properties. In particular, they play a favourable role in transition m etal catalyzed reactions, replacing the traditional phosphine ligands. We will design and prepare a number of new chiral NHC ligands, based on suitable approaches for such syntheses. The ability of the new NHC ligands to afford chiral induction in organoc atalytic transformations will be studied.

A collaboration with a research group at the University of Hamburg and SINTEF Biotechnology, Trondheim, has been established.

Gold catalysis and new chiral NHC compounds.

Steady-state isotopic transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA) has proved to be a powerful technique for studying heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. SSITKA combines steady-state and transient techniques provided that no isotopic effects occur. The technique allows determination of the true turnover frequency of the active site decoupled from the site coverage. By steady-state experiments only the product of the rate constant and the site coverage is determined.

From the analysis of experimental SSITKA data only average rate constants can be determined. However, the application of more sophisticated approaches can yield reactivity distributions based on the measured transients. The reactivity distribution can give important information of the active surface
 
The present proposal deals with the use of the steady-state isotopic transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA) to study surface reactions. Initially, the focus will be on hydrogenation of CO on supported Co catalysts by switching between 12CO and 13CO. 

It is  also proposed to expand the transient studies to include partial oxidation of methane or ethane using  labelled oxygen In this case the reactivity of surface oxygen can be determined.

Transient kinetic studies (SSITKA) of catalytic reactions

Dessa vintermöten anordnas varje år av Norsk Kjemisk Selskap. Ansvaret för arrangangen roterar mella lärosätena i Norge och vid vilka en huvudansvarig utses.För år 2010 är det undertecknad vid Univeritetet i Ttomsø som har fått detta ansvar. Med denna ans ökan begärs ett finansiellt stöd från NFR för att täcka kostnaderna för de inviterade fördragshållarna.

Det 25. Organisk Kjemiske Vintermöte

Aminophosphonates are interesting compounds due to their analogy with amino acids and their derived peptides. They could interfere in biological mechanisms through their hydroxyphosphonyl group approximating the enzymatic reactive tetrahedral intermediate . We aim at creating a new basis for the investigation of aminophosphonates as amino acid mimics. In the research focus is the practical, efficient and enantioselective methodologies for the synthesis of aminophosphonates. Chiral ammonium salts that are p hase-transfer catalysts will be evaluated in preparation of such aminophosphonates. Phosphapeptides will be prepared by incorporating an aminophosphonate residue in short peptides, and will be studied using NMR together with computational chemistry as too ls to gain insight into changes in their conformations, dynamics and type of aggregates.

Design and synthesis of chiral aminophosphonates: from biomimetic catalysis to phosphapeptides

With the advent of drug design, high throughput screening and combinatorial chemistry, medicinal chemists became less and less interested in natural products as a source for drugs. In the last two decades, medicinal chemists seemed inclined towards the ap parently more accessible synthetic products obtained from combinatorial chemistry. However, it has been recognized that combinatorial chemistry has severe limitations in generating novel classes of biologically active compounds, as seen by the sharp decli ne of number of approved drugs the last ten years. 

In this research proposal we will prepare two polyunsaturated marine natural products, bacillariolide I and zonariaenon, from eicosapentaenoic acid. These two natural products, as well as some of the in termediates, will be submitted to molecular modeling and biological testing as potential antagonists or agonists for the peroxisome proliferating activating delta receptor.

The ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic is produced in Sandefjord, Norway by the Norw egian pharmaceutical company Pronova.  Pronova is establishing a synthetic group in Oslo. In the near future Pronova must need synthetic chemists with competence and a strong background in handling air and light sensitive polyunsaturated fatty acids, as w ell as their derivatives. This project will gain knowledge in how to handle and use eicosapentaenoic acid as a starting material in organic synthesis.

Moreover, the natural products prepared in this research proposal may aid the elucidation of the physio logical role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. With full knowledge of these receptors and their physiological role, control of a number of maladies, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease may be possible.

Synthesis of two polyunsaturated natural products using epa as starting material

Synthesis gas can be produced by catalytic partial oxidation using gas phase oxygen. However, this process is facing some major engineering problems such as the presence of large temperature gradients and the risk of explosion caused by premixed methane a nd oxygen. An alternative approach is to carry out the partial oxidation by using lattice oxygen in a solid material, i.e. with no gas phase oxygen present. The present proposal deals with the studies of a reactor system where air and methane are periodic ally brought into contact with a catalyst consisting of convenient oxides such as perovskites or ceria based oxides. The redox process will be studied in a TEOM-MS reactor. The development of a microkinetic model based on the elementary steps of the surfa ce reactions is also an important part of the work.

Partial Oxidation of Methane. Studies on mechanism and kinetics.

The present proposal describes a novel way of utilising the internal electrical resistance in carbon composite materials to activate catalyst materials for chemical reactions: A compact, internally heated, catalytic reactor is demonstrated for the low-tem perature oxidation of carbon monoxide. Carbon nanofibres were grown on carbon felt and used as a support material for Au/TiO2 catalysts. The carbon composite plays two roles; as a support material for the catalyst and for providing heat to the reaction by  the Joule effect. The internal heating offers a stable reactor system with quick temperature response at relatively low energy input. Comparison between external and internal heating shows higher conversion of CO in the low-temperature range when using i nternal heating.

The project seeks to prepare and compare two kinds of microstructured reactors for small-scale preferential oxidation of CO:
1. Carbon nanofibres grown on carbon felt and used as a support material for Au-Pt/TiO2 catalysts with internal heating
2. Carbon nanofibres grown inside ceramic monoliths to increase the surface area. Also in this case the Au-Pt/TiO2 catalysts will be deposited on to the carbon nanofibres.

Novel microstructured reactors for selective oxidation of CO

Nature is a rich source of bioactive compounds and potential drugs. The so-called secondary metabolites are structures involved in interaction between organisms, for instance chemical defense. Studies of such metabolites have led to the discovery of many life-saving drugs, including antibiotics, immunosuppressant and antineoplastic agents. The last 50 years there has been an increasing interest for marine natural products as potential drugs and molecular tools, since an enormous chemical and biological di versity are found among metabolites from marine species. However, most bioactive marine products can only be isolated in very minute amounts, and bioprospecting must be combined with state of the art organic synthesis in order to explore the true potentia l of these chemically complex structures. Organic synthesis also open up the possibilities for preparation of marine natural product analogs which may be easier to synthesize, and which may also possess improved properties regarding bioactivity, bioavaila bility etc. 
Asmarines have been isolated from marine sponges (Raspailia sp). Currently 11 asmarines are known, and asmarines A and B are reported to possess significant cytotoxic activity against various human cancer cell lines. This project is aiming at  the first total synthesis of one or more asmarines, even though this overall goal may not be reached within this project period. Compounds synthesized will be evaluated as potential antimicrobials (against pathogenic bacteria, incl. mycobacteria, fungi a nd protozoa), and potential anti-cancer compounds. While working towards a total synthesis of one ore more asmarines, several analogs or model substances will be synthesized. Their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity will be studied. This will lead to in creased knowledge regarding structure-activity relationships (SAR) for asmarines and analogs. In due course, potential antimicrobial or anti-cancer drugs with optimized structures compared to the parent natural pro

PESORDNING-PESORDNING

Activating the Unemployed: The Role of Trust in Street-Level Bureaucracy (ERC S)

Awarded: NOK 74,999

Summary

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PESORDNING-PESORDNING

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Thematic Areas and Topics