Emerging pollutants in a changing ocean 2

The marine environment contains a complex cocktail of known or suspected harmful compounds from land run-off, shipping and riverine and atmospheric transport. Multiple pollutants interact, resulting in unpredictable effects based on knowledge of the individual compounds. On top of this, climate change is a driver of degradation, transformation, distribution and toxicity of compounds, while also having a big influence on abiotic factors such as temperature, deoxygenation and acidification, all affecting vital rates of marine organisms. Regions along a latitudinal gradient of these stressors serve as a proxy for future climate scenarios, allowing temporal-spatial predictions. The complex interactions of climate change and pollution threaten biodiversity as reflected in the triple planetary crisis. This requires urgent improvements in understanding cumulative impacts on marine ecosystems and, ultimately, future sustainable exploitation of blue food to sustain ecosystem services and One Health. Furthermore, this understanding is an essential basis for developing a roadmap for addressing cumulative effects in future policy.