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Controlling the flow of attention: Transition dynamics of attention and distraction across external and internal domains

We often choose to distract our minds, either externally (e.g., looking at our phone) or internally (e.g., thinking about weekend plans). It is currently not clear how, when, or why we (choose to) become distracted, nor do we have a mechanistic understanding of flow states, in which there is minimal distraction. This is a pressing issue, as distraction is omnipresent in our society, obstructing our capacity to focus both on personal goals and the many challenges humanity faces. To advance our understanding on how distraction occurs, we must overcome the current practice in which different attentional states are studied in isolation. I propose to capture the different research fields on attention in a single space defined by the dimensions “direction” (external vs. internal) and “locus” (on-task vs. distracted), distinguishing four attentional states (i.e., On-Task-External, On-Task-Internal, External Distraction, and Mind Wandering). The objective of the MIND-FLOW project is to map the dynamical transitions between these states and to causally influence the amount of time people spend in each of them. I will use behavioral measures, eye-tracking, and pupillometry to capture these states and quantify the dwelling times and a transition matrix through computational modeling. Inspired by recent empirical work on attention switching and neurobiological models of mind wandering, I hypothesize (i) the existence of an Off-Focus state through which these dynamical transitions occur, (ii) that internal bias and goal value determine which areas are visited most, and (iii) that contextual manipulations can alter the relative times spent in each area. I will test these predictions by a model-comparison approach and within-subject experimental manipulations of context volatility and task difficulty. Bridging these different fields of attentional research will increase cross-talk between them and provide building blocks for interventions targeting healthy attentional engagement.

Developing climate-resilient and eco-sustainable railway earthwork by mitigating geohazards while balancing biodiversity

The resilient and sustainable development of railway networks is fundamental for economic and social progress, especially under the current climate. To achieve this, we must embrace new innovative solutions while replicating best practices that benefit nature. Alongside increasing the infrastructure resilience and safety, we need transformative changes in railway earthwork asset development that go beyond prioritising decarbonisation and digitalisation and seek to restore nature, safeguard biodiversity and produce positive outcomes for human societies. Leveraging cutting-edge technologies like AI, earth observation, statistical analysis, advanced numerical modelling, laboratory tests and sensor technologies, RESOLVE seeks to integrate conventional engineering practices with life sciences, empowered by data science. Furthermore, RESOLVE will pioneer synergistic solutions that tackle climate change adaptation in railway earthwork assets while creating opportunities for nature restoration. This attempt involves developing nature-based solutions (NBS) and environmentally friendly construction materials, with the additional aim of fostering biodiversity restoration beyond ground reinforcement. Highly skilled researchers and practitioners, capable of dealing with such problems are scarce and in high demand by academia and industry. Thus, formed with 11 world leading research organisations and 3 companies across Europe and internationally with expertise and facilities in these areas, RESOLVE aims to ensure comprehensive, robust and implementable solutions are obtained for railway network climate resilience built and eco-sustainable development. The network is carefully designed to enables research and innovative staff exchange across all aspects. RESOLVE secondees will enjoy a highly integrated, interdisciplinary and intersectoral staff exchange, sharing know-how and skills development environment through the planned secondments, networkwide events and local trainings.

When a liquid droplet is placed on a solid surface with a temperature significantly higher than the boiling point of the liquid, the droplet hovers above the surface on a thin layer of its own vapor, a phenomenon known as the Leidenfrost effect. While this effect is highly undesirable in certain cooling applications due to the reduced energy transfer between the solid and evaporating liquid caused by the poor heat conductivity of the vapor, it can be of significant interest in various processes where avoiding contact with the surface is advantageous.  The LeidenForce project aims to comprehensively study the Leidenfrost effect and propose novel applications, either to mitigate its adverse effects or leverage its advantages. LeidenForce intends to (i) shift the fundamental understanding of the transition to the Leidenfrost state, (ii) optimize the heat transfer between the droplet and the substrate, (iii) utilize the isolated droplet to manipulate small amounts of liquid in unconventional scenarios (e.g., on a liquid surface, within a channel), and (iv) harness the vapor film to capture or confine particles using an external electrical field.  The practical implications will be leveraged by non-academic institutions involved in aviation (such as AIRBUS), metallurgy (CRM), cryogenics (Air Liquide), and space exploration (Centre Spatial de Liège). In aviation, managing cryogenic fuel is a crucial step toward achieving zero-emission flights. In metallurgy, innovative cooling methods will be developed based on mitigating the Leidenfrost effect. Air Liquide will address cooling issues by introducing particles into the evaporating liquid to modify the Leidenfrost effect. Lastly, at the Centre Spatial de Liège, Leidenfrost droplets will be utilised to delicately clean surfaces by trapping particles within these contactless droplets.

Advanced Leidenfrost Effect

Improvement of the quality and safety of fermented beverages through the management and control of spoilage microorganisms

SpoilControl will train the next generation of polyvalent researchers in the field of sustainable fermentation technologies, able to meet current and future challenges created by microbial spoilage and improve the quality & safety of fermented beverages. Europe is the historical leader of fermented drinks, whose competitiveness is intensively challenged. Microbial spoilage in fermented food is a growing concern from a financial viewpoint (economic losses) and from a health perspective (increasing presence of pathogens, particularly in improperly homemade or artisanal productions). Such quality & safety issues are amplified by societal and environmental changes: the consumer trend toward low-input products, sustainable practices, small-scale productions and climate changes are associated with increased risks of microbial spoilage. In addition, the fermentation sector cruelly lacks a global framework & training between beverages, resulting in efforts duplication & investments partitioning. SpoilControl will unfold an original strategy based on multiple beverages (wine, spirits, beer, cider, kombucha, kefir), multiple disciplines (from environmental & life sciences to engineering or economics), multiple solutions (development of sustainable biological, chemical and physical treatments). The consortium covers the whole fermentation chain from Fermentation to Glass with 34 partners including universities, SMEs, large companies, innovation cluster, start-up, analysis laboratories, technical institutes and homebrewers’ group. SpoilControl will have multiple impacts: at the scientific level, the study of non-conventional microbial species will be useful besides the fermentation sector; at the societal level, SpoilControl will improve public awareness of safety issues in fermented food and promote best practices for all end-users (industrials, consumers); the development of innovative solutions and treatments will have immediate and long-term economic impact.  

To develop autonomous robots that are able to comply with social conventions and expectations, and avoid rejection from humans requires that robots must be aware of the social context in which they operate. To this extent, robots need to be endowed with high levels of reactivity, proactivity, responsiveness, and intelligibility. The Doctoral Network - Industrial Doctorates on Social aWareness for sErvicE roboTs (SWEET) aims at training a new generation of research and professional figures able to advance the development of socially aware robots capable of perceiving, interpreting, and responding to human emotions, intentions, and cultural differences. The training program will offer a diverse curriculum, encompassing theoretical knowledge, hands-on technical skills, and real-world application scenarios. The network's interdisciplinary approach includes various fields, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, human-robot interaction, computer vision, and cognitive sciences. Doctoral candidates will be immersed in cutting-edge research and innovation, gaining insights from the experience of both industrial and academic acclaimed research groups. The network will place a strong emphasis on ethical considerations and responsible innovation, deploying socially aware robots aligned with societal values and promoting inclusivity.  Doctoral Candidates will also have the opportunity to participate in a unique coaching program for continuous professional development of their soft and leadership individual skills. Integration Milestones following a Scenario-Based Learning approach will provide co-working activities where collaborative design/implementation is fostered. The inter-sectoral collaboration between academia, user groups’ representatives, business developers, and robot manufacturers of the project will further strengthen the novelty and impact of the research and training, and that research results are economically, socially, and technically feasible.

Social aWareness for sErvicE roboTs

Complex lipid membranes for science and technology

“CLIMB-Complex lipid membranes for science and technology” is a doctoral network of leading European lipid-research laboratories with highly complementary research expertise and training capabilities, which will allow participating PhD students to develop a wide range of research and transferable skills attractive to employers in both academic and industrial sectors. The research themes focus on the hypothesis that comprehensive understanding of the role of compositional complexity on “yet to be explored” structural properties and membrane-driven interactions is key to developing complex lipid-based nanomaterials that mimic the cellular environment and function as high-performance sustainable materials. A central aspect of the CLIMB programme is the development and physicochemical characterization of structure and stability of aggregates formed by novel lipid mixtures including natural extracts and novel protective polymer/peptoid-based coatings. Scientific results will be made available to non-academic partners to assess its possible translation into applications in the fields of mRNA delivery, bio-sensor development, and “green” formulations, areas in line with some of the grand challenges identified by EU. These objectives will be achieved by combining advanced and complementary experimental approaches from chemistry, physics, biology, and computational sciences. Through close collaboration with a network of both small and large industrial partners, the trainees will receive direct hands-on experience, and will gain insights into how lipid-based materials are used in innovative applications. In summary, CLIMB aims to advance the current knowledge on the interplay between structure, functions, interaction, and compositional complexity in lipid membrane. The generated results will contribute to important knowledge transfer between academia and the companies involved, promoting and increasing the success rate for innovations of grand societal challenges.

Random sampling for trustworthy pooling layers in graph neural networks

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are deep learning architectures that hold the promise of durably changing our way of, e.g., predicting inter-molecular chemical affinity to accelerate drug discovery or smartly balancing power loads on the electricity grid. My project focuses on pooling layers, a major building block of neural networks, including GNNs. In a nutshell, pooling layers generate local summaries of the data to enable faster computations and generate discriminative multiscale representations. The traditional periodic-sampling-based pooling that has proven so successful for data defined on regular grids such as time series or images becomes ill-defined when the underlying space of the data loses its regularity – such as data defined over graphs. Today’s existing solutions stem from a trial-and-error approach often driven by two practical and somewhat short-sighted objectives: computation efficiency and empirical predictive performance. The aim of my project is to add trustworthiness as a main objective in the design of novel pooling layers for GNNs. To achieve this, I will bridge the fields of signal processing, point processes, and random numerical linear algebra with graph machine learning to incorporate random methods (mainly random sampling and random projections) into the design of pooling layers for GNNs.  Indeed, randomized approaches are provably well adapted to three pillars of trustworthiness: technical robustness,  transparency, and privacy. The outcome of my project will be an extensively tested, theoretically-grounded,  trustworthy, ready-to-be-deployed, open-source, GNN-based toolbox, along with its user guide for practitioners. It will be the first GNN architecture benefiting from the theoretical guarantees random pooling layers come with. Such trustworthy GNNs will have an impact in the increasingly many fields in which GNNs are pushing the state-of-the-art: including circuit chip design,  physics, drug discovery and network neuroscience.

Building decentralIsed, DistributEd And Local micro-GRids for dEcarbonisation Electrification challeNge

The IDEAL4GREEN project addresses the urgent challenges of climate change and the global shift towards sustainable energy systems. It focuses on developing and integrating microgrids, which are crucial in managing the variability of renewable resources and achieving decarbonisation targets. The project aligns with the EC's commitment to carbon neutrality by 2050 by empowering energy communities and optimising local supply and demand. The project proposes a comprehensive doctoral training network aimed at developing skilled engineers with interdisciplinary and inter-sectoral expertise. This network diverges from conventional university-based research, maintaining strong industry links and emphasising practical implementation. IDEAL4GREEN consists of 8 beneficiaries and 11 partner organisations, recruiting 15 doctoral candidates to undertake research on microgrids' planning, design, operation, control, and impact assessment. The research encompasses innovative frameworks and methodologies for integrating microgrids and transforming traditional grids into sustainable energy systems. This includes developing advanced control algorithms, cybersecurity, improving mechanisms for microgrid islanding and reconnection, and enhancing the resilience and reliability of interconnected microgrid systems. The project also explores the planning, policy, and economic feasibility of interconnected grids and microgrids. It emphasises creating complete and integrated microgrid design frameworks, utilising integrated energy system modelling, and investigating regulatory policies. In terms of training, the DCs will engage in a mix of academic and industrial experiences, including secondments and networking meetings, ensuring their exposure to both theoretical knowledge and practical skills. The training program covers various aspects, such as advanced technical skills, collaborative communication, critical thinking, problem-solving, and adaptability.  

InSilicoHealth- Training the virtual twin professionals to support healthy ageing

InSilicoHealth aims to train doctoral candidates in the field of virtual human twin technology, with a specific focus on addressing challenges related to healthy aging in Europe in three core domains: heart, musculoskeletal, and brain. There is a two-way transfer between the research projects and the interdisciplinary training programme,  in which candidates will receive a broad education that spans different fields relevant to digital health. A compelling interdisciplinary joint degree-DN programme for 11 DCs is proposed answering four interdisciplinary research objectives, shouldered by intersectoral training components (i.e., academic and non-academic secondments) to prepare a new generation of outstanding digital health professionals.   InSilicoHealth will provide a comprehensive and forward-looking programme that combines research, interdisciplinary training, and collaboration with industry to address the complex challenges of healthy ageing, using virtual human twin technology. The DCs will be actively encouraged to surpass the technology-driven focus and to explicitly addressing the ethical, legal societal implications of VHT technologies. By providing the DCs with a 360° view on the methodological, technological, ethical, social, and regulatory challenges associated with this digital revolution of healthcare, InSilicoHealth is conceptualized as a steppingstone for a sustainable EU-based, doctoral programme on in silico health.

Innovative electrochemical CO2 Conversion to Versatile Feedstock

ICO2NIC will couple developments in polymer membrane-based CO2 capture technology with a novel Gas Diffusion electrochemical cell for CO2 to formic acid conversion. Valorisation of formic acid via innovative biological processing routes will deliver high value products and materials.  By making CCU (carbon capture and utilization) profitable, the ICO2NIC approach will enable global emitters to capture and valorise waste CO2, paving the way for a significant reduction in global emissions. The ICO2NIC consortium will form a complete value chain, from CO2 emitter (TUPRAS), to end users (TUPRAS, P&G), inclusive of carbon capture and purification (CPT), electrochemical conversion (AVT), and downstream processing (B.Fab, NPI). This industrial representation will enable validation of an integrated business model that has the potential to deliver a viable economic model for all parties (without external financial aid). Leading RTOs will support the integration of RES through digital monitoring and control systems (IDE), and confirm the cost efficiency, environmental performance and scalability of the proposed concept through development of a robust TEA and process design (SINTEF) and LCA (TNO); paving the way for capture of 6.45 Mt of CO2 from TUPRAS’ refineries by 2040, and up to 75 Mtpa CO2 in the EU refinery sector in the long term. 

Sårbarhet for klimaendringer hos nordiske flaggermusarter: identifisering av sesongmessige flaskehalser over breddegrader (NordBats)

Midlene fra FRIPRO-Fri prosjektstøtte fordelt på år

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Post-doctor

Species worldwide have adjusted their behaviours and migration patterns in response to climate change, and globally we see a surge in biodiversity loss. Despite the fact that bats belong to the second largest mammalian order in the world, we know relatively little about how individuals and populations are affected by climate change. Bats have low reproductive rates and high energetic demands. Scientists therefore believe they are particularly sensitive to climate change. But in order to inform conservation strategies, we need to know which traits make a bat species more vulnerable, and which seasons are most challenging for them to overcome across latitudes; although the Nordic winter is long and cold, the summer might prove to be a greater challenge for nocturnal animals, with the light and short summer nights restricting the time bats have to find food. Through this project, we try to identify the drivers of behavioural, physiological, or seasonal responses to climate change in Nordic bats across Fennoscandia. We also attempt to identify potential bottlenecks for survival in Nordic bats in light of climate change, given the seasonal energetic dilemmas that Nordic bats must overcome to survive. This project is a theoretical modelling project and a 3-year research cooperation between BatLab Norway (NMBU) and BatLab Finland (University of Helsinki).

Climate change will continue to alter weather conditions, food webs and energy requirements for species globally over the next decades, with escalating rates of warming especially predicted in the north. Bats belong to the second most species-rich mammal group in the world and are believed to be particularly sensitive to future climate change; however, we still have little knowledge on the mechanisms behind behavioral, physiological, and phenological responses to climate change in bats.

Nordic bats live in seasonal environments and face particular energetic dilemmas each season, that ultimately impact their survival- or reproductive chances. Common for these energetic dilemmas is that Nordic bats can use energy-saving behaviours (torpor and hibernation) throughout the annual cycle, but face certain costs in return. However, the costs and benefits of using these behaviours depend on individual state and on current and future environmental conditions, which demands a certain level of environmental predictability in order for bats to optimise their decisions.

With prospects of the weather becoming more unpredictable in the north, it has never been more urgent to identify potential bottlenecks for species living close to the border of their distribution limits, and to identify the traits that make them vulnerable to climate change.

In this project I will use stochastic dynamic state-dependent optimization models to identify the mechanisms behind responses to climate change in different Nordic bat species across seasons and latitudes. Such models evaluate costs and benefits of different behaviors, calculates the optimal decision under various conditions, and predicts the consequences of each choice, finally allowing us to simulate long-term population survival.

By combining the expertise of BatLab Finland and BatLab Norway I will be able to detect the seasonal limitations for survival and reproduction in Nordic bats across a latitudinal gradient.

Vulnerability of Nordic bat species to climate change: identifying seasonal bottlenecks across latitudes (NordBats)

Hvorfor er det så vanskelig for norske jurister å forstå EØS-lovgivningen som binder Norge til EUs indre marked? Og hvordan kan de som har ansvar for å lage og anvende norsk rett i større grad tilpasse seg de forpliktelsene som EØS-retten medfører? Dette er kjerneproblemstillingene for Centre on the Europeanisation of Norwegian Law (CENTENOL) - Senter for europeiseringen av norsk rett.

CENTENOLs tverrfaglige forskning har søkelys på kontekstualisering av lovgivning. Forskningen vil gjennomføres i fire relaterte arbeidspakker. Disse tar for seg hvordan retten til fri bevegelighet under EØS-lovgivningen påvirker norsk trygde-, utlendings- og arbeidsrett, og forvaltningsretten mer generelt. Hovedmålet til CENTENOL er å styrke juridisk forskning og undervisning ved å øke bevisstheten om EØS-lovgivningens potensielle og faktiske innflytelse på disse områdene. På denne måten sikrer man at alle senterets interessenter – norske advokater, jusstudenter, dommere, akademikere, lovgivere på lokalt og nasjonalt nivå, og offentlig forvaltning – vil være bedre rustet til å håndtere denne typen problemstillinger i fremtiden.  

CENTENOL er et nasjonalt og internasjonalt samarbeidsprosjekt basert ved Det juridiske fakultet, Universitetet i Bergen. Forskningen ved senteret vil utvikle ny kunnskap om EØS-rettens påvirkning på norsk rett, særlig gjennom bruken av samfunnsvitenskapelige og internasjonale komparative perspektiver. Forskningsfunnene vil bidra til et solid nasjonalt løft for alle som tilbyr juridisk utdanning i Norge. 

Gjennom kombinerte forsknings- og undervisningsaktiviteter, aktivt og utadrettet samarbeid med interessenter, og formidling av forskningsfunn, vil CENTENOL spille en nøkkelrolle i den nasjonale kompetansebyggingen på europeiseringen av norsk rett.

Nettside: https://www.uib.no/centenol

The Centre on the Europeanization of Norwegian Law (CENTENOL) will meet the need to expand knowledge about the impact of European Economic Area (EEA) law on Norwegian law and public administration. CENTENOL will challenge and expand the current knowledge base through research, communication, teaching and network activities, enabling Norwegian lawyers and public officials to better understand EEA law and its implications for Norwegian law and administration. 

CENTENOL’s primary objective is to generate new knowledge and strengthen legal research and teaching on the content, impact and integration of EEA free movement law both generally and more specifically in relation to various fields of Norwegian national law. 

The selected fields of study are social security law, immigration law and employment/labour law, and the secondary objectives of the Centre will be to:
1) Increase research output on legal issues concerning the Europeanisation of Norwegian law.
2) Build an open access knowledge base. 
3) Contribute to ongoing efforts at the Centre’s Norwegian partners to build expertise and further integrate EEA law issues into the main curriculum of legal studies. 

Through the many planned activities and publications during the lifetime of the Centre, CENTENOL will contribute to building a solid knowledge base on how EEA free movement rights and duties impact on various fields of Norwegian law. In addition to scientific dissemination and its contribution to legal education, the Centre will focus on both general and user-oriented dissemination for the benefit of both the Norwegian legal community and society at large. CENTENOL will pursue formalised cooperative ventures with other research groups and institutions both nationally and internationally to this end. The Centre will thereby be well-placed to generate new knowledge on the impact of EEA law on Norwegian law – both in the specific branches of law studied, and beyond.

Centre on the Europeanization of Norwegian Law - Understanding EEA Law as an integral part of Norwegian Law

The project investigates the theoretical aspects of the design and effective enforcement of competition law in the energy market. Based on the comparison between Polish and Norwegian regulatory framework, the general theory of regulation would be verified  using the insights from behavioural economics. 
The study involves cross-cultural comparison of customer behaviour patterns, regulatory framework types of competition strategies. Apart from that pricing policy in both countries shall be determined.

The  effective and competitive energy market is a point of interest for all the market participants, including customers, companies and public government agencies. The emerging and dynamic regulatory environment requires innovative regulatory tools and framewo rks in order to avoid regulatory uncertainty and risk.
The analysis of energy market, such as other network industries, involves the complicated mechanisms of unbundling, vertical agreements, controlled mergers and acquisitions, market domination, dynamic  efficiency consideration and regulation supporting network neutrality. Furthermore, the pricing mechanism on this market involves advance techniques, just to mention pool pricing, access pricing and dynamic pricing. 

The results of this project will be  a theoretical model explaining the impact of behavioural aspects of market player on the effective regulatory framework. The study findings allows to build effective regulations, and as a result modernize the economy, to make it more flexible in order to  face the challenges of globalisation, new technologies, individualization and increasing diversity.

As the practical effect of this study is concerned, the study assumes a critical review of research tools that involve behavioural aspects of the regulato ry framework and customer expectations. Furthermore, the methodology of regulatory impact assessment would be reviewed and adopted to cross-cultural comparison.

0 antall prosjekter

VAM-Velferd, arbeidsliv og migrasjon

Centre on the Europeanization of Norwegian Law - Understanding EEA Law as an integral part of Norwegian Law

Tildelt: kr 21,0 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2023-2028

Sted: Vestland

IS-MOBIL-Mobilitetsprogr.f.utl.Ph.D-stu

Behavioural aspects in regulatory framework - cross-cultural perspective on competition law&economics. Mob res: Bartosz Koziej, Poland

Tildelt: kr 81 000

Prosjektperiode: 2013-2013

Sted: Vestland