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Grunnforskning

The importance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for better balancing tropical forest conservation and poverty alleviation goals is increasingly recognised. Yet, in Africa, poor understanding of the impact of harvesting on species’ populations and forest carbon stocks, together with little information on the traditional institutions which have informally regulated NTFPs extraction in the past -and could continue to do so in the future-, hamper the use of NTFPs in both forest conservation and development initiatives. 
AFRI-FOR will gather the knowledge needed to determine (1) the key enablers of sustainable harvesting for groups of plant or wild meat species, (2) which types of NTFP harvesting can have synergies with carbon storage, and (3) how traditional institutions can be integrated into formal conservation. To achieve these objectives, AFRI-FOR provide new methods, including (i) a new interdisciplinary approach for investigating NTFPs harvesting impacts, combining traditional ecological knowledge (TEK, from local communities), surveys of plants and wildlife, market surveys and modelling techniques; and (ii) a novel standardised protocol for gathering information about traditional institutions and compliance towards them. AFRI-FOR will gather data and knowledge from 20 socio-ecological forest contexts in five countries (Sierra Leone, Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda and Kenya), which will allow insights to transcend single sites and provide a much-needed general understanding. This high-risk and high-gain project will provide a step-change in our ability to inform forest conservation in Africa, by identifying synergies between biodiversity conservation, carbon storage and poverty alleviation goals.


Improving tropical forest conservation in Africa

Sustainable cultivation of polychaetes as feed in aquaculture

Kan saueavl være viktig får å bekjempe klimaendringer? Svaret er faktisk ja! Grunnen er at sauer produserer metan, en drivhusgass som bidrar til global oppvarming. Hva om vi kunne avle sauer som slipper ut mindre metan? Dette er selve essensen i prosjektet "Sustain Sheep."
I dette internasjonale samarbeidsprosjektet involverer forskere fra ulike land (Irland, Storbritannia, New Zealand, Frankrike, Norge og Uruguay) seg i avansert teknologi kalt Portable Accumulation Chambers (PAC) – mobile klimakamre – for å måle metanutslipp fra sauer. Gjennom disse målingene skal man dykke ned i genetikken bak metanutslipp og fôreffektivitet. Resultatet blir anbefalinger for nye avlsmål for sau for å redusere klimafotavtrykket. Potensialet og kostnadene knyttet til implementering av disse avlsmålene vil også bli grundig vurdert.

I Norge vil data fra Sauekontrollen og en genomisk referansepopulasjon bli utnyttet for å analysere genetikken bak metanutslipp hos sauer. I tillegg vil maskinlæring bli anvendt for å avdekke sammenhengen mellom sauens vekt, fôrinntak og metanutslipp. Det vil videre undersøkes hvor effektivt det er å selektere sauer med lavere metanutslipp ved å bruke en simuleringsmodell, en såkalt digital tvilling, av det norske avlsprogrammet for sau. Avslutningsvis vil effekten av å avle for redusert metanutslipp fra sau på klimagassutslippene per kilo slakt produsert bli beregnet ved hjelp av en gårdsmodell. Effekten på de nasjonale klimagassutslippene vil også bli vurdert.

Breeding can be a cost-effective way of reducing enteric methane (CH4) emissions from sheep, by direct selection for CH4 emissions or indirectly through improved productivity. Currently there is under-adoption of these measures as benefits are not captured by the market. Sustain Sheep builds on the successful Joint Call ERA-Net project Grass To Gas and will create infrastructure for incorporation of low environmental impact into national breeding schemes that dovetails into the IPCC inventory. Sustain Sheep is unique as all partner countries (Ireland, United Kingdom, New Zealand, France, Norway and Uruguay) have invested in the same CH4 measurement technology (Portable Accumulation Chambers). 
Sustain Sheep will 1) review the current scientific status of the potential to breed sheep for reduced CH4 emissions (WP1), 2) investigate genetics of CH4 emission and feed efficiency and model the mitigation potential from breeding and give recommendations for new breeding goals (WP2), 3)  forecast uptake rates, cost and abatement of breeding for reduced CH4 emissions (WP3) and 4) determine the best mechanism for dissemination and implementation of project result to maximize stakeholder involvement (WP4). 
In Norway, genetic and genomic analyses of data from the Norwegian Sheep Recording System and the genomic reference population recorded for CH4 emission will be done by NSG (WP2.1). Machine learning to investigate  relationships between GHG emission, ewe live weight and feed intake will be applied and validated by NMBU (WP2.2). The expected response to selection for breeding goals including enteric CH4 and/or feed efficiency will be predicted by NMBU using a digital twin of the Norwegian sheep breeding scheme and data from WP2.1, and the effect on emission intensities (kg CO2-equivalents per kg product) will be investigated using a whole-farm model. The impact of alternative breeding goals on GHG emissions at national level will be quantified using IPCC methodology (WP2.3).

Reducing sheep methane emissions: sustainability in practice via new breeding goals

Food security of Africa’s growing population strongly depends on closing the yield gap for cash crops like maize. This can be achieved by increasing the input of N and P fertilizers and applying artificial irrigation, which, however, could substantially increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, alternative approaches to intensification must be sought. This project aims to evaluate whether selected plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) isolated from agricultural environments in SA and Cameroon can mitigate the negative effects of chemical fertilizers and strengthen drought survival of maize in degraded sub-Saharan soils. Known and newly isolated PGPB will be characterized and grown before testing them in pot and field experiments in SA and Cameroon. Better plant health can improve nitrogen uptake and thereby reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions while improving soil quality by allocating more organic carbon through increased root and litter input. The project aims to establish an empirical link between the use of PGBP, reduced GHG emissions and improved soil quality by measuring GHG emissions and soil chemistry in pot and field experiments in SA and Cameroon. For this, the Norwegian partner will provide equipment and know-how in GHG flus measurements and train local staff and students. Analyses of GHG will be carried out, among others, in the newly established GHG laboratory at the Wondo Genet College of Forestry and National Resources, University Hawassa, Ethiopia, under supervision of the Norwegian partner. The overall aim of the project is to contribute to developing novel, nature-based solutions to a sustainable intensivation of sub-Saharan crop production. If successful, inoculation approaches can be adapted and extended to Norwegian crop production, where inoculation experiments with N2O reducing bacteria are underway.

Agriculture is a major sources of greenhouse gases (GHG). In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), rapid population growth and land scarcity call for increased productivity to ensure food security. Intensification drives farmers’ reliance on inorganic fertilizer which results in increased emissions of GFGs such as nitrous oxide (N2O). Moreover, climate change is predicted to lead to extended periods of drought, further increasing the need for chemical fertilizers. Therefore, alternative approaches to intensification must be sought. One promising approach is the use of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB), particularly rhizospheric actinobacteria. Actinobacteria enhance soil quality by increasing the bioavailability of key nutrients, improve soil fertility and inhibit plant pathogens. Additionally, they produce compounds which may alleviate abiotic stress in plants. Maize is an important staple food in SSA where it accounts for 40% of cereal production. We will evaluate whether selected PGPB isolated from natural environments in SA and Cameroon can alleviate negative effects of droughts in chemically fertilized maize. Bacteria with demonstrated bioactivities associated with plant growth promotion e.g. N fixation, P solubilization, biosurfactant and siderophore production, will be formulated into bacterial inoculums and tested in maize exposed to drought stress. We will also investigate whether applying these inoculums reduces GHG emissions by enhancing fertiliser uptake by the crop. Plant-microbe interactions will be studied using molecular techniques such as whole genome sequencing and transcriptomics to confirm the bacteria’s role in the observed phenotype. Bacterial strains will be selected for the isolation and characterization of selected bioactives, and for patenting of novel compounds. The project presents a novel approach towards developing feasible strategies to help achieve climate neutrality in agri-food systems in Africa.

Harnessing African Microbial Diversity to mitigate Green House Gas emissions in maize production

Fangst- og håndteringstress påvirker fiskens kjøttkvalitet eller overlevelsesevne dersom den blir sluppet fri. I WelTuna er målet vårt å minimere disse stressorene i for å forbedre velferd, bærekraft og produktkvalitet av makrellstørje i det norske stangfisket.
Kystnært stangfiske etter makrellstørje fra mindre fartøy har økt raskt i omfang for rekreasjon-, kommersielle- og vitenskapelige formål. Stangfiske har betydelig potensiale som velferdsvennlig fangstmetode, da metoden i motsetning til andre påvirker fisken i relativt kort tid og hver fisk blir håndtert individuelt.
Prosjektteamet vårt bestående av forskere, fiskere, fiskeriforvaltning, fiskekjøpere, foredlingsindustri, dyrevelferdsgrupper og andre interesseorganisasjoner fra hele verden, vil bruke de nyeste metodene og teknologien til å overvåke velferdstilstand under fangst, håndtering og slakting og relatere dette til kvalitet på individnivå. Denne kunnskapen vil så danne grunnlaget for utvikling av fangst- og håndteringsmetoder som minimerer stress og opprettholder høy kjøttkvalitet forebygger utilsiktet slipping av makrellstørje samt reduksjon i bifangst. Vi vil også gjennomføre studier av struktur og aktivitet i hjerne hos makrellstørje for å utvikle humane bedøvelsesmetoder som reduserer stress under håndtering og slakting.
Tilslutt vil vi, i samarbeid med internasjonale eksperter innen makrellstørje biologi og kvalitet, utarbeide beste-praksis-retningslinjer for fangst, håndtering, slakting, lagring og kvalitetskontroll. Vi håper at vårt fokus på bærekraft, god velferd og høy kvalitet vil fungere som en inspirasjon for utviklingen av ansvarlige fangstmetoder med fokus på fiskevelferd både nasjonalt og internasjonalt.

This project will improve animal welfare in wild-capture rod-and-line (R&L) fisheries for Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABT; Thunnus thynnus). By improving welfare, the project intends to minimise the environmental impacts of fishing through improvements to sustainability and product quality.

Since the re-establishment of the Norwegian ABT quota, the traditional capture method (purse seine) has not been efficient or profitable. As purse seiners target aggregations of fish, animal welfare  and product quality are easily compromised. In 2022, only 48% of the 315-tonne purse seine quota was caught.

A rod-and-line (R&L) fishery using coastal powerboats has also developed. In 2022, ~100 ABT were caught by R&L for recreational, commercial and scientific purposes. R&L capture overcomes many of the issues associated with purse seine fishing. Catching fish one-by-one gives the opportunity to maintain welfare and quality at the individual level. Norwegian R&L fishing for ABT is therefore well placed to transition towards an animal welfare conscious and environmentally sustainable fish capture method. However, knowledge gaps exist that hinder this transition:

1.	Lack of knowledge of the animal welfare impacts of capture and slaughter;
2.	Sub-optimal handling practices and limited processing infrastructure
3.	Limited understanding of ABT behaviour and distribution
4.	Bycatch and escape rates are unknown

The project is organised into four scientific work-packages (“Capture”, “Stunning”, “Welfare” and “Quality”) and a management WP to coordinate activities and communication. Fundamental to the project design is that every fish caught will be used by each scientific WP, with each using specific methodologies to address their respective objectives. The project will also benefit from the input of various stakeholders, including fishers, fishery managers, fish buyers, fish processors, animal welfare agencies and NGOs.

Welfare conscious capture and slaughter of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.) in the Norwegian rod and line fishery.

AQUASERV – RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES FOR SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE, FISHERIES AND THE BLUE ECONOMY

The overarching objectives of AQUASERV are to bring together, enhance, integrate and customise RI capacities (including facilities, instruments and expertise) and through the provision of transnational access (on-site or remote) and/or virtual access, to significantly further scientific advance and promote and facilitate the implementation of European Common Fisheries Policy, the Farm to Fork Strategy, the Sustainable Blue Economy and the European Green Deal. 

AQUASERV will achieve these objectives by offering scientists from academia and business remote and on-site transnational (TA) and virtual (VA) access to an advanced set of European research infrastructures and its nodes related to research and management of marine and freshwater biological resources, food and biotechnology. These include the European Marine Biological Resource Centre ERIC (EMBRC), the Analysis and Experimentation on Ecosystems ERIC, The Aquaculture for Excellence for Aquaculture in Fish (Aquaexcel), and the Infrastructure for Promoting Metrology in Food and Nutrition (METROFOOD), as well as the International Council for Exploration of the Sea, both a service provider and stakeholder. It also includes the Research Infrastructure for Science and Innovation Policy Studies (RISIS) to bring contributions from the social sciences and to bring results nearer to policy makers ensuring societal impact. 

To enhance, integrate and customise RI capacities, collaboration between partners and new pipelines to meet the objectives of the project will be developed during the first 3 years and will make available  to users.  To ensure these capacities will not be lost, a sustainability work package involving stakeholders will address the project legacy.  

To maximize impact, AQUASERV will build a communication network among the partnership and develop a dissemination and outreach programme. Furthermore, an advanced training programme will be developed to capture future users and will be updated during the p

Akvakultur er for tiden den raskest voksende matproduksjonssektoren globalt, men på grunn av utilstrekkelig avfallshåndtering i produksjonssystemene, har den en betydelig miljøpåvirkning. For å sikre at industrien kan vokse på en bærekraftig måte, er det avgjørende å dempe disse miljøeffektene, samtidig som det skapes en sirkulær økonomi.

SEA-CYCLE-prosjektet har som mål å utnytte avfall og avløpsvann fra havbruksnæringen ved å innføre sirkulærøkonomiske prinsipper i håndteringen av havbruksavfall som en del av produksjonsprosessen.

Hovedmålet med SEA-CYCLE er å utvikle kunnskap som vil bidra til flere bærekraftige tilnærminger i produksjonsprosesser og samtidig minimere forurensning i havmiljøet. Prosjektet foreslår teknologier for å bidra til de sirkulære tilnærmingene i akvakultursektoren, samtidig som miljøforurensningen reduseres via bærekraftig avløpsvannbehandling og ressursgjenvinningsteknikker. I tillegg vil SEA-CYCLE evaluere den økonomiske levedyktigheten til disse teknologiene fra et samfunnsmessig ståsted, med tanke på både miljøkostnadene og fordelene involvert.

Aquaculture is currently the fastest growing food production sector globally, but it also has the potential to leave a significant environmental impact due to inadequate waste management practices within its production systems. To ensure a sustainable expansion of this industry, it is crucial to make efforts to minimize or mitigate these environmental effects, while creating circular economy. The SEA-CYCLE project aims to utilize waste and wastewater from the aquaculture industry by implementing circular economy principles in the management of aquaculture waste as part of the production processes.

The project proposes creating value chain for aquaculture waste resulting from aquaculture production. The project will i) investigate the valorization options of aquaculture sludge through anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis, ii) assess the ability of biochar produced from aquaculture sludge for N and P recovery and heavy metal removal from aquaculture wastewater, iii) assess the potential of aquaculture wastewater enriched biochar as biobased fertilizer. The environmental and economic impacts of the proposed technologies in the project will be assessed by life cycle analysis (LCA) and social cost-benefit analysis. 

In this project, we have assembled a strong interdisciplinary team of scientists with complementary expertise in the valorization of aquaculture waste including anaerobic digestion, production and utilization of biochar for environmental applications, LCA and cost-benefit analysis. The project primarily supports the achievement of the SDG 6, SDG 7, SDG 12, SDG 13 and SDG 14 by proposing technologies to contribute to the circular approaches in the aquaculture sector while reducing the environmental pollution via sustainable wastewater treatment and resource recovery techniques.

Sustainable aquaculture industry waste valorization through recycling

Meat Inspector - An instrument for detecting meat quality and defects

Hyppigheten av forekomst av flom og tørke vil sannsynligvis øke på grunn av klimaendringer. Flomstørrelsen vil øke betydelig i de fleste deler av Europa, selv for områder der årlig nedbør forventes å avta, som følge av en mer intens hydrologisk syklus. Motstandsdyktig landskap er nødvendig for å redusere negative effekter av flom og tørke og beskytte samfunnet. Det er utviklet ulike tiltak for å hindre negative effekter av flom og tørke, men problemene er vedvarende og forventes å forverres i fremtiden. I økende grad blir ikke-strukturelle tiltak, som naturbaserte løsninger (NBS), anerkjent som potensielle løsninger for dette formålet, og utfyller strukturelle løsninger. For å planlegge NBS-tiltak er det viktig å inkludere lokale interessenter i prosessen. Interessenter har viktig innsikt i å gjennomføre tiltak fra et sosialt og økonomisk perspektiv. Videre kan utforming og definering av tiltak i samarbeid med interessenter forbedre kommunikasjonen og takler institusjonelle, kunnskapsmessige og andre barrierer for å implementere tiltak. Det overordnede målet med LandEX er å forbedre landskapets motstandsdyktighet mot hydroklimatiske ekstremer (flom og tørke), ved å optimalisere en rekke tilpasningstiltak i landskapet. Prosjektet foreslår å oppnå dette ved å anvende hydrologiske modeller og ved å utforme scenarier i nært samarbeid med lokale interessenter. Gjennom disse målene og relaterte resultater, forventes LandEX å bidra til å redusere negative effekter av flom og tørke på samfunnet, ved å hjelpe vannforvaltere med å utforme effektive landskaps scenarier i samarbeid med grunneiere.

LandEX aims to improve landscape resilience to hydroclimatic extremes – both floods and droughts – by spatially optimising a suite of adaptation measures in the landscape. Knowledge gaps addressed by LandEX include: (i) how different NBS measures can increase water retention in the landscape and, thus, mitigate floods and droughts at the same time; (ii) how their spatial location determines their effectiveness at the landscape level, and (iii) potential synergies between a network of different measures distributed throughout the landscape. LandEX uses the concept of hydrological connectivity to design spatially-explicit adaptation scenarios which retain water from wet periods to be available during dry periods. The approach is tested in 5 study areas in northern and southern Europe. LandEX works closely with local and regional stakeholders, as it is crucial to co-design such adaptation scenarios to ensure their feasibility and adoption and to incorporate them into regional spatial planning. LandEX aims to achieve the objectives, addressed in 5 specific Work Packages: WP1: Investigate in each study area the current hotspots for flood and drought occurrence and how existing mitigation measures perform. WP2: Co-design spatial adaptation scenarios of feasible and potentially effective suites of measures in the landscape. WP3: Quantify the effectiveness of the adaptation scenarios using spatially explicit hydrological models. WP4: Develop a tool to support managers in optimising landscape resilience and to visualize scenario outcomes through an online map interface. WP5: Stimulate co-learning between the 5 study areas by enabling exchange of experiences with different sets of innovative adaptation measures. LandEX consortium partners have great experience with floods and droughts, mitigation measures, including NBS, hydrological modelling and stakeholders participation in projects. In addition, consortium partners have collaborated in earlier and ongoing projects.

Improving Landscape resilience by integrating measures to adapt and mitigate hydrological EXtremes

Europa står overfor et stort problem med å skaffe nok protein. Dette skyldes at vi ikke produserer nok proteiner til å møte den økende globale etterspørselen. Å ikke ha nok protein påvirker både maten vi spiser, fôret vi gir til dyr og tingene vi lager. En måte å løse dette problemet på er å finne nye kilder til protein som vi kan bruke. Ved å finne ulike typer protein, kan vi sørge for at vi har nok til ulike formål. For eksempel er fôrindustrien sterkt avhengig av protein fra andre steder utenfor Europa. Men dette er ikke bærekraftig i det lange løp.
Det er her DARE2CYCLE-prosjektet kommer inn i bildet. DARE2CYCLE er et internasjonalt prosjekt som har som mål å løse proteinproblemet i Europa og Norge på en smart måte. Prosjektet vil skape et nytt system der vi kan resirkulere kumøkk og sidestrømer fra melkeproduksjon og gjøre det om til noe nyttig: protein. Dette proteinet kan brukes i mat, fôr eller andre produkter, som emballasjematerialer. I DARE2CYCLE-prosjektet vil forskere fra Norge sammen med det norske meieriselskapet TINE for første gang utvikle en robust fermentering prosess for å gjøre næringsstoffer utvunnet fra kumøkk og sideprodukter fra melkeproduksjonen  til høykvalitets sopprotein. Dette proteinet kan deretter brukes til å lage alle slags ting, fra fôr til emballasjematerialer.
Ved å gjøre dette, vil DARE2CYCLE-prosjektet bidra til at Europa og Norge har nok protein på lang sikt, samtidig som de gjør den norske meieriindustrien mer bærekraftig.

DARE2CYCLE project will develop a novel biorefinery platform combining the recovery of carbon and nutrients from excess dairy side streams, waste milk and dairy manure with their upcycling into microbial protein (MP) to be used as
alternative feed and food protein additives as well as building block for protein-based bioplastics to be used in food packaging applications. The DARE2CYCLE platform will target high product yields and quality while optimizing energy- and resource-efficiency to reduce GHG emissions and maximize profitability in crucially important agri-food sectors.
 DARE2CYCLE project will investigate, develop and integrate a series of innovative processes. In addition, the DARE2CYCLE platform will be systematically evaluated and improved by using computational experiments  to explore the most promising system-level solutions. Finally, the integration of life cycle and techno-economic assessment and the engagement of pre- and post-farm gate stakeholders across the European dairy industry will ensure balanced and positive impacts across all dimensions of sustainability. Ultimately, by following a holistic system approach, the DARE2CYCLE project will demonstrate the production of sustainable and locally sourced alternative proteins directly from typically overabundant dairy waste and residues through energy-efficient, cost-competitive and cross-contamination safe recovery, upcycling and valorisation processes. DARE2CYCLE is highly ambitious project and to accomplish its main objectives, a complementary consortium of research and industry partners from five countries across Europe covering whole value chain was brought together.

DAiry Waste and REsidues upCYCLing into Microbial ProtEin

Ising på fartøyer og plattformer: Effekter av isens mikro- og nano-struktur

Midlene fra PETROMAKS2-Stort program petroleum fordelt på år

Midlene fra PETROMAKS2-Stort program petroleum fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra PETROMAKS2-Stort program petroleum fordelt på fagområde

Researcher

Sea spray icing implies a considerable risk and safety problem for the shipping and offshore industries. In cold , stormy weather sea spray ice can form extremely rapidly on ships and offshore structures. This process is, in contrast to normal ice formation on the surface of the sea or a lake, difficult to predict. This is mostly due to three complex interacting processes. First, the sea spray flux depends on spray generation created by breaking waves the transport of droplets with the wind. Second, sea spray ice accumulation is also dependent on cold air and water temperatures, the geometry and surface properties of a structure on which the ice is accumulating. Third but not least, accumulation rates depend on the amount of unfrozen seawater entrapped in the porous spray ice: this water can contribute to more than half of the sea spray ice loads. It is the latter contribution that currently make predictions of sea spray ice formation uncertain. 

The present project focuses on the microstructure of sea spray ice and crystal growth processes during sea spray ice accumulation. 3D X-ray tomographic imaging will provide important novel knowledge about the microstructure and properties of sea spray ice. This will enable us to improve models and predictions of its accumulation, e.g. through better knowledge of its liquid fraction. We will also obtain important information about ice-surface contacts for different materials, providing fundamental data and insight for the development of anti-icing materials and coatings. Improving our understanding of icing processes in the sea, the project will contribute to improved safety and risk evaluation in ice-covered waters.

During the first phase of MICROSPRAY we have developed a laboratory setup that allows us to grow spray ice under different growth conditions (wind, air and water temperature, water salinity) and on different surfaces. We have constructed a coolng stage for imaging sea spray ice samples at the NTNU hub of the Norwegian Centre for Nano-scale X-ray tomography (https://www.next.uio.no/hubs-and-capacities/) and successfully performed the first X-ray tomographic scans of saline spray ice. We found that the microstructure of laboratory grown spray ice looks very similar to ice formed from sea spray in the field (collected at Longyearbyen harbour in spring 2021), showing pronounced brine drainage channels that so far had onlz been detected in sea ice. The comparison of field and laboraorz ice gives us credence to continue dtailed studies with our setup. In the next phase we will integrate in situ measurements of ice adhesion strength, and perform systemtic tests of spray ice growth for a wide range of growth conditions, in order to collect a large combined dataset on sea spray adhesion and microstructure.

Ice formation from sea spray is an important process regarding offshore operations in polar regions. Due to its safety risk for vessels and structures it has been become part of operational weather forecasting for half a century. However, while models of different complexity have been formulated to predict icing, their performance is still rather limited. There is a general consensus that one of the causes for this lack in performance is due to the freezing process of sea spray and the largely unknown microstructure of the forming ice. In recent years it has been proposed to include microstructure models to predict sea spray ice growth. However, so far no observations of dendritic structure of spray ice exist. 

The present project aims to close this knowledge gapin microstructure observations through imaging by nondestructive 3-d X-ray micro-tomography (XRT). Another challenge of marine icing is to understand the influence of  different surfaces on the microstructureand properties of sea spray ice. We will perform ice adhesion experiments on different substrates, and also here observe the 3-d microstructure in dependence on growth conditions.

Of particular interest in the freezing process of saline ice, its microstrcture and adhesion is the fate of saline brine that is expelled during freezing. Also this process will be studied for the first time by XRT imaging, and making uyse of high spationtemporal resolution at synchrotron radiation facilities, as well as high performance radiography . 

Our approach will gain new fundemental knowledge of microstructure and adhesion properties of sea spray ice. This is of particular importance for the predictability of ice loads on vessels and offshore structures. The project will also lay the ground for development of feasible coatings/materials of low ice adhesion, of high usefulness in cold regions operations. The project is of particular importance in view of a changing climate and increasing logistics in cold waters.

Microstructure of sea spray ice. Prediction of icing on marine structures.

Billie Eilish oppfordret alle i moteindustriet til å fjerne pels fra produktene sine "... not only for animals, but also for our planet and environment too." Candice Owens krevde et slutt på obligatorisk koronatesting på vegne av konservativene. Den Afghanske kvinnelige fotballspilleren Khalida Popal fortalte hennes adferd var "... for the purpose of standing for our voiceless sisters who have had their voices taken from them by the Taliban ...". Dette er bare et lite utvalg av ikke-valgte individer som hevder at de representerer substansielle grupper med mennesker og som har fått betydelig anerkjennelse i media, fra andre borgere og fra myndigheter.

Hvorfor gjør de det? Hvor ofte forekommer slike representerende uttalelser? Føler folk seg representert av disse individene? Og hva betyr det for legitimiteten til det liberale demokratiet i Europa?
 
Prosjektet UNelected REPresentatives: The Impact on Liberal Democracy in Europe (UNREP) har som mål å svare på disse spørsmålene. Utgangspunktet for prosjektet er at liberalt demokrati i Europa opplever en krise. Mange føler at de valgte politikerne ikke representerer dem og deres interesser. De vender seg til utre høyre populister som Giorgia Meloni eller til autokrater som Victor Orban. Utstrakt forskning er gjort på populister, populistiske partier og folks oppfatninger om demokrati og tillit i politikk. Rollen til ikke-valgte representanter er imidlertid fremdeles svært understudert.

Prosjektet UNREP tar utgangspunkt i en ny utvikling innenfor politisk teori som ikke ser på representasjon som resultatet av valg, men snarere av interaksjon mellom de som sier at de er representanter og tilhørere som enten anerkjenner eller avviser slike uttalelser.

How and to what extent does the empirical practice of representative claims-making in which unelected representatives claim to represent an international constituency affect the legitimacy of liberal democracy in Europe? This is the central research question of 'Unelected Representatives: The Impact on Liberal Democracy in Europe' (UNREP). UNREP focuses on the practice of representative claims-making. That is, public statements in which someone claims to represent a certain constituency with a policy demand in front of an audience. Both elected and unelected individuals make such claims. Specifically, UNREP focuses on claims with an international reach, made by unelected representatives, stating demands on the globalization related issues of migration and European integration. It studies how citizens receive these claims and what exposure to such claims means for citizens' opinion about liberal democracy. UNREP picks up on state of the art political theory, to conduct rigorous empirical analysis on the nature and impact of representative claims. UNREP develops new insight through a carefully constructed mixed-methods research design. This includes comprehensive content analysis, surveys including conjoint analysis and experiments, and in-depth semi-structured interviews. Journalists are key stakeholders in this phenomenon. They face a choice whether to feature representative claims in the news, and how, on a daily basis. UNREP contains a comprehensive innovative plan for journalist involvement in the project that will bolster both the research itself as well as the popular dissemination of its findings. The results promise to improve our understanding of modern day political representation and provide us with a key piece of the puzzle about the current state of liberal democracy in Europe. This is vital information in the face of popular mistrust and challenges from right-wing populists, authoritarian leaders and left-wing social movements.

0 antall prosjekter

FRIPRO-Fri prosjektstøtte

UNelected REPresentatives: The Impact on Liberal Democracy in Europe (UNREP)

Tildelt: kr 7,7 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2019-2024

Sted: Trøndelag - Trööndelage