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Globale utfordringer

Over hele Europa er det tydelig at dagens jordbrukspraksis ikke lenger er bærekraftig, og at jordbrukssystemene må endres for å opprettholde matproduksjonen og samtidig ivareta det biologiske mangfoldet, økosystemene og de mange fordelene de gir samfunnet.

En løsning på dette er agroøkologi. Agroøkologisk jordbruk har til felles å utnytte naturlige økologiske prosesser for å gjøre jordbruk mer bærekraftig. Dessverre, til tross for mye forskning på agroøkologisk jordbrukspraksis, er bruken av dette svært begrenset i Europa.

I SAFER-prosjektet vil et stort team av europeiske forskere jobbe på tvers av et nettverk med seks 'levende laboratorier', det vil si at gårder i drift på tvers av Europa vil iverksette agroøkologisk praksis. Ved samarbeid på de involverte gårdene, vil bønder, forskere og andre interessenter sammen bidra til økt kunnskap om agroøkologi. Det vil gi mer kunnskap om de landbruksmessige, miljømessige og sosialøkologiske fordelene, samt de mulige avveiningene mellom ulike fordeler.  

Teamet fra Universitetet i Bergen, ledet av prof. Peter Manning, vil være en viktig bidragsyter i prosjektet. De skal oppskalere data fra prosjektet på felt- og gårdsnivå til hele landskap, og simulere endringer i gårdspraksis ved å bruke en kombinasjon av samfunnsvitenskap, fjernmåling og matematisk modellering. Dette vil gi prognoser for hvordan konsekvenser av landsbruksstrategier på landskapsnivå påvirker hele systemet, fra bønder til lokale interessenter. 

Sluttproduktet vil være detaljert kunnskap om hvordan ulike økologiske praksiser påvirker bønder, bygdesamfunn og om hvilke strategier som øker bærekraftig produksjon og flerfunksjonalitet i europeiske jordbrukslandskap. Ved aktiv involvering av bønder og andre interessenter gjennom hele forskningsprosessen, tar vi også sikte på å øke relevansen og bruken av de identifiserte løsningene.

Agroecology offers an opportunity to reconcile agricultural production with human well-being across Europe. However, despite significant evidence that agroecological farming reduces the environmental footprint of agriculture, agroecology is struggling to expand across Europe. This limited adoption emerges from a limited understanding of the cross-disciplinary impacts (agronomic, ecological, economic and social dimensions) of upscaling agroecological farming and recent social unrest following the deployment of agroecological policies indicates that there is an urgent need to address this issue. In addition, a major challenge for agroecology is that no single agroecological practice is suitable for all contexts. Instead, practices need to be targeted and adapted to local socio-ecological contexts, with a strong involvement of stakeholders. Addressing such challenge implies a paradigm shift towards co-design in research and innovation in agroecology.

SAFER will address these challenges by mobilizing a European network of 6 Living Labs distributed across contrasting regions and social-ecological systems, in a multidisciplinary approach. We will: (i) co-design best suited agroecological practices adapted to local social-ecological conditions via a participatory approach that actively involves stakeholders; (ii) quantify the multiple agronomical, environmental and socio-economic benefits and risks of scaling up these agroecological practices from the field to the landscape scale using a similar landscape-scale design across Living Labs; (iii) forecast the whole-system consequences of landscape-scale strategies for farmers and local stakeholders; (iv) identify how local policies, stakeholder demands and the Living Lab methodology can enhance or limit the expansion of agroecological practices

Work at UiB will concentrate on modelling work in (ii) and (iii) but will contribute to all aspects.

AGROECOL 1 SAFER Strengthening Agricultural landscape multiFunctionality through expansion of agroecological farming in EuRope (SAFER)

Klimaendringer påvirker oss alle, men ikke likt. Mennesker som allerede er marginaliserte, som lavinntektsgrupper, eldre og personer med helseproblemer, er mer sårbare for ekstreme værhendelser som hetebølger, stormer og flom. En viktig faktor som påvirker sårbarheten, er boligsituasjonen. Dårlige boforhold kan gjøre folk mer utsatt for helserisiko, særlig luftveis- og hjerte- og karsykdommer. ComDisp-prosjektet undersøker disse risikoene ved å utvikle en ny metode for å studere helseforskjeller knyttet til boligforhold. I stedet for å stole utelukkende på tradisjonelle modeller, fokuserer vi på spesifikke forhold i lokalmiljøene. Vi samarbeider direkte med lokalbefolkningen, helseorganisasjoner og beslutningstakere for å utvikle modeller som forutsier hvordan klimaendringer vil påvirke helsen under ulike boforhold. Ved å involvere lokalsamfunn i forskningsprosessen sikrer vi at løsningene vi utvikler, er praktiske og nyttige for dem som rammes hardest.

Forskningen vår foregår i fire land: USA, Vietnam, Tyrkia og Ecuador, men innsikten vi får, vil være relevant i en bredere global kontekst. På hvert sted samarbeider vi med lokale myndigheter, bolig- og helseorganisasjoner og klimaaktivister for å sikre at arbeidet får en reell innvirkning. Prosjektet bygger på en vellykket pilotstudie i Jacksonville, USA, hvor vi testet en modell for faktorer som påvirker boforholdene i et lokalmiljø. Nå skal metoden tilpasses og utvides til flere regioner, slik at vi kan sammenligne hvordan boligforhold og klimaendringer samspiller i ulike miljøer.

Gjennom dette prosjektet bidrar vi ikke bare til ny kunnskap, men også til at lokalsamfunn lærer av hverandre. ComDisp-prosjektet inkluderer partnere fra universiteter, lokale myndigheter og samfunnsorganisasjoner over hele verden. Ved å dele erfaringer og løsninger på tvers av landegrenser ønsker vi å bidra til sterkere, sunnere og mer motstandsdyktige bomiljøer for alle.

Around the world, climate change impacts fall disproportionately on those already marginalized in society. Natural hazards are being modified by climate change (e.g. extreme heat, storms, flooding) and result in adverse impacts on human health, ecosystems and infrastructure. The homes that people inhabit contribute to their risk. Poor housing conditions combine with environmental phenomena to create chronic conditions of public health risk, manifesting as health disparities in respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses. The ComDisp consortium will undertake community-centered research that develops a collaborative, iterative process for grassroots modeling of health disparities with predictive capability across climate change scenarios. It responds to health disparities related to housing conditions in the USA, Vietnam, Turkey and Ecuador - with broad relevance in every global society - where living environments are shaped by historical and contemporary injustices. The project users are populations who live in housing situations with high risk of climate change impacts, especially elderly, children, low-income communities, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions. In each location, we will leverage existing partnerships with non-academic stakeholders to include local governments (land use, housing, public health), community health & housing organizations, and climate change action advocates. Although our project will undertake research in 4 countries, the case studies are strongly connected by a focus on how housing conditions are affected by climate change and impact on the health of inhabitants. Pilot research in Jacksonville, USA, has developed an initial process for community-centered modeling, to be adapted in each location. Consortium members will share our range of skills, resources and knowledge, and PhD students supported by the project will gain experience across the network while affected communities will learn from each other and grow together.

Community-Centered Modeling of Housing Related Health Disparities

InfraGuard: A Tool for Performance Monitoring & Safety Assessment in Critical Transport Infrastructure

PRV VAX representerer en ny og patenterbar tilnærming for utvikling av en vaksine mot piscine ortoreovirus (PRV), et betydelig patogen i akvakultur og en pågående trussel mot dyrevelferd og industriproduktivitet. PRV er utbredt i oppdrettslaks og forårsaker hjerte- og skjelettmuskelbetennelse (HSMI), noe som utgjør en betydelig sykdomsutfordring i land med storskala produksjon av atlantisk laks (Wessel et al. 2017). Foreløpig er det ingen PRV-vaksiner på markedet. Vi vil anvende grunnleggende kunnskap og teknikker for å etablere den første vedvarende PRV-infeksjonen i cellekultur og dermed frigjøre potensialet for vaksineutvikling mot den vanligste virussykdommen hos oppdretts-atlantisk laks i Norge. En vaksine for å forhindre HSMI vil redusere sykelighet og dødelighet betydelig og forbedre lønnsomheten i atlantisk lakseakvakultur.
PRV VAX-prosjektet tilbyr en ny tilnærming til å produsere den første PRV-vaksinen, som har betydelig markedspotensial ved å bidra til økt fiskevelferd og redusert produksjonstap. Det potensielle markedet for en vaksine er stort, rettet mot atlantisk lakseakvakultur, spesielt store produserende land som Norge, Chile og Skottland, hvor PRV og tilhørende sykdom er utbredt. All oppdrettslaks blir rutinemessig vaksinert i ferskvannsfasen av produksjonen for å beskytte mot flere forskjellige patogener. En PRV-vaksinekomponent bør implementeres som en del av dette regimet. Spesielt er det ingen selskaper som for tiden tilbyr en PRV-komponent i vaksineporteføljen sin, noe som fremhever en betydelig markedsmulighet for utvikling og bruk av en slik vaksine. En vaksine rettet mot PRV tilbyr betydelig kommersielt potensial, gitt omfanget av atlantisk lakseakvakultur og virkningen av HSMI.

PRV VAX - Cultivation of piscine orthoreovirus (PRV)
Resolving a bottleneck in vaccine development for farmed Atlantic Salmon

CoBioPovCli addresses the question of how to conserve biodiversity, alleviate poverty, and mitigate climate change simultaneously, which are interrelated challenges that threaten human and environmental well-being. The importance of this topic is highlighted by the current context of the global COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war, which have exacerbated these problems and their impacts on human and environmental well-being. The main gaps in this topic are: (1) lack of comprehensive data, especially on the dynamics of socio-ecological systems, (2) lack of integrated knowledge, and (3) lack of holistic approaches that consider co-benefits and synergies. CoBioPovCli aims to overcome the limitations and gaps in the current state-of-the-art by developing an integrated spatial planning approach that can achieve win-win synergies between biodiversity conservation, poverty alleviation, and climate change mitigation from a social-ecological systems perspective.  CoBioPovCli will use literature, models remote sensing data, and other data sources to construct and apply the spatial planning approach, based on case studies, spatial analysis and scenario simulation. CoBioPovCli will generate new knowledge, data and solutions that are conceptually novel, scientifically rigorous and policy-relevant. It will enhance our understanding of the multiple values of biodiversity and its contributions to human well-being under changing climatic conditions. It will provide evidence-based recommendations and best practices for promoting more integrated and sustainable approaches that benefit both people and the planet. CoBioPovCli will also enhance Europe’s scientific and technical capacity and excellence in the field of co-benefits and synergies between biodiversity conservation, poverty alleviation, and climate change mitigation, as well as contribute to Europe’s global leadership and influence in addressing these interlinked challenges.

Co-benefits and synergies between biodiversity conservation, poverty alleviation and climate change mitigation from a social-ecological systems perspective

Mining Impact-prosjektet ble valgt ut som en del av den tredje fasen av den vellykkede JPI Oceans Joint Action om de økologiske aspektene ved dyphavsgruvedrift. Forskningskonsortiet samler eksperter fra Belgia, Danmark, Tyskland, Italia, Nederland, Norge, Polen, Portugal og Storbritannia. Med et totalbudsjett på ca. € 9 millioner (hvorav ca. € 5,7 millioner er finansiert av nasjonale finansiører gjennom JPI Oceans), vil prosjektet fylle kritiske kunnskapshull om dyphavsøkosystemer og den potensielle effekten av gruvedrift på dem. Forskning vil ikke bare fokusere på polymetalliske knutefelt, men også adressere massive sulfidavsetninger, og kombinere eksisterende data med nye ekspedisjoner for å fremme vår forståelse av disse unike miljøene. Dette prosjektet er ment å gi avgjørende vitenskapelig bevis for å støtte informert beslutningstaking om fremtiden for havbunnsmineralutvinning og dens styrende internasjonal og nasjonal lovgivning.

MiningImpact3 har som mål å:
· Vurdere den romlige og tidsmessige variasjonen til dyphavsmiljøet
· Forstå genetiske sammenhenger mellom dyphavspopulasjoner
· Studere effekten av gruve-indusert toksisitet og press på bunn- og pelagiske samfunn.
· Støtte utviklingen av indikatorer for økosystemhelse og terskler for alvorlig skade
· Avanserte styrings- og styringsverktøy, inkludert digital tvillingteknologi
· Sammenligne virkningene av dyphavs- og landbasert gruvedrift

Prosjektet vil dra nytte av tilgang til forskningsfartøyet Sonne levert av det tyske forbundsdepartementet for utdanning og forskning. En ekspedisjon vil undersøke steder av tidligere polymetalliske knutergruveprøver i Clarion-Clipperton-sonen i det nordøstlige ekvatoriale Stillehavet fem år etter nedslaget. Ytterligere ekspedisjoner vil studere økosystemet ved havbunnens massive sulfidforekomster langs den arktiske midthavsryggen, med forskningstokt planlagt til Mohnsryggen i norske farvann i løpet av 2026 og 2027.

MiningImpact is the leading international research project investigating the environmental impacts of
future deep-sea mining (DSM). Since its start in 2015, it has delivered independent scientific research
output and significantly improved our knowledge on polymetallic nodule ecosystems in the Clarion-
Clipperton Zone (CCZ) and the Peru Basin and their responses to anthropogenic disturbances as
documented by >100 peer-reviewed publications (see Section VI). MiningImpact experts have closely
interacted with stakeholder groups (national and international authorities, industry, NGOs, the public),
and in particular the International Seabed Authority (ISA). Noteworthy are contributions to the CCZ
regional environmental management plan (REMP) (ISA, 2021a), draft Guidelines of the Mining Code
(ISA, 2022a, 2022b), and the current Intersessional Expert Group developing binding environmental
threshold values (ISA, 2022c). While the first phase of MiningImpact focussed on decade-old benthic
impact experiments in the CCZ (cruise SO239) and the DISCOL experiment in the Peru Basin (cruise
SO242), during and after the second phase an independent monitoring programme of the first
industrial trials of the pre-prototype nodule collector vehicle Patania II by GSR in the CCZ was delivered
(cruises SO268, IP21, SO295).
In the third project phase (MiningImpact-3), proposed here, we will focus on addressing identified
knowledge gaps (e.g., Boetius & Haeckel, 2018; Amon et al., 2022; Hitchin et al., 2023; Pickens et al.,
2024; Singh, 2021; Weaver et al., 2022) and furthering the understanding of the ecosystems associated
with polymetallic nodules (PMN) and seafloor massive sulphides (SMS) and their vulnerability and
resilience to mining.

Assessing the environmental impacts of deep-sea mining of polymetallic nodules and seafloor massive sulphides

I en tid med historisk og fremtidig oppvarming av kloden trenger vi modeller som kan predikere de fremtidige økologiske konsekvensene. For marine system består disse modellene ofte av en global klimamodell knyttet til ulike temperaturdrevne funksjoner som representerer biologiske og fysiologiske effekter. De fleste slike funksjoner er svært generelle og ofte basert på gjennomsnittsverdier på tvers av arter og system. Det er derfor sannsynlig at prediksjonene blir feil for en enkelt art eller region. Dessverre vet vi lite om hvor vanlige slike feil er, ettersom modellene nesten utelukkende brukes til å predikere fremtiden, og så godt som aldri fortiden.
I denne søknaden plukker vi ut sentrale modell-forventninger og skalerer dem ned til det regionale miljøet for ulike fiskebestander i norske farvann. Forventningene testes og analyseres ved hjelp av eksepsjonelt lange tidsserier, fysiologiske eksperiment og mekanistiske modeller for bioenergetikk og livshistorie.
Foreløpige resultater peker mot at flere fiskearter er mer fleksible, både fysiologisk og adferdsmessig, enn generelle modeller klarer å fange opp. Disse og fremtidige prosjektresultater vil bidra til å lage bedre prediksjoner, og forhåpentligvis også utvide forståelsen vår om hvordan temperatur virker og ikke virker på ulike biologiske prosesser.

In the face of global warming, state-of-the-art eco-physiological theories and their implementation in global models make sweeping predictions that high-latitude fish populations are imperilled from unavoidable physical-physiological mechanisms. These are often rooted in reproductive constraints, and at the base we find two main theories: 

1) The theory of thermal tolerance windows, predicting that spawning fish (with narrow tolerance) will encounter unavoidable thermal bottlenecks in a warming ocean. 
2) The theory of temperature-dependent physiological rates, predicting an unfavourable advancement of fish spawning time, causing offspring to fall out of sync with their zooplankton food – known as trophic asynchrony 

These are predictions, often drawn from controlled laboratory experiments, and in turn extrapolated to global models. But just as downscaling to regional specificities and higher resolution was necessary to improve predictive ability of earth system models, so a similar biological downscaling to particular ecosystems and species is required to assess predictions at the scale relevant for population processes and ecosystem dymanics.

In this project we will downscale these predictive theories for two test species - Atlantic cod and herring, among the best documented fish stocks in the world. Our previous publications and preliminary findings suggest that these species have remarkable plasticity in the timing of spawning, often opposite to that dictated by temperature, and in surprising synchrony with each other and with lower trophic levels.

Here, we pick key expectations from the high-profile literature on biological effects of ocean change and attempt to downscale these to local conditions for key high-latitude fish species using particularly long and detailed timeseries of biological data, remote sensing, high-resolution water column processes, individual behavioural observations, and biological models of bioenergetics and life histories.

Regional downscaling of eco-physiological theory. 
Confronting global predictions with local observations.

Solceller (photovoltaics, PV) utgjør på verdensbasis den største bidragsyteren til ny fornybar elektrisitetsproduksjon. Nesten all PV er basert på monokrystallinsk silisium laget med Czochralski-metoden som store ingoter, før de blir kuttet i løvtynne skiver (wafere). NorSun har lenge vært i forkant av utviklingen av høykvalitets monokrystallinsk n-type silisium. I dag er NorSun en av de få gjenværende Europeiske produsentene av monosilisium og wafere.  

Det globale PV-markedet beveger seg i dag mot større dimensjoner på ingot og wafere. I DIAMANT vil vi bruke detaljerte numeriske modeller som beskriver produksjonen av individuelle ingoter, inkludert fysiske egenskaper og kjemiske reaksjoner som forekommer gjennom den mange timer lange trekkeprosessen. Dette vil gi bedre forståelse av krystallvekst og vekstparametere, i tillegg til designet av trekkeovnen. Plasseringen av NorSuns fabrikk i Årdal sikrer en jevn forsyning av grønn elektrisitet med lavt CO2-avtrykk samt kjølevann. Gjennom prosjektet vil resulterende skiver bli behandlet og karakterisert for å verifisere de numeriske modellene og egenskapene til sluttproduktene. Resultatet vil være verdensledende bærekraft og energieffektivitet innen produksjon av solcellewafere.

NorSun is one of the few remaining European producers of monocrystalline ingots and wafers, with production
facilities in Norway. The silicon PV market is trending towards larger wafers sizes where M10 and G12 format wafers
from ingots produced in 36-40” hot zones are increasing most rapidly. Guided by detailed numerical modelling,
DIAMANT will bring together state-of-the-art ingot and crucible dimensions, understanding of growth kinetics and puller design to obtain world-leading sustainability and energy efficiency. Detailed FEM models of the large diameter
pullers will be established, and the physical properties and chemical reactions during the pulling process will be
simulated. The models will be verified towards processing parameters as well as material characterization of the final
product. The increased production volume and the increased yield will improve the overall energy efficiency of the
monocrystalline silicon ingot production.

Increased silicon ingot diameter and enhanced energy efficiency through numerical simulations

Mikrobiomet har en stor betydning for helse hos alle vertsorganismer. Kolonisering av tarm med helsefremmende mikrobiota kan derfor være en god metode for å fremme god helse og velferd hos oppdrettslaks. I dette prosjektet ønsker vi å vise hvordan to spesifikke melkesyrebakterier (LAB) – Lactiplantibacillus plantarum R2 Biocenol TM (CCM 8674) og Limosilactobacillus fermentum R3 Biocenol TM (CCM 8675) – kan forbedre helse, velferd og overlevelse hos oppdrettet atlantisk laks.
For å dokumentere helsefremmende egenskaper skal laks fores LAB, fra tidlige livsstadie  gjennom smoltifisering og videre gjennom påvekst i sjø. Gjennom hele prosjektperioden skal det registreres informasjon om fiskenes vekst, helse og velferd, samt kvaliteten på den ferdige fileten. Vekst vil måles med tradisjonelle indikatorer, mens helse vil vurderes ved å undersøke immunforsvar, styrken til slimhinnene og fiskens motstandskraft mot vanlige utfordringer som lakselus og vinter¬sår. I tillegg vil operasjonelle velferdsindikatorer studeres i prosjektet. 
Resultatene fra prosjektet vil danne grunnlaget for å utvikle et nytt helseprodukt for atlantisk laks – som skal lanseres kommersielt når prosjektet er avsluttet.

Lactobacilli-based feeds for robustness and health of salmon for business  (Prob-Fôr FB)

Jordbær er en av de viktigste små fruktavlingene i Norden, inkludert Norge. I 2022 var det årlige produksjonsvolumet av norske jordbær 7052 tonn, noe som bare dekker rundt 30 % av markedets etterspørsel (Statistisk sentralbyrå). Det er en økende etterspørsel etter lokalproduserte, ferske jordbær med minimal bruk av syntetiske kjemikalier. Å flytte avlinger av høy verdi fra åker til beskyttet dyrking kan oppfylle disse forbrukerkravene med minimal bruk av kjemikalier og redusert kvalitetstap forårsaket av lang transport. På grunn av den lange vinterperioden med korte daglengder og lavere innstrålingsnivå, er supplerende belysning nødvendig for drivhusproduksjon. De mest avanserte beskyttede dyrkingssystemene, kjent som "plantefabrikker", er helt avhengige av kunstig belysning. 

Imidlertid medfører kunstig belysning ekstra energikostnader på grunn av høye strømpriser. Derfor er strategisk belysning som forbedrer energieffektiviteten og presis bruk spesifikt tilpasset avlingen viktig.
I dette prosjektet vil vi utvikle og teste lyssystemer med tilpassbare lysmønstre for å forbedre fotosyntetisk ytelse ved bruk av mikropulsbelysningsteknologi. Lyssystemet vil kunne justere frekvens og pulsforhold for å tilpasse seg de lysavhengige og lysuavhengige reaksjonene i fotosyntesen, med redusert fotoinhibering. Videre vil belysningsoppskrifter som er spesifikke for utviklingsstadier av avlinger (primært jordbær) utvikles, ved bruk av 3D-modeller for avlings- og lysinteraksjoner. Dette muliggjør effektiv utnyttelse av lysenergi, forbedret avlingsutbytte og forbedret kvalitet etter høsting.
Hovedfunnene i prosjektet vil bli testet i en vertikal jordbærfarm for potensiell bruk. Det utviklede belysningssystemet skal også testes med ledende selskaper involvert i mikroalgeproduksjon. Forventede resultater vil bidra til kunnskapsbygging innen presisjonsbelysning og høyteknologisk presisjonsvertikalt landbruk.

Horticultural lighting is a common practice for high value crops produced in protected cultivation systems in Northern Europe. However, artificial lighting adds extra energy costs due to high electricity prices. Therefore, strategic lighting improving energy use efficiency, and precise application in a crop-specific manner is important. In this project we will develop and test lighting systems with customizable light patterns to enhance photosynthetic performance using micro pulse illumination technology. The lighting system will be able to adjust the frequency and duty cycle to adapt to the light dependent and independent reaction in photosynthesis with reduced photoinhibition. Further, lighting recipe specific for developmental stages of crops (primarily strawberry) will be developed, making use of 3D crop-light models, which make efficient utilization of light energy, enhanced crop yield and improved post-harvest quality possible. The main findings of the project will be tested in a strawberry vertical farm for its potential application. The developed lighting system will also be tested with leading companies involved in microalgae production.

Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in Horticulture with LED Flash Lighting Systems (FLASH-LED)

Midlene fra RENERGI-Fremtidens rene energisystemer fordelt på år

Midlene fra RENERGI-Fremtidens rene energisystemer fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra RENERGI-Fremtidens rene energisystemer fordelt på fagområde

Professor

Electromagnetic fields and b
iological effects (samfins. m/MH)

A number of substituted 3-nitropyridines are now easily available by a new nitration method, and some of these derivatives are suitable substrates for the preparation of a series of bis-heterocycles. We will investigate the chemistry of nitropyridyl deriv atives further and propose to utilise 3-nitropyridyl substrates for the formation of a series of heterocyclic compounds, many of which are present in pharmaceuticals. We want to study:
- the synthesis of beta-carboline analogues and furo-/thieno-azacinnol ines,
- cycloaddition reactions with benzyne and pyridyne (pyridopyrimidinone),
- Pschorr ring closure and oxidative cyclisation to fused tri-cyclic heterocyclic systems,
- cyanomethylation and cyclization (imidazopyridine-1-oxide),
- [2+4] cycloaddition of pyridyl isocyanate and diazonium ions (azolotetrazinone),
- cyclization of isocyanate and aminopyrazolo carboxylate (pyrazolopyrimidinedione),
- new cross coupling reactions of nitropyridines,
- chiral pyridine products formed by [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions,
- chiral hydroalkoxylation,
- Non Linear Optical (NLO) properties of isocyanurates,
- biological activity of potential products by bioassay screening.
A collaboration with research groups at the Universities of Hamburg and Tromsø will be establ ished.

Synthetic applications of nitropyridine derivatives.

The Tilset research group has recently developed the first members of a new class of chelating ligands, iminocarbenes, that form well-defined homogeneous Pd complexes with hemilabile, 5- and 6-membered, chelate structures. The use of these Pd complexes in  the catalytic transformation of organic molecules will be explored. In particular, reactions that involve C-C bond forming reactions will be explored, i.e. the so-called Heck, Stille, Suzuki, and Sonogashira couplings, as well as CO/ethene copolymerizati on. The results of the catalytic testing will be supplemented by mechanistic investigations. The combined insight gained will hopefully enable the design of even better catalysts.

Catalysis with Pd Complexes that have Chelating N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands

Catalytic dehydrogenation of NGL is a vital process for the production of olefins. Typically, Cr-oxide or Pt-based catalysts are used for commercial processes. The project focuses on the application of operando and in situ spectroscopic studies of Cr-oxid e based catalysts during dehydrogenation of propane in order to obtain more fundamental insight into the nature of active Cr sites and in the dehydrogenation and deactivation mechanisms. The project involves the use of Diffuse Refelectance UV-Vis Spectros copy (UV-Vis-DRS), combined in situ Raman and FTIR spectroscopy and the TEOM reactor.

Catalytic dehydrogenation of NGL components. Application of in situ spectroscopic techniques for studying dehydrogenation catalysts.

Assume tha a three step one-pot reaction is tt be optimised: 

Lay out a design to map the first step. Depending on how detailed information is desired, this can be a fractional factorial, factoral, D-optimal, or a response surface design for quardratic m odels. Run the experiments and detrmine the responses. The response matrix
Y = [y1 y2...yr] summarises the results. A principal component analysis of Y will determine the number of independent event yielding Y, i.e the number of independent reaction that are responsible for the products (desired product and parasite products). By fitting regression models to the score vectors from the PCA of Y it is possible to identify the variable that are significant  and necessary to control for favouring the dessired  reaction and, equally important, which variable shoul be controlled to suppress the paraste reactions. We can, of course, also use PLS to model the fisrt step and use the PLS(X) scores as extra variables for the second step Now we know the important vari ables for the first step. These are now added as extra design variables when the experimental design for the next step is laid out and we determine the the composition of the reaction mixture after the second step. The outcome of the first step defines th e input for the second step. By perturbing the important variables of the first step we will induce variation in the input for the second step. This is necessary since certain by-products may be detrimental in subsequent steps. By this procedure, we conca tenate teh first and the seciond step of the process. The procedure is iterated for the third (an for all subsequent) step(s).
This technique makes it possible to establish quantitative models for multi-sstep batch pocesses. The model pays attantionto all  possible interfering side-product and gives a possibilty to control the process. This will be important when the TAC regulation is implemented and that pharmaceutial production must account for possible variation i

Design and optimisation in organic synthesis: Methodologies for the optimisation of multi-step one-pot batch processes

Katalysesymposiet er Faggruppa for katalyse (Norsk kjemisk selskap) sitt viktigste arrangement. Faggruppas medlemmer er spredt over hele Norge, og samles bare til årsmøtet og katalysesymposiet som dermed får en viktig nasjonal faglig funksjon. Symposiet f ungerer tradisjonelt også som årsmøte for katalysedelen av forskningsprogrammet KOSK (Katalyse og Organisk Syntetisk Kjemi) i Norges Forskningsråd. 
Hovedhensiktene med symposiet er å vise bredden i norsk katalyseforskning, samt å gi yngre forskere en mul ighet til å fremvise og dikutere sine resultater. Årets symposium vil bli avholdt over to dager, 23. og 24. oktober i Forskningsparkens lokaler i Oslo. Årets inviterte plenarforedragsholder vil være Professor J. A. Moulijn fra det Tekniske Universitetet i  Delft, Nederland.


Norsk Katalysesymposium 23.-24. oktober 2007

Cancer is an important public health concern around the world. Chemotherapy is no doubt one of the most successful ways in which cancer can be treated. For years, chemotherapy has been indiscriminate warfare by using chemotherapeutic agents that are toxic  to both normal and cancer cells. In this project we will design, prepare and evaluate molecules that are benign towards normal cells. 

Each individual has different levels of proteins in the body. If a personalized cancer treatment would become availabl e, this should reduce the need for different chemotherapeutic agents before finding one agent that works. This should offer advantages such as reduced treatment time, costs for society and reduce the many side-effects that cancer patients suffer. 

In thi s research project we develop molecules that should have potential as personalized cancer therapy. These small organic molecules activate the protein caspase-3. This protein is generated after activation of procaspase-3. The conversion of procaspase-3 to caspase-3 results in the generation of an executioner protein that induces cell death for the cancer cells. From a chemotherapeutic perspective, it is interesting and noteworthy that cells from certain types of cancerous tissues, such as colon, lung, mela noma, renal and breast cancers, contain elevated levels of procaspase-3. Hence, by measuring the level of procaspase-3 in patients before chemotherapy is initiated, treatment using a procaspase-3 activating drug will be given only to those patients that h ave elevated levels of procaspase-3. Hence, a personalized cancer strategy is achieved.

Synthesis of novel activators for procaspase-3: an approach to a personalised cancer treatment

Nature is a rich source of bioactive compounds and potential drugs. The so-called secondary metabolites are structures involved in interaction between organisms, for instance chemical defense. Studies of such metabolites have led to the discovery of many life-saving drugs, including antibiotics, immunosuppressant and antineoplastic agents. The last 50 years there has been an increasing interest for marine natural products as potential drugs and molecular tools, since an enormous chemical and biological di versity are found among metabolites from marine species. However, most bioactive marine products can only be isolated in very minute amounts, and bioprospecting must be combined with state of the art organic synthesis in order to explore the true potentia l of these chemically complex structures. Organic synthesis also open up the possibilities for preparation of marine natural product analogs which may be easier to synthesize, and which may also possess improved properties regarding bioactivity, bioavaila bility etc. 
Asmarines have been isolated from marine sponges (Raspailia sp). Currently 11 asmarines are known, and asmarines A and B are reported to possess significant cytotoxic activity against various human cancer cell lines. This project is aiming at  the first total synthesis of one or more asmarines, even though this overall goal may not be reached within this project period. Compounds synthesized will be evaluated as potential antimicrobials (against pathogenic bacteria, incl. mycobacteria, fungi a nd protozoa), and potential anti-cancer compounds. While working towards a total synthesis of one ore more asmarines, several analogs or model substances will be synthesized. Their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity will be studied. This will lead to in creased knowledge regarding structure-activity relationships (SAR) for asmarines and analogs. In due course, potential antimicrobial or anti-cancer drugs with optimized structures compared to the parent natural pro

Synthetic studies directed towards asmarines and other purines with fused heterocyclic systems

The Organic Winter Meeting is the national meeting in organic chemistry in Norway. It is a conference under the umbrella of the Norwegian Chemical Society, which has given me the task to organize the meeting. 

Since its infancy the tradition has been to invite 3-4 eminent chemists, covering various subdiciplines of organic chemistry, to give the plenary lectures. Due to financial support from the research council over the years it has been possible to maintain this tradition without having to charge a co nsiderable conference fee. This has been absolutely instrumental to keep up the numbers of participants in times with little money at Norwegian universities for conference participation.

The next winter meeting, which I will organize, will take place fro m the 10th to the 13th of January 2008. The participants will arrive with train midday the 10th. The meeting will then start just after lunch with a plenary lecture followed by shorter talks, poster presentations etc until approximately 19.30. The schedul e will be almost the same the 11th. The 12th, however, there will be two plenary lectures, and at the very end the annual meeting of the Organic Division of the Norwegian Chemical Society will be held; otherwise, the program will contain shorter talks and  poster presentations as the previous days. The participants will leave with train the next morning.

I have organized the winter meeting three times before, and each time emphasized certain parts of organic chemistry. This time I want to focus on organic  synthesis, in particular bio-organic chemistry.

I have started the process to invite the following as plenary speakers, of whom the three first on the list have accepted the invitation:

Professor Anita R. Maguire, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland 

Professor Dieter Schinzer,University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

Professor Peter Seeberger, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland

Professor Snorri T. Sigurdsson, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

Det 23. Organisk-Kjemisk Vintermøte 2008

Research groups at the University of Tromsø and the University Hospital of Northern-Norway have for more than 10 years studied structure-activity relationships of membrane active anticancer peptides and have identified important structural properties for the cytotoxic effects of the peptides against certain cancer cells. Based on this knowledge we have recently developed a novel class of highly potent anticancer beta-peptidomimetics that have a higher selectivity against certain cancer cells than reported  for many conventional anticancer drugs. The high potency and selectivity of the beta-peptidomimetics for cancer cells is thought to derive from their ability to form exclusive amphipathic conformations that enable specific binding to negatively charged s urface phosphatidyl serine and sialic acid on cancer cells, and killing of the cancer cells by cytoplasmic membrane depolarization or destruction of the mitochondria in cancer cells. The beta-peptidomimetics are highly potent as novel anticancer agents by  being more resistant against degradation by proteolytic enzymes than membrane active anticancer peptides, which is an important property for achieving cytotoxic effects against tumours in vivo. The beta-peptidomimetics are also much shorter in size than membrane active anticancer peptides so far described in the literature, and may thereby reduce the problems associated with immunogenic responses to peptide-drugs in patients. By their presumed lytic mechanism of action the beta-peptidomimetics are not li kely to be substrates for multi-drug resistance proteins in cancer cells, which are often associated with long term use of anticancer drugs, and they may thereby provide a novel approach for treating patients with multi-resistant tumours.

Design and chemical synthesis of membrane active peptidomimetics as novel anticancer agents

The production of valuable chemicals via selective functionalization of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons is a major challenge in the field of contemporary organometallic chemistry.  A particularly attractive substrate is methane which has previously  been successfully C-H bond activated by electrophilic late transition organometallics under harsh conditions.  Highly electron-deficient donor solvent-free metallocene complexes of the rare-earth elements were also shown to activate methane via non-oxida tive mechanisms (e.g., sigma bond methathesis).  Such activation scenarios were successfully exploited for catalytic (stereoselective) hydrosilylation reactions.  The goal of this project is to sound out the C-H bond activation capability of various rare- earth metal tetramethylaluminate complexes which have been recently synthesized in our group.  Main emphasis will be put on studying monocyclopentadienyl and postmetallocene derivatives with respect to in situ generation of reactive Ln-alkyl bonds and lab eling experiments.  Consideration is given to aliphatic, olefinic, and aromatic substrates including donor-functionalized molecules such as pyridine.

Rare-Earth Metal-Promoted C-H Bond Activation

The goal of the project is to design new transition-metal complexes with a reactivity that is highly selective for the alkene double bond function. The selectivity will be exploited in the development of functional group tolerant catalysts for an importan t class of olefin refinement process: Olefin metathesis. In this process, catalyst tolerance toward functional groups other than the alkene double bond is vital and reduced activity is observed for the most functional group tolerant catalysts for olefin m etathesis. A second major challenge within olefin metathesis is particularly evident in organic synthesis, where the lack of rational control of the formation of cis and trans olefinic products currently represents a serious drawback. We intend to obtain active and functional group tolerant catalysts for olefin metathesis by a tight integration of theory-driven quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) catalyst design with expertise in organic, inorganic and organometallic synthesis as well as catalysis. Target structures based on the mid and late transition metals will be generated by the QSAR prediction-approach and subsequently subjected to synthesis and testing of catalytic activity. Finally, complexes active for olefin metathesis will be i nvestigated for possible optimization of stereoselectivity.

Theory-assisted design of functional group-tolerant catalysts for olefin conversion

Synthesis gas can be produced by catalytic partial oxidation using gas phase oxygen. However, this process is facing some major engineering problems such as the presence of large temperature gradients and the risk of explosion caused by premixed methane a nd oxygen. An alternative approach is to carry out the partial oxidation by using lattice oxygen in a solid material, i.e. with no gas phase oxygen present. The present proposal deals with the studies of a reactor system where air and methane are periodic ally brought into contact with a catalyst consisting of convenient oxides such as perovskites or ceria based oxides. The redox process will be studied in a TEOM-MS reactor. The development of a microkinetic model based on the elementary steps of the surfa ce reactions is also an important part of the work.

Partial Oxidation of Methane. Studies on mechanism and kinetics.

Acid catalysis over zeotype materials is one of the most important and fundamental topics in catalysis. Basic natural gas conversion processes like MTO (methanol to olefins), dimerisation, and C4 isomerisation can be performed using acid catalysis by zeol ites and/or microporous SAPOs. In addition, refinery processes like catalytic cracking, reforming, aromatisation and C5-C6 isomerisation rely on zeotype catalysts as well. There is a growing understanding that many of these reactions share common features  regarding the elementary reaction mechanisms including deactivation.

The Oslo group has a long history of research on MTH-type reactions, and a break-through in the understanding of  the reaction mechanism has come during the past few years. In this pro ject, our ambition is to bring this knowledge even further  by studying the effect of individual material parameters on the selectivity of MTH-type reactions. Electronic effects, steric requirements as well as diffusion effects are among the main paramete rs affecting the reactions and they have previously not been studied in much detail.

Although MTH-type reactions are the focal point of this project, we believe that the results of the project will be beneficial not only for the creation of a second gene ration MTH catalyst, but also for tailoring catalytic zeotype materials for other carbocation-mediated reactions.

Carbocation mediated hydrocarbon reactions over acidic zeotype catalysts

Coordination polymers are a class of organic-inorganic hybrid materials where either metal ions or small metal based nano-clusters are linked together in a one-, two- or three dimensional network by multifunctional organic ligands. Highly crystalline, por ous structures can be obtained, which in many ways can be compared to Zeolites, but with a much larger possible diversity with respect to functionality. The functionality can either be built into to metal based nano-clusters or the organic linkers. In the  present proposal the main objective is to prepare coordination polymers which contain catalytically active sites. Homogeneous catalysts which are employed in selected industrial processes will be attempted to be built into the frameworks of coordination polymers. This will result in heterogeneous versions of the catalysts. A significant simplification of these processes can be achieved if good, heterogenized catalysts can be developed. The new catalysts will be synthesized, characterized and tested for t he relevant catalytic reactions. The project is part of a strategic initiative in the Oslo region (UiO and SINTEF) on the preparation and possible uses of coordination polymers. The present project is a continuation of the 2005 KOSK project (165847/V30) a nd the NANOMAT project ?Hybrid Materials? (153869/431) that will end in December 2006. The project will be linked to the EU STREP project "Functional Metal Organic Frameworks as Heterogeneous Catalysts" (033335 MOFCAT) that is presently under contract neg otiations. The present project will complement and support the upcoming EU project.

Heterogeneous catalysts based on coordination polymers

Tuberculosis (TB) is the major cause of death from a single infectious agent among adults in developing countries. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections have further increased TB morbidity and mortality. It has been estimated that ca. 30 million p eople will die from tuberculosiswithin the next 10 years. There is an urgent need for new antimycobacterials. Agents that reduce the duration and complexity of the current therapy would have a major inpact on overall cure rate. Lack of compliance with the  current therapy leads to drug resistance. For treatment of mycobacterial infections, organism-specific agents, preferably with a novel mechanism of action in order to avoid resistance as long as possible, are recommended. We have identified purine deriva tives as potent inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in vitro. Generally low toxicity towards mammalian cells are observed and compounds active against a variety of single-drug resistant strains of Mtb have been found. Our findings points toward  a novel mechanism of action. We will synthesise antimycobacterial compounds with optimized structures with respect to antibacterial activity, toxicity and bioavailablility. Non-purine analogs of the knowm antimycobacterial purines will be improtant synth etic targets. Antibacterial effects and toxicity will be determined continously and direct further structure optimization. In addition to development of potential drug candidates and increased knowledge on SAR, it is expected that this project will result  in several novel selective syntheses of heterocyclic compounds. Transcriptional response-based signatures for the assignment of putative mode of action for the potential TB drugs will be used in order determine mechanism of action. Once the molecular tar get of the compounds is identified, a more rational approach to the structural optimalization may be possible, including docking studies etc.The most promising compounds from in vitro assays will be examined in vivo

Synthesis Directed towards Development of Potential Antituberculosis Drugs with Novel Mechanism of Action

Aminophosphonates are interesting compounds due to their analogy with amino acids and their derived peptides. They could interfere in biological mechanisms through their hydroxyphosphonyl group approximating the enzymatic reactive tetrahedral intermediate . We aim at creating a new basis for the investigation of aminophosphonates as amino acid mimics. In the research focus is the practical, efficient and enantioselective methodologies for the synthesis of aminophosphonates. Chiral ammonium salts that are p hase-transfer catalysts will be evaluated in preparation of such aminophosphonates. Phosphapeptides will be prepared by incorporating an aminophosphonate residue in short peptides, and will be studied using NMR together with computational chemistry as too ls to gain insight into changes in their conformations, dynamics and type of aggregates.

Design and synthesis of chiral aminophosphonates: from biomimetic catalysis to phosphapeptides

Gold catalysis of organic reactions has  become a rapidly expanding field in recent years after being neglected by organic chemists for a long time. Gold catalysts react in very selective ways and may give access to highly complex molecules. The present p roject describes the continued investigations of our recently discovered new gold catalysed mono- and tandem cyclisation reactions, covering mechanistic studies and modified substrates, such as vinylesters/-amides, indoles, alkynesulfoxides, as well as st eroselective gold catalysed reactions.

NHC (N-Heterocyclic Carbene) compounds are electron-rich N,N-disubstituted imidazol-2-ylidenes developed the last decade due to their attractive properties. In particular, they play a favourable role in transition m etal catalyzed reactions, replacing the traditional phosphine ligands. We will design and prepare a number of new chiral NHC ligands, based on suitable approaches for such syntheses. The ability of the new NHC ligands to afford chiral induction in organoc atalytic transformations will be studied.

A collaboration with a research group at the University of Hamburg and SINTEF Biotechnology, Trondheim, has been established.

Gold catalysis and new chiral NHC compounds.

Fundamental study down to the atomic level is crucial for improving our understanding of catalysts and enhancing our ability for their rational design. The present project deals with exploring advanced TEM techniques such as aberration corrected microscop y and environmental TEM for imaging of composition and bonding. Elemental and valence sensitive imaging of Co nanoparticles and Pt based core-shell structured nanoparticles will be obtained by STEM combined electron diffraction and electron energy loss sp ectroscopy. The strain of the nanoparticles will be studied as a function of particle size and different supports in terms of catalytic performance in different reactions. The thickness and uniformity of the shell of core-shell structured nanoparticles wi ll be studied by atomic imaging. The interface between core and shell layers will be studied by aberration corrected microscopy. The project will enhance the cooperation with world leading groups at DTU and Lehigh University.

RENERGI-Fremtidens rene energisystemer

Electromagnetic fields and b iological effects (samfins. m/MH)

Tildelt: kr 0,90 mill.

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RENERGI-Fremtidens rene energisystemer

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