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The Arctic region is witnessing more frequent shipping accidents than ever which require accurate search and rescue operations. The existing communication systems use drones with radio frequency (RF) technology, which has limited bandwidth and cannot offer 4G/5G connectivity due to harsh weather constraints. It further limits the capacity of drones and affects the resolution of images and videos. The current research proposes to design free space optical communication (FSOC) link-based drones that can enhance connectivity between multiple drones and rescue ships as well as the capacity of drones to produce high resolution images and videos. The proposed FSOC-based drones can provide highspeed connectivity than the existing RF technology. The research will collect atmospheric turbulences data from the Arctic region and use it for designing the FSOC link. Furthermore, to enhance the capacity of FSOC-based drones, the research will design advanced multiplexing schemes (Mode Division Multiplexing and Orthogonal Code Division Multiple Access) and to ensure link stability, omnidirectional receiver will be designed. The research will further evaluate the performance of proposed FSOC link under the impact of various atmospheric turbulences. The expected outcomes of this research will lead to the optimisation of FSOC-based drones in expanding search areas and improving communication systems for SAR operations in the Arctic region.

Optimization of Free Space Optical Communication Link based Drones for Search and Rescue Operations in the Arctic Region

Sjøisen i Arktis har minket drastisk de siste tiårene, og Polhavet forventes å være isfritt om sommeren mot slutten av århundret. Denne nedgangen har utsatt store havområder for vind, noe som har resultert i at det oftere dannes store bølger i Polhavet. Disse bølgene kan forplante seg over flere titalls til hundrevis av kilometer i sjøisen, knekke den og akselerere smeltingen. Disse fysiske prosessene – bølger som knekker sjøis og effekten dette har på sjøissmelting og vekst – mangler i modellene vi bruker for å forutsi klimautviklingen. Dette bidrar til store usikkerheter i klimamodeller. Effekten av bølger på sjøisen er heller ikke tatt med i prognoser for havets og sjøisens forhold, som brukes av skip som opererer i islagte farvann. I ForWArd ønsker vi å vurdere bølgenes innvirkning på sjøisens utvikling i det stadig røffere Polhavet. I dette arbeidet brukes en svært avansert modell som inkluderer sjøis, hav, bølger og deres interaksjoner. Vi skal først vurdere hvor godt den representerer forholdene i Polhavet sammenlignet med de få tilgjengelige observasjonene. Vi vil så bruke modellen til å undersøke hvordan bølgehøyden og arealet av ødelagt sjøis har utviklet seg de siste tre tiårene. Deretter vil vi kombinere modellen vår med forholdene i det fremtidige Polhavet gitt av klimafremskrivninger, for å undersøke hvordan betydningen av interaksjoner mellom bølger og is vil utvikle seg ettersom sjøis avtar i det 21. århundre. Vår modells estimering av "bølgepåvirkningen" vil tillate polarvitenskapsmiljøet å vurdere hvor usikre deres klimaspådommer uten bølger er. Til syvende og sist vil våre modellresultater og utviklinger legge grunnlaget for å legge til bølgeeffekter i hav- og sjøisvarsler i Arktis. Dette vil gjøre varslene mer nøyaktige og bidra til sikkerheten for menneskelig aktivitet i denne regionen.

Arctic sea ice decline under climate change has allowed waves to form and grow more easily in the Arctic Ocean. These waves propagate into the sea ice over tens to hundreds of kilometres, fragmenting it into small floes. This area of broken ice, known as the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ), is a highly complex region where many interactions occur between the ocean, sea ice, and atmosphere. The action of waves strongly affects these interactions, with rapid feedbacks on the sea ice. However, climate models do not account for these wave-ice interaction processes, which likely contributes to the strong biases in their estimation of modelled sea ice extent and volume and their inability to capture short-term sea ice extent variability. Given the lack of observations available, numerical models remain the best way to estimate how wave-ice interaction processes can impact Arctic sea ice, but most wave-ice coupled models are still prototypes. In ForWArd, we will use one of the most advanced of these models to assess this impact in the context of climate change. To this aim, we will use the latest observations to calibrate the modelled wave-affected area and produce a 30-year-long hindcast of the MIZ extent evolution to analyse how it responded to larger wave height, delayed refreezing, and thinner ice. Then, we will assess the relative importance of the wave-ice interactions suspected to affect sea ice in the MIZ using well-documented events. Finally, we will estimate how waves will contribute to sea ice extent and volume variability in the coming decades, as large areas of open water will remain open until late in the autumn. The flexibility of our setup will allow us to test the sensitivity of our results to model resolution and assumptions, giving invaluable insights into the biases induced by misrepresenting wave-ice interactions. ForWArd will also pave the way for the integration of wave effects in sea ice forecasts, a requirement for safer operations in ice-infested waters.

Forecasting Wave impact as Arctic sea ice declines

Sustainable cultivation of polychaetes as feed in aquaculture

Global oppvarming fører til store endringer i Antarktis; isbreene, is bremmene og havisen smelter; det påvirker havstrømmer og dynamikk i Sørishavet som igjen påvirker de marine økosystemene og deres evne til å absorbere den økte atmosfærisk CO2 som er et resultat av menneskelig aktivitet. Sørishavet er har rike økosystemer hvor planteplankton og isalger effektivt lagrer CO2 gjennom fotosyntese. De nåværende og fremtidige endringene i den fysiske dynamikken i Sørishavet vil spille en stor rolle for fremtiden til marine økosystemer her og dermed evnen til å absorbere CO2.

Dette prosjektet har som mål å etablere et observatorium for biologisk mangfold og økosystemendring for det østlige Weddellhavet / Kong Haakon VII-havet. I denne regionen har det vært begrensede effekter av klimaendringer, men det er nå økende bevis økte miljøforvandling med betydelig innvirkning på biologisk mangfold og funksjonen til økosystemene. Det er begrenset data om økosystemet i dette området. Ved å etablere systematisk overvåkning av økosystemet, vil dagens status for økosystemet og det biologiste mangfoldet sammenlignes med antatte framtidige endringer. Dette vil bidra til å oppnå internasjonale mål for bevaring av marint biologisk mangfold og demping av klimaendringer.

This Biodiversa+ project aims to lay the foundation of a transnational Weddell Sea Observatory of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Change (WOBEC) for the Eastern Weddell Sea / King Haakon VII Sea (EWS) in the Southern Ocean. The Weddell Sea plays a key role for global ecosystem services, such as climate regulation and food provision, and hosts many species with conservation status. Acknowledging this unique ecological value, the EU and other members of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) are working towards a Marine Protected Area in the Weddell Sea (WSMPA). In the EWS, there is increasing evidence of a transition from a period of relatively muted climate change into an era of environmental transformation with significant impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Until present, however, the ecosystem of the EWS has remained notoriously under-studied. By laying the foundations of systematic ecosystem monitoring in the EWS, WOBEC will provide a baseline of the present state of biodiversity and ecosystems against which change can be measured and contribute to a number of transnational goals in marine biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation, including the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, and the post-global biodiversity framework.

Weddell Sea Observatory of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Change

BioBoost+-prosjektet vil fremme kostnadseffektiv høyfrekvent prøvetaking og identifikasjon av marine planter og dyr ved å bruke Artificial Intelligence (AI)-teknologi på fotografier og video. Disse metodene vil bli brukt på habitater (sjøgressenger, skalldyrsenger og makroalgekroner), indikatorarter av økologisk og økonomisk betydning (f.eks. fisk, hummer, strandfugl), invasive arter og plankton (grunnlaget for næringsnettet). Ved Nord universitet vil fokus være på automatisering av analyser av dyreplanktonprøver samlet inn årlig i over 40 år, og nyere etablert overvåking av havbunnsfauna og fisk på livestream undersjøisk video i Saltfjord.

Disse dataene er nødvendige for å gi rettidig informasjon om helsen til økosystemene og endringer i biologisk mangfold i sammenheng med fiskeri, klimaendringer og invasive arter. Dette prosjektet i europeisk målestokk involverer åtte organisasjoner og har studiesteder i Middelhavet, Nord- og Norskehavet, inkludert steder med aktiv habitatrestaurering og marine verneområder. De forbedrede metodene vil akselerere tilgjengeligheten av informasjonen for forskere, myndigheter og innbyggere.

BioBoost+ is designed to improve non-invasive, cost-effective, and high-frequency sampling and identification of marine plants and animals by applying state-of-the-art Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology with digital imagery including real-time monitoring via camera networks and involvement of citizen science groups. These methods are applied to a wide range of taxa, from habitat-forming species (seagrass meadows, shellfish beds, and macroalgal canopies), indicator species of ecological and economic importance (e.g., coastal fish, lobsters, shorebirds), invasive species, and understudied groups (from microscopic, free-floating animals to rare fish). BioBoost+ enhances biodiversity monitoring within European regional seas from the Mediterranean, North and Norwegian Seas to support ongoing conservation interventions such as active habitat restoration projects and Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Improved biodiversity monitoring will allow a better understanding of large-scale phenomena, such as thresholds, regime shifts and species invasions in vulnerable ecosystems, improve the capacity to predict the impacts of multiple stressors, and to develop better indicators of marine ecosystem health.

Boosting the Frequency and Scale of Marine Biodiversity Monitoring Using Digital Imagery and Artificial Intelligence

I Norge har det vært en økende trend til å benytte regnbueørret (Oncorhynchus mykiss) i oppdrett på grunn av dens raske vekst og toleranse for et bredt spekter av miljøforhold. I dag utgjør regnbueørret 5 % av den årlige produksjon av laksefisk i Norge. Produksjonen har økt med 14 % det siste tiåret, dvs. fra 14453 til 85233 tonn, noe som gjør regnbueørret til den nest mest produserte arten etter atlantisk laks. Til tross for den store interessen er oppdrett av regnbueørret begrenset på grunn av ulike produksjonsutfordringer. Næringen er bl.a avhengig av sesongbasert rognproduksjon. En utfordring er redusert tilgang på rogn i perioden fra juni til oktober, hvilket resulterer i en 5-måneders periode uten tilgang på stor settefisk, fra mars til juni året etter. Videre er forståelsen av hvordan ulike miljøfaktorer initierer og påvirker utviklingen av sjøvannstoleranse dårlig dokumentert. Bl.a. er overføring til sjøvann basert på kroppsstørrelse i stedet for osmoregulatorisk kapasitet. Av den grunn kan settefisken møte ulike helse og velferds utfordringer etter overføring til sjøvann, noe som kan forklare økende dødelighet (rundt 10 %) og høy forekomst av taper fisk (rundt 10 %) i sjøanleggene. Denne utfordringen påfører oppdrettere betydelige økonomiske tap og representerer et velferdsproblem.
I Sande-prosjektet har vi som mål å utvikle nye produksjonsprotokoller for regnbueørret, fra rogn til stor settefisk, basert på optimalisert temperatur, lysrytme og vannkvalitet. En kritisk faktor i prosjektet vil være testing og validering av nye oppdrettsprosedyrer for å kontrollere fiskevekst og utviklingshastighet for å forlenge eller forkorte smoltproduksjonsperioden og tidspunkt for utsetting til sjø. I tillegg vil vi utvikle nye verktøy og analyser for å vurdere smoltkvalitet og tidspunkt for smoltvindu. Denne kunnskapen vil utgjøre en ny biologisk protokoll som tar sikte på å forbedre produksjonen av settefisk av regnbueørret, og som kan leveres til sjøanlegg hele året.

Idéen bak dette prosjektet er å utvikle en sesong uavhengig protokoll (Best Management Practice, BMP) for regnbueørret, fra befruktet rogn til leveringsklar smolt (settefisk), basert på optimalisert temperatur, lysrytme kontroll og styrt vannkvalitet (CO2 nivå), herunder kartlegge konsekvenser på fiskens ytelse, fysiologi, helse og produksjonstid. 
Prosjektet vil innbefatte tre feltforsøk som gjennomføres hos Sande Settefisk. I første forsøk vil effekt av temperatur på tilvekst, helse og kvalitetsutvikling hos regnbueørret i RAS bli kartlagt. Ett sentralt spørsmål vil være; Hvor mye kan vi endre produksjonstiden til ørret i settefiskfasen i vekstintervallet 20 til 400 gr gitt at snitt-temperaturen endres fra 12 til 8?C.  Dette spørsmålet er viktig da en forsinkelse kan benyttes til å dekke perioder hvor oppdretter står uten settefisk som følge av underskudd på egg om våren. Videre vil vi kartlegge hva som er optimalt lysregime under styrt smoltutvikling, herunder gir best smoltkvalitet. Avslutningsvis vil vi undersøke sammenheng mellom variasjon i vannkvalitet (CO2 nivå) på velferd, tilvekst, helse og kvalitet hos regnbueørret. En viktig del av utviklingsarbeidet vil være teste og validere en nyutviklet analyse for vurdering av smoltkvalitet hos regnbueørret (1. Innovasjon). Basert på positive funn og en integrert tolkning av samspillet mellom biologi, drift og vannmiljø, vil vi foreslå analysemetoder og strategier som bedrer fiskens kvalitet og tilvekstpotensial. Kunnskapen vil sammenfattes i en ny biologisk protokoll (BMP, 2. Innovasjon) for optimal sesonguavhengig produksjon av høykvalitets regnbueørret.  I sum vil prosjektet bidra til å sikre en jevn tilgang på settefisk som kan overføres til sjø hele året, og derav styrke oppdrett av regnbueørret i ett bærekraftig fremtidsrettet perspektiv.

Sesonguavhengig produksjon av regnbueørret

Maritim- og offshoreindustrien har etterlyst en mer strukturert metode, som utnytter dagens teknologiske potensial, for å registrere og få tilgang til informasjon om fartøyets skrogtilstand. Utviklingen av en digital tvilling for vurdering av fartøyets skrogtilstand er et svar på dette som har flere fordeler.

Tidligere forskningsresultater har vist at droner tillater trygge,  automatiserte og fleksible fjerninspeksjoner. For å gi droneinspeksjoner en ekstra fordel, bør teknologi for å utføre droneinspeksjon mens fartøyet seiler, og muligheten til å automatisk gjøre tykkelsesmålinger, utvikles. Registrering av inspeksjonsdata fra droner til en digital tvilling er et naturlig neste steg. Gitt tilstrekkelig kvalitet på drone-innsamlede data, i tillegg til effektiv registrering av menneskelig innsamlede data, kan både menneskelige og dronebaserte inspeksjoner gi data til en digital tvilling og komplementere hverandre. Dette kan muliggjøre en mer effektiv overvåkning av skrogtilstand og redusere antall ganger mennesker utsettes for farene ved inspeksjon av trange/innestengte rom.

Ved å samle inn relevante skrogdata er det et potensial for å utnytte historisk informasjon fra en mengde fartøyer til å lage en statistisk modell for å forutsi skrogtilstanden. Dette kan tillate estimering av skrogets tilstand basert på operasjonelle forhold et fartøy har vært utsatt for. I kombinasjon med konstruksjonsmodeller kan dette også brukes til å automatisk lage skroginspeksjonsplaner som prioriterer områder med økt risiko for å ha feil.

Prosjektet ledes av DNV, et ledende klassifikasjonsselskap, i samarbeid med rederiene Altera Infrastructure og Klaveness, som er henholdsvis oljetanker- og lasteskipsoperatører i dette prosjektet, ScoutDI, en inspeksjonsdrone-leverandør, og NTNU gjennom Autonomous Robots Lab ved avdeling for kybernetikk.

The project will develop the concept of a digital twin of the hull condition for assessing the structural integrity and compliance of the physical hull. The digital twin is kept up to date with the physical hull over its lifetime by frequently collecting large amounts of data, in non-intrusive ways that do not interrupt business operations. This enables continuous monitoring and compliance assessment. Autonomous drones collect the data instead of humans to improve personnel safety. Automated damage detection and coating breakdown assessment assists the human expert, leading to improved quality of the structural integrity assessment. The project will enable digital twin-based surveys as industrial standard and realize economic and safety benefits as well as reducing environmental footprint due to reduced need for travels. 

The innovation will lead to improved quality and safety of vessel inspection services, in particular: 
1. Hull condition assessment and continuous compliance decision in a 3D digital twin, a multi-data digital representation of the physical hull based on data such as high-precision point clouds, videos, AIS and weather data. The digital twin also holds location-tagged thickness measurements, history of damages and repairs, and data of sister vessels. 
2. High coverage, high-quality, location-tagged data of the hull compartment, collected frequently by autonomous/automated drones with semantic knowledge of the physical structure. Automated data collection ensures standardized data which improves comparison with historical data. Drone-based collection during sailing or between discharge and loading of cargo causes minimal interruption of business operations. 
3. Automated damage detection in point clouds and videos, automated damage probability predictions based on data in the digital twin, and an automatically generated targeted inspection plan for the drones as well when physical inspections are deemed necessary.

Assessment of ship hull Integrity based on a Digital Twin

Trådløs kommunikasjonsrevolusjon i maritim industri

Scandinavian Reach Technologies leder et banebrytende prosjekt for trådløs kommunikasjon i stålkonstruksjoner, som skip. ScanReach fokuserer på å forbedre sitt produkt for trådløs tilkobling om bord (OWC) for å møte de økende kravene fra den maritime industrien, offshore og havvindindustrien, som raskt går over til digitale og IoT-baserte operasjoner for forbedret effektivitet, sikkerhet og motstandsdyktighet.

Innovativ teknologi: Teknologien er designet for å muliggjøre trådløs kommunikasjon i stål-dominerte miljøer, en kjent utfordring i den maritime sektoren. Denne teknologien baserer seg på lavenergi-radio meshnettverksnoder som muilggjør trådløs datatransport gjennom skip, og baner vei for diverse IoT-applikasjoner som sporing av personell og eiendeler, og integrering av miljøsensorer. Med en industri som beveger seg mot digitale tvillinger, maskinlæring og overvåking av energiforbruk i sanntid, utvikler selskapet neste generasjon av avanserte kommunikasjonsnoder. Disse nodene er ment å håndtere større mengder trådløse data, noe som gjør dem passende for de høyteknologiske kravene til moderne skipsfart.

Fordeler over tradisjonelle systemer: Denne innovasjonen skiller seg ut fra tradisjonelle trådløse løsninger som ofte sliter i tette stålrike skipmiljøer og bruk av kabler. Den fjerner behovet for omfattende og kostbar kabling, noe som fører til en forenklet infrastruktur, enklere installasjon og lavere vedlikeholdskostnader.

Fokus på forskning og utvikling: F&U-arbeidet er fokusert på å utvikle et effektivt og pålitelig trådløst system for maritime industrier. Dette inkluderer å identifisere brukbare frekvenser og protokoller for robust kommunikasjon i ståltunge miljøer, og designe kompakt, energieffektivt utstyr. Prosjektet innebærer en kombinasjon av litteraturgjennomgang, datamodellering, eksperimentell prototyping og felttesting.

This project strives to advance wireless communication in large steel structures, such as ships, improving our existing Onboard Wireless Connectivity (OWC) product. This enhancement will bolster Scandinavian Reach Technologies AS market presence and relevance in the competitive shipping industry. The primary need for this innovation arises from the maritime, offshore, and sea wind industries. These industries are transitioning towards digital and IoT-based operational models for efficiency, safety, and resilience. 

Scandinavian Reach Technologies is at the forefront of addressing this need. Its revolutionary technology enables efficient wireless communication within confined steel environments. It eliminates the need for costly and complex cabling based on an innovative, low-power radio mesh networking node that allows wireless data transport to the gateway/edge computer throughout the mesh network. This technology paves the way for various IoT applications, such as tracking personnel and assets, collecting environmental sensor readings, and integrating other third-party sensors.
 
While the company's current mesh nodes are designed for simple sensor data and limited data volumes, the emerging ambitions for Digital Twins, Machine Learning models, and Real-time Energy Consumption monitoring in the industry have created a demand for high-volume wireless data transport to an internet endpoint. To meet this demand, Scandinavian Reach Technologies AS is dedicated to developing next-generation communication nodes capable of handling large amounts of wireless data in complex steel environments to replace signal cabling entirely.

SteelWave High Volume Wireless Communication Platform for Steel Environments (HWC-SE)

GeoPON-prosjektet tar sikte på å utvikle en 100 % sirkulær pongtong, fri for EPS, ved bruk av en skreddersydd geopolymer betong, og å dokumentere virkningene på ytelse og bærekraft. I tillegg, og for å redusere den totale tettheten til pongtongen, vil prosjektet også se på å erstatte de naturlige tilslagene i betongskallet med et sirkulært lett tilslag med lavt eller nøytralt karbonavtrykk, laget av avgang fra gruveindustrien og resirkulerte materialer fra industrien, . Som sådan vil innovasjonen føre til design av et nytt produkt, 100 % sirkulært og med lavere karbonavtrykk enn tradisjonell betong. For å passe til pongtong-spesifikasjonene, må produksjonsprosessen av det geopolymer baserte bindemiddelet og tilslagene optimaliseres og tilpasses.: Det  geopolymer baserte bindemiddelet er et semikrystallinsk amorft materiale, som dannes gjennom polymerisasjonsreaksjonen mellom en aluminosilikat kilde og en alkalisk reagens. Det er et sementfritt bindemiddel, med ultralavt karbonavtrykk, som også tillater CO2-binding. Tilslagene som produseres i prosjektet er satt sammen av et bindemiddel, et tilslagsmateriale samt ulike ytelsesbaserte tilsetningsstoffer, granulert og sintret ved høy temperatur, en prosess som gjør det mulig å skreddersy tilslagsegenskapene til brukerens behov, og for å kunne utnytte den produserte geopolymer baserte betongen som råmateriale ved produksjon av tilsvarende tilslag på slutten av levetiden. For å muliggjøre integrering av den sirkulære geopolymerbetongen som er utviklet i prosjektet til pongtongen, vil det etableres en helhetlig optimaliseringstilnærming i prosjektet, for å definere den beste utformingen av flytende strukturer basert på vurderingene av sirkulære betonger og kravet til de strukturelle ytelsene. Tilnærmingen vil inkludere design, bruk av fluidstrukturinteraksjonsmodellering, produksjon av pongtongen, produksjon av geopolymer og aggregater, og vurdering av miljømessige/økonomiske hensyn.

The main objective of the project is the development of 100% circular pontoon free of EPS using tailored geopolymer concretes and demonstrate the impacts on performance and sustainability. In addition, and for decreasing the overall density of the pontoon, the project will also look at substituting the natural aggregates in concrete shell by high performance recycled particles obtained from industrial wastes. As such, the innovation will lead to the design of a new product, 100% circular, manufactured and commercialised by Helmar. The production process of the foamed geopolymer concrete and the aggregates must also be optimised and tailored to fit for the pontoon specifications, leading to a new production process for Rockpore, and new waste recycle chain for Rana Gruber.
Helmar anticipates that the use of EPS might be prohibited in the future due to new regulations and is looking for alternatives.  The Rockpore solution appears very appealing as a substitute for EPS: The Rockpore concept is a type of low-density geopolymer-concrete, 100% circular, using recycled Light Weight Aggregates and cement free binders. The properties of the TBG can be modified to fit end user needs, which enables market penetration in markets outside the construction sector. The present project aims at utilising and adapting the Rockpore TBG together with a unique cement free, ultra-low carbon footprint binder as a substitute to traditional EPS block in the pontoons. In addition, a new aggregate type will be developed, as a substitute to the natural aggregates used in the shell concrete. To enable the integration of the circular geopolymer concrete developed in the project to the pontoon, a holistic optimization method will be established to define the best design of floating structure based on the assessments of circular concretes and the requirement on the structural performances, and will include design, manufacturing and assessment of environmental/economic considerations.

Development of a fully circular pontoon design by substituting EPS with a foamed carbon sequestrated geopolymer-concrete

Akvatiske sopp (AS) er en betydelig del av biologisk mangfold i ferskvanns og marine økosystemer. De er avgjørende komponenter i akvatiske økosystemer og har viktige økosystemfunksjoner som nedbrytere av dødt organisk materiale, mutualistiske symbionter, parasitter og patogener som kontrollerer dyre- og plantepopulasjoner. AS påvirker syklusen av karbon og næringsstoffer og fungerer som en ernæringskilde for høyere trofiske nivåer i næringsnettet. Til tross for deres betydning for akvatisk biologisk mangfold, økosystemfunksjoner og tjenester, og overlegent potensiale for biovurdering av vannmiljøer, mangler vi for tiden nasjonale overvåkingsprogrammer for AS. Vi har betydelige kunnskapshull om taksonomisk og funksjonelt biologisk mangfold og distribusjon av AS, samt deres følsomhet for endringer i klima- og arealbruk. Dette er spesielt kritisk for truede økosystemer som isbreer og elvemunninger som er under rask endring på grunn av menneskeskapte klimaendringer og tilstedeværelsen av andre menneskeskapte stressfaktorer som forurensninger. Med bruk av moderne DNA-sekvenseringsmetoder, arkivprøver fra nasjonale overvåkingsprogrammer og satellittbilder kan vi nå adressere kunnskapshull i AS-mangfold og distribusjon, bane vei for at AS kan inkluderes i store nasjonale overvåkingsprogrammer og forutsi responsen fra AS til endringer i klima- og arealbruks ved hjelp av modellering. NorMoSTFun bidrar til disse målene som en del av det multinasjonale prosjektet MoSTFun (Monitoring Strategies and Tools to address knowledge gaps on aquatic Fungal Biodiversity) som er finansiert av Biodiversa+-programmet.

Aquatic fungi (AF) are a significant part the of biodiversity in freshwater and marine ecosystems. They are crucial components of aquatic ecosystems and have important ecosystem functions as decomposers, parasites and pathogens that control animal and plant populations and affect carbon and nutrient cycling. They also function as a source of nutrition for higher trophic levels. Despite their importance for aquatic biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services, and superior potential for bioassessment of aquatic environments, we currently lack national monitoring programs for AF. We have substantial knowledge gaps on taxonomic and functional biodiversity and distribution of AF, as well as their sensitivity for climate and land-use changes. This is especially critical for threatened ecosystems such as glaciers and estuaries that are under rapid change due to human-caused climate change and the presence of other anthropogenic stressors such as pollutants. With the use of modern -omics methods, archival samples from national monitoring programs and earth observation technologies we can now address knowledge gaps in AF diversity and distribution, pave the way for AF to be included in large-scale national monitoring programs and predict the response of AF to climate and land-use changes using modelling. NorMoSTFun is contributing to these aims as part of the multinational MoSTFun (Monitoring Strategies and Tools to address knowledge gaps on aquatic Fungal Biodiversity) project that is funded by the Biodiversa+ program.

NorMoSTFun: Monitoring Strategies and Tools to address knowledge gaps on aquatic Fungal biodiversity in Norway

Midlene fra HAVBRUK2-Stort program for havbruksforskning fordelt på år

Midlene fra HAVBRUK2-Stort program for havbruksforskning fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra HAVBRUK2-Stort program for havbruksforskning fordelt på fagområde

Professor

The major issue facing Norwegian salmon aquaculture is sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). The sea lice problem has motivated regulations to control production growth (the traffic light system). Norway is the largest producer of Atlantic Salmon, and when the Norwegian Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries decides to restrict production growth, Norway is essentially exercising its market power. This has supported very high salmon prices in a period of strong demand for salmon.

The current policy discourse has not sufficiently realized that such restrictive growth regulations, through its market impact, will affect how private farmers responds to the regulations. This again will determine the outcome of the regulations.

The primary aim of this project is to investigate the private production and market responses to sea lice motivated production growth restrictions. We hypothesize that the restrictive growth policies have created a regulatory scarcity rent in salmon production that has rewarded incumbent license owners. In addition, we hypothesize that farmers have responded to a lack of new production licenses by intensifying the use of existing licenses, through high stocking density of smolt, higher feeding intensity and shorter grow-out periods.

Investigating these hypothesis will provide information on market responses to sea lice regulations, and will provide  context to a more complete evaluation of the sea lice regulations that better incorporates the responses to the market effects of the regulations.

Production and Market Responses to Sea Lice Motivated Production Growth Restrictions

CXXC5/Retinoid-inducible nuclear factor (RINF) is a gene located at the 5q31.2 chromosomal region, its function is not known but it seems to be involved in regulation of apoptosis and high expression is associated with chemoresistance and adverse prognosi s in human malignancies, i.e. breast cancer and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In the present collaboration we will investigate the role of CXXC5/RINF in human AML. Based on a detailed biological characterization of human AML cells from a Norwgian biobank  we will analyse correlations between CXXC5 expression and the expression of other genes identified by global gene expression profiles, protein profiles associated with risk of AML reapse after chemotherapy, leukemic cell differentiation analysed by membra ne molecule expression, proliferative capacity and cancer cell methabolism. The French collaborators have a main scientific focus on all aspects of RINF biology, and by using their technological repertoire and the experimental AML models available it will  then be possible to investigate the effects of (i) RINF knockdown on important cellular functions/gene expression/molecular functions identified in the examination of the Norwegian cohort; and (ii) knockdown of identified markers can be used as a functio nal validation to investigate molecular crosstalk and the effects on CXXC5/RINF expression.

Development and validation of CXXC5/RINF (Retinoid Inducible Nuclear Factor) as a prognostic and therapeutic target in leukemia.

This research collaboration between the Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies/Department of Archaeology, History, Cultural and Religious Studies at the University of Bergen, Norway and the Centre d Etudes des Mondes Africains (CEMAf) in Paris. Bot h centres have strong competence in the research on Islamic Africa, and particularly on the written sources to African history deriving from the Islamic and other scriptural traditions. Both also hold substantial collections of partly unique copied materi al deriving from different parts of Africa. These will form the core of the collaboration. Joint research and a series of seminars will particularly focus on three broad headings: 
1. Archives and libraries. What is the history of archives and libraries i n Africa? The researchers will address issues such as ownership, usage, location, cataloguing, but also the actual textual traditions in individual collections. 
2. Writing culture. What has been the culture of writing in times of changing religious and p olitical contexts. the participants will address issues of both materiality as well as text, and look at the arrival of Islam and - later - the emergence of colonial educational systems. 
3. Connectivities. How is a text collection influenced by other tra ditions? Researchers will focus on the translocal impacts on textual traditions (in the form of actual manuscripts transported from elsewhere, text produced elsewhere but copied locally, or impulses of translocal traditions emerging in locally produced te xt).

The collaboration will consist of visits which will focus on the collections in both places (Bergen and Paris). For each visit, a seminar will be held that will also be partly timed to co-incide with master seminars.

The African Archive. It's content, context and connections

The overall objective of this project is the development of a cutting-edge methodology for performing real-time, quantitative risk maps indicating probability of acquiring infectious agents in farmed animals. This method will subsequently be used for pred icting occurrences of outbreaks using pandemic influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 in swine population and salmon pancreas disease subtype 3 in marine fish farms of Norway. These two diseases have been selected as a model for diseases of terrestrial and aquatic anim als, respectively, given their importance regarding livestock economics and public health.
The real-time, quantitative risk maps will provide a precise prediction accounting for characteristics of diseases of interest together with current and historical  situations at the specific location as well as surrounding environment and evolutions of background susceptible population in a timely manner. Norway will directly benefit from the research findings. Methods developed in this project will also be applied  to animal diseases present in France. 
The research exchange will enable physical meetings between the Section for Epidemiology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute and the National Veterinary School (UMR ENVT-INRA 1225) of Toulouse, France. During the first p hysical meeting (one week), data sources and current methods for performing the real-time, quantitative risk map will be reviewed and discussed. Then, the pathway of data-flow and the structure for developing the map will be established. Expected outcomes  include innovative methods for real-time quantitative risk mapping of infectious diseases, and dissemination of the findings though scientific conferences and peer-reviewed journals.
A successful application for the Aurora mobility programme will enable  the initial development of the project, and strengthen the continuing collaboration between Norwegian and French research teams. Norway and France will both benefit from the findings and the knowledge exchange.

Real-time risk mapping for improving prevention and control of infectious diseases

This research project focuses on a class of systems characterized by having components that communicate through a wireless sensor network and be composed of coupled subsystems that share certain variables. The behavior of these systems can be influenced b y the inherent problems to signal transmission: time delays, package losses, noises and uncertainties, among others. In many cases it is necessary to design decentralized controllers instead of a unique central one.
On the other hand, networked control sy stems (NCSs) are spatially distributed systems in which plants to be controlled, sensors, actuators, and controllers, are remotely positioned and communicate with each other through shared band-limited digital communication networks. Compared with traditi onal point-to-point control systems, the main advantages of network structured control systems come from their low cost, flexibility and easy re-configurability, natural reliability and robustness to failure, and adaptation capability. Consequently, NCSs  have been finding applications in a broad range of areas such as transportation networks, power grids, mobile sensor networks, water distribution networks, unmanned aerial vehicles and so on. However, there are also some drawbacks caused by the very natur e of communication networks such as transmission delays, packet dropouts, data quantization errors, data rate constraints, etc. Currently engineers, control engineers in particular, have to deal with many network-induced new and challenging issues arising  from analysis and synthesis of complex networked control systems. During the past few years, increasing attention has been paid to the study of networked control systems in terms of stability analysis, controller synthesis, state estimation, and performa nce optimization under various network-induced constraints.
However, analysis and synthesis of networked control systems are still in the early stage of development and many critical issues remain to be further inve

Stability analysis and control synthesis for Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy systems: application to networked control systems

In the continents, the main radioelements, U and Th, are concentrated in a few accessory minerals, like monazite and zircon. The behaviour of these minerals through geological processes is in the centre of several important questions in geosciences: the h eat budget of continents, the geochemical cycle of heavy metals, and the measurement of time in geology, i.e. geochronology. Two leading institutions in geosciences in France and Norway join force to address the mineralogy and geochronology of accessory m inerals in rocks that underwent uncommonly hot and dry metamorphism and now superbly exposed in Rogaland. The specific goals of this proposal are to exchange knowledge, meet in the field in Rogaland and provide an international environment for a PhD stude nt. 
The granulites in Rogaland are famous in that they formed in "ultra-high temperature" metamorphic conditions above 1000°C. They contain zircon and monazite with complex internal textures. These microtextures are attributed to a variety of post-growth  processes and complicate interpretation of U-Th-Pb geochronological data. We propose to study the transformations leading to these textures and to link them with the evolutions of pressure-temperature conditions, fluid activity, irradiation and petrology  of their host rocks. We will produce images and generate chemical and geochronological data at microscopic scale in monazite, zircon and their hosts, using microanalytical methods. The data will serve to solve a geological conundrum. The ultra-high tempe rature domain in Rogaland follows the contact of the Rogaland Anorthosite Complex in the field, and therefore it has been interpreted as contact metamorphism caused by anorthosite magmatism. However, recent data suggest that metamorphism is some 80 m.y. o lder than magmatism challenging this interpretation. The time relationship between magmatism and metamorphism will be established, as well as implications on what controls the heat budget in "ultra-hot" orogens.

Behaviour of uranium-thorium minerals in the ultra-high temperature granulites of Rogaland

The study of fundamental breakup processes in nature is important and paves the way for further investigation of the role of correlation in few- and multiphoton multiple ionization processes in atoms and molecules. The investigation of multiphoton double  ionization processes by first principles is a relatively new research field stimulated by current progress in laser technology, and it is becoming increasingly clear that multi-electron effects play a decisive role. 

The aim of our project is to pursue t hese investigations in the direction of more complex processes involving quasi-resonant excitation of autoionizing states (AIS) and/or doubly excited states. We will here focus on the processes of two-photon double ionization (TPDI) of Li and He. Prelimin ary studies of direct TPDI of He in initial excited states and Li reveal that this process is extremely rich in physics but difficult to calculate due to the presence of quasi-resonant excitation of AIS. Joining our expertise in TPDI and high performance  numerical computations, our project is to tackle the problem of direct TPDI of asymmetric configurations for two- and three-active electron systems submitted to strong and short (fs) VUV fields.

Laser-induced break-up of helium and lithium

The subject of this proposal is a cooperation project between Norwegian and French scientists to study the luminous phenomena (LP) in Hessdalen Valley. Research into the LP in Hessdalen are progressing towards a better understanding of this mysterious phe nomenon, but further studies are needed in order to fully characterize the properties of the LP and to find the mechanisms and causes behind this phenomenon.

The first records of lights of unknown origin in Hessdalen date back several centuries, and the  population in the valley still observes such phenomena at a regular basis. The luminous phenomena vary in size from a few meters to dimensions that are ten times as large. They are sometimes static, and sometimes moving at high speed. They appear unevenly  over the hills of the valley, and the duration ranges from a few seconds to about one hour. Optical spectra suggest that the emissions mainly consisted of ultraviolet irradiation.

A possible source of the luminous phenomena is the generation of low atmo spheric plasmas. Previously known sources of atmospheric plasmas are related to atmospheric electricity such as lightning, sprites, or ball lightning. However, the cause of the LP in Hessdalen remains unclear, and the properties of the LP need to be furth er characterized. 

Understanding these phenomena could contribute to a better insight into plasma physics, and it might provide knowledge that could be used to produce and handle high energy sources.

Unknown Luminous Phenomena in Hessdalen Valley (Norway)

Problems of drug resistance and side-effects necessitate the search for new and more specific anti-cancer drugs, whether by chemical synthesis or by screening of natural products. This project aims to use nanosized drug delivery systems to ensure maximum  therapeutic effect of anti-cancer drugs. We will benefit from two research groups who are leading in their respective fields: 1: The Translational Signalling group (TSG) at Dept. Biomedicine, Univ Bergen, working with leukaemia biology, drug targets and t heir effect on cancer cell signalling. 2: Institut Galien, Univ Paris-Sud (IGPS) who has worked with nanocarriers for decades, and is perhaps the leading institution in this field in Europe.
Specifically, the groups will work to enhance the bioavailabilit y of drugs with poor pharmacokinetics due to poor solubility in aqueous media. This is mandatory to demonstrate clinical potential of drug candidates. Also, a novel liposomal formulation carrying inhibitors of hsp90, which induces cancer cell death, will  be tested on a panel of cancer cell lines that can be transplanted into relevant rodent models of cancer.
The project thus takes advantage of the sophisticated drug delivery systems developed at IPGS, and the expertise in cancer cell biology at TSG. By jo ining forces, we believe that we will come closer to new therapies against cancer.

Nanocarriers for new anti-cancer drugs

Decompression sickness (DCS) has been recognized for over a century, with the main challenge being in the production of / generation of vascular gas bubbles as a result of gas coming out of solution upon decompressing from larger pressures than at the sur face. However, challenges still remains as to where the bubbles are formed, and which biological/physiological processes that are being altered as a result of the challenges when man submerges himself/herself in the water. Recently, new findings points at  the hyperoxia that the diver is exposed to as a releasing factor/trigger for inflammatory processes that precedes the formation of vascular bubbles/the reactions to the vascular bubbles. The present project will investigate whether the response to hypero xia might be masking a more subtle genetic response to diving and/or DCS by controlling for the hyperoxia during experimental diving.

The relationship between hyperoxia, oxidative stress and decompression sickness

The aim of the AURORA project CHARGE is to join the efforts of mathematicians in Norway and in France that have had a major impact in the last years in the applications of complex and harmonic analysis techniques to results on the time-frequency localizat ion. The problems CHARGE members address stem from applied analysis (PDEs, control theory, signal processing) as well as from recent developments in complex and harmonic analysis.

The main unifying theme of CHARGE is time-frequency localization. This is  an important problem in mathematical analysis with applications to signal processing as well as theoretical physics. The aim here is to obtain good concentration properties both in the direct domain (usually tagged as time) and simultaneously in the Fouri er transform domain (frequency). Of course there are strong limitation to this which can have various mathematical formulations and are generically named uncertainty principles (UP). There has been an important rebirth of interest in the UP in recent year s as it appears in many parts of applied science. As a first example, let us mention the blooming subject of compressed sensing in which discrete versions of UPs play a central role.
Another example comes from unique continuation properties 
of solutions  of PDE's. Here one typically assumes that the difference between two solutions of a given PDE (for example the heat equation) is small at two distinct times and one concludes that the two solutions are almost the same at all times (or even coincide).
As a  last example, let us mention the control theory of PDE's. The aim here is to obtain control of the solution of a PDE on a domain by fixing its values on a small part of that domain (or of its boundary). There are many approaches to such problems. It some  of them a key property takes the  form of the uncertainty principle (so called-annihilating pairs). The research started by some participants of CHARGE on UP gives interesting applications to control theory.

Complex and Harmonic Analysis Related to GEnerating Systems: phase space localization properties, sampling and applications (CHARGE)

The CertiSkatt project aims at launching a new partnership between two highly-rated scientific research teams from France and Norway in the area of Computer Science and more precisely the certification of Public Sector Informations, also called Open Data.  The project will establish a formal collaboration between the French CEDRIC-CPR research team (Conception et Programmation Raisonnées), led  by Professor Catherine Dubois (http://cedric.cnam.fr), and the Norwegian CERTUS research-based innovation center  (http://www.certus-sfi.no/) led by Arnaud Gotlieb, hosted by SIMULA RESEARCH LAB. The CertiSkatt project will initiate the development of a common platform for the formal certification of tax computations, in order to increase the quality of these critica l data and then facilitate their releasing and disclosing through the open data process. In total 9 researchers will be involved in this collaboration, among which 4 PhD students, 2 in France and 2 in Norway. The expected duration of the project is 12 mon ths, starting Jan. 2014. The project will be a starter for launching a larger initiative at the European level.

CertiSkatt

The main aim of the project is to examine the fidelity (defined as how closely a set of procedures were implemented as they were supposed to have been) of an intervention aimed at enhancing young peoples' physical activity and well-being, via training of  grass-root coaches of 10-14 year-old football players. 4 articles in international peer-review journals are planned. The objectives of the two first studies are to better understand the barriers and facilitators of implementing an "Empowering coaching" wo rkshop coming from another culture and relying on expert coach training. The other two studies utilize the RE-AIM framework (a set of criteria for designing and evaluating the impact of theoretically grounded health behaviour interventions) to determine t he reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance of the intervention at four levels: the coach educators, the club level, the grass-root coach and the player level. In particular, differences in fidelity and implementation of the interven tion between France and Norway will be studied.  The French partner is Laboratoire Sport et Environnement social at the Université Joseph Fourier, and the Norwegian partner is Department of Health Promotion and Development at the University of Bergen. The  Norwegian team has an expertise in health promotion and public health and the French team is implemented in the sport field. While both teams focus on well-being and the promotion of healthy behaviour, their complementariness rely on the interdisciplinar y mixing of the two research fields. This Aurora project is focused on the training of young researchers, principally PhD and post-doc students, especially with regard to methodological training in statistical and qualitative analysis using Nvivo and Mplu s software.

Fidelity of a youth football coach education program in France and Norway.

Developing software is a complex task. In addition to this complexity, nowadays? world is driven by high expectations expressed by end-users in front of software. For example, Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) must be adaptable to different contexts (e.g.,  desktop, tablet), and the running system in itself must be highly customisable according to the user needs. To tackle these challenges, the Software Product Line (SPL) paradigm leverages methods and tools initially developed in the automotive industry to  represent "family of products" by capturing the variability of a given domain. For example, like a car can be manufactured with 3 or 5 doors, a piece of software can be deployed with a desktop GUI or a mobile GUI. An interesting challenge is that software  (contrarily to manufactured goods that suffer from physical restrictions) can actually be deployed with a desktop and a mobile GUI, triggering new research challenges in the software engineering field with regard to software and GUI composition.

Our lon g-term goal is to establish a sustainable collaboration between the two participating laboratories. The objective of the proposed AURORA collaboration is to leverage tools, methods and case studies developed by the two partners in the SPL domain to bootst rap such a sustainable collaboration, for example with the submission of an EU proposal at the end of the AURORA contract. From a scientific point of view, the objective of this collaboration is to merge our research efforts into one single direction: "th e systematic use of SPLs to support the design and implementation of complex and variable pieces of software".

HAVBRUK2-Stort program for havbruksforskning

Production and Market Responses to Sea Lice Motivated Production Growth Restrictions

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