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Employing a decolonial approach inspired by critical museology and Indigenous studies, LIT aims to initiate a visual restitution/rematriation process fostering attention to Sámi people’s experiences during colonial encounters, and to illuminate individual life-stories of women and children photographed by Italian anthropologists Mantegazza and Sommier between 1879 and 1886. It wishes to generate dialogical knowledge of unpublished visual/written materials, enabling Sámi communities of interest to gain access to these scholars’ photographs. In complex socio-historical Indigenous/settler contexts such as Sápmi (the Sámi homeland), Sámi people’s control over their own heritage has proved essential to processes of cultural and ethnopolitical self-determination. Part of the Sámi visual heritage consists of photographs taken - often through mild violence and coercion - by academics engaged in physical anthropological practices involving Sámi individuals of all ages and genders. The resulting academic and divulgative publications circulated in Europe for decades, shaping and reinforcing stereotypes of Sámi peoples and cultures. Photos taken in colonial encounters by late-19th/early-20th century scholars to visualize Sámi people’s supposed biological-cultural inferiority (until a few decades ago inaccessible to the Sámi) have become important means of decolonization and empowerment through art and activism. The visual restitution of such photographs is of the utmost importance not only from a cultural heritage perspective but is also considered by Sámi institutions and individuals as an urgent necessity. LIT proposes an innovative approach based on the co-construction of knowledge and with a gender dimension. I shall reconstruct life stories of women and children photographed by Italian ethnologists, locating their descendants and returning their photographs to their communities. LIT would benefit my career, making me a leading researcher in Sami Studies and museology.

Locating Intergenerational Ties, rematriating late-19th-century unpublished photographs of Sámi Women and Children

I det globale nord fremstilles ofte ressursutvinning som "grønne" og klimavennlige prosjekter, mens de faktisk opprettholder de koloniale forhold mellom stater og urfolk. Et eksempel er "grønn gruvedrift" i Sápmi, der metaller for litium-ion-batterier utvinnes. Industriinteressene bruker klimaendring som argument og posisjonerer seg selv som forkjempere for det grønne skiftet. Dette er bakgrunnen for forskningsprosjektet GREENGROWTH, som skal analysere betydningen av "grønne" prosjekter for samisk politikk og handlingsrom. De samiske områdene står overfor to store utfordringer: et økende behov for mineraler og energi for å opprettholde livsstil og industriell vekst, og et stadig økende behov for å håndtere klimaendringer. Vi skal belyse hvordan samiske aktører og interesser kommer til orde og får innflytelse i debatten om miljøvern, "grønn" industri og urfolkspolitikk, historisk og i dag. Vi undersøker hvordan nærings- og økonomiske og samiske interessenter (stakeholders) plasserer seg i debatten om grønn vekst. Prosjektet tar for seg politikk og kommersialisering av naturen, og ser på hvordan klimaendringer påvirker samiske aktører og interesser i det offentlige rommet. Den offentlige debatten om samiske spørsmål er fragmentert, og en av prosjektets arbeidspakker utforsker hvordan samiske interessenter representeres gjennom nyhets- og sosiale medier. Prosjektet belyser samisk motstand mot fornybare prosjekter og utfordrer stereotypier ved å se på samenes dobbeltrolle som både ofre for arealbeslag og økologisk bevisste aktører. GREENGROWTH undersøker gruveindustriens historie, styring og rolle i opprettholdelsen av koloniale diskurser og strukturer, og tar for seg både historiske og samtidige aspekter ved samiske medier og debatten om det grønne skiftet. Prosjektet søker å forstå de komplekse virkningene på urfolkssamfunn og bidrar til en dypere analyse av spenningsforholdene mellom samiske interesser, grønn industri og miljøvernere.

GREENGROWTH will study and compare the positions the Sámi actors and stakeholders occupy and are attributed in the public debate on the Green transition and Green mining. How are the stakeholder groups formed and how are the Sámi stakes and interests weighted by other actors in the debate? The debate studied is concerned with growth-driven Green projects, of which the Green transition is the most recent example. The Sámi actors are analysed as interest-, rights- and stakeholders by utilizing stakeholder theory, settler colonial theorizing, discourse analysis and frame analysis. GREENGROWTH focuses on Sámi framings and responses in this debate. The interdisciplinary, international, multicultural and multilingual research group consists of senior and mid-career scholars with expertise on Sámi and Indigenous issues representing communication sciences, economic history and environmental history. The project will contribute to a deeper understanding of the Sámi political space under swift transformation in conditions of Green transition and the encroachments of resource extraction. Work package 1 is project administration; Work Package 2 will study the key Sámi organizations, the Sámi Parliaments in Finland and Norway, the frames articulated in their social media accounts, and the Sámi news media’s role and framings in the public debate on Green growth. WP3 will analyse the longer history of cooperation between the Sámi and the environmentalist movement, and the effects on the Sámi of being immersed in environmental discourses, with a special focus on the ideologies and projects of Green growth and nature conservation in Finland and in Norway. WP4will study the conduct of mining companies and financial imperialism in the Nordic north by charting the history of the transformation in mining adopting an environmental ideological foundation. WP5 draws together and concludes on the central findings of GREENGROWTH.

GREENGROWTH - Green growth and Sami Stakeholders. Public debate on Green resource extraction in Sápmi

I en verden der klimaendringer er en betydelig bekymring, blir begrepet biokulturell arv en kilde til håp. Denne tilnærmingen erkjenner den nære forbindelsen mellom menneskelige kulturer og den naturlige verden, og gir verdifull informasjon om å overvinne utfordringene på en raskt skiftende planet.
Arktis-regionen påvirkes spesielt av klimaendringer og opplever alarmerende nivåer av oppvarming. Innenfor dette isete landskapet ligger travle bysentre som Fairbanks, Nome, Kirkenes og Tromsø, der virkningene av klimaendringer blir akutt følt. Men mot bakgrunnen av disse problemene, gir den rike mangfoldet av biokulturell arv en reserve av motstandskraft.
Biokulturell arv er basert på tradisjonell økologisk kunnskap (TEK) som er overlevert fra generasjon til generasjon av urbefolkningssamfunn. Denne kunnskapen inkluderer en rikdom av visdom, fra sporing av dyremigrasjoner til å forutsi værmønstre, og gir uvurderlige retningslinjer for tilpasning i møte med miljøsjokk.
Forskere, kunstnere, aktivister og samfunnsmedlemmer samarbeider for å utnytte kraften i biokulturell arv. Gjennom etnografisk feltarbeid, kunstnerisk uttrykk og samfunnsengasjement kombinerer de tradisjonell visdom og moderne vitenskap for å skape innovative løsninger basert på lokal kunnskap.
Prosjektet har som mål å styrke lokale samfunns stemmer og utvikle partnerskap mellom forskere, beslutningstakere og grasrotorganisasjoner. Dette vil være en katalysator for meningsfylt endring både lokalt og globalt.
Avslutningsvis gir biokulturell arv en tidløs visdom som kan hjelpe oss med å oppnå motstandskraft mot klimaendringer. Ved å ære og bevare denne uvurderlige arven, kan vi legge veien for en mer bærekraftig fremtid for kommende generasjoner.

The project focuses on the relationship between climate change and biocultural heritage, a holistic concept that emphasizes the interdependence of natural and cultural elements. The primary objective of the project is to understand how traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and Indigenous knowledge, and human-environment relationships that form the core of biocultural heritage can contribute to climate change adaptation in urban areas and surrounding landscapes. TEK and biocultural heritage have been critical resources for climate adaptation for future Arctic residents. However, climate change processes threaten cultural and biological diversity, underscoring the urgency for adaptation and mitigation measures, especially in the Arctic, which is changing four times faster than the rest of the world. The project will focus on case studies of Arctic cities, including Fairbanks and Nome in the USA and Kirkenes and Tromsø in Norway, and their associated subsistence landscapes that transform even faster. The project team, consisting of social and natural scientists, artists, and activists, will use quantitative and qualitative methods of climate science, remote sensing, human geography, and social anthropology to explore the potential of traditional knowledge and local land use practices as holistic and culturally sensitive tools for climate adaptation. By integrating scientific data with Indigenous long-term observations and artistic explorations, the team hopes to create publicly accessible, co-produced, and place-specific arts and science products. The project's results will be published in academic articles, disseminated via online media, and presented in art and science exhibitions. The main research question of the project is, "How can biocultural heritage integrated into urban and natural landscapes contribute to climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts?"

Biocultural Heritage in Arctic Cities: Resource for Climate Adaptation?

Mye av litteraturen om urfolks representasjon handler urfolks egne organisasjoner eller organer. I prosjektet IMPART forsker vi derimot på hvordan urfolk søker å påvirke politikken gjennom majoritetsfolkets politiske partier: Vi ser på hvordan samer er – eller ikke er – inkludert i Norge og Sverige sine riksdekkende politiske partier.

Norge og Sverige regnes gjerne som to ganske like land, men i dette tilfellet finner vi altså ganske store forskjeller. Hva består de av? Hvorfor har ulikheter mellom de to landene oppstått når det kommer til samers inklusjon i politiske partier? Og hva kan forklare ulikhetene mellom ulike partier i samme land? Hvordan påvirker de ulike forholdene mellom partier og samiske aktivister i Norge og Sverige, forholdet mellom sameting og stat? 

Når IMPARTs forskere søker forklaringer på dette kartlegger vi politiske strukturer i samtidspolitikken via intervjuer og dokumentstudier, vi ser på den historiske utviklinga av forholdet mellom samene og de ulike partiene og landene, og vi ser hen til internasjonal forskning på urfolksrepresentasjon og partipolitikk.

IMPART ser også spesifikt på hvordan urfolks inklusjon eller mangel på sådan forholder seg til ulike partiers politikk hva angår «det grønne skiftet». Vår samtids politiske debatt preges av store konflikter rundt interessemotsetninga mellom på den ene siden urfolks tradisjonsnæringer og naturvern - på den andre siden industriutbygging som er innretta mot å produsere mer klimavennlig energi. Har partier med sterk inklusjon av urfolk en «grønt skifte»-politikk som i større grad tar hensyn til partiets urfolk sine standpunkter? Eller er urfolksinklusjonen symbolsk, og har ingen effekt på politikken? IMPART studerer ulike partier i begge land for å komme til bunns i dette.

IMPART studies Indigenous interest representation through majority-based political parties, with a specific focus on how this phenomenon affects parties' policies regarding disputes between "green" industry development vs. protection of natural resources that are fundamental for traditional Indigenous economic activities.

How do Indigenous political activists attempt, and to what extent are they successful in, influencing the majority-based parties that control the state when it comes to "green shift" policy? Why do some parties create Indigenous representation mechanisms, while others do not? What different models and practices have been created for Indigenous interest representation in parties, and what political outcomes do these differences have?

IMPART compares two of the states that have partitioned Sápmi and the Sámi people: Norway and Sweden. These two states have similar models for Indigenous representation - elected Indigenous assemblies, Sámediggis. Yet, when it comes to the relationship between the Indigenous people and the majority-based parties, Norway and Sweden display prominent differences. Such differences are also displayed between different parties within the same country. Hence, the two cases provide interesting ground for comparative research.

The project draws on and contributes to, two bodies of academic literature: 1) Indigenous representation, and 2)
party organizations. It takes existing theory on Indigenous representation, and on the representation of traditionally marginalized social groups in political parties, and seeks to further develop theory through structured comparison of parties and countries.

IMPART has a three-part structure that involves: (1) Data collection; (2) Analysis of the Sámi representation structures and practices of Norwegian and Swedish parties, and their origins; (3) Analysis of consequences for parties' "green shift" policies and state-Sámediggi relations regarding the "green shift".

Indigenous representation in majority-based parties and “the green shift”: Structures, strategies, and policy effects

dialoguing@rts – Advancing Cultural Literacy for Social Inclusion through Dialogical Arts Education

d@rts is a catalyst for increasing social cohesion and inclusion, using embodied performing arts activities to develop cognitive and affective cultural literacy. We recognise that the performing arts encompass mass-market consumer goods, as well as non-linguistic, embodied and social activities, providing massive opportunities for inclusive participation.
Our target groups comprise actors of all ages and social positions, especially in the school system and in community arts initiatives. We will empower these groups to be artistically active, dialogically related and culturally literate, giving them tools and motivation to improve their own situations and those of others within the overall frame of a cohesive European society, informed by global perspectives.
Using the post-colonial insight that culture is necessarily heterogeneous, d@rts has four related objectives:
1. Understand how performing arts activities relate to cultural literacy in official discourse and documents across partner countries
2. Use this understanding to build dialogues and co-create physical and digital actions with heterogeneous groups within our target audience
3. Develop assessment tools for these actions, enabling measurable growth in cultural literacy
4. Use our findings in recommendations for cultural and educational policies that build long-term social cohesion and inclusion
Based on these objectives, the overall outputs comprise:
1. Documentary, survey and participatory research findings
2. Performative DIALOGART actions for cultural literacy
3. Policy and practice recommendations to increase social cohesion via cultural literacy actions inspired by the performing arts
d@rts imagines new futures and creates hope and social cohesion through performing arts education. By creating participatory spaces and facilitating dialogues, we empower voices seldom heard. d@rts thus advances cultural literacy, and enhances social cohesion and resilience, to build an inclusive future for Europe.

Den vedvarende smitteoverføringen av prioner som gir skrantesjuke (CWD) fortsetter å true overlevelsen til hjorteviltpopulasjoner i Nord-Amerika, og deres usikre zoonotiske potensiale vekker bekymring for folkehelsen.
Siden det første tilfellet av CWD hos norsk villrein og elg i 2016, er sykdommen funnet i flere norske regioner og nordiske land. Samarbeidet vårt med nøkkelpartnere i dette prosjektet har ledet til identifiseringen av flere CWD-stammer hos norsk rein, elg og hjort. Av spesiell betydning er disse stammene ikke relatert til de som for tiden finnes i Nord-Amerika. Disse funnene har klare implikasjoner for den fremtidige forvaltningen av disse europeiske skrantesjuke prioner hos hjortedyr.
Med konsortiets brede og komplementære kompetanse og ekspertise, vil dette ambisiøse prosjektet kombinere dyreforsøk i reinsdyr- og gnageremodeller, i tillegg til in vitro-eksperimenter med de nyeste og sensitive teknologiene (RT-QuIC, PMCA) og en potensiell feltanvendbar test, Minnesota-QuiC-testen (MN-QuiC).
Potensialet til CWD-stammer for spredning blant hjortevilt og for å infisere nye dyrearter, inkludert mennesker, avhenger i hovedsak av to hovedfaktorer: nivået av EKSPONERING for CWD-smitte og mottageligheten til de EKSPONERTE ARTENE for de forskjellige CWD-stammene. EmergingCWD tar sikte på å adressere begge sider av dette problemet. Det vil gi en ny forståelse av hvordan de fremvoksende CWD-prionene identifisert i Norge kan spre seg både innenfor og mellom vertsarter.
Siden prioner er forskjellige fra de fleste kjente smittestoffer som virus og bakterier, er kunnskapsmangelen om smitteevne og overføringsmekanismer fortsatt stor. Gitt de mulige dramatiske konsekvensene av prionrelatert sykdom, vil dette prosjektet representere et avgjørende innspill for å tette dette kunnskapsgapet av relevans for både Norge og det internasjonale vitenskapsmiljøet.

The inexorable contagious transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions continues to threaten the survival of cervid populations in North America, and their uncertain zoonotic potential raises concerns for public health. 
Since the first case of CWD in Norwegian reindeer and moose in 2016, the disease is found in several Norwegian regions and Nordic countries. Our recent collaborations with key partners in this proposal have identified multiple CWD strains in Norwegian reindeer, moose and red deer. Of particular importance, these strains are unrelated to those currently sustaining the North American epidemic. These findings have clear implications for the future management of these emerging European prions. 
With the strong and complementary skills and expertise of the consortium and the unprecedented resources it represents, this ambitious project will combine live animal experiments in reindeer and mice models, in addition to in vitro experiments with the most recent and sensitive technologies (RT-QuIC, PMCA) and a potential field-deployable test,  the Minnesota-QuiC test (MN-QuiC).
The potential of CWD strains for spreading among cervids and for infecting new animal species, including humans, essentially depends on two main factors: the level of EXPOSURE to CWD infectivity and the intrinsic SUSCEPTIBILITY of the EXPOSED SPECIES to the different CWD strains. EmergingCWD aims at addressing both sides of this issue. It will provide a new understanding of how the emerging CWD prions identified in Norway can spread both within and between host species. 
Being different from most known infectious agents like viruses and bacteria, knowledge about prions, their infectiousness, and their transmission mechanisms continues to lag behind. Given the possible dramatic consequences of prion-related disease, this project will represent a decisive input to close this knowledge gap of relevance to both Norway and the international scientific community.

Chronic wasting disease  prions from Norwegian cervids: Assessing the pathogenesis, shedding, spillover and zoonotic potential

Over hele verden forsvinner urfolksspråk. Ettervirkningene av hard assimilasjonspolitikk har ført til at mange urfolksspråk er i ferd med å bli borte. Nå ønsker mange å ta tilbake disse språkene, ikke bare I Sápmi, men også andre steder i verden. Det ser ut til at kjennskap til og bruk av urfolksspråk bidrar til kulturell, sosial og individuell resiliens, og i dette prosjektet undersøker vi hvilke faktorer som styrker resiliens hos språkinnlærere og språkbrukere og som kan fremme eller hindre bruk av urfolksspråk. 

Skolesystemet er ofte en sentral arena for revitalisering av urfolksspråk, men vi trenger å vite mer om hva som skjer etter fullført skolegang. Målet for prosjektet er derfor å undersøke hvorfor og på hvilke måter noen går fra å lære et språk i skolesystemet til å bli aktive språkbrukere. Vi tar utgangspunkt i samiske forhold og sammenligner dette med tre andre kontekster for å identifisere og undersøke viktige livshendelser som kan føre til denne overgangen. Det å ta tilbake sitt språk kan være en motsetningsfylt prosess, så vi skal også undersøke hvordan språkbrukerne forsøker å løse slike motsetninger og se på hvordan samspillet mellom ulike sosiale faktorer påvirker språklig resiliens. En mer inngående forståelse av overgangen fra språkinnlærer til språkbruker kan bidra med ny kunnskap til skolebaserte revitaliseringsprosjekt og har også overføringsverdi til språklæring i andre sammenhenger.

Across the world Indigenous and minority languages are disappearing at a rapid rate. Long-reaching effects of harsh assimilation policies, as well as effects of internalized stigma and shame among individuals, have led to significant language endangerment in many parts of the world. As a response to this loss there is a process of revitalisation and reclamation of languages in a range of geographical and cultural contexts. Indigenous language use itself seems to contribute to cultural, community and individual resilience, and in this project, we explore what supports the resilience of language learners and speakers. Through a comparative analysis of Sápmi and 3 additional cases, we will identify factors that promote or hinder use of Indigenous languages and investigate how individuals transition from learners to speakers. Using multimodal and participatory narrative research methods, we will explore how individuals experience this process, and drawing on nexus analysis approaches we will examine how environmental factors across scales impact this transition.  When reclaiming an Indigenous minority language, speakers find themselves in a space of tensions and possibilities as they may feel empowered while also facing internalized hurts from the past; hence, Indigenous language learning and Indigenous multilingualism are characterized by challenges that second and foreign language speakers do not face, and which have not been sufficiently addressed in language acquisition scholarship. There is a need for more knowledge about such complexities of language reclamation processes, how learners and communities may be resilient in the face of these challenges and how they attempt to resolve these inherent tensions. A deeper understanding of the transition from learner to speaker will shed light on language learning in general (including second language acquisition and multilingualism) and has the potential to inform school-based revitalisation programmes and policies.

Indigenous language resilience: From learners to speakers

Dette prosjektet utforsker varekjedene til tre ikoniske kulturarv artefakter i Arktis: reinsdyrgevir, det koniske teltet (lavvu) og elfenben fra mammut og hvalross. Vi vil spore muntlige historier og nye markedsmessige og sosiale koblinger med disse gjenstandene på tvers av flere steder i Sápmi, Canada og Grønland, og knytte dem til historiske leveveier for pastorale- og jegeresamfunn, og deres transformasjon over tid. De siste årene har hver gjenstand fått en ny mening innenfor kulturarv- og reiselivsnæringene: 1) reinsdyrgevir som tradisjonell kinesisk medisin; 2) det koniske teltet som et turistobjekt; 3) og produkter av elfenben som suvenirer De formidler dermed en bredere historie om arktisk kulturarv og forholdet mellom urfolksprodusenter, forbrukere og markedet. Våre mål er å forske på transformasjonen av gjenstandene og hvordan de blir til kulturobjekter, og deres bevegelse på tvers av nasjonale og internasjonale varekjeder.

This is a project to explore the commodity chains of three iconic heritage artefacts in the Arctic: reindeer
antler, the conical tent, and mammoth and walrus ivory. The project will trace the oral histories and new
market and social entanglements of these artefacts across several sites in Sápmi, Canada, and Greenland,
linking them to historical pastoralist and hunting lifeways and their transformation over time. In recent years,
each artefact has taken a new form within the heritage and tourism industries: 1) reindeer antler as Traditional
Chinese Medicine; 2) the conical tent as a fixed tourism dwelling; 3) and ivory as souvenir carvings. They thus
tell a wider story of Arctic heritage and the relationship between indigenous producers, consumers, and the
market. Our objectives are to research the transformation of the artefacts into heritage objects and their
movement across national and international commodity chains. We will follow their material and symbolic
journeys through historical and emergent networks of harvesting, production, commercialisation, and
consumption. We will use ethnographic fieldwork, in-depth interviews, and zooarchaeological analysis to
investigate ancient and contemporary trade. We hypothesise a gap between the commercialisation of the
artefacts and their non-utilitarian value in terms of skills, communities of practice, and experience-based
knowledge. We anticipate this to feed into debates about tradition, ecological sustainability, and cultural loss,
as well as renewed calls for cultural protection, revitalisation, and legislation. The project will thus tackle
questions surrounding the ethics of heritage and ethnic tourism, the viability and sustainability of craft
production, so-called ‘heritage-isation’ of indigenous culture, and the cultural politics of heritage in the
context of the Arctic. We will publish several works including interdisciplinary publications, an edited volume,
and organise three museum exhibitions.

ArcHeritage: Commodification, Identity, and Revitalisation in the Anthropocene

Fjellet og tundraen er eksponert for raske klimaendringer, som er en alvorlig trussel for det biologiske mangfoldet i EU. Økende fragmentering av tundrabiomet, endring i samspillet mellom artene og invasjon av skolevende arter er noen av effektene. Menneskelig aktiviteter og utbygging i fjellet forsterker både fragmenteringen og modifiseringen av artssammensetningen i de alpine og arktiske tundraøkosystemene i Norge, Sverige og Finland. 

Mange fjell- og tundraarter forekommer derfor i stadig mer oppsplittede bestander. Dette gjør dem  mer sårbare for utryddelse, som for eksempel fjellreven på fastlandet. Fjellreven er klassifisert som en flaggskipart for klimaendringer av IUCN og er en prioritert art i EUs habitatdirektiv. På 2000-tallet var fjellreven på randen av utryddelse i Fennoskandia, da var det trolig bare 50 voksne individer. Som svar på omfattende bevaringstiltak har bestanden kommet seg og den teller nå ca 500 individer. 

Forekomst av sammenhengende fjell- og tundralandskap er viktig for å sikre levedyktige bestander av de karakteristiske fjellartene i framtiden. Prosjektet ARCTIC FOX EUROPE skal identifisere områder der fjell og tundra er forventet å bestå, og vurdere effektene av ulike forvaltningstiltak som kan bidra til å øke levedyktigheten til fjellreven spesielt. Kartprojeksjoner skal forutsi hvordan utformingen av tundrabiomet vil endre seg som følge av framtidig klimaendringer og videre legge til menneskelig aktivitet og arealbruk for å vurdere de samlede effektene, samt vurdere betydningen av forekomster av større rovdyr og tetthet i lokale reinbestander. 

Forvaltningsorganer og ulike interessenter er invitert til å involvere seg i prosjektet for å identifisere og utforske nye og alternative forvaltningsløsninger, med tanke på å finne de mest effektive tiltakene som kan bidra til å sikre fjellreven en framtid i Fennoskandia, gitt de fremtidige endringene fjell- og tundraarter står ovenfor.

Within the European Union, the Fennoscandian Arctic-alpine tundra is the biome exposed to the fastest climate change - causing a severe threat to tundra biodiversity through fragmentation, changes in the trophic dynamics and invasion of boreal species. Furthermore, human activities  and land use increasingly impact the tundra in Fennoscandia. Many tundra species therefore occur in a fragmented distribution across habitat patches (metapopulation structure), rendering them more vulnerable with an elevated extinction risk. To maintain contact between habitat fragments, dispersal is a key process for securing viable populations for the future. 

The Arctic fox is classified as a climate change flagship species by the IUCN and is a priority species according to the EC Habitat Directive. The Fennoscandian Arctic fox was on the verge of extinction around the year 2000, with only 50 adult individuals remaining in a highly fragmented distribution. In response to efficient conservation actions, the population has however recovered to ca 500 individuals. 

ARCTIC FOX EUROPE will develop a metapopulation model to identify priority areas and management actions that increase viability of the Arctic fox metapopulation under scenarios of climate change and other human pressures. The model will be informed with data including Arctic fox population dynamics (demography, dispersal and genetics), trophic dynamics, and conservation actions over the last two decades in Fennoscandia. GIS projections will be used to forecast how the spatial structure of the tundra will change under future climate change. Management agencies and stakeholders in Norway, Sweden and Finland will be involved in ARCTIC FOX EUROPE to develop a Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE) framework. The metapopulation model will be used to explore outcomes of alternative management plans under different future scenarios, comparing costs and benefits, identifying trade-offs and synergies, and analyzing decision outcomes.

Identifying effective management strategies for enhancing trans-national metapopulation protection of the Arctic Fox in mainland Europe

Grunnbevilgning - ISF

Torskelarver og andre plankton sin svømme- og orienteringsevne. Parameterisere modeller for topp-predatorers byttedyrstilgjengelighet.

Midlene fra HAVKYST-Havet og kysten fordelt på år

Midlene fra HAVKYST-Havet og kysten fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra HAVKYST-Havet og kysten fordelt på fagområde

Forsker

Larval transport from spawning grounds to nursery grounds is a key processes that needs to be addressed if attempting to quantify spatiotemporal availability to top predators. However, larvae are not entirely destined to follow ocean currents. They can af fect their dispersal both through vertical and horizontal movements and this will change the prey availability to their predators. While existing NFR-projects already model seabird-fish interactions under various climatic states with state-of-the-art mode l components, they would greatly benefit from improved model parameterizations of larval behavior. Here we propose to combine a unique field and laboratory observation platforms that, together, will add substantially to our knowledge of these critical asp ects of the early life history of a keystone fish species in Norwegian waters, Atlantic cod. Specific objectives are to (1) provide and analyze in situ measurements of swimming and orientation of the early life stages and (2) elucidate the in situ behavio ral responses of cod larvae, as individuals and in groups, to a combination of proximal cues. This information is complementary to observations on the sensory capabilities and behavior of cod larvae that are generated in the laboratory and/or from acousti c measurements. Furthermore, we will 3) communicate through publications how new knowledge on larval behavior gained through the experiments described above may be included in existing coupled physical-biological models involving early stages of cod. Key  questions to address: Are cod larvae orienting vs. swimming at random when in open water? If larvae do orient, when during development does this begin? Where do they orient, i.e. towards what location? Are multi-modal stimuli providing useful information  for detection, navigation and nursery habitat localization? What are these stimuli? How do swim speed and swim time compare in the field vs. laboratory observations?

The study answered these questions, as follows:

Most individual larvae exhibited directed swimming regardless of species and developmental stage. The swimming speed of Atlantic haddock increases with age only in-situ. In the laboratory the swimming speed remains low.
 
Population-level orientation in Atlantic haddock (18-36 dph) is generally to the SW, the orientation is better during sunny days than during overcast days. This indicates goal-oriented swimming.
 
Glass eels have directional swimming and show a preference in the orientation in coastal environments with a significant orientation during the ebb tide in situ and in the MagLab. Glass eels have a geomagnetic compass. Tides drive the orientation of glass eels at this migrating phase.

This is the first study of ontogeny of orientation in a temperate fish

This is the first evidence of magnetic orientation in the early life history of a fish.

Larval transport from spawning grounds to nursery grounds is a key processes that needs to be addressed if attempting to quantify spatiotemporal availability to top predators. However, larvae are not entirely destined to follow ocean currents. They can af fect their dispersal both through vertical and horizontal movements and this will change the prey availability to their predators. While existing NFR-projects already model seabird-fish interactions under various climatic states with state-of-the-art mode l components, they would greatly benefit from improved model parameterizations of larval behavior. Here we propose to combine a unique field and laboratory observation platforms that, together, will add substantially to our knowledge of these critical asp ects of the early life history of a keystone fish species in Norwegian waters, Atlantic cod. Specific objectives are to (1) provide and analyze in situ measurements of swimming and orientation of the early life stages and (2) elucidate the in situ behavio ral responses of cod larvae, as individuals and in groups, to a combination of proximal cues. This information is complementary to observations on the sensory capabilities and behavior of cod larvae that are generated in the laboratory and/or from acousti c measurements. Furthermore, we will 3) communicate through publications how new knowledge on larval behavior gained through the experiments described above may be included in existing coupled physical-biological models involving early stages of cod. Key  questions to address: Are cod larvae orienting vs. swimming at random when in open water? If larvae do orient, when during development does this begin? Where do they orient, i.e. towards what location? Are multi-modal stimuli providing useful information  for detection, navigation and nursery habitat localization? What are these stimuli? How do swim speed and swim time compare in the field vs. laboratory observations?

In situ swimming and orientation ability of larval cod and other plankton. Parameterizing models of prey availability to top predators

In trade with shellfish, it is of importance that seafood is safe for consumption. Several algal toxins have long been known to accumulate in shellfish and cause poisoning of shellfish consumers. New toxins seem to appear world wide, and rapidly spread to  new areas. In Norwegian waters, azaspiracids have recently been detected in mussels, and the pectenotoxins and okadaic acid group of toxins have caused problems for the Norwegian shellfish industry sector as well as consumers. Effective management of the se toxins requires rapid and affordable analytical methods, knowledge about metabolites formed when the toxins are ingested by shellfish, and information on the toxicity of such metabolites when ingested by the consumers.  The introduction of risk assessm ent based food safety management systems in the shellfish sector, have put increasing focus on the lack of cost-effective HACCP tools that are suitable for in-process testing and verification through end product testing.  This involves the development and  validation of rapid assays like ELISAs and rapid tests in the lateral flow immunoassay format.  Furthermore, there is a need for early-warning tools, such as toxin adsorbent disks (TADs), that can be used as a simple and sensitive way of monitoring emerg ing toxic blooms in the water masses. This involves the passive adsorption of biotoxins onto porous synthetic resin filled disks, and their subsequent extraction and analysis. The method is founded on the observation that algal cells leak toxin, including  the lipophilic algal toxins, into the seawater. In cases where the toxin producer is unknown, TADs are particularly useful as early warning tools since they have the advantage of directly targeting the toxic compounds of interest. When coupled with appro priate analytical techniques (e.g. LC-MS/MS multi-toxin screens, ELISA assays, receptor binding assays), the method has the potential to offer valuable data as a supplement to ongoing monitoring of algal toxins.

Marine algal toxins in shellfish - a Japanese-Norwegian collaboration

Methods for large scale harvest of toxic alga and algal toxins by pumping seawater through plankton nets and columns with adsorbent materials will be developed. Furthermore one will develop methods for enzymatic conversion of algal toxins into toxic metab olites. Clean up methods for toxins from algal cultures, sea water, shellfish and crude extracts of metabolised toxins involving fewer steps, less use of solvents and the use of more environmental friendly solvents than used in exciting methods will be de veloped. The structure of the purified compounds will be elucidated using NMR in combination with data HPLC-MS analysis.

The purified toxins will be used as standards in chemical analysis of shellfish. By increasing the availability of standards, new che mical methods can be developed and validated more rapidly, thus resulting in more rapid decrease in the use of the mouse bioassay test which is widely used in testing of shellfish today.

More materials will be made available for toxicity testing of algal  toxins and toxin analoges.

The project includes training of one female PhD candidate. Furthermore it will result in increased collaboration between those Norwegian institutions already conducting research on algal toxins and it follows up the collaborat ion established in the project NFR 139593/140. Moreover, it creates added-value to the EU funded “BIOTOX” project (contract negotiated June 2004) by scaling up the production of materials that can be used as standards in chemical analysis of shellfish.

T he results from the project will place Norwegian researchers in the forefront in marine biotoxin research.

0 projects

BILATNAER-Bilat.samarb.m.N-AM,Kina,Jpn,I

Marine algal toxins in shellfish - a Japanese-Norwegian collaboration

Awarded: NOK 61,903

Project Period: 2008-2008

Location: Oslo

HAVBRUKS-Havbruk - en næring i vekst

Improved methodologies for harvest and purification of algal toxins

Awarded: NOK 3.0 mill.

Project Period: 2005-2009

Location: Akershus