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Renewable energy on the high seas – science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations for regulatory and governance challenges

The high seas are those marine areas under no State's jurisdiction. So far, all marine renewable energy (RE) activity is being conducted under State's jurisdiction. However, recent advances in technology are raising the prospect of carrying out RE activity on the high seas. Currently, only seabed mining activities in the Area have been regulated. The Area is the seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits of State's jurisdiction. From the legal viewpoint, the main gap is a lack of an international regulatory framework, informed by participatory mechanisms and supported by scientific evidence, for RE activities on the high seas, especially regarding their environmental and social impacts. 
The primary project objective (O) is to provide the scientific community and policymakers with science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations in support of the development of  RE regulation on the high seas. 
Two specific Os are set to complement the primary O, namely:
O1 To advance the use of systematic consultation processes that facilitates research at the crossroads of marine sciences and law. 
O2 To advance critical knowledge and understanding of environmental pressing issues comparable to the regulation of RE on the high seas, such as deep-sea mining in the Area.
A multistep innovative methodology will be adopted, by integrating marine scientific knowledge, consultative processes, and advanced critical research in the subject matter. A case study (interdisciplinary and participatory) involving marine scientists, indigenous and coastal communities and policy makers will be conducted onboard the Research Vessel KronPrins Haakon at the beginning of the project. The case study outcomes will be analysed through critical legal analysis to build a knowledge base for policy recommendations. 
The project will advance the PI’s career in an international research environment, allowing her to generate independent, high-quality, and reproducible results.




Improving tropical forest conservation in Africa

The importance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for better balancing tropical forest conservation and poverty alleviation goals is increasingly recognised. Yet, in Africa, poor understanding of the impact of harvesting on species’ populations and forest carbon stocks, together with little information on the traditional institutions which have informally regulated NTFPs extraction in the past -and could continue to do so in the future-, hamper the use of NTFPs in both forest conservation and development initiatives. 
AFRI-FOR will gather the knowledge needed to determine (1) the key enablers of sustainable harvesting for groups of plant or wild meat species, (2) which types of NTFP harvesting can have synergies with carbon storage, and (3) how traditional institutions can be integrated into formal conservation. To achieve these objectives, AFRI-FOR provide new methods, including (i) a new interdisciplinary approach for investigating NTFPs harvesting impacts, combining traditional ecological knowledge (TEK, from local communities), surveys of plants and wildlife, market surveys and modelling techniques; and (ii) a novel standardised protocol for gathering information about traditional institutions and compliance towards them. AFRI-FOR will gather data and knowledge from 20 socio-ecological forest contexts in five countries (Sierra Leone, Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda and Kenya), which will allow insights to transcend single sites and provide a much-needed general understanding. This high-risk and high-gain project will provide a step-change in our ability to inform forest conservation in Africa, by identifying synergies between biodiversity conservation, carbon storage and poverty alleviation goals.


Evaluation of thermohydraulic characteristic of printed circuit heat exchangers in pseudocritical region for supercritical CO2 cycle

Currently, 28.2% of the total EU-28 greenhouse gas emissions come from the power sector, a large contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, the emphasis of the research in power generation has swung towards assessing highly efficient and greener power cycles. In this reference, the novel supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle (sCO2-BC) is an ideal choice that outstrips other formally well-known power cycles (Brayton & Rankine cycles). In sCO2-BC, the role of the pre-cooler is critical. It serves as a sink to the power cycle and regulates the conditions at the compressor's inlet. The compressor's inlet temperature is intended to be maintained close to the critical temperature of carbon dioxide (CO2) to achieve greater cycle efficiencies. However, exceptionally higher values of the specific heat capacity of CO2 near its critical point (up to 40 times higher than water) require exceedingly high water flow rates on the cold side to achieve the desired exit temperatures of CO2. Consequently, the pre-cooler's pumping power requirements become high enough to deteriorate the cycle's performance. This problem can only be mitigated by exploring new channel geometries with enhanced thermohydraulic characteristics. Therefore, the proposed study plan to characterize the complex thermohydraulic characteristics in the pseudocritical region of CO2 using a multifaceted technique that includes, experimental, numerical, and machine learning techniques. The proposed work will provide a step forward to the success of sCO2-BC technologies that, in turn, will facilitate its integration with the green energy resources (generation-IV nuclear reactors and solar concentrated plants), helping to meet the EU's 2030 climate and energy framework goals of achieving at least 32% share for renewable energy.

Integrated Research Infrastructure Services for Climate Change risks

Adaptation to climate change requires in-depth understanding of climate change driven risks, including their determinants (hazards, exposure and vulnerabilities) and impacts to human, production and natural systems. Integrated Research Infrastructure Services for Climate Change Risks (IRISCC) is a consortium of diverse and complementary leading research infrastructures (RIs) covering disciplines from natural sciences to social sciences, across different domains and sectors. IRISCC provides scientific and knowledge services to foster cutting-edge research and evidence-based policymaking to improve Europe's resilience to climate change. IRISCC ensures a “one-stop-shop” for various user communities on climate change risk related RI services by setting up a dedicated Catalogue of services and related access management system both for granting transnational (onsite and remote) and offering virtual access. The Catalogue of services will be built through three consecutive releases, each delivering increasingly integrated services to its user communities. The IRISCC service integration will include Service Design Labs employing co-design and transdisciplinary action, and Service Demonstrators benchmarking the integrated cross-RI services. In addition to services aimed towards the scientific community, IRISCC will offer knowledge services aimed towards policymakers and other stakeholders. This is done together with risk management platforms. The research enabled by IRISCC contributes to future reports on climate change effects (IPCC, IPBES) as well as policy- and decision-making to meet the targets of climate adaptation strategies. IRISCC contributes to training a new generation of scientists to efficiently use RI services and for data stewardship. Data from IRISCC will be open and made available in compliance with FAIR principles and linked to European initiatives such as EOSC. Strong links will be created between IRISCC and current and future efforts under Horizon Europe.

Enhanced X(cross)-disciplinary Community-driven Imaging Technologies for Earth and Environmental material research

The EXCITE² Network is revolutionizing Earth and environmental material science research by consolidating a critical mass of 18 research facilities in 12 European and associated partner countries into a unified infrastructure and providing transnational access to advanced imaging technologies. This enables scientists to decipher complex processes within Earth materials at scales from nanometres to hundreds of centimetres, gaining unparalleled insight into the chemical and physical processes that govern, among others, environmental toxicity and its impact on human health, critical metal extraction for renewable energies, and the utilisation of Earth materials as long-term storage for climate-altering gases. The consortium fosters knowledge-sharing and talent attraction, bolstering the problem-solving capacity of the European Research Area. Moreover, EXCITE² is driving interdisciplinary collaboration and cross-fertilisation across academic institutions, scientific disciplines, and industry, propelling Europe towards a sustainable future. The initiative offers dedicated training programmes to a new generation of researchers within the European open science landscape, paired with access to world-class imaging facilities and expertise for problem-solving research and innovation. EXCITE² is introducing innovative service developments, such as artificial intelligence and leading-edge imaging experiments, to increase the user's problem-solving capacity. In addition, the consortium is implementing customised project valorisation strategies to maximize the impact of research outcomes in academia, society, and the economy. Citizen science projects allow the public to participate directly within the EXCITE² Network, contributing to solving EU challenges. As such, EXCITE² is paving the way towards a sustainable future, driving scientific excellence, and creating positive societal impact.

Smart and Sustainable Host UniverCities: leveraging city-university interactions to further the twin green and digital transition

SUNSET aims to develop innovative research and training capacity around city-university interactions driving the EU’s green and digital transition. This twin transition is a defining element of the current EU policy agenda towards achieving climate neutrality and sustainable growth. The European Commission considers cities to be frontrunners in this transition agenda, but their transformational capacity and resilience crucially depends on the presence of agile and high-performing urban innovation ecosystems. SUNSET brings together (1) prominent researchers working in diverse geographical and disciplinary settings at leading universities (N=6) with (2) partners (N=16) from city governments (often participating in the Cities Mission to achieve climate neutrality by 2030), innovation companies, research institutes and civil society organizations to analyze and foster the performance of these urban innovation ecosystems: drawing on a purposeful range of interdisciplinary, international, and intersectoral exchanges, the Doctoral Network will investigate whether and how universities can successfully become key drivers of the twin transition in cities via their role as innovation partners, the implementation of campus living labs, and as architects of decision-making in governance ecosystems. Through a tailored combination of network-wide training events and academic and non-academic secondments, the SUNSET Doctoral Network will train a new generation of researchers to become future urban innovation ecosystem leaders in the pursuit of the twin green and digital transition. The findings will lead to practical guidelines regarding the design and implementation of living labs for university and city management, tailored strategies to foster more inclusive and diverse urban ecosystems, and diverse forms of scientific outreach and dissemination.

Aqua Research Infrastructure Services for the health and protection of our unique, oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems

AQUARIUS will provide a highly comprehensive suite of integrated research infrastructures appropriate to addressing significant challenges for the long-term sustainability of our unique oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems. For the first time, diverse research infrastructures will be combined to facilitate the work of researchers and key stakeholders focused on challenges and opportunities for both marine and freshwater systems. An impressive range of 57 research infrastructure services will be made available to include research vessels, mobile marine observation platforms, aircraft,  drones, satellite, sensors, fixed freshwater and marine observatories and test sites, experimental facilities, and sophisticated data infrastructures. AQUARIUS will support the development phase of the EU Mission to Restore our Ocean and waters by 2030, the Sustainable Blue Economy Partnership, the European Green Deal, and international climate initiatives. It will also be an essential component in achieving the European Digital Twin of the Ocean and the UN Decade for Ocean Sciences. The needs of researchers will be met through a robust and transparent system of transnational access funding Calls, facilitated by centralised user-friendly access portal. The Call programme will be informed through stakeholder engagement and brokerage events. Projects to be selected for Access must convincingly integrate multiple infrastructures and contribute to the core policy objectives of Mission Ocean, that is, to protect and restore marine and freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity; to prevent and eliminate pollution of our oceans, seas and waters; and to ensure a sustainable, carbon-neutral and circular blue economy. A thematic and geographic focus will be the hallmark of the proposed transnational Calls, aligning with the Lighthouse Regions, that is, the Baltic and the North Sea Basins, Black Sea, Atlantic/Arctic, and Mediterranean Sea along with their associated rivers.

Research Infrastructure Services for Renewable Energy

The European Green Deal aims to transform the EU into a modern, resource-efficient and competitive economy with zero net greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. To achieve more efficient, competitive and cost-effective energy systems and devices, RISEnergy fosters a European ecosystem of industry, research organizations and funding agencies aimed at developing novel energy technologies and concepts. RISEnergy brings together a consortium of 69 beneficiaries from 23 countries: ERIC institutions, technology institutes, universities and industrial partners, to jointly improve the economic performance of technologies. Members of the European Energy Research Alliance are establishing the core European ecosystem. The main objectives of RISEnergy are: 1.) enable research and innovation to increase energy efficiency and reduce the cost of energy technologies to foster wider use of renewables into energy systems through proactive innovation management having single entry point with tailor-made access roads for academics, industry, and SMEs, and advising RI providers, all acces Users, and policy makers on LCA, ICT development and networking issues; 2.) provide efficient transnational access (TNA) to facilities to support renewable energy technologies and systems: Provide more than 2,500 days of access to major European and international world-leading analytical facilities; 3.) reach out to all stakeholders performing research along the value chain, from materials and technology development to applications in the eight most relevant fields of PV, CSP/STE , hydrogen, biofuels, offshore wind, ocean energy, integrated grids, and energy storage, research infrastructure providers and policy makers; 4.) provide comprehensive services of unprecedented quality: new cross-RI services, a single entry point, tailor-made access roads for academia industry, and SMEs with a particular focus on scientists from research fields in which the use of research infrastructures is not yet established.


Cooperation and AgReements enhancing Global interOperability for Aerosol, Cloud and Trace gas research infrastructures

The goal of CARGO-ACT is to deliver a clear roadmap for sustainable global cooperation between key
ground-based aerosol, cloud and trace gas research infrastructures, each having invested in infrastructure and services to support their observing networks with a long-term perspective, with a view to consolidating into a sustainable global research infrastructure in the future. There is a strong desire for global integration from the research community, including weather, climate, and air quality monitoring and modelling, 
and in particular from space agencies, since global networks of ground-based observations are an essential component complementing Earth Observation from space, providing calibration and validation of the remote sensing information collected by current and future satellite missions. The integration of the current ground-based networks, which may have different interests and priorities, requires cooperation and agreements at the global level, including engagement with relevant stakeholders. Their service provision is not limited to data services, but includes access to the measurement facilities, reference instruments, reference standards and laboratories, all of which are topics to be assessed in CARGO-ACT.  

The specific objectives of CARGO-ACT are to, develop sustainable partnerships and decision making processes with relevant partners, demonstrate the benefits of converging interoperability and standards to stakeholders and the global research community, establish the mechanisms for providing  international access to distributed research infrastructures and develop a roadmap for upscaling towards an integrated global research infrastructure for aerosol, cloud and trace gases.


Contextualized pathways to reduce housing inequalities in the green and digital transition.

The project Reducing housing inequalities in the green and digital transition (ReHousIn) is committed to better understand the impacts of recent crises on housing inequalities across different European regions, especially with regard to the implementation of the green transition launched by the EU. The overall aim is to explore the mechanisms affecting the (re)production of housing inequalities under recent crisis conditions, and the impacts of the EU induced green transition in different national contexts and along different degrees of urbanisation. Based on a contextualized and comparative understanding of the mechanisms (re)producing housing inequalities, ReHousIn inquiries into multi-level pathways and inclusive local housing initiatives to spark innovative EU, national and local policy solutions towards inclusionary and quality housing, mitigating the possible negative impacts of the EU induced green transition. It conducts a comparative, multi-level analysis in 9 European countries – Austria, France, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom – focusing on attractive metropolitan regions, middle-sized cities and rural areas by means of a mixed-method project design. A quantitative data analysis on recent trends in housing inequalities and their relation to crises across different levels of urbanization will provide the framework for 27 local cases studies in which the impact of multi-level trajectories of housing-system, welfare regimes and environmental policy instrumentations on the (re)production of local housing inequalities and the emergence of inclusive housing initiatives are analyzed. Based on this, ReHousIn compares mechanisms of differentiation feeding into policy labs, aiming to formulate recommendations on how to tackle negative social externalities related the EU green transition at EU, national and local levels.

Sosial uliket i ungdoms psykiske helse i et livsløpsperspektiv (LONGTRENDS)

Midlene fra BEDREHELSE-Bedre helse og livskvalitet fordelt på år

Midlene fra BEDREHELSE-Bedre helse og livskvalitet fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra BEDREHELSE-Bedre helse og livskvalitet fordelt på fagområde

Ass. Professor

Det er bekymringsfullt mange barn, ungdom og unge voksne som utvikler psykiske vansker. Det er spesielt mange utsatte blant dem som vokser opp i familier med lav inntekt eller hvor foreldrene har lavere utdanning, noe som ofte blir omtalt som sosial ulikhet i psykisk helse. 
Materielle faktorer, psykososiale forhold og atferdsmønstre i barndommen er med på å legge føringer for helse, levekår og samfunnsdeltagelse seinere i livet. Noen barn og unge kan være sårbare for overganger og livshendelser som å bytte skole, å flytte hjemmefra, eller at deres foresatte skilles. For noen medfører slike hendelser tap av sosial støtte og nettverk og færre økonomiske ressurser. Noen utvikler også atferdsmønstre som kan utgjøre en helserisiko. Slik kan overganger og livshendelser bidra til å forsterke sosiale ulikheter i helse. 

Målet med prosjektet er å øke forståelsen av sosiale ulikheter i psykisk helse i et livsløpsperspektiv. Vi vil kartlegge samfunnstrender i psykisk helse blant ungdom med ulik sosioøkonomisk bakgrunn, og undersøke hvilken rolle faktorer som sosial støtte, familiestruktur, kjønn, og større livshendelser og overganger spiller i disse sammenhengene. Vi ønsker også å utvikle mer presise metoder for å måle ungdoms sosioøkonomiske status. 

For å nå disse målene vil vi benytte data fra fire studier av norsk ungdom og deres foreldre, gjennomført i perioden fra 1980-2020. Studiene lar oss følge deltagernes utvikling fra barndom og inn i høyere utdanning og arbeidsliv, og undersøke hvordan sosial bakgrunn henger sammen med psykisk helse i ulike tidsperioder.    

I prosjektet samarbeider forskere og doktorgradsstipendiater om å undersøke deler av hovedproblemstillingen. Prosjektleder koordinerer delprosjektene og rapportering av funnene. Vi vil formidle bredt, i vitenskapelige publikasjoner og presentasjoner, men også i sosiale medier og gjennom en elektronisk rapport som vil publiseres i løpet av prosjektperioden.

The project applies a pathway model to study developmental processes and trends in social inequalities in mental health, with an emphasis on adolescent years. Socially differential background and subsequent exposure, tracking and vulnerability across the life course are proposed as potential mechanisms underlying inequality. These mechanisms are examined in four Work Packages.  WP1 mainly addresses social reproduction and accumulation of mental health inequalities, and WP2 focuses on the influence of social support and connectedness in family and schools. WP3 includes international trends over the last 30 years, as well as quality and validity of measurements of social inequality. WP4 concerns coordination and management of the project, and ensures adequate exploitation of the findings in terms of academic, societal and innovative impact.
The data constitute a unique combination of four studies covering ages from 7- 40 years: i) the HBSC study, a cross-national survey repeated every four years since 1985; ii) a two-generation study of a cohort born in 1977 followed up with nine surveys over 27 years (1990-2017), iii)  the COMPLETE study (2016-2019) following students through three years of upper secondary school; and iv) youth@hordaland, the final wave of a series of studies of a cohort of children born in 1993-1995, which has been tracked from primary school until upper secondary school, and further into tertiary education through register linkage. 
The project partners constitute a strong team with national and international experts on social inequality research in public health, educational science, psychology, epidemiology, public health, implementation science and methodology. The project is expected to contribute with knowledge that can be used to improve the design, implementation and evaluation of measures that can promote mental health and reduce social inequalities in mental health.

Social inequality in adolescent mental health in a life course perspective (LONGTRENDS)

I 2015 undertegnet 195 land Paris-avtalen, en global forpliktelse til å begrense gjennomsnittlig global temperaturstigning til 2°C. Ifølge FNs klimapanel vil det være ekstremt dyrt, om ikke umulig, å oppnå 2°C-scenariet uten karbonfangst og -lagring.

Karbonfangst i saltsmelter (CCMS) er utviklet basert på en karbonfangstprosess kalt kalsiumlooping (CaL). CCMS skiller seg imidlertid fra tradisjonell CaL ved å ha den aktive substansen (kalsiumoksid) delvis oppløst i en saltsmelte i stedet for i fast tilstand. Å oppløse stoffet i smeltet salt gir en raskere reaksjonskinetikk, og det er ikke funnet at absorbenten degraderer over gjentatte sykluser. Dette kan gjøre CCMS til en mer økonomisk løsning enn tradisjonell CaL. Dette ph.d.-prosjektet er et samarbeid mellom Enestor AS og NMBU, og tar sikte på å verifisere om CCMS er en prosess for fremtiden av karbonfangst.
 
CCMS har indikert et potensial for å fange CO2 ned til 0,76vol% med lovende resultater. Imidlertid er kinetikken til reaksjonen kun kjent ned til 4vol% og det eksisterer utslipp lavere enn 4vol% som utgjør store mengder CO2 totalt sett. Derfor vil dette prosjektet undersøke hvor effektiv CCMS er for lavere konsentrasjoner. Kan CCMS fange CO2 effektivt fra kilder med lav konsentrasjon, og gjør det økonomisk lønnsomt å fange fra disse utslippene?

Den neste utfordringen er hvordan designe et CO2- fangstanlegg. Basert på eksisterende forskning er det funnet at CCMS er i stand til å fange CO2, men det krever høye temperaturer (>900°C). Spørsmålet er hvordan man kan generere varmen og opprettholde energien for å gjøre prosessen så effektiv som mulig. Dette vil være hoveddelen av ph.d. prosjektet. Ved å bruke modelleringsverktøy og de innsamlede dataene fra eksperimenter, kan et anlegg simuleres og de nødvendige energi- og størrelseskravene estimeres. Denne modellen kan deretter brukes til å forutsi kostnadene ved CO2-fangst og bygging av et anlegg.

Fangst av CO2 ved bruk av kalsium looping (CaL) er en av flere lovende teknologier som kan redusere kostnader ved fangst av CO2 i røykgasser fra store punktutslipp. CaL gjøres i dag der bestanddelene er gass og faststoff. For å få til CaL i praksis bruker man fluidized-bed-reaktorer. Ved NMBU er det utviklet en alternativ CaL-prosess som finner sted i en saltsmelte. Reaksjonskinetikken er vesentlig høyere og det er ikke dokumentert noen degradering av sorbenter i forhold til dagens CaL-prosesser i fluidized bed-reaktorer. Prosessen er gitt navnet Carbon Capture in Molten Salts (CCMS). 
Prosessen er gjennom eksperimental forskning funnet effektiv ned til 4vol% CO2, men det mangler systematisk data under dette nivået. Den første delen av dette prosjektet vil være å validere effekten til CCMS ved lave konsentrasjoner. Dette vil gi kinetiske parametere som er nødvendig for modellering av prosessen.  

Hovedmålet med dette prosjektet er å etablere en modell som beskriver sammenheng mellom de ulike delprosesser i karbonfangst basert på kalsium looping i saltsmelter (CCMS). Denne modellen skal brukes til å kunne kostnads-estimere prosessen og brukes for å kunne designe og kontrollere et fangstanlegg i industriell skala. Modellen vil lages på bakgrunn av litteratur og gjennom dataen som finnes fra eksperimenter som er utført på CCMS. Disse dataene er innsamlet gjennom allerede utførte eksperimenter ved NMBU. 

Den siste delen av prosjektet er å gjennomføre en tekno-økonomisk evaluering av CCMS. Ved å bruke modellen som er utviklet vil det undersøkes hvilke grenseverdier som gjør CCMS lønnsom sammenlignet med andre fangstmetoder. Dette vil være siste del av ph.d. prosjektet som vil indikere om CCMS vill være en del av framtidens karbonfangstmetoder.

0 projects

NAERINGSPH-Nærings-phd

Modellering av karbonfangst i saltsmelter

Awarded: NOK 2.0 mill.

Project Period: 2021-2025

Location: Innlandet