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Grunnforskning

Bilingual Experiences, Cognitive Ageing and underlying Mechanisms

The goal of the Bilingual Experiences, Cognitive Ageing and underlying Mechanisms (BECAME) project is to examine the functional neuroplastic mechanisms underlying mitigatory effects of bilingual experience on age-related cognitive decline. While evidence is available for structural brain changes supporting bilingualism-induced effects on cognitive aging (CA), functional mechanisms underlying such effects are not yet well understood. BECAME aims to fill this gap by investigating the trajectory of bilingualism-induced functional neuroplasticity across the adult lifespan (ages 18-85), crucially adopting an individual differences approach related to measurable degree of bilingual engagement. Importantly, although such benefits are thought to be rooted early in the lifespan, evidence for the timeframe and conditions of their early emergence is scarce. The choice of including the whole adult lifespan allows us to investigate these mechanisms and their emergence more directly from a lifespan perspective. I combine behavioral testing with brain recordings via electroencephalography (EEG). EEG is widely used in cognitive neuroscience to assess brain activity and the degree of communication between brain regions (functional connectivity) in response to stimuli and at rest. Combining behavioral and EEG modalities will allow me to test bilingualism’s effect on functional connectivity, as well as its consequences for functional efficiency, the minimum required neural activation to successfully perform a task. This will enable a detailed, evidence-based account of the protective effects observed in older-aged bilinguals, and how they are built from earlier life stages. By illuminating the relationship between multilingualism and resulting neurocognitive adaptations, BECAME will enable to capitalize on it as a health initiative, with manifold societal implications and the potential to be translated into actionable policies exploiting multilingualism to ameliorate effects of CA.

From the SEA to the SOLution. An integrative assessment of marine pollution in a changing Arctic

Marine chemical pollution poses known threats to human health and to biodiversity, ecosystem and societal services. The Arctic is a major sink of global mercury (Hg) pollution. Arctic sediments, sea and glacial ice constitute vast Hg reservoirs. Recent studies raise concerns about their increasing role as local Hg sources. In a rapidly warming Arctic, the consequences of potentially increased environmental Hg on marine biota remain unknown. The objective of SEASOL is to identify the pathway(s) of Hg bioaccumulation in marine food webs of the High Arctic Kongsfjorden (Svalbard). This changing glacial fjord is recognised as a ‘natural laboratory’ of climate change in the Arctic. The fellow’s earlier research has shown the sole measurement of Hg levels as insufficient to connect biotic Hg dynamics to environmental change, whereas the analysis of Hg stable isotopes proved to be a promising tool for source discrimination and biotic transfer. SEASOL will build on the novel application of stable isotope analysis to identify the sources of Hg within the fjord system and the pathways to Hg accumulation within sentinel marine species. On the short-term, the study will provide fundamental knowledge to help understand how emerging sources of Hg from rapid environmental change will impact Arctic marine predators. On the long-term, SEASOL will contribute to the development of early-warning, adaptive management strategies, including modelling, for mitigating the cumulative impact of pollutants and climate change on Arctic marine species. This multidisciplinary approach and the central position of the host institution (Norwegian Polar Institute) in the field of Polar Research will equip the Fellow with a broad set of new skills and lay the foundation for building her specific niche as a future leader in marine pollution science.

Algebraic Theory of Information Quantities

Information theory is a discipline at the intersection of statistics, engineering and computer science. As the study of information quantities, such as compression or communication capacities, information content or measures of statistical dependency, it is one of the theoretical underpinnings of data science.

Computational problems in information theory are highly non-linear. The goal of this project is to transfer state-of-the-art methods of computational non-linear algebra to information theory, to study the inherent algebraic complexity of information-theoretical problems and to provide tools for solving them in practice. The algebraic point of view has proven to be fruitful in seemingly unrelated areas, as witnessed by a surge of recent work in algebraic statistics, in particular on likelihood geometry. However, maximizing the likelihood function is the same as minimizing relative entropy — a specific information quantity. Hence, this project also aims at generalizing the techniques developed in likelihood geometry.

One focus is on the practical computation of information quantities using numerical and differential algebraic geometry. Such quantities are defined via non-linear optimization problems and we aim to pinpoint the algebraic complexity of these problems in instances of general interest, such as common information measures. The final objective is finding fundamental laws and limits of data science imposed by non-linear inequalities constraining the entropic region. These inequalities provide, by duality, universal bounds for many of the optimization problems studied in information theory.

Enabling the next generation in search of blood cancer cures

The CarrerasPathfinder program is new a world-wide unique doctoral program that covers the entire spectrum of research and innovation in blood cancers from understanding disease biology to the implementation of novel processes in the clinical practice. The program will fund 14 excellent Doctoral Candidates (DCs) for a period of 48 months. DCs will perform collaborative PhD projects involving associated partners from different sectors, countries, and disciplines through secondments. DCs will improve their research capacity and transferable skills through high-quality supervision arrangements and a tailored training program.

The program has been designed and will be hosted by the Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC) which is the first European non-profit institute exclusively devoted to blood cancers. By answering the European needs for human resources, it is fully aligned with the 13 recommendations of the EU Cancer Board’s Draft Mission  and the Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan (2021). The CarrerasPathfinder program has a strong triple-I dimension of internationality, inter-sectorality and interdisciplinarity in training, networking, co-supervision and research. Its specific objectives are:
•	To develop an excellent doctoral program in blood cancer research conceived as a pilot for a permanent international doctoral program
•	To equip DCs with a unique skill set boosting effectiveness and innovation capacity. 
•	To promote DCs’ career development and increase their employability in different sectors.
•	To establish the IJC as a European reference for research and training in blood cancers.
•	To provide Europe with a new generation of researchers able to address unmet needs and societal challenges of blood cancers.
•	To contribute to structuring the European research area by collaborating and synergizing with other European key opinion leaders.



Renewable energy on the high seas – science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations for regulatory and governance challenges

The high seas are those marine areas under no State's jurisdiction. So far, all marine renewable energy (RE) activity is being conducted under State's jurisdiction. However, recent advances in technology are raising the prospect of carrying out RE activity on the high seas. Currently, only seabed mining activities in the Area have been regulated. The Area is the seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits of State's jurisdiction. From the legal viewpoint, the main gap is a lack of an international regulatory framework, informed by participatory mechanisms and supported by scientific evidence, for RE activities on the high seas, especially regarding their environmental and social impacts. 
The primary project objective (O) is to provide the scientific community and policymakers with science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations in support of the development of  RE regulation on the high seas. 
Two specific Os are set to complement the primary O, namely:
O1 To advance the use of systematic consultation processes that facilitates research at the crossroads of marine sciences and law. 
O2 To advance critical knowledge and understanding of environmental pressing issues comparable to the regulation of RE on the high seas, such as deep-sea mining in the Area.
A multistep innovative methodology will be adopted, by integrating marine scientific knowledge, consultative processes, and advanced critical research in the subject matter. A case study (interdisciplinary and participatory) involving marine scientists, indigenous and coastal communities and policy makers will be conducted onboard the Research Vessel KronPrins Haakon at the beginning of the project. The case study outcomes will be analysed through critical legal analysis to build a knowledge base for policy recommendations. 
The project will advance the PI’s career in an international research environment, allowing her to generate independent, high-quality, and reproducible results.




BOLD MINDS aspires to enhance the understanding of vulnerability factors underlying the emergence of borderline personality disorder (BPD), with an ultimate aim of increasing the potential for young individuals to receive early, evidence-based help when their mental health is at risk. BOLD MINDS will achieve this by investigating whether disruptions in two aspects of autobiographical memory (AM), narrative identity (NI) and involuntary AM (IAM), are associated with BPD features and problem behaviours in adolescents concurrently and over time. In doing so, BOLD MINDS will strengthen the understanding of mechanisms underlying the emergence of BPD in adolescence and lay a groundwork for developing evidence-based early interventions for BPD. While currently limited, the study of AM in this field is essential for two reasons. Firstly, because the aspects of AM under investigation, NI and IAM, are known to be involved in identity formation and emotion regulation which represent two key psychological processes that are disrupted in adults with BPD and are linked to problem behaviours such as self-harm and suicidality. Secondly, because promising research is emerging on the use of AM targets in the treatment of emotional disorder in adults, and provides a strong model for future treatment development with vulnerable adolescents. In addition, this timely research program aligns with calls from international organizations to prioritize early interventions to promote adolescent mental health. BOLD MINDS will adopt and adapt state-of-the-art ecological momentary assessment and analytical techniques and work at the crossroads of clinical and cognitive psychological perspectives, allowing for a multidimensional approach to understanding BPD vulnerability. Training-through-research and formalized training of the experienced researcher will prepare her for a permanent academic position and the founding of her own research lab specializing in AM and early interventions for BPD.

Borderline Personality Disorder: Memory and Identity in Adolescence

Multilingual Acquisition and Processing: Heritage Russian in Spain

Recent research highlights a need of deeper understanding of the nature of language competence and the development of this competence under heritage language bi- and multilingualism. Heritage speakers (HSs) is a population highly diverse in terms of their linguistic competence and its development. Multilingual Acquisition and Processing (MAP): Heritage Russian in Spain will provide an examination of Russian Heritage Language (HL) grammar in a previously unstudied socio-linguistic context focusing in particular on the patterns of cross-linguistic interaction at early and most unstable stages of multilingual language development. The overall research objective is to discover the patterns of language acquisition and language processing in order to find out how multilingual minds deploy their developing grammatical knowledge and how they detect and access the linguistic (morpho-syntactic) mechanisms from their two co-existing languages in real-time. The proposed empirical study will investigate the effects of linguistic proximity, individual experiential factors and the developmental patterns of cross-linguistic influence in child bilingualism. Heritage Russian in Spain will be studied with a focus on 3-7-year-old children in order to examine developmental trajectories in both languages. On the theoretical level, MAP will significantly contribute to the development of a model of heritage language grammar and add to a sub-field of multilingualism studies, Heritage Language Acquisition, by showing the patterns of cross-linguistic interaction at early stages of multilingual Russian-Spanish development. On a societal and education level, project findings will be relevant for policy makers, teachers, school principals and HSs communities in European countries. To date, most heritage language studies have focused exclusively on the minority language, MAP will fill an important gap by focusing on both languages.

Optimization of Free Space Optical Communication Link based Drones for Search and Rescue Operations in the Arctic Region

The Arctic region is witnessing more frequent shipping accidents than ever which require accurate search and rescue operations. The existing communication systems use drones with radio frequency (RF) technology, which has limited bandwidth and cannot offer 4G/5G connectivity due to harsh weather constraints. It further limits the capacity of drones and affects the resolution of images and videos. The current research proposes to design free space optical communication (FSOC) link-based drones that can enhance connectivity between multiple drones and rescue ships as well as the capacity of drones to produce high resolution images and videos. The proposed FSOC-based drones can provide highspeed connectivity than the existing RF technology. The research will collect atmospheric turbulences data from the Arctic region and use it for designing the FSOC link. Furthermore, to enhance the capacity of FSOC-based drones, the research will design advanced multiplexing schemes (Mode Division Multiplexing and Orthogonal Code Division Multiple Access) and to ensure link stability, omnidirectional receiver will be designed. The research will further evaluate the performance of proposed FSOC link under the impact of various atmospheric turbulences. The expected outcomes of this research will lead to the optimisation of FSOC-based drones in expanding search areas and improving communication systems for SAR operations in the Arctic region.

Oceanic hitchhikers: epizoic diatoms as health indicators of sea turtles

Diatoms, unicellular algae, grow on a wide range of submerged surfaces. However, some diatom species and even entire genera (Chelonicola, Poulinea, Tursiocola) are highly specialised and thrive exclusively on the surface of glabrous aquatic animals (sea turtles, sea snakes, cetaceans, manatees). These taxa tolerate frequent environmental changes related to the biology and lifestyle of their hosts but, in nature, cannot survive without them. We will use sea turtle biofilm samples to investigate whether this unique association makes epizoic diatoms suitable indicators of their host’s health. This proposition is based on our preliminary observations that in sea turtles, the relative abundance of epizoic diatoms is high (>35 %) on generally healthy individuals, but rarely exceeds 10 % in visibly debilitated animals. First, skin and carapace biofilm samples will be collected from 350 presumably healthy and 175 visibly debilitated sea turtles from three distant geographic regions (WP1). Second, the collected material will be used to determine diatom species composition based on molecular (metabarcoding) and morphological approaches (WP2). We will develop an automated diatom identification and counting method using deep learning technology to further simplify the morphology-based assessment of diatom community composition. Third, the relative abundance of specialist sea turtle diatoms will be assessed and tested for correlation with standard sea turtle health indices collected for every sampled animal (WP3). Diatom indices of sea turtle health will be designed should such correlation be found. Finally, we will test the newly developed tools in a zoo setting, where they will be used to gain insights into the overall health and wellbeing of captive sea turtles and other aquatic vertebrates (WP4). The proposed studies will develop novel, non-invasive, cost-efficient and straightforward diatom-based tools for sea turtle monitoring and the assessment of marine ecosystem health.

Improving tropical forest conservation in Africa

The importance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for better balancing tropical forest conservation and poverty alleviation goals is increasingly recognised. Yet, in Africa, poor understanding of the impact of harvesting on species’ populations and forest carbon stocks, together with little information on the traditional institutions which have informally regulated NTFPs extraction in the past -and could continue to do so in the future-, hamper the use of NTFPs in both forest conservation and development initiatives. 
AFRI-FOR will gather the knowledge needed to determine (1) the key enablers of sustainable harvesting for groups of plant or wild meat species, (2) which types of NTFP harvesting can have synergies with carbon storage, and (3) how traditional institutions can be integrated into formal conservation. To achieve these objectives, AFRI-FOR provide new methods, including (i) a new interdisciplinary approach for investigating NTFPs harvesting impacts, combining traditional ecological knowledge (TEK, from local communities), surveys of plants and wildlife, market surveys and modelling techniques; and (ii) a novel standardised protocol for gathering information about traditional institutions and compliance towards them. AFRI-FOR will gather data and knowledge from 20 socio-ecological forest contexts in five countries (Sierra Leone, Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda and Kenya), which will allow insights to transcend single sites and provide a much-needed general understanding. This high-risk and high-gain project will provide a step-change in our ability to inform forest conservation in Africa, by identifying synergies between biodiversity conservation, carbon storage and poverty alleviation goals.


Midlene fra SAMKUL-Samfunnsutviklingens kulturell fordelt på år

Midlene fra SAMKUL-Samfunnsutviklingens kulturell fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra SAMKUL-Samfunnsutviklingens kulturell fordelt på fagområde

Førsteamanuensis

What is it about  gender, power and leadership that maintains a situation where men occupy the top positions in organizations? This is the overarching question for MirrorMirror. The aim is to explore gender as social and cultural dynamics. The project consists of several empirical studies, looking at powerful institutions like the defense force, maritime sector, and oil and finance businesses. MirrorMirror is also engaged with critical and idealistic arenas in our studies of green politics and humanitarian organizations. The analytical profile of MirrorMirror is based on the co-work between scholars from the humanities and the social sciences, and in particular marked by the use of perspectives from the humanities in this academic field where social scientists have dominated. 
Bolsø and Mühleisen (to be published November 2015) have addressed the esthetics of power by analyzing visual representations of women in powerful positions. They discuss the leeway there is for women in their negotiations of alternatives to the masculine connoted corporate suit, as women still have to keep personal and organizational authority. Visual representations also make up the empirical material for Gjelsvik (in progress) in her study of finance, while Snickare has interviewed men within finance banking, a male dominated work environment to the extreme, in her ethnographic study (in progress). An analysis of gender in the visual and textual recruitment material for the Norwegian Defence is under way, conducted by Svendsen and Lilleaas. Lilleaas has earlier in the project shown how mixed rooms in military service seem to discourage gendering and improve conditions for female recruits. The study of the maritime sector describes a broad and complex image of challenges for recruitment of women in to leadership positions in the sector (Langås, in production, with Momoko Kitada). The study of the maritime sector also shows how sex and sexuality figures in the work environments on ships. When on board, women seem to be held solely responsible for sexual moral, while they simultaneously are seen as carriers of a potential for sex which they have to negotiate (Langåker, Bolsø and Mühleisen, in progress).

Bolsø and Svendsen have, in their study of the Norwegian Green Party, shown how green political currents, ecofeminism and Norwegian gender equality politics interact in constituting a concept of diversity in green politics. The study shows how the concept of diversity in the party's documents slides between its ecological and social meanings, producing a conflation. This results in a lacking understanding of social differences, including power differences.
 
The gender performative effect of ideas and narratives about individual choices is a central issue on Sørensen's analyses of how depictions of career paths are gendered (Sørensen in progress, and under publication 2016). Preliminary analyses of a qualitative interview study in humanitarian organizations shows that conceptions about women's choices, leadership and status interact with gender (Sørensen, work in progress). Leadership is also a key issue in Dockweilers ongoing doctoral study, where the oil business is studied. She shows how gender imbalance and gender issues are treated with ignorance when issues of position and profession are at stake, and how this influences knowledge about leadership, as well as inclusion and exclusion mechanisms. The last study in the project has is starting up, and focuses on masculinity in the oil business (Svendsen).

Mirror Mirror disseminates its results to the interested public and organizations in popular scientific form, as well as academic publications. The popular dissemination is done through op ed articles and lectures for interested publics in the sectors that are studied, government agencies, schools and the general public (see publication list for details). The project has also developed a book proposal for an anthology where results from the project as well as contributions from the international partners will be published. Cross cutting analyses of the results from the different strands in the project forms the basis for a policy paper (work in progress), which will be communicated to stakeholders in the sector of work and management.

The organizations selected for empirical study are central to the Norwegian social organism: the financial sector, the military and the petroleum/maritime sector. Powerful institutions produce visions and strategies, which will also be studied. In additio n, the empirical material includes data about organizations and discourses that are critical towards contemporary institutions and politics.  

The main research questions are: which symbolic constructions of gender and leadership are found in powerful or ganizations and in alternative political organizations and political visions? How are these symbolic constructions connected with structural distribution of power between the sexes? What are the backward-looking and/or forward-looking scientific, cultural  and symbolic meanings of gendered power? How do cultural representations effect recruitment and career development of women and men in the organizations? 

The methodological approach includes interviews and field work within the organizations mentioned  above, and also analysis of textual and visual representations. The project is organized in sub-projects and the empirical material will to a large extent be used across the sub-projects, which implies direct empirical, analytical and theoretical exchange  between the researchers involved. It is important in this project to apply analytical theory from the Humanities, when until now, Economy and Social Science have dominated the field. 

The project is interdisciplinary and will be carried out in collabora tion between researchers from Stord/Haugesund University College, the University of Oslo,  Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, University of Stavanger and University of London.

Mirror, mirror on the wall, who's most powerful of them all?
Gender as a symbolic and social structure in organizations

Høyrepopulistiske partier og bevegelser har styrket sine posisjoner i mange demokratier. Dette har bidratt til polarisering av den klimapolitiske debatten i mange land og hindret utviklingen av klimapolitikk som er i samsvar med Parisavtalen fra 2015.

Eksisterende studier har påvist en sammenheng mellom høyrepopulisme og motstand mot klimapolitikk, men har ikke kommet særlig langt i å forklare denne sammenhengen. Å diagnostisere slik motstand er nødvendig for at disse gruppene kan inkluderes i klimapolitiske debatter på en mer konstruktiv måte.
Dette prosjektet kombinerer kvalitative data som innsamles gjennom en spørreundersøkelse i Australia, Norge, Tyskland og USA med kvalitative kasus-studier av de samme landene. Prosjektet integrerer psykologiske og strukturelle forklaringsmodeller.
To forskjellige forklaringer på sammenhengen mellom høyrepopulisme og motstand mot klimapolitikk har blitt foreslått i litteraturen.  Den ene peker på strukturelle endringer i den globale økonomien som en felles årsak til høyrepopulisme og motstand mot klimapolitikk. Den andre framhever det ideologiske innholdet i høyrepopulisme, spesielt hvordan den konstruerer en konflikt mellom ‘folket’ og ‘kosmopolitiske eliter’, og argumenterer for at klimapolitikk spiller en symbolsk rolle i denne konflikten.

Dette prosjektet vil
1)	Gjennomføre og analysere en spørreundersøkelse for å teste de to forklaringene på høyrepopulistisk motstand mot klimapolitikk blant velgere i de fire landene.
2)	Utforske motstand mot klimapolitikk i høyrepopulistiske partier og partifraksjoner i de nevnte landene. De to forklaringsmodellene vil testes gjennom en kombinasjon av kvantitativ og kvalitativ analyse.
3)	Undersøke betydningen av privilegerte versus marginaliserte grupper som drivere av høyrepopulistisk motstand mot klimapolitikk, basert på data innsamlet under punkt 1 og 2 over.
4)	Utforske hvordan styrken på motstand fra personer med høyrepopulistiske holdninger varierer over forskjellige klimapolitiske spørsmål og over tid, basert på fire år med data fra en spørreundersøkelse som følger et utvalg nordmenn over tid.
5)	Utforske sammenhengen mellom høyrepopulistiske holdninger og holdninger til vern av natur.
6)	Integrere politikk-implikasjoner fra punkt 1-5 over, og foreslå utforminger av klimapolitikk som gjør den gjennomførbar til tross for økende høyrepopulistisk motstand.

Spørreundersøkelsen ble fullført av om lag 1000 respondenter i hvert land. De første analysene støtter den ideologiske forklaringen over den strukturelle forklaringen på sammenhengen mellom høyrepopulistiske holdninger og motstand mot klimapolitikk blant velgere. Et annet preliminært funn er at sammenhengen mellom høyrepopulistiske holdninger og politikkmotstand er svakere for ‘tech-fix’ løsninger (geoengineering, karbonfangst- og lagring og kjernekraft) enn for andre, mer konvensjonelle typer klimapolitikk. Likevel, uttrykker respondenter med høyrepopulistiske holdninger sterkere motstand enn andre respondenter mot alle klima-relaterte virkemidler bortsett fra kjernekraft.

Right-wing populism (RWP) has been on the rise in many democracies and has become an entrenched long-lasting force across the world that will continue to shape politics. Extant studies have found that RWP is linked with opposition to climate policy but has not come far in explaining this opposition. Diagnosing the opposition is necessary for facilitating a more constructive inclusion of these groups in climate policy debates.

In the nascent literature on the association between RWP and climate opposition, two different explanations have been suggested. A structuralist explanation points to a common cause for the two phenomena, namely structural changes in the global economy. The other explanation draws on the ideological content of RWP and argues that the effect of structural changes on climate policy attitudes is not direct, but rather mediated by RWP ideology.

WP1 of this project will design a survey to test the two explanations for RWP opposition to climate policy among voters across four countries (Australia, Germany, Norway, USA) and conduct mediation analysis.
 
WP2 will explore climate opposition among RWP parties and party fractions in the same countries. The two explanations will be tested through a combination of qualitative process tracing and quantitative content analysis.
 
WP3 will investigate the relative importance of privileged versus marginalized groups as drivers of RWP supporters’ opposition to climate policy. Different complementary analyses will be conducted, using data both from WP1 and WP2.
 
WP4 will explore how the strength of resistance from RWP supporters varies across different questions relating to climate science and policy and across time. It will draw on four years of data from a panel survey in Norway.

WP5 will integrate policy implications from the results of WP1-4, proposing ways to craft climate policies to be politically feasible despite increasing RWP opposition.

Right-wing populism and the political feasibility of climate policy

Tiltak for å redusere klimagassutslipp må oppskaleres raskt dersom Parisavtalens mål skal være innen rekkevidde. Samtidig har selv moderate tiltak i mange europeiske land blitt sett på som sosialt urettferdige, og møtt med protester som har ført til at tiltakene har blitt svekket eller blokkert. JUSTDECARB undersøker hvorfor klimapolitikken kan oppfattes som sosialt urettferdig og produsere ‘vinnere’ og ‘tapere’, hvordan nye grønne jobber og grønn økonomisk vekst kan motvirke slik sosial urettferdighet, og hvordan polarisering og motstand dermed kan unngås.
 
JUSTDECARB har bragt sammen forskere fra fire forskjellige disipliner innen samfunnsvitenskap og humaniora (filosofi, statsvitenskap, samfunnsøkonomi og juss) på tvers av fire land (Norge, Storbritannia, Tsjekkia og Østerrike). De overordnede målsetninger er:

1. Bidra med kunnskap om hvordan klimaomstilling kan gjøres sosialt rettferdig og politisk robust.
2. Utvikle en ‘verktøykasse’ for å hjelpe europeiske beslutningstakere å styre omstillingsprosesser i en sosialt rettferdig og politisk robust retning. Dette arbeidet resulterte  i en 72-siders rapport med tittelen “Just and robust transitions to net zero – A framework to guide national policy” publisert både på trykk og digitalt. Den ble lansert på et frokostseminar i Oslo 27.oktober i år.

Det norske bidraget til den første målsetninga fokuserer på motstand mot klimapolitiske virkemidler og polarisering av klimapolitikk. Bidraget omfatter to case-studier og to studier basert på survey-data. 
Det første case-studiet tar for seg Norge og Storbritannia, med fokus på kampanjer fra aktivister som har politisert spørsmål om petroleumsproduksjon og ledet til mer kontrovers rundt krav om nedfasing og etter hvert utfasing av olje- og gassutvinning. Dette er i økende grad et polarisert politikkfelt med sterke spenninger blant politikere, interessegrupper og befolkningen generelt. Det andre case-studiet sammenligner perspektiver på rettferdig omstilling knyttet til utfasing av kull i spesielt kullavhengige byer i Tsjekkia og Østerrike. Begge case-studiene vil baseres på ekspertintervjuer samt analyse av dokumenter slik som offentlige utredninger, analyser, rapporter, partiprogrammer og offentlige uttalelser.

Den første survey-baserte studien ser på bompenger, et annen polariserende politikk-område møtt med sterk motstand fra deler av befolkningen. Ved hjelp av data om rundt 2000 nordmenn, utforsker vi hva som kjennetegner motstandere av bompenger. Et sentralt funn er at holdninger knyttet til klimaendringer, miljø og høyrepopulisme henger tett sammen med motstand mot bompenger. Mangel på alternative transportmåter er ikke en sterk predikator, mens å eie en bil er forbundet med økt motstand. 

Den siste studien utvider omfanget til åtte ulike politiske virkemidler - som dekker prisbaserte virkemidler, økt fornybar energiproduksjon samt redusert petroleumsproduksjon. Her finner vi at nordmenn kan deles inn i to distinkte leire: de som er positive eller relativt nøytrale til alle virkemidler unntatt økt vannkraftproduksjon, versus de som er sterkt imot prisbaserte virkemidler og redusert oljeutvinning, mens de er litt mer delt i synet på de øvrige virkemidler. Studiet gir nyanserte karakteristikker av tilhengere og motstandere. En sterk aldersgradient er særlig drevet av støtte blant de under tretti og motstand fra personer i femtiårene. Inntekt er en svak predikator for politiske holdninger, mens det er klare skiller mellom by og land samt mellom de med universitetsutdanning og de med teknisk eller yrkesfaglig utdanning. 

I begge de survey-baserte studiene, finner vi at syn på innvandring er blant de sterkeste forklaringsvariablene for holdninger til klimapolitikk. Disse resultatene diskuteres i lys av nyere litteratur som indikerer at motstand mot klimapolitikk utgjør en del av et større holdningskompleks som signaliserer motstand mot samfunnsendringer generelt, og henger sammen med høyrepopulistiske holdninger.

The scientific objective will be pursued via two research themes. The first theme aims to fill critical knowledge gaps concerning the philosophy, politics and economics of transitional “winners” and “losers”, pertaining to processes of decarbonisation, via novel, singledisciplinary research projects. One such project will use philosophical methods to clarify the conceptual and normative issues at the heart of the “social justice” dimension of decarbonisation. The second project will use methods from micro-econometrics and labour economics to better understand the difference in skill requirements between high-carbon and zero-carbon jobs, and the implications of these skill differences for the design of climate policies and complementary labour market measures. The third project will focus on political
polarisation and the political behaviour of winners and losers from decarbonisation. Using both large-n survey and small-n comparative case-study methods, this third project will study how and why opposition to climate policy develops, with a view to improving the political robustness of climate policies. 

Building on this work, and adding wider insights from philosophy, political science, and law, our second research theme aims to develop frameworks for evaluating the justice and robustness of, respectively: processes of public engagement applicable to the design and implementation of climate policy; and substantive climate policies, including redistributive measures. These aims will be pursued through two interdisciplinary, applied research projects.

Finally, to fulfil JUSTDECARB’s policy objective, the project team, in consultation with policymakers and civil society stakeholders, will develop a “toolkit for policymakers” int the form of a report that describes the recommended steps for policymakers to take, and methods to use, as they seek to steer transition processes in a socially just and politically robust direction across the key phases of the policy cycle.

0 projects

FRIPRO-Fri prosjektstøtte

Right-wing populism and the political feasibility of climate policy

Awarded: NOK 8.0 mill.

Project Period: 2021-2025

Location: Oslo

KLIMAFORSK-Stort program klima

Socially Just and Politically Robust Decarbonisation: A Knowledge Base and Toolkit for Policymakers - JUSTDECARB

Awarded: NOK 3.0 mill.

Project Period: 2020-2024

Location: Oslo