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Hovedmålet med kreftbehandling er å eliminere kreftceller og dette er tradisjonelt oppnådd ved kirurgi, bruk av giftige medikamenter (cellegift) og stråling. En ny og betydningsfull tilnærming til kreftbehandling kalt immunterapi, har derimot fått mye oppmerksomhet det siste tiåret; Her forsøker leger og forskere å utnytte immunsystemet vårt for å målrettet  ødelegge kreftceller. En nøkkelaktør i denne banebrytende tilnærmingen er en gruppe «drapsmenn» i immunsystemet kjent som cytotoxiske T-lymfocytter (CTL-er). Disse cellene har en bemerkelsesverdig evne til å oppdage kreftceller ved å gjenkjenne unormale molekyler på overflaten av kreftcellene - molekyler som friske celler ikke har. Når CTL-er gjenkjenner kreftcellene ødelegger de dem ved å frigjøre giftige molekyler som initierer kreftcellenes selvdestruksjon. 
 
Selv om betydelige innsats har blitt dedikert til å forstå hvordan CTL-er aktiveres og hvordan de gjenkjenner kreftceller, vet vi mindre om de påfølgende hendelsene inne i kreftcellene som fører til deres død. Fra før vet vi at CTL-er kan initiere to forskjellige typer celledød i kreft: den første, kalt apoptose, er en stille og ordnet prosess der kreftcellene krymper og brytes opp uten å varsle immunsystemet; den andre, kalt pyroptose, er en mer dramatisk prosess som involverer dannelse av åpninger i cellemembranen, noe som fører til at cellene svulmer opp og sprekker. Under denne cellebristen blir innholdet inne i cellene frigitt i omgivelsene, og dette kan fungere som 'faretegn' som kan stimulere en sterkere immunrespons mot kreftcellene. Betydningen av denne cellebristen for å forsterke anti-tumorresponsene vil bli undersøkt i dette prosjektet. 
 
Videre er vi fascinert av muligheten for å avdekke ytterligere, ennå ukjente, former for celledød indusert av CTL-er. Utforsking av disse dødsrelaterte prosessene i kreftcellene kan potensielt øke effektiviteten av immunterapi og bidra betydelig i den pågående kampen mot kreft.

The primary goal of most cancer therapies is to induce cancer cell death. Immunotherapy relies on the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes such as natural killer cells (NKs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to achieve this. While a significant amount of research in immunotherapy focuses on the events within cytotoxic lymphocytes or at the interface between cytotoxic lymphocytes and cancer cells, less is known about the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate cancer cell death, particularly in the case of CTL-mediated death.
CTLs are known to induce two types of cell death in cancer: non-inflammatory apoptosis and proinflammatory pyroptosis. Pyroptotic cancer cells release proinflammatory signals that attract immune cells to the tumor site, thereby enhancing the anti-tumor response. Cell lysis is a common outcome of pyroptotic cell death. It is unclear whether lysis can be decoupled from pyroptosis in cancer cells and whether the proinflammatory properties of pyroptotic cancer cell death depend on lysis. Moreover, it remains unknown whether CTLs can induce other forms of cell death in cancer, apart from apoptosis and pyroptosis.
Studying the mechanisms of CTL-mediated cancer cell death is challenging because CTLs selectively target cells expressing specific antigens. However, given the critical role of CTLs in immunotherapy, it is essential to deepen our understanding of CTL-induced cancer cell death.
This project aims to develop novel methodologies to investigate the death mechanisms that are initiated by CTLs. In addition, we will identify new pathways and mediators involved in CTL-induced cancer cell death. Furthermore, we will assess the contribution of proinflammatory cell death and lysis in promoting anti-tumor responses in vivo. Overall, this research will improve our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of CTL-mediated cancer cell death and potentially reveal novel targets to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.

T-cell-mediated proinflammatory cell death and lysis in cancer

Prosjektet «Wheelchair Activity Monitoring» (WHAM) sikter både på å øke fysisk aktivitet blant rullestolbrukere, og på å bidra til bredere mål om mangfold og inkludering av personer med nedsatt mobilitet, ved å fremme større tilgjengelighet og deltakelse gjennom innovativ teknologi og forskning.

Rullestolbrukere er tre til fem ganger mindre aktive enn den generelle befolkningen, noe som øker risikoen for å utvikle forebyggbare sykdommer. Selv om det finnes retningslinjer for fysisk aktivitet som er tilpasset rullestolbrukere, trenger vi fortsatt effektive måter å implementere disse på samt nøyaktig teknologi for å spore mulige endringer i fysisk aktivitet. WHAM har som mål å bidra til økt fysisk aktivitet blant rullestolbrukere ved å lage digitale verktøy for å monitorere og gi tilbakemelding på rullestolbrukerens aktivitet. WHAM består av tre faser: to år ved University of British Columbia (UBC), som inkluderer et samarbeid med eksperter innen atferdsendrings-intervensjoner for rullestolbrukere; ett år ved Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet (NTNU) og et halvt år ved Maastricht Instruments - de to siste fasene er viet til å utvikle de digitale teknologiene. 

WHAMs mål er:
1)	Å teste effekten av et treningsprogram på fysisk aktivitetsnivå og fitness blant rullestolbrukere,
2)	Å utvikle nøyaktige algoritmer for monitorering av fysisk aktivitet blant rullestolbrukere,
3)	Å lage et system som både monitorerer og gir tilbakemelding på fysisk aktivitet blant rullestolbrukere.

Wheelchair users (WCU) are three to five times more inactive than the general population, leading to a high risk of developing preventable secondary conditions. Although physical activity (PA) guidelines have been specifically developed for WCU, we lack systematic approaches to implement them in practice, as well as valid algorithms to monitor PA change in WCU through sensor-based solutions. Accordingly, the overall scientific aim of the WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM) is to advance PA research and practice in WCU by developing valid digital markers for monitoring of and providing feedback on PA, paving the way for implementation and intervention. I will accomplish this through combining the complementary research fields of 1) behavioral intervention studies focusing on increasing PA in WCU (core competence University of British Columbia, UBC; outgoing phase) and 2) sensor-based PA monitoring (core competence Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU; returning phase – consolidated by non-academic placement at Maastricht Instruments, which develop research prototypes including PA monitors). WHAM’s scientific aim is achieved through three objectives: 1) Measure the effect of a pragmatic exercise intervention trial on self-reported physical activity levels and cardio-respiratory fitness, 2) Develop valid algorithms for tracking PA markers in WCU, and 3) Co-create
a framework that outlines how PA can be conjointly monitored and provided feedback on in WCU. This fellowship will enable me to become established as an internationally recognized researcher in the field of “physical activity and disability”, while bringing together ongoing national disjointed research activities in this field. Altogether, my overall ambition is to contribute to reducing inequalities in daily-life participation among WCU compared to the rest of the population.

Topfinancing - WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM)

Sink er et essensielt mikronæringsstoff som kreves for funksjonen til hundrevis av proteiner involvert i et bredt spekter av biologiske prosesser. Etter inntak av sink fra kosten reguleres nivåene i kroppen nøye gjennom absorpsjon, sekresjon og ekskresjon via spesialiserte proteiner, såkalte sinktransportører, i tarmen. Enhver ubalanse er skadelig for menneskers helse, spesielt er tarmen følsom for sinkfluktuasjoner, hvilket påvirker tarmbarrieren og kan føre til inflammatoriske sykdommer og kreft i tarmen. 
På molekylært nivå er de presise mekanismene som styrer funksjonen til de ulike sinktransportørene fortsatt uklare. Hos mennesker finnes det over tjue slike proteiner, og de fleste inneholder områder rike på aminosyren histidin. Disse histidinene mistenkes å spille en avgjørende rolle i å binde sink. Nylig oppdaget vi et enzym som modifiserer disse områdene ved å sette metylgrupper på histidin, og viste at metylerte histidiner har en lavere affinitet for sink. Dette prosjektet har som mål å identifisere nye mekanismer som regulerer sinknivåer gjennom histidinmetylering av sinktransportører, å utvikle forskningsverktøy for effektiv studie av histidinmetylering, og å legge grunnlaget for nye behandlinger av tarmsykdommer.

The delicate balance of zinc levels in the body is essential for human health. Zinc is absorbed and excreted via intestinal zinc transporter proteins, and perturbations of this process are associated with pathologies, including inflammatory diseases and cancers of the bowel. The precise molecular mechanisms regulating zinc transport, however, remain a major knowledge gap. Based on the recent discovery of an enzyme methylating histidine residues in zinc transporters, and drawing on preliminary findings which demonstrate reduced affinity of methylated histidines to zinc, this project aims to identify novel mechanisms regulating zinc homeostasis through histidine methylation. We will examine the regulation and effect of histidine methylation on zinc transport in intestinal cell culture and organoids, and examine how knockout of the methylhistidine-generating enzyme affects the integrity and pathology of the intestinal tract in mouse models. In addition, we will identify reader proteins specifically recognizing methylhistidines and develop anti-methylhistidine antibodies and inhibitors to use as tools for detection, enrichment, and inhibition of histidine methylation. Such tools are urgently needed by the international research community, as none are currently available commercially. Overall, this project will lead to great advances in the field of protein regulation, and may uncover novel mechanisms in intestinal zinc transport and pathology.

Zinc transport regulation through histidine methylation

Reality-Connected Machine Simulation of Heavy Machinery

The RealSim project proposal aims to connect machine simulation to reality in the framework of heavy machinery, which is an interdisciplinary application. The results of this project are expected to optimize machine performance, accurately and reliably predict machine failure, and reduce overall development and operation costs, thus, serving the Europe’s priority of green transformation and the United Nation’s sustainable development goal 9. The RealSim project will close the gaps of: (1) Onboard estimations of force and pressure components of heavy machinery; (2) Estimating deformability, cylinder friction, leakage, and valve dynamics of heavy machinery using independent nonlinear Kalman filters; (3) Employing dependent nonlinear Kalman filters in state estimators of heavy machinery; (4) Tuning algorithms for the covariance matrix of plant noise in the state estimation of heavy machinery. 

I will consolidate and leverage my research career and position as a leading researcher in the field through integration in Assoc. Prof. Mohammad Poursina’s group at the Department of Engineering Sciences of the University of Agder (UiA), Norway. Here, I will acquire hands-on experience of working with actual mechatronic systems and develop efficient control algorithms. I will improve my knowledge of fluid power designing, control theory, instrumentation, and develop efficient coding skills. I will also develop entrepreneurial skills. The skills, knowledge, and international network that I will develop during this fellowship will put me in an excellent position to achieve my long-term goal of becoming a professor with my own independent research group at an esteemed university in EU. This fellowship will help me to prepare a strong ERC Starting Grant application in the future. It will also cater my additional goal of setting-up a research-related start-up in the future.

Information theory is a discipline at the intersection of statistics, engineering and computer science. As the study of information quantities, such as compression or communication capacities, information content or measures of statistical dependency, it is one of the theoretical underpinnings of data science.

Computational problems in information theory are highly non-linear. The goal of this project is to transfer state-of-the-art methods of computational non-linear algebra to information theory, to study the inherent algebraic complexity of information-theoretical problems and to provide tools for solving them in practice. The algebraic point of view has proven to be fruitful in seemingly unrelated areas, as witnessed by a surge of recent work in algebraic statistics, in particular on likelihood geometry. However, maximizing the likelihood function is the same as minimizing relative entropy — a specific information quantity. Hence, this project also aims at generalizing the techniques developed in likelihood geometry.

One focus is on the practical computation of information quantities using numerical and differential algebraic geometry. Such quantities are defined via non-linear optimization problems and we aim to pinpoint the algebraic complexity of these problems in instances of general interest, such as common information measures. The final objective is finding fundamental laws and limits of data science imposed by non-linear inequalities constraining the entropic region. These inequalities provide, by duality, universal bounds for many of the optimization problems studied in information theory.

Algebraic Theory of Information Quantities

WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM)

Wheelchair users (WCU) are three to five times more inactive than the general population, leading to a high risk of developing preventable secondary conditions. Although physical activity (PA) guidelines have been specifically developed for WCU, we lack systematic approaches to implement them in practice, as well as valid algorithms to monitor PA change in WCU through sensor-based solutions. Accordingly, the overall scientific aim of the WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM) is to advance PA research and practice in WCU by developing valid digital markers for monitoring of and providing feedback on PA, paving the way for implementation and intervention. I will accomplish this through combining the complementary research fields of 1) behavioural intervention studies focusing on increasing PA in WCU (core competence University of British Columbia, UBC; outgoing phase) and 2) sensor-based PA monitoring (core competence Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU; returning phase – consolidated by non-academic placement at Maastricht Instruments, which develop research prototypes including PA monitors). WHAM’s scientific aim is achieved through three objectives: 1) Measure the effect of a pragmatic exercise intervention trial on self-reported physical activity levels and cardio-respiratory fitness, 2) Develop valid algorithms for tracking PA markers in WCU, and 3) Co-create a framework that outlines how PA can be conjointly monitored and provided feedback on in WCU. This fellowship will enable me to become established as an internationally recognized researcher in the field of “physical activity and disability”, while bringing together ongoing national disjointed research activities in this field. Altogether, my overall ambition is to contribute to reducing inequalities in daily-life participation among WCU compared to the rest of the population.

Per- og polyfluorerte stoffer (PFAS) er en stor gruppe menneskeskapte kjemikalier med høyt fluorinnhold som antas å ha negative helseeffekter. Kilder til PFAS kan være produksjon av vann-, varme- og flekkbestandige produkter og disse kjemikaliene er en del av hverdagen vår. PFAS påvirkning av biologiske systemer er ikke fullstendig forstått. Noen PFAS er antatt å øke risikoen for å utvikling av ikke-alkoholisk fettleversykdom (NAFLD) og øke risikoen for diabetes. 

For å forstå hvordan PFAS påvirker organene våre ønsker vi å bruke små laboratoriedyrkede organmodeller, kalt organoider. Disse miniatyrorganene kan dyrkes fra menneskelige stamceller og tilbyr et kontrollert miljø for å studere hvordan PFAS påvirker f.eks lever og bukspyttkjertelen vår, uten bruk av dyreforsøk.

For å studere helseeffekter må vi kunne måle nivået av biomolekyler som fettstoffer i leveren og hormoner i bukspyttkjertelen. Til dette trenger vi å utvikle analytiske verktøy for å måle effektene. Først vil vi bekrefte at når leverorganoidene eksponeres for enkelte PFAS-forbindelser utvikles det NAFLD-lignende sykdom ved å sammenligne den biokjemiske profilen (proteiner og metabolitter) til organoider av lever med PFAS-eksponerte organoider. Deretter vil vi utvide den analytiske verktøykassen for å undersøke hvilke metabolske veier som påvirkes, og om effekten er den samme i NAFLD-induserte og PFAS-eksponerte organoider. Vi vil også eksponere insulinproduserende bukspyttkjertelorganoider for PFAS for å undersøke effekten av PFAS på hormonproduksjon. Når effektene av PFAS-eksponering på lever- og bukspyttkjertel-organoider er etablert, vil organoidene bli samkultivert i en chip, og effektene av PFAS-eksponering vil bli undersøkt og sammenlignet med individuelle organoider.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are believed to contribute to metabolic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 1 diabetes. HE-POP aims to investigate the effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS), a type of POPs), on organ function in a controlled environment.

Organoids are multicellular laboratory-grown miniature organs, that are grown from stem cells. HE-POP will use organoids to examine how PFAS affects our organs and develop cutting-edge bioanalytical tools and methodology to measure these effects using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. HE-POP hypothesizes that PFAS negatively affects organ function, as evidenced by changes in hormone and lipid levels characteristic of NAFLD and type 1 diabetes. 

Organoids offer a controlled environment to study the effects of PFAS on the liver and pancreas, without the use of animal models. HE-POP aims to gain evidence of the negative effects of PFAS on organ function through controlled experiments on organoids and aid in understanding the biological mechanisms underlying NAFLD and type 1 diabetes.

HE-POP has fundaments in UN sustainable development goals, specifically #3, #12, and #14/15, seeking an understanding of diseases with worldwide prevalence, and understanding how POPs affect our life and surroundings and help enable the right regulatory actions and replacement chemicals.

HE-POP: Studying the Health Effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Using Mass Spectrometry, Organoids, and Organ-On-A-Chip

Norge har under Parisavtalen påtatt seg en forpliktelse til å redusere klimautslippene sine med minst 55 prosent innen 2030 sammenlignet med nivået i 1990. Hittil har vi kun oppnådd 5 prosent av dette målet; vi har følgelig kun syv år på å redusere de resterende 50 prosent for å imøtekomme målene. For 2050 har vi satt oss enda større mål: å redusere klimautslippene med hele 90 prosent. Bakgrunnen for målene er at vi prøver å unngå de verste scenarioene FNs klimautvalg skisserer opp i sine rapporter. I tillegg har energiforbruket økt, og prognosene fra Statnett for ulike scenarier viser at energiforbruket skal fortsette å øke. Vi trenger følgelig mer energi. Dette har bidrat til at diskusjoner rundt kjernekraft i Norge er høyaktuelle og pågående. Norsk Kjernekraft AS har blitt opprettet med formål om å bygge Norges første kjernekraftverk. I tillegg ble det i fjor også bevilget 200 millioner kroner fra Regjeringen til et nytt senter som skal drive med nukleær forskning. Målet er å styrke den norske kunnskapsberedskapen på det nukleære området. Dette betyr at vi beveger oss i en retning hvor kjernekraft en dag kan bli aktuelt i Norge, og noen mener at dette er den eneste veien å gå hvis vi skal nå målene våre for 2050. Men i dag sitter vi med flere spørsmål enn svar, blant annet: Hvilken teknologi og leverandør burde vi velge? Er regelverket for snevert og strengt? Hvordan kan dette gjøres og samtidig ivareta sikkerhet? Hvordan tjener et kjernekraftverk penger?

Dette prosjektet skal svare på samtlige av disse spørsmålene i en detaljert og omfattende analyse. Her bruker vi grunnlagsdata til å vurdere dagens forskning opp mot hvordan industrien i andre land opererer, og ut ifra dette forsøke estimere hva risikoen knyttet til å bygge kjernekraft som industri i Norge er. Prosjektet sikter på å gi et så helhetlig bilde som mulig slik at vi kan gjøre oss opp en mening basert på fakta; om kjernekraft passer inn i miksen av det som utgjør norsk energi.

Denne prosjektbeskrivelsen skisserer forskningen Vala Maria Valsdottir (omtales herunder som stipendiaten) skal utføre innenfor sin doktorgradsavhandling. Prosjektet skal være en del av Senter for nukleær forskning (SNF) som fikk midler vinteren 2023.
Ph.d.-prosjektet er initiert av Inmeta Consulting AS, som igjennom denne ph.d.-stillingen vil bli en del av SNF. Inmeta planlegger en prosjektperiode på fire år, hvor stipendiaten arbeider 75 % med ph.d.-prosjektet og 25 % med vanlig virksomhet hos Inmeta. 
Prosjektet skal undersøke muligheten for kjernekraft som industri i Norge. Dette er både en samfunnsaktuell problemstilling samt en som medlemmene i SNF er interessert i å utforske. Stipendiaten kommer derfor til å samarbeide med alle aktørene som er involvert i senteret og benytte forskningsdata fra dem. Dette gjelder da spesielt Institutt for energiteknikk (IFE) som har mest grunnlagsdata som er relevant for dette prosjektet.
Kandidaten ferdigstilte en masteroppgave høsten 2020 i kjernefysikk på Universitetet i Oslo (UiO) og har derfor gode og relevante grunnkunnskaper for å ta på seg et slikt prosjekt. I tillegg har kandidaten tre års erfaring innenfor energibransjen, og er derfor oppdatert på industrien og forstår deres problemstillinger godt.

Er kjernekraft aktuelt for Norge?

Potetskrell, et biprodukt fra industriproduksjon av potet (pommes frites, flak, chips mm.) er en råstoff ressurs som kan bli bedre utnyttet til nye formål. Skrellet er nemlig en rik kilde på antioksidanter, stoffer som planter naturlig har i seg for å beskytte mot skadelige UV-stråler og reaktive forbindelser som oksygen radikaler. Antioksidanter behøver vi også å tilsette i matvarer for å beskytte og ta vare på umettet fett så det ikke blir harskt og vondt i kontakt med luft. I dag brukes flere ulike syntetiske stoffer i matvarer for å hindre oksidasjon av fett og oljer. Men det er reist bekymring rundt sikkerheten for bruken av dem. Matvareindustrien, myndigheter og forbruker ønsker derfor å fjerne flere syntetiske antioksidanter og erstatte dem med naturlig alternativer. Det er imidlertid svært få slike produkter som er godkjent og tilgjengelig på markedet. Prosjektet Peel Preserve, som har et klart bærekraft mål, skal vise om et uttrekk av antioksidanter laget på industrielt potetskrell råstoff kan fungere som konserveringsmiddel og erstatte noen av de stoffene som brukes i dag. Tre næringsmiddelbedrifter skal teste potetskrell-ekstraktet i noen av sine produkter og utføre både interne og eksterne analyser på effekten. Men en viktig forutsetning for at potetantioksidant kan tas i bruk som nytt tilsetningsstoff i mat er at det blir godkjent av den Europeiske matsikkerhets myndigheten (EFSA) og gitt et E-nummer. Prosjektet skal igangsette denne lengre flertrinns godkjennings prosessen. Parallelt skal det utvikles en forretningsmodell og nødvendig beskyttelse rundt teknologien. Dersom industrien etter testingen av potetantioksidanten, vurderer denne som er god erstatning til konkurransedyktig pris, og en EFSA-godkjenning kan oppnås på sikt, åpner det for å kommersialisere et naturlig plante-basert produkt til beste for forbruker og for miljøet. Bak prosjektet Peel Preserve står Høgskolen i Innlandet i samarbeid med Nofima og Klosser Innovasjon.

Preserving foods with potato peels: Industry-relevant validation and first regulatory assessment of a new natural antioxidant

InART is recognized as one of the main conference series in the field of Heritage Science and since its first edition in 2013 (Evora, Portugal) it mainly focused on the contribution of natural sciences to the field. A major change occurred after the COVID-19 pandemic, when a greater number of researchers from different branches of heritage science participated in InART 2022 (Paris, France). 
InART is an open platform for knowledge-sharing among professionals in the field of Heritage Science, including conservation.
These aspects are covered by the main conference topics:
•	Development of new tools (devices, technology, software, etc.), advanced data analysis and FAIR data management
•	Development and/or implementation of new methods and routines (diagnostic and conservation) for the understanding of heritage materials, techniques, and degradation processes (chemical, physical and biological)
•	Development, testing (includes mechanical testing), and characterization of new materials for conservation (special attention to green conservation treatments)
•	Application of non-invasive/non-destructive techniques
•	Preventive conservation: environmental monitoring techniques and climate/microclimate effects on the conservation of heritage sites and exposed objects.

Heritage science is a highly multidisciplinary research field. Consequently, topics covered during the InArt2024 conference can be approached from different points of view and the conference aims to merge natural sciences and conservation, providing a dynamic space for active interaction, scientific exchange, and debates on the central issues of heritage science research. InART2024 welcomes contributors from diverse fields to join and create an interdisciplinary discussion about cultural heritage conservation within the fields of archaeological objects, artworks, built heritage, etc.

6th International Conference on Innovation in Art Research and Technology

Profesjonelt samarbeid på tvers av nivåer, institusjoner og profesjoner for å beholde elever i videregående opplæring

Midlene fra FINNUT-Forskning og innovasjon i utdanningssektoren fordelt på år

Midlene fra FINNUT-Forskning og innovasjon i utdanningssektoren fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra FINNUT-Forskning og innovasjon i utdanningssektoren fordelt på fagområde

Associate professor

The research project ‘Professional Actors' Work to Retain Students in Secondary Education’ (ProAct), aims to identify and describe promising practices where school leaders and teachers work together with school authorities and other public agencies and actors to retain students in secondary education. Despite Norway's long-standing ambition to create a to create a school environment for all students which is referred to as a "school for all", a large number of students drop out of upper secondary education each year. Almost all 16-year-olds start in upper secondary school, but about a third of the pupils do not complete it within the five years they are entitled to. This is a major social problem and an indicator that the education system is failing its responsibility towards these students, especially since education is seen as a key to giving children and young people a basis for participating in working life and society in general. 

Previous research on drop-out has mainly focused on what characterises students who drop out and the reasons why they do not complete secondary education. Furthermore, research shows that young people who drop out have more difficulties entering the labour market and experience more life challenges. Over the last 25 years, a number of national measures have been implemented to prevent drop-out. Evaluations have found some positive effects of these measures, but they also point to challenges, such as how to develop and sustain practices that work over time. A recent national measure is, for example, the introduction of absence limits. 

Many of the challenges schools face, however, are linked to the local or regional context and require schools to work with actors inside and outside the school system. In ProAct, we examine this collaboration, which takes place across levels of the school system (school, municipality, county), across public agencies and professions (PPT, NAV, police, health professionals, business, associations, etc.). In the project, we collaborate with three counties in Norway and in each of the counties we have selected two upper-secondary schools that we follow over time, as well as lower-secondary schools that deliver students to these schools. While much of the research to date has been conducted in the form of analyses of quantitative data, in this project we are using mainly qualitative methods to collect and analyse the data. 

More concrete, this means that we conduct interviews with the county directors, department heads and their staff who work to monitor and support the schools. Moreover, we interview school leaders, teachers, social workers, health personnel, employees of the pedagogical-psychological service, NAV, and not least students. We also gather data from this type of collaboration ‘in action” as we observe meetings where the various actors meet to discuss problems and alternative ways to handle them.

Through descriptions of promising practices to meet local and regional challenges, the project aims to generate and systematize new knowledge that can help to understand such a complex phenomenon as dropout, what kind of approaches and processes that can help to retain students in the school system, and not least to enable schools, school authorities and other actors involved to learn from each other and collaborate for the best for students. The long-term aim is to identify, adapt and sustain practices that enable good learning for all students.

ProAct aims to identify promising practices to retain students in secondary education. It is designed to demonstrate promising practices of multiple actors by identifying: 1) characteristics of institutional work within and across levels, institutions and professions; and 2) conditions which are the most likely to increase the retention of students in upper secondary education and with what consequences. Thus, the project will contribute to the existing knowledge base in this field including implications for research, policy and practice. The project applies theoretical perspectives and empirical methodologies that capture the complex interrelationships between formal educational policies, regulations, and knowledge sources. Sources will be selected that inform the work of various professional actors (leaders at county, municipal and school level, and involved actors from other public services) as well as their concrete institutional work. The project is positioned within neo-institutional theory, which makes it possible to understand and investigate multiple actors’ translation, institutional work and interrelationships across levels, institutions and professions. Moreover, it has a longitudinal design where counties, municipalities and schools are followed over time. It also applies a mixed-methods approach, beginning with qualitative data gathering and analysis of different involved actors’ professional practices, where the data generated forms a basis for mapping strategies on the country level. The mixed-methods approach considers earlier critiques of empirical research that applied such approaches by emphasizing the importance of ensuring conceptual awareness, coherence and demonstrating contextual sensitivity when analysing the data, as well as critical reflections on findings and their implications. The project is divided into six work packages which are closely linked to each other.

Professional Actors’ Work on Retaining Students in Secondary Education

Gold catalysis of organic reactions has  become a rapidly expanding field in recent years after being neglected by organic chemists for a long time. Gold catalysts react in very selective ways and may give access to highly complex molecules. The present p roject describes the continued investigations of our recently discovered new gold catalysed mono- and tandem cyclisation reactions, covering mechanistic studies and modified substrates, such as vinylesters/-amides, indoles, alkynesulfoxides, as well as st eroselective gold catalysed reactions.

NHC (N-Heterocyclic Carbene) compounds are electron-rich N,N-disubstituted imidazol-2-ylidenes developed the last decade due to their attractive properties. In particular, they play a favourable role in transition m etal catalyzed reactions, replacing the traditional phosphine ligands. We will design and prepare a number of new chiral NHC ligands, based on suitable approaches for such syntheses. The ability of the new NHC ligands to afford chiral induction in organoc atalytic transformations will be studied.

A collaboration with a research group at the University of Hamburg and SINTEF Biotechnology, Trondheim, has been established.

Gold catalysis and new chiral NHC compounds.

Gold catalysis of organic reactions has  become a rapidly expanding field in recent 5 years after being neglected by organic chemists for a long time. Gold complexes are less oxophilic than other common Lewis acids, but they are highly reactive as Lewis a cids towards carbon-carbon multiple bonds. Gold catalysts can therefore react in a very selective way and give access to highly complex molecules. The present project describes the investigation of new gold catalysed cyclisation reactions of diynes.

NHC  (N-Heterocyclic Carbene) ligands are electron-rich N,N-disubstituted imidazol-2-ylidenes developed the last decade due to their attractive properties. In particular, they play a favourable role in transition metal catalyzed reactions, replacing the tradit ional phosphine ligands. We will design and prepare a number of new chiral NHC ligands, based on suitable approaches for such syntheses.

A collaboration with a research group at the Universities of Hamburg has been established.

Gold catalysis and new chiral NHC ligands.

A number of substituted 3-nitropyridines are now easily available by a new nitration method, and some of these derivatives are suitable substrates for the preparation of a series of bis-heterocycles. We will investigate the chemistry of nitropyridyl deriv atives further and propose to utilise 3-nitropyridyl substrates for the formation of a series of heterocyclic compounds, many of which are present in pharmaceuticals. We want to study:
- the synthesis of beta-carboline analogues and furo-/thieno-azacinnol ines,
- cycloaddition reactions with benzyne and pyridyne (pyridopyrimidinone),
- Pschorr ring closure and oxidative cyclisation to fused tri-cyclic heterocyclic systems,
- cyanomethylation and cyclization (imidazopyridine-1-oxide),
- [2+4] cycloaddition of pyridyl isocyanate and diazonium ions (azolotetrazinone),
- cyclization of isocyanate and aminopyrazolo carboxylate (pyrazolopyrimidinedione),
- new cross coupling reactions of nitropyridines,
- chiral pyridine products formed by [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions,
- chiral hydroalkoxylation,
- Non Linear Optical (NLO) properties of isocyanurates,
- biological activity of potential products by bioassay screening.
A collaboration with research groups at the Universities of Hamburg and Tromsø will be establ ished.

Synthetic applications of nitropyridine derivatives.

The ISPAC-symposiums are arranged biannually, and are alternating between Europe and US/Canada.  The 21th symposium has been awarded to Norway. 
The Norwegian University of Science and Technology will hoist the symposium from August 5th to August 10th in 2007.  
The last symposium was hoisted in Toronto, Canada in 2005 and before that it was in Amsterdam, The Netherlands in 2003.

The arrangement committee also has members from the University of Stavanger, Sør-Trøndelag University College, Chiron AS and S tatoil AS Miljø.  Thus the conference is a united effort of the Norwegian technical environments in this field of chemistry and environmental issues of PACs. 

The symposium covers most aspects of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs).  Proposed sessions i nclude:
1.	Occurrence and sources
2.	Metabolism and mutagenicity
3.	Human exposure and risk assessment
4.	Bio availability
5.	Environmental impact and biomarkers
6.	Atmospheric reactions of PACs
7.	Theoretical chemistry and modelling
8.	Formation and synt hesis
9.	Analytical methods
10.	Reference materials
11.	PACs in food

We expect between 250 and 300 participants mainly from Europe and US/Canada.

The symposium website will be at http://www.chem.ntnu.no/ISPAC21/

21th International Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Trondheim, NORWAY, August 5th-10th, 2007

Støtte til "Professor Jan Bakke-symposium"

Søknaden gjelder reise og opphold for 4 utenlandske foredragsholdere ved Organisk Kjemisk Vintermøte 2004, samt trykking av møteheftet.  Konferansen holdes på Røros i perioden 8.-11. januar 2004, og opplegget for konferansen vil i stor grad være som i tidligere år. Hensikten med de organisk kjemiske vintermøtene er å skape en møteplass for alle som jobber med organisk kjemi og relaterte fa gområder ved universiteter, høyskoler, institutter og i industrien. Vel så viktig er det at dette skal være en arena der hovedfagsstudenter og stipendiater gis anledning til å presentere seg selv, sine prosjekter og resultater.  Velrennomerte eksterne plenarforedragsholdere inviteres for å bidra til ytterligere inspirasjon og diskusjon. Tanken er at faglig inspirasjon og nettverksbygging skal oppnår gjennom en kombinasjon av faglige og sosiale aktiviteter.

Organisk kjemisk vintermøte 2004

Isocyanates constitute an important class of compounds in organic chemistry. Because of their instability and high reactivity the heterocyclic isocyanates have however not got the same attention as the respective aromatic compounds in synthesis and reacti vity studies. We have recently shown that the introduction of a nitro group in the pyridyl ring stabilizes the isocyanate. This fact makes the heterocyclic nitropyridyl isocyanates available as interesting new 5ubstrates similar to aromatic isocyanates in  general, and we have now the opportunity to investigate the chemistry of nitropyridyl isocyanates. We will explore whether the utility of aromatic isocyanates in organic reactions may include the heterocyclic nitropyridyl isocyanates as well.  We propose to utilize 3-nitro-4-pyridyl isocyanate and 5-nitro-2-pyridyl isocyanate as substrates for the formation of a series of heterocyclic compounds; pyridoxazolidinone, pyridoimidazolone, pyridopyrimidinone, 3-pyridyl oxazolidin-2-one, imidazolidine -2,4-dione, naphtyridine, pyridooxadiazolinone, polyurethanes and a potential heterocyclic conducting polymer. Many of these heterocyclic systems are present in pharmaceuticals.

0 projects

KOSK-II-Katalyse og org.synt.kjemi II

Gold catalysis and new chiral NHC compounds.

Awarded: NOK 1.8 mill.

Project Period: 2011-2013

Location: Trøndelag - Trööndelage

KOSK-II-Katalyse og org.synt.kjemi II

Gold catalysis and new chiral NHC ligands.

Awarded: NOK 0.91 mill.

Project Period: 2010-2011

Location: Trøndelag - Trööndelage

KOSK-II-Katalyse og org.synt.kjemi II

Synthetic applications of nitropyridine derivatives.

Awarded: NOK 3.9 mill.

Project Period: 2007-2012

Location: Trøndelag - Trööndelage

F-KJEM-Naturvitenskap, kjemi

21th International Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Trondheim, NORWAY, August 5th-10th, 2007

Awarded: NOK 0.10 mill.

Project Period: 2007-2007

Location: Trøndelag - Trööndelage

KOSK-Katalyse og organisk syntetisk kjemi

Støtte til "Professor Jan Bakke-symposium"

Awarded: NOK 19,999

Project Period: 2005-2005

Location: Trøndelag - Trööndelage

KOSK-Katalyse og organisk syntetisk kjemi

Organisk kjemisk vintermøte 2004

Awarded: NOK 77,199

Project Period: 2004-2004

Location: Trøndelag - Trööndelage

KOSK-Katalyse og organisk syntetisk kjemi

Nitropyridyl isocyanate

Awarded: NOK 1.7 mill.

Project Period: 2002-2006

Location: Trøndelag - Trööndelage