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Implications of digital transformation for migrant labour

Accelerated by the Covid-19 pandemic, rapid digitalisation has fundamentally transformed European working conditions. While its positive consequences are well recognised, digital transformation also puts a sorely needed part of the European workforce at risk of unemployment, poverty and social exclusion. IDILAB (Implications of digital transformation for migrant labour) investigates the impacts that technological progress and subsequent structural changes have on the labour market integration of migrant workers. By developing a new methodological approach, IDILAB shall provide novel evidence on migrants’ exposure to the process of digitalisation, and formulate evidence-based and innovative policy options for the EU and national governments to improve on the scope and adequacy of national and European policy directed at encouraging a fair digital transition for all, including migrants. The proposed project will contribute with new knowledge on migrants’ own perspectives on barriers and enablers for a sustainable integration in a fast-changing labour market. I, the experienced researcher (Dr Olga Gheorghiev, the Czech Republic), will work with a European centre of excellence (the Research Centre for Digitalisation of Public Services and Citizenship (CEDIC, OsloMet, Norway), and the European Trade Union Institute (ETUI, Belgium) for intersectoral knowledge transfer, career development, and European added value.

Employing a decolonial approach inspired by critical museology and Indigenous studies, LIT aims to initiate a visual restitution/rematriation process fostering attention to Sámi people’s experiences during colonial encounters, and to illuminate individual life-stories of women and children photographed by Italian anthropologists Mantegazza and Sommier between 1879 and 1886. It wishes to generate dialogical knowledge of unpublished visual/written materials, enabling Sámi communities of interest to gain access to these scholars’ photographs. In complex socio-historical Indigenous/settler contexts such as Sápmi (the Sámi homeland), Sámi people’s control over their own heritage has proved essential to processes of cultural and ethnopolitical self-determination. Part of the Sámi visual heritage consists of photographs taken - often through mild violence and coercion - by academics engaged in physical anthropological practices involving Sámi individuals of all ages and genders. The resulting academic and divulgative publications circulated in Europe for decades, shaping and reinforcing stereotypes of Sámi peoples and cultures. Photos taken in colonial encounters by late-19th/early-20th century scholars to visualize Sámi people’s supposed biological-cultural inferiority (until a few decades ago inaccessible to the Sámi) have become important means of decolonization and empowerment through art and activism. The visual restitution of such photographs is of the utmost importance not only from a cultural heritage perspective but is also considered by Sámi institutions and individuals as an urgent necessity. LIT proposes an innovative approach based on the co-construction of knowledge and with a gender dimension. I shall reconstruct life stories of women and children photographed by Italian ethnologists, locating their descendants and returning their photographs to their communities. LIT would benefit my career, making me a leading researcher in Sami Studies and museology.

Locating Intergenerational Ties, rematriating late-19th-century unpublished photographs of Sámi Women and Children

AGREE tar for seg klimaendringers innvirkning på kulturarv gjennom tverrfaglige metoder og samarbeid mellom ulike samfunnsaktører. Prosjektet tar særlig for seg urbane områder som påvirkes av flom. Målet er å forstå det komplekse forholdet mellom forvaltning av kulturarv, klimatilpasning og samfunnets sårbarhet, og å se på tiltak for å minimere risiko for tap og ødeleggelse som følge av klimaendringer. Sentrale delmål inkluderer integrering av strategier for bevaring av kulturarv med strategier for klimatilpasning, spesielt gjennom konseptet Historisk Urban Landskap (HUL). 

AGREE vil utvikle en beslutningsmodell forankret i HUL-konseptet som sammenligner dagens forvaltningspraksis med historiske data for å belyse sårbarhet og klimatilpasning i en urban kontekst. AGREE vil fremme transformative strategier for klimatilpasning ved å evaluere beslutningstakernes forståelse av disse samspillene. 

Prosjektet ledes av University of Leeds (Storbritannia), og har Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning (NIKU), Politecnico di Torino (Italia) med som partnere. ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), British Council (Storbritannia), UK’s Department for Culture, Media and Sport (Storbritannia), Hull City Council (Storbritannia) og Innlandet fylke (Norge) deltar som samarbeidspartnere. Gjennom dette samarbeidet skal prosjektet bidra til å forme politikk og klimastrategier, både lokalt og globalt.  AGREE vil også engasjere publikum for å øke bevisstheten om klimatilpasning og mobilisere til felles handling.  Gjennom bred involvering skal AGREE bidra til å sikre at kulturarven forblir beskyttet og motstandsdyktig i møte med klimaendringer.

Alt i alt vil AGREE utforske klimaendringers påvirkning på kulturarv med en praksisorientert tilnærming, og med fokus på samarbeid, databasert beslutningstaking og samfunnsengasjement for å sikre vår felles kulturarv for fremtidige generasjoner.

AGREE champions transformative sustainability in response, emphasizing interdisciplinary methodologies and societal shifts. It explores the intricate link between cultural heritage governance, climate adaptation, and community resilience, rooted in responses to flooding in urban contexts. AGREE promotes the Historic Urban Landscape concept for integrative decision-making in climate adaptation, considering community resilience amidst environmental changes. An interactive Geographic Information System platform will illuminate this interplay over time. An innovative AGREE's contribution is a decision-making model grounded in the HUL paradigm. This model juxtaposes current national and local policies enabling cultural heritage integration in climate adaptation with historical data sources revealing urban resilience lessons and changes in the built environment over time. AGREE employs transformative governance concepts to evaluate decision-makers comprehension of these synergies and their perspectives. It advances transformative climate adaptation by uncovering potentials and barriers within heritage governance in case studies from the UK, Norway, and Italy. Beyond research, AGREE will shape policies with multi-scalar and cross-sectorial governance, interpreting climate intricacies through cultural heritage. It will strengthen global, national, and local heritage-focused climate strategies through partnerships with the British Council, ICCROM, and the UK's Department for Culture, Media, and Sport and local stakeholders, such as Hull City Council (UK) and Innlandet Region (Norway). AGREE also engages the public, raising climate adaptation awareness and mobilizing collective action, benefiting governmental climate efforts.

Advancing Cultural Heritage Governance for Resilient Climate Adaptation

Kulturlandskap leverer viktige økosystemtjenester, blant annet erfaringsbasert, lokal kunnskap om hvordan man kan tilpasse seg og begrense negative effekter av klimaendringer. Landskapene er sårbare for klimaendringer og andre påvirkninger. Derfor blir kunnskapen kontinuerlig oppdatert og overført mellom generasjoner. Ved å studere seterlandskap i Norge og lignende beitebetingete kulturlandskap i Frankrike og Spania vil vi dokumentere klimaendringer og andre trusler mot immateriell kulturarv. Vi vil beskrive landskapenes egenskaper og hvilke faktorer som muliggjør tilpasninger og avbøtende tiltak, både politiske virkemidler og tiltak i samfunnet ellers. Prosjektet har tre målsetninger:
1. Utvikle en verktøykasse som skal hjelpe lokalsamfunn og beslutningstakere med å vurdere kulturlandskapets sårbarhet og motstandsdyktighet overfor negative endringer ("resiliens").
2. Utvikle formidlingsmateriale om verdien av å bevare erfaringsbasert kunnskap som en levende kulturarv og hvordan den kan bidra til at samfunnet gjør tilpasninger og tiltak mot negative effekter av klimaendringer.
3. Bidra til den vitenskapelige litteraturen om kulturlandskapets sårbarhet og motstandsdyktighet overfor klimaendringer, og til å utvikle strategier for tilpasninger basert på den immaterielle kulturarven.
Prosjektgruppen er internasjonal og tverrfaglig: Amerikanske, franske, norske og spanske forskere skal samarbeide om å dokumentere og modellere endringer i landskapet. Interesseorganisasjoner vil bidra i prosjektstyringen og i sammenstillingen av resultater. Seterbrukere vil bidra med erfaringsbasert kunnskap, og til å analysere og tolke data. I tillegg til verktøy for klimatilpasninger og for forvaltning av den immaterielle kulturarven skal det lages veiledere for journalister, og det skal produseres filmer. Prosjektet skal øke samfunnets bevissthet om immateriell kulturarv og støtte arbeidet med å ivareta erfaringsbasert kunnskap om beitebetingete kulturlandskap.

Cultural landscapes provide essential ecological and sociocultural services and contain insights needed to combat climate change, but they are vulnerable to climate change and other stressors. By examining the cultural landscapes of transhumant pastoralism in France, Norway, and Spain, we will detail climate and other threats to this intangible cultural heritage (ICH), the characteristics and factors that create adaptive capacity in these
systems, and methods for sustaining ICH through community action and policy. The research supports three goals established with societal partners:
1. Develop a toolkit that helps communities and decision-makers assess the vulnerability and resilience of cultural landscapes. 
2. Develop communication resources for the public and policy makers illustrating why threatened cultural heritage matters and how cultural heritage can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. 
3. Contribute to scientific literature on the vulnerability and resilience of cultural landscapes and culturally informed strategies for climate mitigation and adaptation. 
Our team builds on multiple collaborations and deep expertise. The most significant involves French, Spanish, and U.S. partners modeling future changes in the French Basque pastoral system. The Basque Centre for Climate Change specializes in Spanish transhumant pastoralism and ecological modeling; Swiss partners designed tools for measuring livelihood resilience, and partners in Norway have expertise in agricultural landscape change, cultural heritage, and public participation. Societal partners (Syndicate of Soule and Concejo de la Mesta) will contribute to project management and synthesis, and farmers are fully engaged in collecting and analyzing data. In addition to adaptation and management tools, the project supports guides for professional journalists and farmer-made films to spread awareness and increase public support for cultural heritage protection.

Mitigation and Adaptation in Cultural Heritage Landscapes: Lessons from Transhumant Pastoral Systems for Managing
Novel Climate Risks

Kunstig intelligens (KI) er på full fart inn i skolen, og har med seg en rekke muligheter, men også problemer. Human Reading Assessment (HUMAN) har som mål å undersøke hvordan teknologien kan tas i bruk i skolen på en måte som setter eleven i sentrum. 

Prosjektet tar utgangspunkt i leseprøvene som elevene må ta på skolen, og svarer på utfordringene KI bringer med seg på flere nivå: 

På det mest grunnleggende nivået vil HUMAN utvikle og undersøke selve algoritmene, og finne ut hvordan de kan brukes i en menneskesentrert leseprøve. 

Neste nivå dreier seg om å undersøke innholdet i læringsteknologien, i dette tilfellet tekstene som skal leses og oppgavene som skal løses. Her legger vi særlig vekt på at Vurderingsforskrifta sier at prøvene ikke bare skal undersøke hva elevene kan, men også fremme læring og bidra til lærelyst. HUMAN vil undersøke hvordan læringsteknologi kan bidra til å utforme tekster og oppgaver slik at de både er engasjerende og støtter læring. I tillegg har vi et mål om å undersøke hvordan prøveresultater bør fremstilles for at lærere skal kunne bruke dem til å tilpasse opplæringen.

På det mest overordnede nivået undersøker vi hva AI i læringsteknologi har å si for barns opplevelse av og handlingsrom i verden, og hva den har å si for barns rettigheter. Hvordan AI implementeres og presenteres i skolen har store konsekvenser for individets evne til å handle med selvstendighet senere i livet. HUMAN handler derfor også om å undersøke utdanningssystemets rolle for individet og i samfunn og arbeidsliv. 

Kunnskapen som frembringes i prosjektet vil gi viktige innspill til fremtidig politikkutforming. Samtidig vil den også være direkte anvendbar for forvaltningen, for lærere og andre aktører i utdanningssektoren.

HUMAN vil foregå i nært samarbeid med norske skoler. Det er et tverrfaglig prosjekt, med forskere innen litteraturvitenskap, lesevitenskap, datavitenskap og juss.

Goal: identify how we can develop a HUMAN digital reading assessment that presents students with tasks adapted to their interests and level of reading skill.

Objectives:
1. New knowledge on the design of engaging texts, tasks and teacher interfaces that can be used to assess reading comprehension
2. A ground-breaking new methodology for adaptive reading assessment, combining IRT with machine learning techniques such as recommender systems and natural language processing
3. Analytical tools for analysing philosophical and legal implications that are specific to the use of AI in assessment
4. A validated and reusable framework harnessing results from objectives 1 to 3 to enable an engaging, precise, and usable assessment

Research questions:
1. What characterizes texts and items that are motivating for children to read and are suitable for valid and efficient assessment of their reading skills?
2. What kind of information do teachers need about their students’ reading skills in order to adapt their instruction?
3. Which methods (from e.g., machine learning, multidimensional scaling and natural language processing) are best suited to match the right text to the right student, with respect to their skills and interest?
4. How can we analyse students’ experience of AI-based digital reading assessment?
5. What are the legal implications of AI-based digital reading assessments?
6. Does the framework established in the project provide a more engaging and precise assessment of reading skills than currently existing assessments?
7. Does the framework established in the project provide the teacher with more actionable information than currently existing assessments?

The project is interdisciplinary. It is anchored in educational assessment, reading science, and computer science. In addition, methods from literature, law and philosophy are employed locally.

Human Reading Assessment

Forbrukersamfunnets vareproduserende industri har antatt slik en massiv skala og rekkevidde at det er åpenbart at design som aktivitet og profesjon har betydelig innvirkning på økologiske systemer både lokalt og globalt. Å designe innebærer viktige beslutninger om hvilke og hvor mye materialer som skal utvinnes fra naturen. Dette prosjektet undersøker hvordan disse avgjørelsene regulerer forbruk, og hvordan dette lite påaktede aspektet ved designprosessen har endret seg fra den andre industrielle revolusjon til i dag. Design sies ofte å ha en forbruks-drivende effekt, både om dette formuleres som kritikk eller løfte. Samtidig har design lenge blitt ansett å være et viktig element i forsøk på å styre forbruket i ønskelige retninger. I alle disse sammenhenger er design knyttet til forbruk gjennom dets manifestasjon som produkter. Men designs kulturelle betydning og økologiske konsekvenser kan ikke fullt ut begripes gjennom produkters ideologiske og sosioøkonomiske funksjoner og sirkulasjoner. For bedre å forstå hvordan design påvirker forbruk må vi åpne opp «den sorte boksen» som produktet fremstår som, og grave under dets forførende overflater. Vi må studere de økologiske egenskapene til de materialer som produktet består av, og hvilke sammenhenger disse inngår i. På denne måten gjør prosjektet det mulig å se hvordan design regulerer forbruk, ikke ved salgspunktet, men ved opprinnelsespunktet: i gruvene, dagbruddene og brønnene som forsyner designere og produsenter med materialene som utgjør den industrialiserte verden med alle dens moderne bekvemmeligheter og begjærlige objekter.

This project examines how design regulates the consumption of extractive materials, and how this practice has changed over time in response to ideological shifts in the understanding of nature. Designing entails crucial decisions on which and how much materials to mine, blast, drill, excavate, or fell. This project will examine how these decisions regulate consumption, and how this under-appreciated aspect of the design process has changed from the second industrial revolution to the present. Given the scale to which the manufacturing industry has grown in order to satisfy our seemingly endless needs and desires, designing as an activity and a profession has decisive impact on ecological systems both locally and globally. Design is habitually cast as a catalyst of consumption, whether formulated as criticism or as promise. At the same time, design has long been seen as key in efforts to steer consumption in more desirable directions. In all these contexts, however, design is related to consumption through its manifestation as consumer products. But now that everything from genes to jeans is understood to be designed, the cultural significance and ecological impact of design can no longer adequately be gauged from the ideological and socio-economic functions and circulations of commodities. To better understand how design influences consumption, we need to open the black box that is the consumer product, dig beyond its shiny surfaces and mesmerizing interfaces and examine its constituent parts; the ecological properties and entanglements of the materials of which it is made. By doing so, this project will allow us to examine how design regulates consumption, not at the point of purchase, but at the point of origin: in the mines, quarries, and wells supplying designers and manufacturers with the extractive materials making up the industrialised world with all its modern conveniences and objects of desire.

Designing with/out Extractive Materials

Selv i Norge, et av de mer egalitære samfunnene i Europa, begrenser sosiale ulikheter i tidlig språkutvikling hos barn sterkt deres potensiale for senere suksess i utdanning og arbeidsliv. Derfor er det nødvendig med gode diagnostiske kartleggingsprøver for å oppdage og adressere disse ulikhetene tidlig. Progressive tester for tidlige språkferdigheter er det typiske måleinstrumentet som brukes til akkurat dette kartleggingsformålet. Dagens praksis for utforming av progressive tester er ikke god nok; Hvis vi vurderer at beslutninger tatt ved hjelp av disse testene kan ha en viss innvirkning på livet til medlemmer av ofte sårbare populasjoner (f.eks. små barn i faresonen), er det i verste fall direkte bekymringsfullt.

I dette prosjektet tar vi sikte på å gi et solid metodisk verktøysett som gjør det mulig å mer systematisk designe og validere progressive tester med formål om å legge til rette for det viktige arbeidet til utøvere innen utdanning, skolepsykologi og ortopedagogikk (PPT: pedagogisk-psykologisk tjeneste) som utfører diagnostiske kartlegging for utviklingsforsinkelser hos barn.

Even in Norway, one of the more egalitarian societies in Europe, social inequalities in the early language development of children heavily constrain their potential for later success in education and work life.  Hence, good diagnostic screening tests are needed to detect and address these inequalities early on. Progressive tests for early language skills are the typical measurement instrument used for this exact screening purpose. Current practice in design of progressive tests can be regarded as suboptimal at best and, if we consider that decisions made using these tests can have quite some impact on the life of members of often vulnerable populations (e.g., young kids at risk), outright worrying at worst. 

In this project, we aim to provide a solid toolkit that allows to more systematically design and validate progressive tests with the bigger goal of facilitating the important work of practitioners in the field of education, school psychology, and orthopedagogics that conduct the diagnostic screenings for developmental delays with children.

Screening Early and Adaptively for Language Skills

I det globale nord fremstilles ofte ressursutvinning som "grønne" og klimavennlige prosjekter, mens de faktisk opprettholder de koloniale forhold mellom stater og urfolk. Et eksempel er "grønn gruvedrift" i Sápmi, der metaller for litium-ion-batterier utvinnes. Industriinteressene bruker klimaendring som argument og posisjonerer seg selv som forkjempere for det grønne skiftet. Dette er bakgrunnen for forskningsprosjektet GREENGROWTH, som skal analysere betydningen av "grønne" prosjekter for samisk politikk og handlingsrom. De samiske områdene står overfor to store utfordringer: et økende behov for mineraler og energi for å opprettholde livsstil og industriell vekst, og et stadig økende behov for å håndtere klimaendringer. Vi skal belyse hvordan samiske aktører og interesser kommer til orde og får innflytelse i debatten om miljøvern, "grønn" industri og urfolkspolitikk, historisk og i dag. Vi undersøker hvordan nærings- og økonomiske og samiske interessenter (stakeholders) plasserer seg i debatten om grønn vekst. Prosjektet tar for seg politikk og kommersialisering av naturen, og ser på hvordan klimaendringer påvirker samiske aktører og interesser i det offentlige rommet. Den offentlige debatten om samiske spørsmål er fragmentert, og en av prosjektets arbeidspakker utforsker hvordan samiske interessenter representeres gjennom nyhets- og sosiale medier. Prosjektet belyser samisk motstand mot fornybare prosjekter og utfordrer stereotypier ved å se på samenes dobbeltrolle som både ofre for arealbeslag og økologisk bevisste aktører. GREENGROWTH undersøker gruveindustriens historie, styring og rolle i opprettholdelsen av koloniale diskurser og strukturer, og tar for seg både historiske og samtidige aspekter ved samiske medier og debatten om det grønne skiftet. Prosjektet søker å forstå de komplekse virkningene på urfolkssamfunn og bidrar til en dypere analyse av spenningsforholdene mellom samiske interesser, grønn industri og miljøvernere.

GREENGROWTH will study and compare the positions the Sámi actors and stakeholders occupy and are attributed in the public debate on the Green transition and Green mining. How are the stakeholder groups formed and how are the Sámi stakes and interests weighted by other actors in the debate? The debate studied is concerned with growth-driven Green projects, of which the Green transition is the most recent example. The Sámi actors are analysed as interest-, rights- and stakeholders by utilizing stakeholder theory, settler colonial theorizing, discourse analysis and frame analysis. GREENGROWTH focuses on Sámi framings and responses in this debate. The interdisciplinary, international, multicultural and multilingual research group consists of senior and mid-career scholars with expertise on Sámi and Indigenous issues representing communication sciences, economic history and environmental history. The project will contribute to a deeper understanding of the Sámi political space under swift transformation in conditions of Green transition and the encroachments of resource extraction. Work package 1 is project administration; Work Package 2 will study the key Sámi organizations, the Sámi Parliaments in Finland and Norway, the frames articulated in their social media accounts, and the Sámi news media’s role and framings in the public debate on Green growth. WP3 will analyse the longer history of cooperation between the Sámi and the environmentalist movement, and the effects on the Sámi of being immersed in environmental discourses, with a special focus on the ideologies and projects of Green growth and nature conservation in Finland and in Norway. WP4will study the conduct of mining companies and financial imperialism in the Nordic north by charting the history of the transformation in mining adopting an environmental ideological foundation. WP5 draws together and concludes on the central findings of GREENGROWTH.

GREENGROWTH - Green growth and Sami Stakeholders. Public debate on Green resource extraction in Sápmi

En bekymringsfull trend finner sted i Norge: andelen 30-åringer som mottar uføretrygd har mer enn doblet seg de siste 25 årene. Denne økningen sammenfaller med ulike samfunnsendringer, inkludert en økning i diagnoser knyttet til mental helse blant ungdom, økt konkurranse i utdanning, reformer i trygdeordningene, endringer i arbeidsmarkedet på grunn av automatisering, og demografiske endringer på grunn av innvandring og eldre personer som forblir lengre i arbeidsstyrken.

For å forstå økningen i andelen unge mottakere av uføretrygd, er et omfattende forskningsprosjekt igangsatt. Ved å bruke omfattende administrative data, undersøkelser og komparative studier på tvers av de nordiske landene, har prosjektet som mål å dekomponere faktorene til denne økningen i ungdoms uførhet. Forskningen er strukturert i seks arbeidspakker, hver med fokus på et spesifikt aspekt, som økning i utdanningskonkurranse, skift i arbeidsmarkedet, og den økende forekomsten av psykiske helsediagnoser. Det primære målet er å oppnå en nyansert forståelse av faktorene som driver økningen i ungdoms uførhet, spesielt den  sosioøkonomiske gradienten. Gjennom empiriske undersøkelser søker prosjektet å informere og forbedre grunnlaget for sosialforsikringssystemet og tilhørende politikkutvikling i Norge.

The share of people aged 30 who receive disability benefits in Norway has more than doubled over the previous 25 years. Despite several partial explanations, this dramatic rise is not well understood. It coincides with several other potentially related societal changes:
•	A rise in the share of youths receiving diagnoses, treatment and medication for mental illness, and an expanded treatment capacity. 
•	Increased competition in the educational sector.
•	Changes and reforms in the social insurance system. 
•	Structural changes in the labor market, machines and automation changing the composition of jobs. 
•	Increased supply of labor, potentially in competition with youth labor, from immigrants as well as prolonged labor market participation among the elderly. 

The ambition of this project is to solve this youth disability puzzle by carefully assembling these pieces of potential explanations, and – to the extent possible – quantify their importance. Our motivation is to provide answers to the seemingly simple question “Why is youth disability rising?”, a question of the utmost importance for policy design in Norway. To do so, we assemble an interdisciplinary team consisting of researchers from economics, psychology and educational science, and employ high quality administrative data covering health care, schools, higher education, labor markets, family links and social insurance, as well as surveys. We also put the Norwegian experience into a larger context by comparing Norway with other countries in a comparative research design for the Nordic countries. 
The project has six work packages, all building on extensive use of detailed, linkable, micro data: 
WP1: Decomposing the rise in youth disability 
WP2: Nordic comparison
WP3: Educational competition/The school system
WP4: The labor market
WP5: Medicalization
WP6: Poverty

What is driving the increasing youth disability insurance receipt in Norway?

Mens kvinner har gått inn i stadig flere utdanningsretninger og yrker, fortsetter menn i stor grad å gjøre kjønnstradisjonelle utdannings- og yrkesvalg. Andelen menn i kvinnedominerte utdanninger og yrker har endret seg veldig lite de siste tiårene. Forskning som er gjort på kjønnsdelte utdanningsvalg har i stor grad handlet om kvinners valg og bortvalg av mannsdominerte utdanninger, mens vi har mindre kunnskap om menns vurderinger av kvinnedominerte utdanninger og yrker. Forskningen har også i stor grad vært opptatt av å identifisere og dokumentere hvorfor kjønnssegregeringen vedvarer, heller enn å studere hvordan oppfatninger om kjønnstypiske yrker kan endre seg. 

Missing Men vil bidra med kunnskap om hvorfor menn flest velger bort kvinnedominerte yrker, og undersøke hvordan endring i oppfatninger om kjønnstypiske yrker kan skje. Tre overordnede forskningsspørsmål skal besvares: (1) på hvilken måte henger oppfatninger av kjønn og arbeid sammen, og hvordan kan dette påvirke utdanningsvalg? (2) Hvordan kan slike oppfatninger endre seg? (3) Hva er barrierene og mulighetene for menns inngang i kvinnedominerte utdanninger? 

For å besvare spørsmålene bruker vi en kombinasjon av individuelle dybdeintervju, survey-eksperiment og registerdata for hele populasjonen. Arbeidet er organisert i to arbeidspakker. I den første arbeidspakken undersøker vi unge jenter og gutters vurderinger av kvinnedominerte yrker, hvordan oppfatninger om arbeid og ferdigheter er koblet til kjønn, og hvordan dette henger sammen med de unges utdanningsplaner. Her vil vi bruke en kombinasjon av dybdeintervju og survey-eksperimenter. I den andre arbeidspakken vil vi bruke registerdata for å studere faktorer som kan bidra til kjønnsutradisjonelle utdanningsvalg for menn og kvinner, og intervjue menn på sykepleiestudiet og på grunnskolelærerstudiet om deres valg av utdanning.

While women have spread out into a continuously larger part of the educational system, men continue to make gender-traditional choices, and the presence of men in female-dominated educational fields remains persistently low. There is an acute lack of knowledge about men’s assessment of female-dominated professions and of the barriers and potentials for men’s entry into these educational and professional fields. The international state-of-the-art research on gendered educational choices has drawn heavily on insights from the social psychological literature. This research has focused mainly on identifying the stabilizing factors in the gender segregation, documenting the persisting effect of deeply-rooted and slow to change gender beliefs. This project will build on and expand this work to develop a theoretical framework tailored for grasping change in gendered beliefs, and thus how gender non-traditional choices come about. 

We will produce new and needed empirical knowledge on the barriers and potentials specific for men’s entry into female-dominated study fields. By combining a diversity of methods and levels of investigation, we aim to advance the literature within this emerging field of research. We will fill a lacuna of knowledge on how gender-typing of skills, work and qualities influence educational aspirations, making use of both qualitative interviews and factorial survey experiments. We will add to the few existing studies of gendered assessments in the Nordic context, and how assessments vary with background and context. We will expand the literature by identifying which aspects of female-typed work constitute barriers to men’s entry into female-typed careers. Furthermore, we will use population wide registry data to study what impacts non-traditional choices for men and women, and interview men in nursing studies and primary education teacher studies about their way into female-dominated study fields.

Missing Men: New conceptual understandings of gendered educational choices

Infrastruktur for materialteknologisk forskning knyttet til transport av hydrogen (SMART-H)

Midlene fra FORINFRA-Nasj.sats. forskn.infrastrukt fordelt på år

Midlene fra FORINFRA-Nasj.sats. forskn.infrastrukt fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra FORINFRA-Nasj.sats. forskn.infrastrukt fordelt på fagområde

Professor

Hydrogen, the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, may, as an energy carrier hold the key to the inevitable and needed transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Together with Norway's important role as a major energy provider in Europe comes the obligation to be a leading player in this transition. 
Hydrogen has the potential to both act as an energy buffer for intermittent and weather dependent renewable sources, as well as carrying the energy stored in fossil fuels in a carbon neutral way if done with CCS. However, hydrogen is well known to seep into materials and deteriorate their mechanical and physical properties. This phenomenon is known as hydrogen embrittlement. 
SMART-H represents the necessary pre-requisite for the following natural step in the national hydrogen research, focusing on the materials and structural integrity of materials applied in  transport and storage of high pressurized hydrogen. Only with access to the new SMART-H research infrastructure will we be able to answer the following research issues:
- How much and how fast does atomic hydrogen from gaseous hydrogen enter and diffuse in various materials? 
- What are the primary mechanisms that govern the distribution of atomic hydrogen in the structure of the materials, and the related material degradation? 
- How do the hydrogen gas pressure and temperature affect the material properties, strength, fracture and fatigue resistance? 
Together, and by answering these research challenges, will enable us to define quantitative limits on hydrogen absorption and how these will affect today's requirements on the fitness for service and safety of structures for hydrogen transport and storage. With the outcome from the experimental work in the new lab, we will be able to know how and eventually, for how long, a material and a structure can live with the known degradation due to hydrogen.  The knowledge will also be used to "design" new materials and alloys with increased resistance to hydrogen.

SMART-H will be a research infrastructure (RI) localized mainly in Trondheim consisting of 4 labs devoted to analyzing hydrogen in metals,  macro-scale mechanical testing in high-pressure H2, nano- and micro-scale mechanical testing in high-pressure H2, and finally a materials informatics lab for consolidating the experimental works into a digital framework and providing an open innovation environment.  
The SMART-H proposal addresses the need for new RI of national importance as defined in "National Strategy for Research Infrastructure (2018-2025) – Part I"  under the thematic strategy areas "Environmental energy" and "Petroleum technology" and the need for an RI to study materials used for transport and use of hydrogen gas. Indeed, SMART-H addresses a topic with excellent integration between these two areas – as the source of the research challenges to be studied with the RI is independent of whether hydrogen gas is produced from renewable sources (wind, solar, hydro) or from natural gas with CCS.  Also, the RI will address fundamental research challenges related to hydrogen embrittlement in material selection and lifetime-elongation/testing on various constructions and components that are either exposed to H2 or hydrogen produced from cathodic protection, such as most subsea metallic structures. 
In light of the Norwegian Government's Long-term plan for research and higher education (2015-2024), SMART-H will, through establishing RI needed to address material challenges related to large-scale transport of hydrogen gas to the marked, address our obligation and need for a transition away from the fossil fuel society. With the establishment of the SMART-H RI, Norway will not only be in a better position to use existing pipeline infrastructure of hydrogen transport but will also be more attractive for international researchers and better equipped to handle future challenges to materials exposed to hydrogen and a transition to the 'hydrogen economy'.

INFRASTRUCTURE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH FOR TRANSPORTING HYDROGEN (SMART-H)

Understanding how specific groups of neurons contribute to behaviour is a formidable challenge which in mammals requires studying extensive networks. Many motor networks encompass large areas of the central nervous system, mostly due to the presence of lo ng axonal connections such as those connecting the brain to the spinal cord. However, information about the neuronal circuitry involved (neuron identities and connectivity), remains largely unknown. Thus, methods that facilitate the identification of neur onal components of basic brainstem and spinal motor circuits will greatly advance our understanding of locomotion and other motor behaviors. Recent developments in functional neuroanatomy, molecular biology and genetics are now providing neuroscientists w ith new tools for dissecting neuronal networks. The aim of this proposal is to utilize some of these tools to identify synaptically connected neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord that constitute some of the main circuits involved in motor control. Ex change of technical expertise between the Norwegian and French research groups involved here will greatly promote each of the groups' efforts towards this common goal.  

The present proposal will advance our understanding of how brainstem-spinal cord net works are organized and function. This has substantial clinical relevance regarding the recovery of motor function after various types of injuries to the spinal cord and brain stem, including vascular, ischemic, neoplastic and traumatic insults. It should  be noted that a better characterization of brainstem-spinal cord circuitry will greatly facilitate in particular efforts to promote re-growth, reconnection and synaptic reorganization of axons and their connections after spinal cord injury.

Functional mapping of brainstem-spinal motor circuits

Neural cell transplantation for repair of CNS lesions is one of the most exciting new avenues in the field of Neuroscience. With regard to spinal cord injuries (SCI), however, neuronal replacement has received relatively little attention because SCI has b een thought  to be a "white matter" problem (oligodendrocyte inhibition of axon regrowth). However, recent evidence indicates that loss of gray matter also causes severe motor deficits, suggesting that restoration of the spinal gray matter may also play a n important role in recovery. Regardless of the mode of SCI repair, a crucial question is whether regenerated axons or transplanted cells have the proper synaptic connections to ensure functional recovery. This has hardly been addressed in international r esearch into spinal cord injury. In particular, no studies have used electrophysiological methods to address whether stem cells integrate into spinal neural networks.

To address this issue we will use our newly developed xenotypic in vivo model (regenera ting chicken embryo spinal cord) which stimulates human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSCs) to differentiate into neurons. Being the first to employ electrophysiological approaches to show that human stem cell-derived neurons display synaptic activity in viv o (Sigurjonsson et al, 2005), we have now a unique opportunity to maintain a leading position in this field internationally. To determine whether and with what specificity the hHSC-derived neurons functionally integrate into spinal networks, we will analy ze their synaptic connectivity using electrophysiological recording. Specifically, we will assess synaptic inputs from peripheral sensory afferents and from supraspinal descending pathways, both major sources of inputs that control movement. The proposed research will take place in Professor Joel Glover's group at the University of Oslo. The outcome of the proposed research will be particularly important for future use of stem cells in reparative medicine.

0 projects

IS-AUR-Samarb.progr. Norge Frankrike

Functional mapping of brainstem-spinal motor circuits

Awarded: NOK 60,943

Project Period: 2011-2013

Location: Oslo

FRIBIO-Biologi og biomedisin

Stem cells from adult humans develop into neurons in the chicken embryo spinal cord but are they functionally integrated in neural networks?

Awarded: NOK 2.2 mill.

Project Period: 2006-2009

Location: Oslo