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En av de vanligste, men minst studerte, utfordringene med å bli eldre er problemer med å kommunisere. Mange eldre sliter spesielt med pragmatiske ferdigheter, som å forstå undertekst, eller tilpasse det de sier til personen de snakker med. 

La oss si at en lege må gi en alvorlig beskjed til en pasient. For å gjøre det litt lettere å takle, bruker legen vagere språk, som "kanskje" i stedet for "sannsynligvis". Mens yngre voksne ofte tar hensyn til høflighetsstrategier i måten de tolker det som blir sagt på, har eldre ofte vanskelig for å forstå når noen snakker indirekte. Mange eldre voksne har vanskelig for å forstå ikke-bokstavelig språk og kan misforstå alvorlighetsgraden av diagnosen. Dette kan påvirke beslutningen deres om behandling, noe som kan føre til utilsiktede konsekvenser. 

Siden god kommunikasjon er viktig både i viktige medisinske samtaler og i hverdagen, er det viktig at vi finner ut hva som gjør at eldre kan ha vansker med å forstå og bli forstått. RESILIENCE skal hjelpe til med denne utfordringen ved å samle data om praktiske, kognitive og språklige ferdigheter hos voksne i alderen 18-90 år over tid. Dette vil gi oss en stor mengde data om pragmatiske, kognitive og språk ferdigheter og gjøre det tilgjengelig for forskning. Med denne dataen som grunnlag har vi følgende mål: 

• Forstå hvordan praktiske evner endrer seg generelt gjennom voksenlivet. 
• Finne ut hvilke mekanismer som påvirker pragmatiske evner på forskjellige tidspunkter i livet.
 • Utvikle en teoretisk modell som forklarer hvordan pragmatiske ferdigheter endrer seg med alderen.
 • Lage algoritmer som kan forutsi hvordan pragmatiske evner vil utvikle seg for enkeltpersoner i årene som kommer. 
• Utvikle og teste et verktøy som kan måle pragmatisk helse (både pragmatiske ferdigheter og deres underliggende mekanismer), noe som kan åpne  for å iverksette tiltak. 

Dette vil gi oss muligheten til å forstå bedre hvordan folk kan utvikle pragmatisk resiliens gjennom livsløpet.

A cornerstone of human communication is our reliance on pragmatic skills to guide linguistic interactions (e.g., reasoning about others' mental states to bridge the gap between what is said and intended in conversation). However these skills are highly sensitive to age-related decline, leading to miscommunication and uninformed decision making in the older adult population. This raises an important question, one which has puzzled linguistics and psychologists for decades: if pragmatic competence is fundamental to communication, why do individuals vary so much in this capacity? 

Traditionally, psychologists have approached pragmatic competence from a cognitive angle, reasoning that individual differences in executive functions (i.e., the cognitive skills associated with goal-directed actions) are what underlie effective pragmatic behavior. In a similar vein, language scientists have taken a linguistic approach, reasoning that one’s language background (e.g., the frequency with which individuals shift between languages) shapes pragmatic skills by enhancing sensitivity to the communicative context. This focus on either cognitive or linguistic influences has resulted in two expansive yet disparate areas of research.

RESILIENCE will unite these disciplines to pursue a longstanding debate on what underlies pragmatic resilience and decline using a large-scale, interdisciplinary and longitudinal approach. By gathering data on adults' (ages 18-90) pragmatic, cognitive and language skills over multiple time points, we will develop a comprehensive theoretical model that explains how cognitive and linguistic systems interact to shape pragmatic competence as we age, and create algorithms that predict the trajectory of an individual’s pragmatic abilities in upcoming years. Based on these results we will design a multidimensional tool that detects the earliest signs of pragmatic deficits, leading to future interventions, allowing us to uncover the paths to pragmatic resilience.

Uncovering the paths to pragmatic resilience

Ny forskning fra Europa og USA peker på at bedrifter bidrar til økende lønnsforskjeller– selv innenfor smalt definerte jobber eller industrier, som økonomifag eller treforedling. Til tross for stor interesse og økende tilgjengelighet av administrative data, vet vi overraskende lite om hvordan– og hvorfor bedriftene påvirker lønnsulikhet. Det viktigste hinderet har vært at variasjon i foretaks lønns- og personalpraksis (heretter kalt HR) har vist seg vanskelig å måle for et representativt utvalg av bedrifter.

I dette prosjektet løser vi måleproblemet ved å utvikle en ny forskningsinfrastruktur. Vår datainnsamlingsmetode muliggjør måling av HR og personalpolitikk på bedriftsnivå og kobling til inntekts- og arbeidertakerforhold. 

Denne kombinasjonen tilrettelegger for ny kunnskap om bedrifters interne arbeidsmarkeder og betydningen av HR og personalpolitikk for lønnsulikhet i arbeidsmarkedet.  

Vi starter med å utforske hva HR gjør i det eksterne arbeidsmarkedet. Her vil vi prøve å forstå hvordan bruk av rekrutteringsmetode avhenger av arbeideres utdanningsnivå, f.eks. master eller grunnskole, om man ansetter fra andre arbeidsgivere eller fra arbeidsledighet, og hvordan dette virker på ulikhet. I prosjektets hoveddel vil vi undersøke hvordan bedrifter organiserer sine interne arbeidsmarkeder, som for eksempel innebærer hvordan ulike jobber er rangert i et jobbhierarki, teams, hvordan ansatte navigerer karrieremuligheter i bedriften, oppnår forfremmelse og lønnsvekst, og hvordan ansatte verdsetter de interne mulighetene i forhold til muligheter i andre bedrifter. I siste del av prosjektet vil vi undersøke betydningen av informasjon om muligheter for arbeidere og hvorvidt forskjeller i lønn også reflekterer gap i kunnskap om muligheter. 

Samlet sett vil prosjektet bidra til økt forståelse av hvordan moderne arbeidsmarkeder fungerer og hva offentlig og bedriftspolitikk kan gjøre for å håndtere utfordringer knyttet til økende lønnsulikhet.

Firms’ human resource policies play an important role in shaping individual workers’ careers and overall inequality. The key challenge with identifying the role that firms play in shaping workers’ careers is that existing worker-firm datasets, such as Norwegian register data, do not include information on what goes on inside of firms. For instance, these data do not include information on how firms advertise or fill vacant positions, how workers learn about these positions, or how firms organize their internal hierarchies. This project aims to advance our understanding of the determinants of HR policies and the consequences of these policies for individual careers and for labor market inequality. In order to do so, the researchers will establish a research infrastructure that combines the strength of the Norwegian administrative data with recent advancements in survey design. 

The research infrastructure will allow them to open the "black box" of firms’ HR policies and make three distinct contributions. In the first project, they will use the infrastructure to develop and validate new survey instruments for measuring firms’ internal HR policies. This will allow them to describe determinants of firm recruitment policies, how practices differ across firms and workers, and whether different recruitment strategies reinforce existing labor market inequalities. In the second project, they will explore workers’ search across and within firms and examine the value workers attach to internal labor markets. This will leverage experiments embedded in the worker survey, as well as recent techniques to measure the organizational structure of firms. The third project will estimate the value that workers place on information about the outside labor market. In doing so, it contributes to an ongoing academic and policy discussion about the role of information in the labor market.

Firming Up Careers: Human Resource Policies and Inequality

Implications of digital transformation for migrant labour

Accelerated by the Covid-19 pandemic, rapid digitalisation has fundamentally transformed European working conditions. While its positive consequences are well recognised, digital transformation also puts a sorely needed part of the European workforce at risk of unemployment, poverty and social exclusion. IDILAB (Implications of digital transformation for migrant labour) investigates the impacts that technological progress and subsequent structural changes have on the labour market integration of migrant workers. By developing a new methodological approach, IDILAB shall provide novel evidence on migrants’ exposure to the process of digitalisation, and formulate evidence-based and innovative policy options for the EU and national governments to improve on the scope and adequacy of national and European policy directed at encouraging a fair digital transition for all, including migrants. The proposed project will contribute with new knowledge on migrants’ own perspectives on barriers and enablers for a sustainable integration in a fast-changing labour market. I, the experienced researcher (Dr Olga Gheorghiev, the Czech Republic), will work with a European centre of excellence (the Research Centre for Digitalisation of Public Services and Citizenship (CEDIC, OsloMet, Norway), and the European Trade Union Institute (ETUI, Belgium) for intersectoral knowledge transfer, career development, and European added value.

Prosjektet «Øyer i Ørkenen» (SilkRoMo) søker å tenkje nytt rundt det store handelsnettverket kalla Silkevegen som batt saman Europa, Asia og Afrika frå antikken til tidlegmoderne tid. Ofte blir Silkevegen framstilt som eit nettverk mellom aust og vest, knytt saman av ruter mellom mindre stadar, byar og kongedømme. Silkevegen er også ofte trekt fram som det fremste eksempelet på ein tidleg globaliseringsprosess. Men sjølv om viktigheita av Silkevegen ofte blir understreka finst det få systematisk studiar av korleis handelsnettverket opererte i praksis, og lite er blitt sagt om rolla til stadane langs ruta, øyene i ørkenens hav. 
SilkRoMo-prosjektet vil bøta på denne kunnskapsmangelen ved å gjennomføre ein komparativ studie av fem stadar frå den seinantikke perioden, kongedømmet Kroraina (Kina), kongedømmet Kucha (Kina), kongedømmet Rob (Afghanistan), byane Palmyra og Dura-Europos (Syria), samt ein femte case utvikla av ein stipendiat. Funna vil bli brukt til å teste og vidareutvikle ein ny analytisk modell for å forstå og beskrive Silkevegen, ein «lagvis nettverksmodell». Denne modellen tenkjer seg Silkevegen som eit nettverk bygd opp av samanvevde nettverk, mange mindre og nokre større. Lokale nettverk blei skapt av lokale behov men skapte infrastruktur og institusjonar som mogleggjorde større, regionale og inter-regionale nettverk. Dette rammeverket søkjer soleis a) å famne både store og små aktørar, lokale så vel som regionale, b) å fange mangfaldet i nettverka som inngjekk i Silkevegnettverket, c) å systematisk beskrive infrastrukturen og institusjonane som gjorde reise og kommunikasjon mogleg. 
Ved å kombinere detaljerte komparative studiar av stadar og statar ofte sett som sentrale i Silkevegnettverket med nye perspektiv og teoretiske nyvinningar søkjer SilkRoMo-prosjektet soleis å fornye tenkinga rundt Silkevegen. Resultat frå prosjektet og nye perspektiv vil også bidra inn i debatten rundt tidlege globaliseringsprosessar og handel i antikken meir generelt.

The Silk Roads are the prime example of ancient globalization, envisioned as a vast system of trade routes and networks spanning across Eurasia since at least antiquity. The Silk Roads are usually depicted as a network of routes connecting a multitude of sites, cities, and kingdoms, yet within Silk Roads studies surprisingly little attention has been paid to these nodes, the islands in the seas of sand. 
This project proposes to change the way we understand the Silk Roads phenomenon by developing a new model with which to conceive of Silk Roads exchange. This model, a layered network model of the Silk Roads, proposes to see the Silk Roads as a series of interconnected networks operating on a number of different scales, from regional networks within one polity to inter-regional diplomatic networks between polities. It furthermore suggests that the fundament that made this global network-of-networks possible were the local networks of those inhabiting the regions across which the Silk Roads are thought to have run. 
In order to test this hypothesis, the project will conduct four critical case studies of smaller polities situated along the Silk Roads, namely the kingdom of Kroraina (China), the kingdom of Kucha (China), the kingdom of Rob (Afghanistan) and the city-state of Palmyra (Syria). An attached PhD project will study a fifth case. These case studies will then be analysed to see if the proposed model can be applied. Through this work, by testing and developing the “layered network model”, the project aims to provide a new framework for understanding the Silk Roads. 
Finally, the project will critically examining the narratives and frameworks used to study premodern globalization, including a PhD project which will look at how such narratives are applied in history-didactical contexts. By doing this, and bringing its results into these debates, the SilkRoMo project will encourage a rethinking of early globalization processes and ancient trade more broadly.

Like Islands in a Sea of Sand.
Understanding the Silk Roads of Late Antiquity as a layered network model.

AGREE tar for seg klimaendringers innvirkning på kulturarv gjennom tverrfaglige metoder og samarbeid mellom ulike samfunnsaktører. Prosjektet tar særlig for seg urbane områder som påvirkes av flom. Målet er å forstå det komplekse forholdet mellom forvaltning av kulturarv, klimatilpasning og samfunnets sårbarhet, og å se på tiltak for å minimere risiko for tap og ødeleggelse som følge av klimaendringer. Sentrale delmål inkluderer integrering av strategier for bevaring av kulturarv med strategier for klimatilpasning, spesielt gjennom konseptet Historisk Urban Landskap (HUL). 

AGREE vil utvikle en beslutningsmodell forankret i HUL-konseptet som sammenligner dagens forvaltningspraksis med historiske data for å belyse sårbarhet og klimatilpasning i en urban kontekst. AGREE vil fremme transformative strategier for klimatilpasning ved å evaluere beslutningstakernes forståelse av disse samspillene. 

Prosjektet ledes av University of Leeds (Storbritannia), og har Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning (NIKU), Politecnico di Torino (Italia) med som partnere. ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), British Council (Storbritannia), UK’s Department for Culture, Media and Sport (Storbritannia), Hull City Council (Storbritannia) og Innlandet fylke (Norge) deltar som samarbeidspartnere. Gjennom dette samarbeidet skal prosjektet bidra til å forme politikk og klimastrategier, både lokalt og globalt.  AGREE vil også engasjere publikum for å øke bevisstheten om klimatilpasning og mobilisere til felles handling.  Gjennom bred involvering skal AGREE bidra til å sikre at kulturarven forblir beskyttet og motstandsdyktig i møte med klimaendringer.

Alt i alt vil AGREE utforske klimaendringers påvirkning på kulturarv med en praksisorientert tilnærming, og med fokus på samarbeid, databasert beslutningstaking og samfunnsengasjement for å sikre vår felles kulturarv for fremtidige generasjoner.

AGREE champions transformative sustainability in response, emphasizing interdisciplinary methodologies and societal shifts. It explores the intricate link between cultural heritage governance, climate adaptation, and community resilience, rooted in responses to flooding in urban contexts. AGREE promotes the Historic Urban Landscape concept for integrative decision-making in climate adaptation, considering community resilience amidst environmental changes. An interactive Geographic Information System platform will illuminate this interplay over time. An innovative AGREE's contribution is a decision-making model grounded in the HUL paradigm. This model juxtaposes current national and local policies enabling cultural heritage integration in climate adaptation with historical data sources revealing urban resilience lessons and changes in the built environment over time. AGREE employs transformative governance concepts to evaluate decision-makers comprehension of these synergies and their perspectives. It advances transformative climate adaptation by uncovering potentials and barriers within heritage governance in case studies from the UK, Norway, and Italy. Beyond research, AGREE will shape policies with multi-scalar and cross-sectorial governance, interpreting climate intricacies through cultural heritage. It will strengthen global, national, and local heritage-focused climate strategies through partnerships with the British Council, ICCROM, and the UK's Department for Culture, Media, and Sport and local stakeholders, such as Hull City Council (UK) and Innlandet Region (Norway). AGREE also engages the public, raising climate adaptation awareness and mobilizing collective action, benefiting governmental climate efforts.

Advancing Cultural Heritage Governance for Resilient Climate Adaptation

SASCHA har som mål å utvikle praktiske verktøy og metoder for å vurdere og håndtere kulturminner når klimaendringer utgjør en risikofaktor. Prosjektet ledes av University College London (UCL), og har Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning (NIKU), Arizona State University (USA), NHAZCA (Italia) og North Carolina State University (USA) med som partnere. ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), English Heritage Trust (Storbritannia) og Ventotene kommune (Italia) deltar i prosjektet som samarbeidspartnere. 

 Hovedmål for prosjektet:  
- Utvikling av indikatorer og målemetoder for måling av klimaendringers virkning på kulturarv. 
- Etablere metoder for å involvere relevante aktører i identifiseringen og målingen av disse virkningene. Metodene skal kunne tilpasses lokale forhold og kulturell kontekst. 
- Utvikle verktøy for å hjelpe beslutningstakere til å vurdere og anvende målinger på ulike nivåer. 
- Utforske utfordringer og muligheter knyttet til bruk av nye metoder for vurdering klimarelaterte risikofaktorer for kulturminner. 

Ved å oppnå disse målene skal SASCHA ruste lokalsamfunn og kulturminneforvaltningen til å bedre forstå og håndtere klimarisiko. I tillegg, gjennom samarbeid med organisasjoner som UNESCO og ICCROM, skal SASCHA bidra til globale diskusjoner om hvordan klimaproblematikken kan integreres i kulturminneforvaltningens praksis. Alt i alt vil SASCHA legge til rette for politikkutvikling og styrke kulturminneforvaltningen ved å tilby verktøy og metoder for å effektivt vurdere, tolke og formidle klimarisiko for kulturarvsteder over hele verden.

SASCHA proposes operationalisation for transferable risk assessment and a value-based decision support tool. Supported by this approach, the overarching aim of SASCHA is therefore to develop innovative methods for understanding risks of climate change for heritage that allow for multiscale analysis and scalable approaches, bridging the gaps between local knowledge and global data, and from local vulnerability to global risks. To this end, SASCHA will: a) develop a set of operationalised indicators/metrics for relevant determinants of climate change; b) develop a locally adaptable protocol for stakeholders' engagement in the identification of relevant determinants of climate impacts that acknowledge and celebrate diversity in cultural contexts; c) develop a climate adaptation decision support tool to evaluate relevance of assessment approaches for different spatial scales; d) explore the challenges and opportunities of an operationalisation approach to climate change--heritage risk. Addressing a complex, wide and research-intensive subject, SASCHA unfolds several organisational, scientific, technical, technological and cultural heritage-oriented elements. SASCHA includes four research partners, together bringing significant experience in climate change and heritage and requisite expertise in physical sciences (UCL), social sciences and humanities (NIKU, NCSU/ASU) and technology (NHAZCA). The consortium can significantly contribute to safeguarding and protecting their region's coastal heritage but also to the global discussion of the integration of climate impacts assessment on cultural heritage through the close collaboration with UNESCO's Advisory body, ICCROM and case study stakeholders. SASCHA will develop methods for assessing, interpreting, and communicating climate change risks for heritage, while also supporting effective policy development and heritage management.

Multiscale approaches and scalability within climate change-heritage risk assessments

This workshop gathers a group of international humanities scholars (Indigenous and Western) from Europe, Canada and the USA and 2-3 Arctic Indigenous visual artists to build and disseminate critical research on the historic and ongoing causes of climate and environmental change in the Arctic. Through novel research that draws on postcolonial, Indigenous and ecofemnist theory and a world-historical perspective grounded in Jason W. Moore’s (2015) concept of the Capitalocene, the workshop extends the historically shallow and universalizing Anthropocene explanations of the climate crisis. It also challenges the techno-scientific green solutions, which, still based on the capitalist logic of extracting cheap nature, often meet with resistance from Arctic Indigenous communities. 
Appreciating connections between the past and the present, the local and the global, the workshop considers the capitalist contexts of environmental change in the Arctic and the region’s own colonial histories. It examines 1) the intellectual and practical ways in which dominant society historically contributed to the climate crisis through the creation of ‘cheap nature’ and radically transforming social worlds, 2) Indigenous resistance towards, and alternatives to, the colonial and capitalist world system’s exploitation and appropriation of humans and nature. 
‘Patterns of Environment-making: the Arctic and its Global Contexts’ is innovative because of its strategic positioning as part of the Riddu Riddu Festival. In situating the workshop in a non-academic setting and within an established Indigenous platform, it becomes a genuine outreach project that invites and listens to the perspectives of a relevant public. The workshop is innovative in its inclusion of artists, whose ways of thinking, creating and communicating through artistic, conceptual and material means have the potential to move intellectually and emotionally in different and more immediate ways than academic presentations.

Patterns of Environment-making: the Arctic and its Global Contexts

Kulturlandskap leverer viktige økosystemtjenester, blant annet erfaringsbasert, lokal kunnskap om hvordan man kan tilpasse seg og begrense negative effekter av klimaendringer. Landskapene er sårbare for klimaendringer og andre påvirkninger. Derfor blir kunnskapen kontinuerlig oppdatert og overført mellom generasjoner. Ved å studere seterlandskap i Norge og lignende beitebetingete kulturlandskap i Frankrike og Spania vil vi dokumentere klimaendringer og andre trusler mot immateriell kulturarv. Vi vil beskrive landskapenes egenskaper og hvilke faktorer som muliggjør tilpasninger og avbøtende tiltak, både politiske virkemidler og tiltak i samfunnet ellers. Prosjektet har tre målsetninger:
1. Utvikle en verktøykasse som skal hjelpe lokalsamfunn og beslutningstakere med å vurdere kulturlandskapets sårbarhet og motstandsdyktighet overfor negative endringer ("resiliens").
2. Utvikle formidlingsmateriale om verdien av å bevare erfaringsbasert kunnskap som en levende kulturarv og hvordan den kan bidra til at samfunnet gjør tilpasninger og tiltak mot negative effekter av klimaendringer.
3. Bidra til den vitenskapelige litteraturen om kulturlandskapets sårbarhet og motstandsdyktighet overfor klimaendringer, og til å utvikle strategier for tilpasninger basert på den immaterielle kulturarven.
Prosjektgruppen er internasjonal og tverrfaglig: Amerikanske, franske, norske og spanske forskere skal samarbeide om å dokumentere og modellere endringer i landskapet. Interesseorganisasjoner vil bidra i prosjektstyringen og i sammenstillingen av resultater. Seterbrukere vil bidra med erfaringsbasert kunnskap, og til å analysere og tolke data. I tillegg til verktøy for klimatilpasninger og for forvaltning av den immaterielle kulturarven skal det lages veiledere for journalister, og det skal produseres filmer. Prosjektet skal øke samfunnets bevissthet om immateriell kulturarv og støtte arbeidet med å ivareta erfaringsbasert kunnskap om beitebetingete kulturlandskap.

Cultural landscapes provide essential ecological and sociocultural services and contain insights needed to combat climate change, but they are vulnerable to climate change and other stressors. By examining the cultural landscapes of transhumant pastoralism in France, Norway, and Spain, we will detail climate and other threats to this intangible cultural heritage (ICH), the characteristics and factors that create adaptive capacity in these
systems, and methods for sustaining ICH through community action and policy. The research supports three goals established with societal partners:
1. Develop a toolkit that helps communities and decision-makers assess the vulnerability and resilience of cultural landscapes. 
2. Develop communication resources for the public and policy makers illustrating why threatened cultural heritage matters and how cultural heritage can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. 
3. Contribute to scientific literature on the vulnerability and resilience of cultural landscapes and culturally informed strategies for climate mitigation and adaptation. 
Our team builds on multiple collaborations and deep expertise. The most significant involves French, Spanish, and U.S. partners modeling future changes in the French Basque pastoral system. The Basque Centre for Climate Change specializes in Spanish transhumant pastoralism and ecological modeling; Swiss partners designed tools for measuring livelihood resilience, and partners in Norway have expertise in agricultural landscape change, cultural heritage, and public participation. Societal partners (Syndicate of Soule and Concejo de la Mesta) will contribute to project management and synthesis, and farmers are fully engaged in collecting and analyzing data. In addition to adaptation and management tools, the project supports guides for professional journalists and farmer-made films to spread awareness and increase public support for cultural heritage protection.

Mitigation and Adaptation in Cultural Heritage Landscapes: Lessons from Transhumant Pastoral Systems for Managing
Novel Climate Risks

I et typisk norsk klasserom går det fire år mellom tidspunktet når den tidligst utviklede jenta og den senest utviklede gutten kommer i puberteten. Til tross for disse store forskjellene mellom elever vet vi lite om hvordan pubertetsutvikling påvirker skoleresultater og videre utdanning, og tidligere studier har funnet at både tidlig og sen pubertetsutvikling kan være negativt for skoleprestasjoner. Dette prosjektet søker derfor å frembringe ny kunnskap om hvordan alder for pubertet påvirker skoleprestasjoner og utdanningsforskjeller senere i livet, og hvilke utdanningspolitiske virkemidler som kan påvirke denne sammenhengen. 

Dette prosjektet har unike muligheter til å svare på disse spørsmålene, med ferske data på pubertetsutvikling fra den norske mor- far- og barnundersøkelsen (MoBa) og den danske bedre sundhed i generationer – studien (DNBC) koblet mot registerdata med skoleresultater i begge land. Vi vil bruke gjentatte målinger av barnas høyde for å estimere alder ved største vekstspurt som ett pubertetsmål, og også bruke alder for første menstruasjon eller sædavgang og diagnostisert tidlig pubertet. Vi vil studere hvordan tidlig og sen pubertetsutvikling samvarierer med skoleprestasjoner, hvorvidt dette forholdet påvirkes av utvikling i tidlig barndom og utvikling hos medelever, og om pubertetsutvikling er relatert til utdanningsvalg. Vi vil også studere hvordan et ekstra skoleår etter ungdomsskolen i Danmark kan redusere negative effekter av sen pubertetsutvikling, og om oppnådd utdanning ble påvirket av et frivillig ekstra skoleår i Norge. 

Med et lengre perspektiv skal vi studere hvordan alder for første menstruasjon har utviklet seg gjennom nesten 100 år ved bruk av Conor-studien og MoBa, og hvordan sosioøkonomiske forskjeller i pubertetsutvikling har endret seg siden 60-tallet. Disse dataene vil også brukes til å studere hvordan alder for første menstruasjon er relatert til oppnådd utdanning for kvinner og skoleprestasjoner i neste generasjon.

Within a typical classroom, the onset of puberty occurs four years earlier for the first developing girl than for the latest developing boy. However, it is not clear how these large inter-personal differences affect school performance and educational trajectories, with previous studies finding negative effects of both early and late pubertal timing on school performance. This project therefore aims to provide new knowledge on how variation in pubertal timing affects school performance during adolescence and inequalities in education later in life, and to assess policies that could mitigate adverse consequences of such relationships.

To this end, we will use data from Norway and Denmark that combine cohort studies with extensive register data in both countries. We will use height-based measures of puberty and questions about sexual maturity from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) and the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) as well as diagnosed pubertal disorders, linked to school performance from national registers. We will study how early or late pubertal timing is associated with school performance, whether these associations depend on early childhood development and peer context, and whether pubertal timing relates to educational choices. Furthermore, we will consider whether an extra school year in Denmark mitigates adverse consequences of pubertal timing for educational achievement, and whether education was affected by the introduction and abolishment of an extra school year after lower secondary school in Norway. 

With a longer perspective, we will study how age at menarche has evolved over almost 100 years using MoBa and the Cohort of Norway study, and assess how it relates to socioeconomic background during the last half century. This data will also be used to study how age at menarche is related to educational attainment of women and school performance in the next generation.

Pubertal Timing and Inequalities in Education

Demografiske endringer fører til at andelen av befolkningen som er arbeidsfør er fallende. I tillegg til teknologisk utvikling og import av arbeidskraft vil det å beholde unge voksne i arbeidsstyrken i flere tiår være viktig for å kunne opprettholde en sterk velferdsstat. Samtidig viser studier en økende forekomst av psykiske plager blant unge vokse – spesielt depresjon og angst. Denne utviklingen gir grunn til bekymring, både for de unges helsetilstand og deres evne til å stå i arbeidsstyrken over tid.
Det finnes mange ulike forklaringer på økningen i rapporterte psykiske plager blant unge, som for eksempel bruk av sosiale medier, økt skolepress og et mer krevende arbeidsmarked. Samtidig har det blitt hevdet at økningen også kan reflektere et redusert stigma knyttet til psykiske helseproblemer, bedre behandlingstilbud og en økende tilbøyelighet til å søke medisinsk hjelp for psykisk ubehag som tidligere ble ansett som «normalt» , såkalt medikalisering.
YoungPsych-prosjektet vil undersøke om samfunnet har blitt mer eller mindre inkluderende for unge med psykiske helseproblemer, samt om unge voksne med psykiske problemer i dag har større (eller mindre) sannsynlighet for å fullføre utdanning og være aktive i arbeidsstyrken. Videre vil prosjektet belyse i hvilken grad skolepress, stressende arbeidsforhold og bruk av sosiale medier bidrar til økningene i psykiske helseproblemer blant unge. Ikke minst vil prosjektet undersøke i hvilken grad mer åpenhet om psykiske problemer og en økende tilbøyelighet til å søke medisinsk hjelp bidrar til den observerte økning i psykiske diagnoser.
For å besvare disse spørsmålene vil prosjektet benytte seg av norske registerdata og store befolkningsundersøkelser. Resultatene fra prosjektet vil kunne hjelpe beslutningstakere, forskere og den interesserte offentligheten til å bedre forstå de nylige økningene i psykiske helseproblemer hos ungdom og unge voksne, samt i hvilken grad dette kan forventes å påvirke arbeidsmarkedene i fremtiden.

A high rate of labor force participation is an important foundation of the Norwegian welfare state. At the same time, an increasing share of young adults is not participating in the labor market due to mental health problems. Moreover, the share of young adults seeking help for mental health problems is strongly increasing. Together with a demographic shift towards an older population during the next decades, these developments have stirred concerns regarding future cohorts' ability to participate in the workforce. Work force participation is both important for the welfare state and for an individual’s social and economic integration into society. 

Against that background, the YoungPsych-project will provide the best to-date knowledge about (i) the relationship between early-life mental health problems, educational attainment and labor market attachment; (ii) the impact of academic pressure and job characteristics on the likelihood of developing mental health problems; (iii) the extent to which a lower threshold for seeking help and a more widespread use of social media can explain the increase in mental health diagnoses.

With a highly competent interdisciplinary project team, the project will produce new knowledge that is highly likely to move the field forward. The empirical foundation of the project is a uniquely comprehensive register linkage, linked to population wide survey data from the Armed Forces' selection process, and large register-linked longitudinal population-based surveys. These data sources allow for examining changes during the past two decades and to take into account different aspects of mental health, including self-perceived mental health, help-seeking behavior and doctors’ diagnoses. The strength of the project lies in the combination of exceptionally rich longitudinal data, creative research designs, modern data analysis, and important and timely research questions.

Young adults’ mental health and labor market exclusion - causes, consequences, and trends

Midlene fra FORINFRA-Nasj.sats. forskn.infrastrukt fordelt på år

Midlene fra FORINFRA-Nasj.sats. forskn.infrastrukt fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra FORINFRA-Nasj.sats. forskn.infrastrukt fordelt på fagområde

Forskningssjef

The main goal of the project is to initiate and develop the collaboration between IFE and ESS in Lund, Sweden. The project covers funding for 3 positions, one researcher, one engineer and one post for a period of 5 years with funding from The Research Council and directly from the ESS  There is also an annual grant to cover running costs from the Research Council. The collaboration is in particular related to development and testing of new neutron detector concepts, in particular B-10 type detectors, but also materials for shielding and neutron optics are part of the activities. The R2D2 instrument at the JEEP II reactor, which is a flexible setup for testing of components and instruments, has been fully operative since 2014. The use of R2D2 has increased significantly during the project period, and during this reporting period it has been in total 10 experiments from ESS or collaborating institutions. The experiments have mainly been related to testing and optimization of detectors, but we have also performed experiments with shielding materials.  The team at IFE is integrated in the ESS detector group and participates in meeting and workshops. We have participated and presented results in meetings organized by the ESS, but also other international conferences. It is planned to continue projects with R2D2 as a test beamline for ESS, and then as a part of the Norwegian in-kind contribution to ESS.

The Randers-Riste Center (RRC) is a proposed neutron science and knowledge exchange center associated with the JEEP II research reactor and will exploit the decades-long expertise in neutron scattering at IFE. Its vision is to couple Norwegian basic research and education at the universities as well as industrial technological developments in Norway to the opportunities offered by the construction of a 1.5 billion Euro international research facility, the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund.

The Norwegian government has decided to contribute 2.5 % of the ESS construction cost. A significant fraction of the Norwegian contribution will be in-kind. The establishment of RRC will constitute a substantial contribution to Norway's in-kind payment to the ESS.

The importance of the JEEP II reactor has been acknowledged by the ESS management in a Memorandum of Understanding with IFE. This was followed up by a Specific Agreement 6. IFE is one of the preferred sites for training of ESS staff and users and for testing of ideas and components (detectors, neutron optics, etc) which will be implemented at the ESS. 

A critical success factor of the RRC project is timing. It is of utmost importance that the current project with sharing of 3 positions is initiated as soon as possible, so that it goes forward side by side with the final design phase up to 2012 of the ESS.

Specific Agreement on Joint Research between IFE and ESS

All the current approximations to CAD from algebraic geometry rely on mathematical foundations based on the use of complex numbers and projective geometry while, in practice, all the considered questions are presented over the real numbers and in an affin e setting. This obvious remark implies the need of analyzing, from the point of view of real algebraic geometry, the consideration of curves, surfaces and solids as semi-algebraic sets (i.e., sets defined by means of polynomial equalities and inequalities .

When modeling curves and surfaces algebraically, using just one polynomial does not give much flexibility. Instead one should use piecewise polynomials to approximate larger regions of a CAD-model. This keeps the polynomial degree lower and allows for  more flexible approximations. An algebraic spline function is a piecewise polynomial function on a polyhedral subdivision of a region in n-dimensional space. By replacing an (affine real) algebraic variety by a convex polyhedral domain, and regular
functi ons by algebraic spline functions, one would like to develop a new theory: algebraic spline geometry. The purpose of this PhD project is precisely to undertake this task, guided by concrete modeling problems provided by the SAGA industrial or institutiona l partners.

The aim is to establish a better basis for the application of multivariate algebraic splines to problems in geometric modeling.

Algebraic Spline Geometry

Minimally Invasive Therapy (MIT) is an emerging medical field where the surgeon is guided not by direct view of the organ undergoing surgery, but by looking at a computer monitor that shows computer enhanced images of the organ and the surgeon's instrumen ts. The instruments and a small video camera are inserted through small incisions in the patient's body and the computer image is computed from the video stream and images acquired from other data sources.

On a non-technical level the problem may be form ulated as follows. We focus on some part P of three dimensional space, and the challenge is to present a good image of P on a computer monitor. We gather information about P from several sources and in one or more of the forms

* regularly sampled 3D imag es (from MRI, PET or other imaging techniques)
* regularly sampled 2D images (arising from cross-sectional images or different projection mappings such as a video stream)
* superimposed 2D images (X-ray)

The challenge is to combine the data from the diff erent sources into a single image (or sequence of images) that in some sense is better than any of the images from the individual data sources (for instance a tumour in the interior of the organ that is not visible in the video stream may be visualised in  the combined image(s)). This makes it necessary to compute 3D information from a sequence of 2D images and to register corresponding points in the different 3D data sets. To accomplish this the data must be translated, rotated and scaled to a common co-o rdinate system. 

An added complication is that the data will often be sampled at different times (for example it is desirable to combine pre-operative MRI-data with a live (intra-operative) video stream of the operation), and in the mean time the object P may have been deformed (a tumour may for example have been removed) or may have moved.

Mathematical and computational methods for co-registering multi-modal medical images

The project proposal of this application can be split into two different pillars:
The aim of the first pillar is to develop a suitable stochastic calculus for fractional Levy processes and to apply this to introduce long range dependence in the modelling of credit contagion. An important goal in the new regulatory proposal Basle II is the determination of an appropriate capital reserve for credit portfolios and, consequently, the quantification of credit risk of a given portfolio. For credit risk modellin g it is very important to understand the contagion mechanism, i.e. the propagation of economic distress from one firm to another. The aim of this project is to address this problem in a new financial setting and to introduce new appropriate mathematical t ools and structures.
The second pillar deals with the application of white noise theory for Levy processes to strong solutions of S(I)(P)DE driven by Levy processes. In some recent works, white noise techniques have been employed to explicitly represent s trong solutions of stochastic differential equations driven by Levy processes. The methodology to solve S(I)(P)DE's using white noise techniques is absolutely new and innovative. Considering the explicit solution formula several very interesting questions  naturally arise for future research, the most important ones being sufficient conditions for strong solutions of S(I)(P)DE with irregular coefficients and the study of strong solutions of backward S(I)DE's. The study of strong solutions of S(I)(P)DE's wi th irregular coefficients is of great interest also for a number of applications, for example in non-linear filtering. We aim at extending and solving the non-linear filtering setting for processes including jumps, and to apply this filtering setting in o rder to calibrate spot price models on electricity markets, which is of great interest for the active Norwegian electricity market.

Fractional Levy models for credit risk contagion. 
White noise concepts applied to strong solutions of stochastic equations.

Numerical simulations have grown to become a significant component of almost all scientific disciplines, playing the role of physical experiment in many circumstances. Yet for many mathematical models and in particular in the new field of gravitational wa ve astronomy, current algorithms are unsatisfactory, probably because of a lack of understanding of the relationship between continuum models and discrete models. We address in this project the problem of designing good discretizations of geometric wave e quations, including scalar waves, (classical) Yang-Mills equations and Einstein's equations of general relativity. With various degrees of non-linearity and difficulty such equations nevertheless have in common a rich algebraic structure, inherited from d ifferential geometry and including invariance under certain groups of transformations. We will develop tools enabling the numerical analysis of discretizations of such equations, drawing on the experience of finite element discretizations of partial diffe rential equations and structure preserving algorithms for ordinary differential equations. While finite element theory has been mainly developed in the framework of Sobolev spaces we aim to adapt some of the more elaborate methods of analysis developed fo r non-linear equations in the calculus of variations. Mimicking the algebraic structure of the continuum model in the construction of algorithms is a major trend in contemporary numerical analysis which has yet to realize its potential for partial differe ntial equations where the interplay with topological properties becomes crucial. Geometric wave equations provide a field of choice to bridge this gap on physically relevant systems.

Numerical Analysis and Simulation of Geometric Wave Equations

With the advance of modern computers, the world is becoming more and more digital. Some tasks, which involved a huge amount of data and seem to be impossible a few years ago, is now solved and used in many different applications. Especially, huge amount o f data containing digital images needs to be processed and analysed in medical applications, biology research, astronomy, internet communication, satellite images for civil and defence purposes as well as many other applications. 
The conference will focu s on, but not limited to the following topics for image analysis and processing: Noise analysis and removal; Image inpainting; Image segmentation; 3D image analysis including shading, motion, shape and edge detection; Analysis and processing of MR images and brain mapping; Diffusion tensor image analysis; Simulation and image techniques for ECG and other medical techniques; and Image processing and data mining for internet communication and information technology. 

Inverse problems for partial differenti al equations have large areas of applications. One heavily studied application is for oil reservoir simulations. Image analysis and PDE inverse problems seems to be unrelated. However, many techniques used by one of these two areas is useful for the other . For example, many of the regularization techniques and segmentation ideas used for image processing have find interesting applications for oil reservoir inverse problems. We shall use this conference to highlight some of the recent efforts in merging so me of the techniques for these two research areas.

"An international conference on PDE-Based Image Processing and Related Inverse Problems" CMA, Oslo, August 8-12 2005

ESF - Advanced Mathematical Methods for Finance (AMaMeF)

The intention is to create an internationally 
leading research group 
at the intersection of theoretical and applied/computational 
mathematics, which will derive new mathematical and numerical results 
for nonlinear partial differential equations, with a strong emphasis 
on equations motivated by applications in porous 
media flow/enhanced oil recovery/solid-liquid separation processes and finance.  
Excellent conditions for research training (3 PhD and 2 postdocs) 
will be provided by organizing worksh ops, inviting guests, and in 
general by strong interaction with leading international and national 
groups on nonlinear analysis, applied mathematics, and
relevant applications. The goal is contribute significantly to 
the development of research in part ial differential equations in 
Norway and  to collaborate/support a variety of 
applied mathematics oriented research groups in Norway, which are 
in need of strong expertise in theoretical, 
computational, and modeling aspects of 
partial differential eq uations.

0 projects

IS-TOPP-Toppfinans. av M.Curie-stipend

Algebraic Spline Geometry

Awarded: NOK 0.18 mill.

Project Period: 2009-2012

Location: Oslo

EVITA-eVitenskap

Mathematical and computational methods for co-registering multi-modal medical images

Awarded: NOK 6.5 mill.

Project Period: 2006-2010

Location: Oslo

FRINAT-Matematikk og naturvitenskap

Fractional Levy models for credit risk contagion. White noise concepts applied to strong solutions of stochastic equations.

Awarded: NOK 2.3 mill.

Project Period: 2006-2009

Location: Oslo

YFF-Yngre, fremragende forskere

Numerical Analysis and Simulation of Geometric Wave Equations

Awarded: NOK 9.5 mill.

Project Period: 2006-2011

Location: Oslo

BEMATA-Beregningsorientert matematikk i anv.

"An international conference on PDE-Based Image Processing and Related Inverse Problems" CMA, Oslo, August 8-12 2005

Awarded: NOK 69,999

Project Period: 2005-2005

Location: Oslo

KONT-Kontingenter

ESF - Advanced Mathematical Methods for Finance (AMaMeF)

Awarded: NOK 0.42 mill.

Project Period: 2005-2009

Location: Oslo

YFF-Yngre, fremragende forskere

Nonlinear partial differential equations: theory, numerics, and applications

Awarded: NOK 7.0 mill.

Project Period: 2004-2009

Location: Oslo

F-MAT-Naturvitenskap, matematikk

Stochastic partial differential equations and the theory of interest rates

Awarded: NOK 1.7 mill.

Project Period: 2004-2007

Location: Oslo