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Tørkeperioder kan gjøre bakken hardere og frastøte seg vann, dette fører til økt fare for flom og jorderosjon hvis det skulle komme styrtregn. Sammenfallende hendelser hvor en tørkeperiode ender i styrtregn kan derfor forårsake større skader på infrastruktur og avlinger enn enkelthendelser med kun tørke eller styrtregn. Global oppvarming har forårsaket at både tørkeperioder og styrtregn intensiveres og skjer oftere, som også kan føre til at sammenfallende hendelser med tørke etterfulgt av styrtregn også kan intensiveres og skje oftere. 
Selv om det er funnet en økning i tørkeperioder og ekstremnedbør med global oppvarming også i klimamodellene, er det også en stor spredning mellom modellene på hvor mye og i hvilke områder som opplever mer tørke og nedbør. Prosjektet vil undersøke faktiske historiske hendelser hvor tørkeperioder endte i styrtregn i værobservasjoner og værmodelldata for å finne passende indekser som kan brukes til å analysere hvordan de forekommer i klimamodellene. Modeller på finere skala gjør en bedre jobb med å modellere nedbør, prosjektet vil derfor bruke finskala høytoppløselige klimamodeller og globale klimamodeller for å se hvordan tørkeperioder avsluttet med styrtregn forekommer i disse. De modellene som gjør det godt opp mot observasjoner vil bli identifisert.  Videre vil prosjektet studere endringene i hyppighet og intensitet av sammenfallende hendelser med tørke og styrtregn med global oppvarming.
En av grunnene man vet til hvorfor det er stor usikkerhet knyttet til hvordan klimamodellene gjenskaper nedbørsmønstre er hvordan fordamping varierer over skog- og andre arealer. I prosjektet vil vi se på effekten av avskoging og økt skogbruk i globale modeller, og gjøre egne beregninger over mindre areal på finskala for å for å se hvordan fordamping blir påvirket. Resultatene av prosjektet er viktig får å unngå eller minimere skadene slike sammenfallende med tørke etterfulgt av styrtregn kan forårsake.

Global warming intensifies drought and extreme precipitation. Compound events with droughts ending in intensified precipitation - DRIP can cause large damages but are extremely understudied. This project aims to estimate the change in frequency and intensity of DRIP events with global warming due to changes in the water-cycle. We will identify actual historical compound DRIP events and find indices that are suitable to identify these events in model data. As global climate models show a large spread in precipitation for both historical and the different future climate projections, there is expected to be a spread in model projections of DRIP events as well. We will constrain this spread by identifying global climate models that do a good statistical representation of historical DRIP events and by analyzing large ensembles to evaluate the natural variability. As higher resolution modelling shows a better representation of the water cycle, the project will analyze regional downscaled global models in identified regions of interest.  We will also perform in-house regional simulations of identified global models down to convection permitting scale to study the change in DRIP events with model resolution. The project will also target a highlighted uncertainty connected to the water-cycle by exploring how evapotranspiration and the occurrence of DRIP events found in climate models respond to land use change. For this analysis we will extend the regional downscaling to include sensitivity studies which contain deforestation and forestation. Results gained from DRIP will make a large contribution to the knowledge needed on future mitigation measures due to the increase in compound events.

DRIP - DRought ending in Intensified Precipitation

The high seas are those marine areas under no State's jurisdiction. So far, all marine renewable energy (RE) activity is being conducted under State's jurisdiction. However, recent advances in technology are raising the prospect of carrying out RE activity on the high seas. Currently, only seabed mining activities in the Area have been regulated. The Area is the seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits of State's jurisdiction. From the legal viewpoint, the main gap is a lack of an international regulatory framework, informed by participatory mechanisms and supported by scientific evidence, for RE activities on the high seas, especially regarding their environmental and social impacts. 
The primary project objective (O) is to provide the scientific community and policymakers with science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations in support of the development of  RE regulation on the high seas. 
Two specific Os are set to complement the primary O, namely:
O1 To advance the use of systematic consultation processes that facilitates research at the crossroads of marine sciences and law. 
O2 To advance critical knowledge and understanding of environmental pressing issues comparable to the regulation of RE on the high seas, such as deep-sea mining in the Area.
A multistep innovative methodology will be adopted, by integrating marine scientific knowledge, consultative processes, and advanced critical research in the subject matter. A case study (interdisciplinary and participatory) involving marine scientists, indigenous and coastal communities and policy makers will be conducted onboard the Research Vessel KronPrins Haakon at the beginning of the project. The case study outcomes will be analysed through critical legal analysis to build a knowledge base for policy recommendations. 
The project will advance the PI’s career in an international research environment, allowing her to generate independent, high-quality, and reproducible results.




Renewable energy on the high seas – science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations for regulatory and governance challenges

Prosjektet går ut på å invitere forskere fra norske eller utenlandske universiteter til å presentere sin forskning om økonomi og klima ved Handelshøyskolen ved Universitetet i Stavanger (HHUiS).

Dette skjer i form av et seminar som vanligvis finner sted en gang i uken. En kjent forsker fra et annet universitet kommer til Stavanger og holder et 60-minutters seminar og har en rekke møter med forskere i Stavanger. Vi prøver å ha minst 6-8 møter per gjest. I tillegg spiser gjesten lunsj og middag med UiS-ansatte.

Disse seminarene er en del av en eksisterende seminarserie som også tar for seg andre klimaspørsmål. En stor del av seminarene er imidlertid fokusert på klimaendringer og økonomi, og det er kun til disse seminarene vi søker midler.

En aktiv seminarrekke er hjertet i et forskningsuniversitet, og svært viktig for at forskerne ved universitetet skal kunne utvikle seg og være en aktiv del av det globale forskningsmiljøet. Dessverre må vi av budsjettmessige årsaker kutte ned på denne aktiviteten i år og fremover, og derfor sender vi denne søknaden for å be om midler til denne aktiviteten.

UiS har et meget energisk forskerteam innen økonomi og klima. For eksempel ble Dora Simons forskning nylig nevnt i The Economist, Anders Åkermans forskning ble denne uken nevnt av Det hvite hus i den amerikanske presidentens årlige økonomiske rapport, og Torfinn Harding skriver jevnlig artikler i Dagens Næringsliv og opptrer på norsk TV. For at denne gruppen skal overleve, er det svært viktig å kunne arrangere seminarer om klimaendringer på høyeste internasjonale nivå.

Seminarer med internasjonale forskere om økonomi og klima ved Universitetet i Stavanger

Improving tropical forest conservation in Africa

The importance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for better balancing tropical forest conservation and poverty alleviation goals is increasingly recognised. Yet, in Africa, poor understanding of the impact of harvesting on species’ populations and forest carbon stocks, together with little information on the traditional institutions which have informally regulated NTFPs extraction in the past -and could continue to do so in the future-, hamper the use of NTFPs in both forest conservation and development initiatives. 
AFRI-FOR will gather the knowledge needed to determine (1) the key enablers of sustainable harvesting for groups of plant or wild meat species, (2) which types of NTFP harvesting can have synergies with carbon storage, and (3) how traditional institutions can be integrated into formal conservation. To achieve these objectives, AFRI-FOR provide new methods, including (i) a new interdisciplinary approach for investigating NTFPs harvesting impacts, combining traditional ecological knowledge (TEK, from local communities), surveys of plants and wildlife, market surveys and modelling techniques; and (ii) a novel standardised protocol for gathering information about traditional institutions and compliance towards them. AFRI-FOR will gather data and knowledge from 20 socio-ecological forest contexts in five countries (Sierra Leone, Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda and Kenya), which will allow insights to transcend single sites and provide a much-needed general understanding. This high-risk and high-gain project will provide a step-change in our ability to inform forest conservation in Africa, by identifying synergies between biodiversity conservation, carbon storage and poverty alleviation goals.


Currently, 28.2% of the total EU-28 greenhouse gas emissions come from the power sector, a large contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, the emphasis of the research in power generation has swung towards assessing highly efficient and greener power cycles. In this reference, the novel supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle (sCO2-BC) is an ideal choice that outstrips other formally well-known power cycles (Brayton & Rankine cycles). In sCO2-BC, the role of the pre-cooler is critical. It serves as a sink to the power cycle and regulates the conditions at the compressor's inlet. The compressor's inlet temperature is intended to be maintained close to the critical temperature of carbon dioxide (CO2) to achieve greater cycle efficiencies. However, exceptionally higher values of the specific heat capacity of CO2 near its critical point (up to 40 times higher than water) require exceedingly high water flow rates on the cold side to achieve the desired exit temperatures of CO2. Consequently, the pre-cooler's pumping power requirements become high enough to deteriorate the cycle's performance. This problem can only be mitigated by exploring new channel geometries with enhanced thermohydraulic characteristics. Therefore, the proposed study plan to characterize the complex thermohydraulic characteristics in the pseudocritical region of CO2 using a multifaceted technique that includes, experimental, numerical, and machine learning techniques. The proposed work will provide a step forward to the success of sCO2-BC technologies that, in turn, will facilitate its integration with the green energy resources (generation-IV nuclear reactors and solar concentrated plants), helping to meet the EU's 2030 climate and energy framework goals of achieving at least 32% share for renewable energy.

Evaluation of thermohydraulic characteristic of printed circuit heat exchangers in pseudocritical region for supercritical CO2 cycle

Potetskrell, et biprodukt fra industriproduksjon av potet (pommes frites, flak, chips mm.) er en råstoff ressurs som kan bli bedre utnyttet til nye formål. Skrellet er nemlig en rik kilde på antioksidanter, stoffer som planter naturlig har i seg for å beskytte mot skadelige UV-stråler og reaktive forbindelser som oksygen radikaler. Antioksidanter behøver vi også å tilsette i matvarer for å beskytte og ta vare på umettet fett så det ikke blir harskt og vondt i kontakt med luft. I dag brukes flere ulike syntetiske stoffer i matvarer for å hindre oksidasjon av fett og oljer. Men det er reist bekymring rundt sikkerheten for bruken av dem. Matvareindustrien, myndigheter og forbruker ønsker derfor å fjerne flere syntetiske antioksidanter og erstatte dem med naturlig alternativer. Det er imidlertid svært få slike produkter som er godkjent og tilgjengelig på markedet. Prosjektet Peel Preserve, som har et klart bærekraft mål, skal vise om et uttrekk av antioksidanter laget på industrielt potetskrell råstoff kan fungere som konserveringsmiddel og erstatte noen av de stoffene som brukes i dag. Tre næringsmiddelbedrifter skal teste potetskrell-ekstraktet i noen av sine produkter og utføre både interne og eksterne analyser på effekten. Men en viktig forutsetning for at potetantioksidant kan tas i bruk som nytt tilsetningsstoff i mat er at det blir godkjent av den Europeiske matsikkerhets myndigheten (EFSA) og gitt et E-nummer. Prosjektet skal igangsette denne lengre flertrinns godkjennings prosessen. Parallelt skal det utvikles en forretningsmodell og nødvendig beskyttelse rundt teknologien. Dersom industrien etter testingen av potetantioksidanten, vurderer denne som er god erstatning til konkurransedyktig pris, og en EFSA-godkjenning kan oppnås på sikt, åpner det for å kommersialisere et naturlig plante-basert produkt til beste for forbruker og for miljøet. Bak prosjektet Peel Preserve står Høgskolen i Innlandet i samarbeid med Nofima og Klosser Innovasjon.

Preserving foods with potato peels: Industry-relevant validation and first regulatory assessment of a new natural antioxidant

RETRACE-prosjektet, som strekker seg over tre år, tar for seg den økende trusselen fra naturkatastrofer, som har rammet over 2,3 milliarder mennesker siden 2000-tallet. RETRACE fokuserer på lokalsamfunn i Arktis og Stillehavsområdet, som marquisene i Fransk Polynesia, samene og kvenene i Norge og ahtnaene i Alaska, og har som mål å styrke motstandskraften mot klimarisiko. Disse lokalsamfunnene, som er dypt sammenvevd med omgivelsene sine, gir uvurderlig innsikt i hvordan man overlever og trives i en krevende miljøsituasjon.

RETRACE tar utgangspunkt i hypotesen om at urfolks- og lokalkunnskapssystemer, særlig fra lokalsamfunn i polar- og stillehavsområdene, er uunnværlige for å utvikle effektive strategier for motstandskraft. Prosjektets metode innebærer å samle inn et rikt datasett som omfatter vitnesbyrd, kulturelle praksiser og levde erfaringer, i tillegg til kvantitative analyser. Målet er å skape et omfattende rammeverk som tar hensyn til lokale kontekster og fremmer tilpasningsdyktige og inkluderende resilienspraksiser.

Et internasjonalt forskerteam fra Frankrike, Norge og USA samler en rekke ulike ferdigheter for å bygge bro mellom vitenskapelig forskning og virkeligheten i lokalsamfunnene. Målet er å utvikle et romlig beslutningsstøttesystem som både bidrar til å visualisere resiliensdata og fungerer som et verktøy for samfunnsbasert beslutningstaking, noe som forbedrer evnen til å håndtere risiko og utnytte tradisjonell kunnskap på en effektiv måte.

Ved å kombinere lokal innsikt med vitenskapelig innovasjon skal RETRACE bane vei for resiliensstrategier som både er bærekraftige og tar hensyn til de unike behovene til sårbare lokalsamfunn. Dette prosjektet setter ikke bare søkelyset på urfolks- og lokalkunnskapens avgjørende rolle når det gjelder å håndtere klimaendringene, men har også som mål å sette lokalsamfunn over hele verden i stand til å håndtere de utfordringene som et klima i endring fører med seg.

The three-year RETRACE project responds to the increasing impact of natural disasters on over 2.3 billion people since the beginning of the millennium. It has a particular focus on Arctic and Pacific communities vulnerable to climate risks, specifically, the Marquesan community in French Polynesia, the Sámi and Kven communities in Norway, and the Ahtna people in Alaska. The project aims to address the resilience(s) of communities, in order to develop more inclusive and equitable approaches to developing and implementing resilience strategies.

Five hypotheses guide the research, based on the assumption that indigenous communities such as the ones living in Polar zones and Pacific islands, developed resilience knowledge and strategies to cope with climate-related events. The project aims to co-develop a spatial decision-support system for producing and visualizing qualitative and quantitative data on the different forms of local, community, intrinsic and traditional resiliences in those communities.

Utilizing a narrative approach, the consortium collects testimonials, cultures, memories, experiences, sensitivities and expertise from both Arctic and Pacific communities on forms of resilience and their visions of climate risks, alongside quantitative open-source data from traditional assessments. This data will be cross-referenced to build an interdisciplinary framework for a nuanced understanding of local needs, suitable to assess resilience in local contexts. 

Comprising researchers from France, Norway and the USA with diverse expertise, the consortium aims to contribute in developing risk management and resilience strategies by integrating local and indigenous knowledge into an adaptable and sustainable spatial decision-making tool. The tool aims to bridge the gap between international scientific research and local community realities, potentially informing strategies in other vulnerable territories in the future.

ResilienceS to climate risks: lessons from Arctic and Pacific communities

Sjøisen i Arktis har minket drastisk de siste tiårene, og Polhavet forventes å være isfritt om sommeren mot slutten av århundret. Denne nedgangen har utsatt store havområder for vind, noe som har resultert i at det oftere dannes store bølger i Polhavet. Disse bølgene kan forplante seg over flere titalls til hundrevis av kilometer i sjøisen, knekke den og akselerere smeltingen. Disse fysiske prosessene – bølger som knekker sjøis og effekten dette har på sjøissmelting og vekst – mangler i modellene vi bruker for å forutsi klimautviklingen. Dette bidrar til store usikkerheter i klimamodeller. Effekten av bølger på sjøisen er heller ikke tatt med i prognoser for havets og sjøisens forhold, som brukes av skip som opererer i islagte farvann. I ForWArd ønsker vi å vurdere bølgenes innvirkning på sjøisens utvikling i det stadig røffere Polhavet. I dette arbeidet brukes en svært avansert modell som inkluderer sjøis, hav, bølger og deres interaksjoner. Vi skal først vurdere hvor godt den representerer forholdene i Polhavet sammenlignet med de få tilgjengelige observasjonene. Vi vil så bruke modellen til å undersøke hvordan bølgehøyden og arealet av ødelagt sjøis har utviklet seg de siste tre tiårene. Deretter vil vi kombinere modellen vår med forholdene i det fremtidige Polhavet gitt av klimafremskrivninger, for å undersøke hvordan betydningen av interaksjoner mellom bølger og is vil utvikle seg ettersom sjøis avtar i det 21. århundre. Vår modells estimering av "bølgepåvirkningen" vil tillate polarvitenskapsmiljøet å vurdere hvor usikre deres klimaspådommer uten bølger er. Til syvende og sist vil våre modellresultater og utviklinger legge grunnlaget for å legge til bølgeeffekter i hav- og sjøisvarsler i Arktis. Dette vil gjøre varslene mer nøyaktige og bidra til sikkerheten for menneskelig aktivitet i denne regionen.

Arctic sea ice decline under climate change has allowed waves to form and grow more easily in the Arctic Ocean. These waves propagate into the sea ice over tens to hundreds of kilometres, fragmenting it into small floes. This area of broken ice, known as the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ), is a highly complex region where many interactions occur between the ocean, sea ice, and atmosphere. The action of waves strongly affects these interactions, with rapid feedbacks on the sea ice. However, climate models do not account for these wave-ice interaction processes, which likely contributes to the strong biases in their estimation of modelled sea ice extent and volume and their inability to capture short-term sea ice extent variability. Given the lack of observations available, numerical models remain the best way to estimate how wave-ice interaction processes can impact Arctic sea ice, but most wave-ice coupled models are still prototypes. In ForWArd, we will use one of the most advanced of these models to assess this impact in the context of climate change. To this aim, we will use the latest observations to calibrate the modelled wave-affected area and produce a 30-year-long hindcast of the MIZ extent evolution to analyse how it responded to larger wave height, delayed refreezing, and thinner ice. Then, we will assess the relative importance of the wave-ice interactions suspected to affect sea ice in the MIZ using well-documented events. Finally, we will estimate how waves will contribute to sea ice extent and volume variability in the coming decades, as large areas of open water will remain open until late in the autumn. The flexibility of our setup will allow us to test the sensitivity of our results to model resolution and assumptions, giving invaluable insights into the biases induced by misrepresenting wave-ice interactions. ForWArd will also pave the way for the integration of wave effects in sea ice forecasts, a requirement for safer operations in ice-infested waters.

Forecasting Wave impact as Arctic sea ice declines

AGREE tar for seg klimaendringers innvirkning på kulturarv gjennom tverrfaglige metoder og samarbeid mellom ulike samfunnsaktører. Prosjektet tar særlig for seg urbane områder som påvirkes av flom. Målet er å forstå det komplekse forholdet mellom forvaltning av kulturarv, klimatilpasning og samfunnets sårbarhet, og å se på tiltak for å minimere risiko for tap og ødeleggelse som følge av klimaendringer. Sentrale delmål inkluderer integrering av strategier for bevaring av kulturarv med strategier for klimatilpasning, spesielt gjennom konseptet Historisk Urban Landskap (HUL). 

AGREE vil utvikle en beslutningsmodell forankret i HUL-konseptet som sammenligner dagens forvaltningspraksis med historiske data for å belyse sårbarhet og klimatilpasning i en urban kontekst. AGREE vil fremme transformative strategier for klimatilpasning ved å evaluere beslutningstakernes forståelse av disse samspillene. 

Prosjektet ledes av University of Leeds (Storbritannia), og har Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning (NIKU), Politecnico di Torino (Italia) med som partnere. ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), British Council (Storbritannia), UK’s Department for Culture, Media and Sport (Storbritannia), Hull City Council (Storbritannia) og Innlandet fylke (Norge) deltar som samarbeidspartnere. Gjennom dette samarbeidet skal prosjektet bidra til å forme politikk og klimastrategier, både lokalt og globalt.  AGREE vil også engasjere publikum for å øke bevisstheten om klimatilpasning og mobilisere til felles handling.  Gjennom bred involvering skal AGREE bidra til å sikre at kulturarven forblir beskyttet og motstandsdyktig i møte med klimaendringer.

Alt i alt vil AGREE utforske klimaendringers påvirkning på kulturarv med en praksisorientert tilnærming, og med fokus på samarbeid, databasert beslutningstaking og samfunnsengasjement for å sikre vår felles kulturarv for fremtidige generasjoner.

AGREE champions transformative sustainability in response, emphasizing interdisciplinary methodologies and societal shifts. It explores the intricate link between cultural heritage governance, climate adaptation, and community resilience, rooted in responses to flooding in urban contexts. AGREE promotes the Historic Urban Landscape concept for integrative decision-making in climate adaptation, considering community resilience amidst environmental changes. An interactive Geographic Information System platform will illuminate this interplay over time. An innovative AGREE's contribution is a decision-making model grounded in the HUL paradigm. This model juxtaposes current national and local policies enabling cultural heritage integration in climate adaptation with historical data sources revealing urban resilience lessons and changes in the built environment over time. AGREE employs transformative governance concepts to evaluate decision-makers comprehension of these synergies and their perspectives. It advances transformative climate adaptation by uncovering potentials and barriers within heritage governance in case studies from the UK, Norway, and Italy. Beyond research, AGREE will shape policies with multi-scalar and cross-sectorial governance, interpreting climate intricacies through cultural heritage. It will strengthen global, national, and local heritage-focused climate strategies through partnerships with the British Council, ICCROM, and the UK's Department for Culture, Media, and Sport and local stakeholders, such as Hull City Council (UK) and Innlandet Region (Norway). AGREE also engages the public, raising climate adaptation awareness and mobilizing collective action, benefiting governmental climate efforts.

Advancing Cultural Heritage Governance for Resilient Climate Adaptation

SASCHA har som mål å utvikle praktiske verktøy og metoder for å vurdere og håndtere kulturminner når klimaendringer utgjør en risikofaktor. Prosjektet ledes av University College London (UCL), og har Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning (NIKU), Arizona State University (USA), NHAZCA (Italia) og North Carolina State University (USA) med som partnere. ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), English Heritage Trust (Storbritannia) og Ventotene kommune (Italia) deltar i prosjektet som samarbeidspartnere. 

 Hovedmål for prosjektet:  
- Utvikling av indikatorer og målemetoder for måling av klimaendringers virkning på kulturarv. 
- Etablere metoder for å involvere relevante aktører i identifiseringen og målingen av disse virkningene. Metodene skal kunne tilpasses lokale forhold og kulturell kontekst. 
- Utvikle verktøy for å hjelpe beslutningstakere til å vurdere og anvende målinger på ulike nivåer. 
- Utforske utfordringer og muligheter knyttet til bruk av nye metoder for vurdering klimarelaterte risikofaktorer for kulturminner. 

Ved å oppnå disse målene skal SASCHA ruste lokalsamfunn og kulturminneforvaltningen til å bedre forstå og håndtere klimarisiko. I tillegg, gjennom samarbeid med organisasjoner som UNESCO og ICCROM, skal SASCHA bidra til globale diskusjoner om hvordan klimaproblematikken kan integreres i kulturminneforvaltningens praksis. Alt i alt vil SASCHA legge til rette for politikkutvikling og styrke kulturminneforvaltningen ved å tilby verktøy og metoder for å effektivt vurdere, tolke og formidle klimarisiko for kulturarvsteder over hele verden.

SASCHA proposes operationalisation for transferable risk assessment and a value-based decision support tool. Supported by this approach, the overarching aim of SASCHA is therefore to develop innovative methods for understanding risks of climate change for heritage that allow for multiscale analysis and scalable approaches, bridging the gaps between local knowledge and global data, and from local vulnerability to global risks. To this end, SASCHA will: a) develop a set of operationalised indicators/metrics for relevant determinants of climate change; b) develop a locally adaptable protocol for stakeholders' engagement in the identification of relevant determinants of climate impacts that acknowledge and celebrate diversity in cultural contexts; c) develop a climate adaptation decision support tool to evaluate relevance of assessment approaches for different spatial scales; d) explore the challenges and opportunities of an operationalisation approach to climate change--heritage risk. Addressing a complex, wide and research-intensive subject, SASCHA unfolds several organisational, scientific, technical, technological and cultural heritage-oriented elements. SASCHA includes four research partners, together bringing significant experience in climate change and heritage and requisite expertise in physical sciences (UCL), social sciences and humanities (NIKU, NCSU/ASU) and technology (NHAZCA). The consortium can significantly contribute to safeguarding and protecting their region's coastal heritage but also to the global discussion of the integration of climate impacts assessment on cultural heritage through the close collaboration with UNESCO's Advisory body, ICCROM and case study stakeholders. SASCHA will develop methods for assessing, interpreting, and communicating climate change risks for heritage, while also supporting effective policy development and heritage management.

Multiscale approaches and scalability within climate change-heritage risk assessments

Midlene fra NORKLIMA-Klimaendringer og konsekvenser for Norge fordelt på år

Midlene fra NORKLIMA-Klimaendringer og konsekvenser for Norge fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra NORKLIMA-Klimaendringer og konsekvenser for Norge fordelt på fagområde

Professor

Economic Impact of Climate Change on Norway's Fisheries

With the advance of modern computers, the world is becoming more and more digital. Some tasks, which involved a huge amount of data and seem to be impossible a few years ago, is now solved and used in many different applications. Especially, huge amount o f data containing digital images needs to be processed and analysed in medical applications, biology research, astronomy, internet communication, satellite images for civil and defence purposes as well as many other applications. 
The conference will focu s on, but not limited to the following topics for image analysis and processing: Noise analysis and removal; Image inpainting; Image segmentation; 3D image analysis including shading, motion, shape and edge detection; Analysis and processing of MR images and brain mapping; Diffusion tensor image analysis; Simulation and image techniques for ECG and other medical techniques; and Image processing and data mining for internet communication and information technology. 

Inverse problems for partial differenti al equations have large areas of applications. One heavily studied application is for oil reservoir simulations. Image analysis and PDE inverse problems seems to be unrelated. However, many techniques used by one of these two areas is useful for the other . For example, many of the regularization techniques and segmentation ideas used for image processing have find interesting applications for oil reservoir inverse problems. We shall use this conference to highlight some of the recent efforts in merging so me of the techniques for these two research areas.

"An international conference on PDE-Based Image Processing and Related Inverse Problems" CMA, Oslo, August 8-12 2005

Multiphase flow simulations is a field of practical interest both to the petroleum industry (transport of oil and gas) and the nuclear industry (cooling of reactors). The main goal of this project is to develop improved numerical methods for the mathemati cal models describing such flows. 

To ensure a continuous high production of oil in Norway, it becomes increasingly important to develop new reliable and cost-efficient techniques to maintain profitability of existing fields. A current strategy, being th e focus of research activities by (among others) ABB and Norsk Hydro, is automatic control systems for flow apparatus (chokes, valves etc) to counter or reduce flow-related instabilities causing strain on the process facilities.

Automatic control apparat us is dependent on real-time information and this implies strict requirements on the efficiency of computer models used to simulate the development of instabilities in transient multiphase flows. Current industry standard computer codes were developed for  design purposes where efficiency is a less important issue. New applications of such codes present new challenges, challenges that current industrial simulators can not handle in a satisfactory manner.

The objective of the project is to develop a new cl ass of accurate, robust and efficient computational methods for solving the mathematical models describing multiphase flows in reservoirs and pipelines. The project builds upon previous research efforts by RF Rogaland Research where new computational tech niques were developed and applied with success to simplified multiphase flow problems. These techniques, denoted as "MF methods" will be refined with the aim of them demonstrably being able to simulate pipeline operations more accurately and reliably than  current industrial methods.

Pressure-Based Hybrid Flux Splitting Schemes for Compressible Flows

The project is the arrangement of the Third National Conference on Computational Mechanics in Trondheim in May 2005. The project comprises practical, technical and scientific preparations for the two-day conference, including the editing of the conference  proceedings.

Third National Conference on Computational Mechanics - MekIT'05

Ved norske universiteter gis det i dag en rekke kurs i teori og beregningsmetoder for partielle differensialligninger. De årlige vinterskolene i beregningsorientert matematikk har siden starten i 2001 etablert seg som et supplerende forum for formidling a v moderne beregningsmetoder og som en viktig og populær nasjonal møteplass for studenter og forskere innen dette fagfeltet. Prosjektet vil videreføre dette arrangementet i perioden 2005-2006. Vinterskolene varer en uke fra søndag til fredag kveld og består av omtrent 15 doble forelesningstimer om et utvalgt tema som varierer fra år til år. Forelesningene skal både gi en grunnleggende introduksjon til temaet samt formidle nye forskningsresultat er. I valg av tema vektlegges internasjonale trender og spesielle behov. Forelesningene gis av to til tre internasjonale eksperter. Mellom forelesningene er det satt av tid til uformelle vitenskapelige diskusjoner og kontaktskapende aktivitet. Erfaring viser at det gir en perfekt arena for å skape kontakter på tvers av institusjoner og forelesningsgrupper. Valg av tema og foredragsholdere blir foretatt av en nasjonal arbeidsgruppe.

Vinterskoler i beregningsorientert matematikk 2004 - 2006

Different scale-space methods for independent and dependent data have been developed recently. Such methods are very useful for analysing climate data and medical image data. Peaks in one-dimensional data can be found by the newly developed scale-space me thod entitled posterior smoothing. A two-dimensional version will be developed in the project, which means that we will be able to analyse full images as well as two-dimensional climate data. Project 138460/431 has developed methods to analyse dependent data by use of the frequency domain.  Wavelet decomposition is an alternative strategy for a scale-space analysis of dependent data and will be carefully studied in this project. For real data there is typically only one realisation of the data available. Hence we cannot run the analysis several times to see how stable the results are. The essential question is how to resample the data to maintain the datas original features. The project aims to develop tools like variability plots to quantify and visualize the stability of the results.

New scale-space techniques with applications to climate reserach and imaging

The key idea of this proposal is to combine the modern theory of nonlinear partial differential equations with constructive numerical techniques to study rigorously important wave phenomena, many in the context of water waves. For several important nonlin ear partial differential equations of this type a numerical theory is lacking or incomplete. 
The project is built around two pillars: 1. Nonlinear convection-diffusion equations with discontinuous coeffi- cients. 2. Nonlinear wave-current interactions. T his pillar includes a variety of problems describing carefully selected water wave phenomena and extensions thereof.


Analysis and numerics for Nonlinear Waves (NonWave)

In the last decades great advances have been made in mapping the neural circuitry of the brain. This has been facilitated by novel experimental techniques for studies both at the single-cell and systems levels. It still remains, though, to combine all the  pieces in the puzzle to a coherent picture of brain function. While single nerve cells are fairly well understood, the signal-processing properties of the nerve-cell networks in cortex are still obscure. The growth of experimental data has led to a reviv al of so-called rate models for cell networks in nervous tissue (neural networks). In these field models, the probability for firing action potentials, the key information carriers in the brain, is the main dynamical variable. These models assume the form of coupled integral and integro-differential equations, and they describe non-line ar, non-local interactions between different neuron populations. The present project focuses on the study of mathematical and numerical aspects of rate models including inhibitory as well as excitatory neural populations. Both qualitative analytical methods and simulations based on advanced numerical methods are employ ed. The results are compared with on-going experiments carried out by a collaborating research group at Harvard-MGH in Boston.

Mathematical modelling of stability and dynamics of localized activity in biological cell networks

The goal for the proposed project is to investigate mathematical and computational aspects of each step in the chain of DTI processing - from data acquisition to final reconstruction of gross fiber geometry in individual brains. We think this is a good project for a PhD candidate because it involves a succession of well-defined problem types (noise filtering; non-rigid spatial alignment of diffusion weighted image components; robust numerical estimation of a 3x3 diffusion tensor at each voxel; construction of a (smooth) 3-D vector field of principal diffusion directions; tissue segmentation from scalar maps of local diffusion anisotropy together with 3-D anatomical image data to constrain fiber tracking; geometric reconstruction and visualization of fiber bundles expressing brain connectivity). All these are essential parts of the overall goal, and must be solved satisfactory to provide a robust and practically useful tool in clinical medicine and in biomedical and neurocognitive research.

Parameter estimation and geometric fiber reconstruction from MR diffusion tensor images of the brain

We address important, historical tsunami (large destructive wave) events. 1. The Mjølnir asteroid impact in the Barents Sea (142 mill. years BP). The environmental consequences of marine impacts from asteroids are not sufficiently appreciated and understood. The Mjølnir crater is one of the few known marine impact craters and i ts geology has been studied in a concurrent project. Tsunamis from the impact will be computed and comparisons made to geological findings. 2. The Storegga Slide (8000 BP) located on the continental margin oss Mid-Norway is one of the largest known submarine slides in the world. Observations of deposits on land indicate a tsunami of 3-12 m run-up from the same time frame. Tsunami generation a nd propagation will be analyzed both for the Storegga slide and the Trænadjupet slide (4000 BP), located north of the Storegga slide. In addition to the case studies the project aims at general progress in modeling of tsunamis and related phenomena. We will develop generic tools for tsunami propagation and generation, including dispersive and nonlinear effects and dynamic models for sli des and mass gravity flows. The numeric modules will be embedded in a domain decomposition framework suitable nesting and parallel computing.

Tsunamis generated by asteroid impacts, rockslides and landslides

The group has over several years worked on solution methods for Compositional Models in porous media. A 3D experimental simulator is implemented and is running om parallell computers as well as work stations. The approximation of convection and overall it eration solution has to be improved. We will develop, implement and analyse characteristic type of methods for this purpose.

An accurate approximation for compositional flow models

Our aim is to develop numerical methods and software that enable increased understanding of elctrophysiology of the heart. The project will be a part of a larger project named Cardiac Computations (CC) at the Scientific Computing Department at Simula Rese arch Laboratory. The CC-project is concerned with computing the electrical activity of the human heart and how this process generates ECG signals on the surface of the body. The PhD-project wil focus on mathematical and numerical analysis of the model. Simplified versions will be studied first, and then subsequently more realistic models. The goal is to gain a better mathematical understanding of the problem and to construct better numerical algorithms based on this insight. The postdoctoral-project will focus on model development and application of the simulator. One application will be to investigate the possibility of determining the size and location of an infarction based only on surface potential. Another topic will be to look at the trade off between model accuracy and speed. It is likely that in many applications a simplified model will be sufficient, whereas for other applications the current model must be extended further.

Mathematical models and numerical methods for simulating the electrical activity of the heart

A trend in statistical analysis has been to consider more complex models. Such highly structured stochastic systems require numerical algorithms for making inference, which is a field of extensive research. Model evaluation in this context has however not  been seriously addressed. One reason is the formidable computational challenges involved. This project aims to develop tools for model evaluation in complex models, with special emphasis on Bayesian hierarchical models. Evaluation of the appropriateness of a model must involve what the aims of the constructed models are. In some substance sciences, the models themselves are the main interest, and are selected and validated to obtain improved scientific understanding. In other situations the models are primarily tools for estimating quantities of interest, and it is the model's ability to f.ex. predict that has to be evaluated. In this project we shall be concerned with both global and focussed measures, and although our goal is to invent general tools, we will concentrate on some selected applications in telemobile communications and fisheries research. In the comparison of models, computational efficiency is crucial. Development of faster Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms will be addressed with special emphasis on adaptive MCMC.

Evaluation of Bayesian hierarchical models

Mesh-based geometric modelling refers to the modelling of surfaces of 3D geometric objects using polygonal meshes, typically triangular meshes. We are currently seeing a growing trend to model geometry using triangular meshes, and this is especially so in  computer animation and medical imaging, where objects often have complex topologies and the potential advantage of the topological flexibility of triangular meshes is most apparent.
What this kind of geometric modelling frequently suffers from, however, is a lack of really robust and reliable methods and algorithms, due, we believe, to an insufficient supporting mathematical foundation. In contrast to spline-based geometric modelling, which is based on the well-developed mathematical theory behind mesh-b ased modelling is still in its infancy.
The research will focus on a fruitful interplay between the steady development of relevant methematical theory and the parallel development of fast robust numerical methods.

Mathematical methods in mesh-based modelling

The project will build on already existing state-of-the-art 3D CFD models for river flow and sediment transport. The models solve the Navier-Stokes equations with the k-epsilon turbulence model to compute the water flow. The convection-diffusion equation for sediment concentration is also solved, enabling estimations of bed changes in the geometry. An unstructured dynamic grid is used, with wetting/drying algorithms. This enables the river bed to move vertically and the river banks to move laterally.
In t he project, data for meandering rivers will be used to test the model. A large number of flume studies have been made, with different water discharge, slope, sediment characteristics etc. The CFD model will be tested for these cases and assessments of its  usability to compute meander wavelength, simousity, width/depth characteristics and meander movement velocity. Where the results are not satifactory, the algorithms will be improved and new algorithms will be made.

Modelling of meandering river evolution using CFD

Reduced basis methods are particularly attractive to use in order to reduce the number of degrees-of-freedom associated with a given numerical approximation to a set of partial differential equations; the computational complexity can be reduced to a level  where potentially very complex systems can be simulated. The main idea is to construct basis functions with a large information content in order to reduce the number of basis coefficients needed to reach a certain level of accuracy in the outputs of inte rest. In this project, we propose to develop and analyze reduced basis methods for simulating hierarchical flow systems, which are of relevance for studying flow in a set of arteries or veins, flow in a respiratory system, or flow in a network of pipes. We prop ose to decompose the geometry into generic parts (e.g. pipes and bifurcations), and to contruct a reduced basis for these generic parts by considering representative geometrics snapshots. The global system will be constructed by glueing the individual basis solutions together via Lagrange multipliers. As far as we know, the use of reduced basis methods have previously been limited to finite-dimensional parameter spaces; defining the geomet ry as a generic "parameter" appears to be new.

Reduced basis modeling of hierarchical flow systems

The project aims at developing a new method for modelling behaviour in an individual-based model. The method evolves affective responses to sensory information, and the organisms are capable of receiving several different kinds of impressions simultaneous ly (e.g. temperature, density of conspecifics, light entensity, prey concentration, as well as signals of state of own organism). Since the method is based on evolved sensory responses, and not on evaluation of fitness choices of decisions (as in classica l evolutionary tools), the method can be used in more complex environments than previous tools. It can also (when the gene pool is adapted), perform decisions in a flat fitness landscape, as long as sensory information can be translated to feelings.

Hedonic models of fish behaviour

The use of models with latent variables is important in the management of marine resources. Catch-at-age models used in fisheries stock assessments may contain several hundered unknown parameters, but the are typically only a few parameter of real interes t (e.g. current stock size). We will develop method for estimating interest parameters by maximum likelihood, with the remaining unknown parameters integrated out of the likelihood function. Numerical integration in high dimensions is challenging, particularly in combination with optimization, and new efficient optimization algorithms are required. Estimation is only one part of statistical inference. We will also develop practical diagnostic  tools for latent variable models, and we will develop simulation-based methods for estimating bias-corrected confidence distributions. Finally, we will communicate the results from the project to people working in assessment of marine resources. This is a network project with nodes at the Institute of Marine Research, The University of Bergen, and the Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo.

Latent variable models handled with optimization aided by automatic differentiation; application to marine resource assessments

The project will use DNS to study turbulence in oceanic surface and bottom layers. Such a study will contribute to a deeper understanding of the processes in these layers such as turbulent diffusion and gas exchange.
The DNS results will also be used for validating an anistropic LES sub-grid scale turbulence model. LES codes are used for processes on larger scale than what is possible with DNS.
The project is a collaboration between Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan.
The project aims for educating two experts (the doctoral students) in turbulence and turbulent modeling.

Turbulence and turbulent heat/mass transfer in oceanic boundary layers

Doktorgradsprosjektet i anvendt matematikk ved Cambridge University er innen fagområdet biologisk fluiddynamikk og dreier seg om å utvikle en koherent matematisk modell for å beskrive strømning og osillasjon i biologiske (kollapserbare) rør. Dette arbeide t veiledes av professor T. J. Pedley, Head of Applied Mathematics Department. Det finnes en stor mengde eksperimentelt arbeid på området, men teoretiske modeller har vært begrenset til to dimensjoner og har ikke vært i stand til å beskrive den dynamikken  som har vært målt. Forskningsprosjektet har som mål å utvikle en tredimensjonell modell som identifiserer de fysiske mekanismer som er involvert i å skape den varierte dynamikken vi observerer i biologiske strømninger. Dette innebærer en full tredimensjo nell modell av Navie r-Stokes ligningen. Mer spesifikt, arbeidet vil fokusere på utviklingen av en modell for tidsavhengigheten i strømning i biologiske systemer, noe som vil føre til lineær eller svakt ikke-lineær analyse av stabilitetskarakteristikk i k onstant strømning.

Biologisk fluiddynamikk

Ved norske universiteter gis det idag en rekke kurs i partielle differensialligninger og beregningsmetoder. Gjennom vinterskolen ønsker vi å opprette et supplerende forum for formidling av moderne teori og beregningsmetoder til studenter og vitenskapelig  ansatte. Kursene gis på nasjonal basis, og vil dermed være med å skape bredere kontakt mellom studenter ved de ulike unviersitetene og ansatte i forskningsinstituttene ognæringslivet. 
Kursene vil legge vekt på følgende punkter:        - Beregninger og v isulaisering på moderne datamaskiner, med spesiell vekt på parallellteknologi -Effektive beregningsmetoder med vekt på numeriske og matematiske egenskaper. - Implementasjon ved hjelp av moderne programmeringsteknikker og språk (med vektpå objektorienterin g) - Utvalgte matematiske modeller og deres egenskaper      på objektorientering) - Moderne teori for partielle differensialligninger      på objektorientering) 
Utvelgelse av passende temaer og foredragsholdere vil bli foretatt av en arbeidsgruppe beståe nde av folk fra universiteter og forskningsinstitutter

Vinterskole i beregningsorientert matematikk

Geometric Integration is an interdisciplinary area of research which is applying modern abstract geomterical ideas within numerical solution of differential equations. Situated in the intersection between pure and applied mathematics, computer science and mathematical physics, it is an activity which in the recent years in a remarkable way has combined ideas from these different fields and turned them into tools of computational mathematics. Centre for Advanced Studies (SHS) at the Norwegian Academy of Sc  iences in Oslo has chosen the project Geometric and Coordinate Free Methods in Computational Science as the topic of research in natural sciences for the academic year 2002-2003. 
The purpose of this project is to support Norwegian research in geometric  and cooordinate free methods applied to partial differential equations, before during and after the year at SHS. The project has the following main components: - One Post.Doc and one Ph.D. scholarship for 2001-03. - Support to international workshops in  Norway during the SHS year - Development of computer software to support geometric and abstract concepts in computational science. - Cooperation with leading UK projects on PDEs, geometry, numerical and symbolic computations.

GI4PDE - Geometric Integration for Partial Differential Equations

Gjennom et forstudium er det identifisert behov for videreutvikling av beregningsorienterte matematiske modeller hvor dagens prediksjonsverktøy har store svakheter og hvor de fysiske prosessene er sterkt ikke-lineære. Gevinsten av økt prediksjonsnøyaktige t vil ha stor betydning både for havbruksanlegg, kystkonstruksjoner, skips og offshore konstruksjoner. 
Oppgaven er delt inn i to deler. De to deloppgavene er valgt basert på områder hvor NTNUog MARINTEK ser store mulige gevinster i form av økt prediksjon snøyaktighet og mer optimal design av hav- eller kystkonstruksjoner. 
Hver del består igjen av en metode del, en anvendelses del og en formidlings del. I omfang og budsjett står metode delen for ca 3/4 av totalen. Denne delen er tenkt utført ved dr.ing st udier. Anvendelses delen skal hovedsakelig MARINTEK stå for. Et nettverk vil bli etablert på grunn av sterke fellestrekk mellom anvendelsdelene. Det er viktig å utnytte synergieffekten mellom svært ikke-lineære bølgeproblemer og statistiske metoder. I dag  mangler det statistisk metoder som kan utnytte detaljerte beregningerav svært ikke-lineære problemer med få hendelser i en design prosedyre av marine systemer.

Ikke-lineære modeller for samvirke mellom bølger og konstruksjoner

De siste årtier, med stor offshore-aktvitet, har fremskaffet en anselig datamateriale om havbølger. Vår viten om fenomenet har økt, men ennå gjenstår spørsmål av stor praktisk betydning. Fremst blant disse er spørsmål om ekstrembølger. Norske data om diss e bølgene fra målinger i våre farvann ble i en årrekke karakterisert som målefeil og slettet automatisk. Empiriske data om ekstrembølger er nesten utelukkende bøyedata, det vil si punktdata. Sannsynligheten for at en ekstrembølgehending skal finne sted ve d eb bøye er uhyre liten, så det sier seg selv at det statistiske grunnlaget til beskrivelse av de store bølgene er heller svakt. Vår viten om hvordan ekstrembølger arter seg dynamisk i tid og rom er om mulig ennå svakere. Prosjeketet innebærer å benytte en effektiv 3-dimensjonal numerisk modell til å simulere et havstykke på ca 100x100 bølgelengder (størrelsesorden 200 kvadratkilometer). Modellen er utviklet over en årrekke og er idag antagelig den mest effektive av sitt s lag. Ved å diagnostisere forekomsten av ekstrembølger innenfor hele havområdet, vil sjansen for å påvise dem øke med inntil 10.000 i forhold til punktmålinger. initialdata for simuleringene vil bli basert på realistiske havbølgespektra. En tar også sikte på å utvikle de nødvendige numerisk/matematiske metoder til å studere forekomsten (statistikk) og dynamikk av ekstrembølgene basert på det simulete datamaterialet.

Modellering av ekstreme havbølger og havbølgeklima på mesoskala

The objective will be achieved by means of the following key points. High quality research: 
High quality of the mathematical and numerical research is to be achieved thorugh strongly focus PhD-research topics supported by research performed by postdocs a nd senior scientists. 
Computational Science and Engineering:      Innovative research and development thorugh multi-disciplinary collaboration between mathematicians, computer scientists and researchers within marine environmental science. 
Large scale c omputation: The high requirements for numerical accuracy dictates the neeed for discretizations where the number of unknowns is large, and simulations runs long time intervals. Therewill be a need for scalable parallel methods. 
Software platform:                            To enable an efficient and robust software platform for further education and development, the software development will be based on an existing object oriented library. 
Marine environmental flows: The new computational methods  developed in the project will improve the understandingand computational modelling of the fjords, the home of the phyto-plankton. 
National dimension: Understanding the marine environment is paramount to the Norwegian society. The consortium has nationwi de participance as it involves the three Norwegian universities NTNU UiO and UiTø and the two research institutes Norwegian Polar Institute and SINTEF.

Computational Methods for Stratified Flows Involving Internal Waves

During the last decades numerical simulations has become an indispenisble tool in science and engineering. In particular numerical approximations of partial differential equations are frequently an important ingredient in the design of such programs. Nume rical approx. of partial differential equations aer used in various areas like structure mechanics molecular biology, weather forecasts, reservoir simulations, climate predictions, simulation of colliding black holes and so on. 
Even if the most basic the ory of numerical methods for partial differential is well understood, there are still many challenging problems in this area. The technological development of modern computers has made it possible to consider more complex models and algorithms With improv ed memory and speed requirements. However, in order to understand these complex processes, new challenging mathematical problems arise. 
In the present project we will study the construction of robust numerical methods for systems of partial differential  equations. Hnce, we are studying systems which depend critically on certain parameters, and our goal is to construct numerical methods which performs well uniformly with respect to these parameters. This general approach will be applied to model problems  arising in areas like fluid flow, porous medium flow, alloy solidification, phase transition and so on.

Robust Numerical Methods for partial Differential Equations

When analyzing time series it is important to have methods for detecting whether a time series is nonstationary and when nonstationarities occur. Significant zero crossing of derivatives (siZer) is a newly developed method to explore features in independe nt data. Fourier transformations can be used to get indeoendent data so taht SiZer can be used to analyze the time series. Splitting the time series in parts SiZer can be run on each part to detect whether the part seems to be stationary or whether there  has beein a disturbance. By running this on different scales it can be explored when the change has happened. 
Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation can be used to obtain samples from distributions with a huge number of variables. A 2D version of Si Zer: Significance in Scale Space (SSS) is developed. There are few methods to explore when a stationary state of the simulated data is reached. SSS will be used to develop a method for this since when stationarity is reached there will b e no more signifi cant changes in the time series. By looking at different parts of the time series, information about the correlation structure in the Markov Chain can also be obtained.

NORKLIMA-Klimaendringer og konsekvenser for Norge

Economic Impact of Climate Change on Norway's Fisheries

Awarded: NOK 3.0 mill.

Funding scheme:

NORKLIMA-Klimaendringer og konsekvenser for Norge

Funding Sources

Thematic Areas and Topics