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From the SEA to the SOLution. An integrative assessment of marine pollution in a changing Arctic

Marine chemical pollution poses known threats to human health and to biodiversity, ecosystem and societal services. The Arctic is a major sink of global mercury (Hg) pollution. Arctic sediments, sea and glacial ice constitute vast Hg reservoirs. Recent studies raise concerns about their increasing role as local Hg sources. In a rapidly warming Arctic, the consequences of potentially increased environmental Hg on marine biota remain unknown. The objective of SEASOL is to identify the pathway(s) of Hg bioaccumulation in marine food webs of the High Arctic Kongsfjorden (Svalbard). This changing glacial fjord is recognised as a ‘natural laboratory’ of climate change in the Arctic. The fellow’s earlier research has shown the sole measurement of Hg levels as insufficient to connect biotic Hg dynamics to environmental change, whereas the analysis of Hg stable isotopes proved to be a promising tool for source discrimination and biotic transfer. SEASOL will build on the novel application of stable isotope analysis to identify the sources of Hg within the fjord system and the pathways to Hg accumulation within sentinel marine species. On the short-term, the study will provide fundamental knowledge to help understand how emerging sources of Hg from rapid environmental change will impact Arctic marine predators. On the long-term, SEASOL will contribute to the development of early-warning, adaptive management strategies, including modelling, for mitigating the cumulative impact of pollutants and climate change on Arctic marine species. This multidisciplinary approach and the central position of the host institution (Norwegian Polar Institute) in the field of Polar Research will equip the Fellow with a broad set of new skills and lay the foundation for building her specific niche as a future leader in marine pollution science.

Optimization of Free Space Optical Communication Link based Drones for Search and Rescue Operations in the Arctic Region

The Arctic region is witnessing more frequent shipping accidents than ever which require accurate search and rescue operations. The existing communication systems use drones with radio frequency (RF) technology, which has limited bandwidth and cannot offer 4G/5G connectivity due to harsh weather constraints. It further limits the capacity of drones and affects the resolution of images and videos. The current research proposes to design free space optical communication (FSOC) link-based drones that can enhance connectivity between multiple drones and rescue ships as well as the capacity of drones to produce high resolution images and videos. The proposed FSOC-based drones can provide highspeed connectivity than the existing RF technology. The research will collect atmospheric turbulences data from the Arctic region and use it for designing the FSOC link. Furthermore, to enhance the capacity of FSOC-based drones, the research will design advanced multiplexing schemes (Mode Division Multiplexing and Orthogonal Code Division Multiple Access) and to ensure link stability, omnidirectional receiver will be designed. The research will further evaluate the performance of proposed FSOC link under the impact of various atmospheric turbulences. The expected outcomes of this research will lead to the optimisation of FSOC-based drones in expanding search areas and improving communication systems for SAR operations in the Arctic region.

AQUASERV – RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES FOR SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE, FISHERIES AND THE BLUE ECONOMY

The overarching objectives of AQUASERV are to bring together, enhance, integrate and customise RI capacities (including facilities, instruments and expertise) and through the provision of transnational access (on-site or remote) and/or virtual access, to significantly further scientific advance and promote and facilitate the implementation of European Common Fisheries Policy, the Farm to Fork Strategy, the Sustainable Blue Economy and the European Green Deal. 

AQUASERV will achieve these objectives by offering scientists from academia and business remote and on-site transnational (TA) and virtual (VA) access to an advanced set of European research infrastructures and its nodes related to research and management of marine and freshwater biological resources, food and biotechnology. These include the European Marine Biological Resource Centre ERIC (EMBRC), the Analysis and Experimentation on Ecosystems ERIC, The Aquaculture for Excellence for Aquaculture in Fish (Aquaexcel), and the Infrastructure for Promoting Metrology in Food and Nutrition (METROFOOD), as well as the International Council for Exploration of the Sea, both a service provider and stakeholder. It also includes the Research Infrastructure for Science and Innovation Policy Studies (RISIS) to bring contributions from the social sciences and to bring results nearer to policy makers ensuring societal impact. 

To enhance, integrate and customise RI capacities, collaboration between partners and new pipelines to meet the objectives of the project will be developed during the first 3 years and will make available  to users.  To ensure these capacities will not be lost, a sustainability work package involving stakeholders will address the project legacy.  

To maximize impact, AQUASERV will build a communication network among the partnership and develop a dissemination and outreach programme. Furthermore, an advanced training programme will be developed to capture future users and will be updated during the p

Aqua Research Infrastructure Services for the health and protection of our unique, oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems

AQUARIUS will provide a highly comprehensive suite of integrated research infrastructures appropriate to addressing significant challenges for the long-term sustainability of our unique oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems. For the first time, diverse research infrastructures will be combined to facilitate the work of researchers and key stakeholders focused on challenges and opportunities for both marine and freshwater systems. An impressive range of 57 research infrastructure services will be made available to include research vessels, mobile marine observation platforms, aircraft,  drones, satellite, sensors, fixed freshwater and marine observatories and test sites, experimental facilities, and sophisticated data infrastructures. AQUARIUS will support the development phase of the EU Mission to Restore our Ocean and waters by 2030, the Sustainable Blue Economy Partnership, the European Green Deal, and international climate initiatives. It will also be an essential component in achieving the European Digital Twin of the Ocean and the UN Decade for Ocean Sciences. The needs of researchers will be met through a robust and transparent system of transnational access funding Calls, facilitated by centralised user-friendly access portal. The Call programme will be informed through stakeholder engagement and brokerage events. Projects to be selected for Access must convincingly integrate multiple infrastructures and contribute to the core policy objectives of Mission Ocean, that is, to protect and restore marine and freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity; to prevent and eliminate pollution of our oceans, seas and waters; and to ensure a sustainable, carbon-neutral and circular blue economy. A thematic and geographic focus will be the hallmark of the proposed transnational Calls, aligning with the Lighthouse Regions, that is, the Baltic and the North Sea Basins, Black Sea, Atlantic/Arctic, and Mediterranean Sea along with their associated rivers.

Advance Marine Research Infrastructures Together

The European Ocean Observing System (EOOS) is the foundation of European ocean knowledge. The core Marine Research Infrastructures (MRIs) focused on ocean observing (EMSO, EURO-ARGO and ICOS ERICs; EuroFleets+, EuroGoShip, GROOM RI, JERICO RI and MINKE as INFRA projects) are the main providers of in situ ocean data for the EOOS and Copernicus, and the primary managers of instrumental capacity supporting fundamental research.
These MRIs are aware that the lack of effective cross coordination prevents them from fully supporting frontier research, while the lack of integration makes it difficult to reach a critical mass for EOOS and results in significant cost duplication. Accordingly, AMRIT gathers these MRIs together with OceanOPS/WMO international coordination experience with the objective to:
- ensure seamless operation of marine observation platforms ;
- ensure the full nominal use of sensors and accelerate their evolution ;
- exploit the complementarity of the various observation platforms ;
- ensure the overall coherence of the ocean data value chain.
To achieve these objectives, AMRIT will design and implement an EOOS Technical Support Center (EOOS TSC) for
- a fully integrated information service across the data value chain from early planning stages to final delivery to users;
- a cross-platform fully standardised data acquisition methodology for Essential Ocean Variables;
- a collaborative federal structure to operate these services, relying on the ERIs and their members.
The EOOS TSC will be the cornerstone in establishing and maintaining the EOOS, upon which European ocean observing can be strengthened in the coming decades. AMRIT will provide a catalyst for the development and consolidation of MRIs throughout Europe, providing a benchmark for operational coordination and collaboration. AMRIT will advance EOOS in line with its 2023-2027 Strategy and beyond, and the European Commission's ambitions for sharing responsibility in ocean observing across Europe.

Improve offshore infrastructure resilience against geohazards towards a changing climate

POSEIDON brings together an interdisciplinary and intersectoral team to deliver a professionally trained next-generation network of Doctoral Candidates to develop a step change in our capacity to identify, map, assess and predict offshore geohazards and in turn produce ground-breaking methods to prevent, mitigate and boost the resilience of current offshore infrastructure under a changing climate. The consortium is formed by experts across EU countries with universities, research institutions, industry partners and a government body to cover a full training programme on scientific and transferable skills. 

The programme will undertake critical research across scales (from micro to macro) for seeking the inner links and differences, with an eventual aim to ascertain the pathways and grow our capacity for the enhancement of the existing and the robust development of new offshore infrastructure in the frame of safety and resiliency. In addition to the informed design and implementation of the novel physical/numerical modelling and lab studies, our approach is unique in the solid integration and utilisation of state-of-the-art data science technologies (e.g., data mining, machine learning, etc.) to their full potential. Only through this systematic approach, we can achieve the objectives of understanding the impact of offshore geohazards on our offshore critical infrastructures (OCIs) and developing novel models, tools and designs for future OCIs, such as, wind turbines, pipelines and cables. 

The Doctoral Candidates will enjoy a highly integrated, interdisciplinary and intersector training environment, enriched through secondments with the network of non-academics. POSEIDON enables critical learning across all training aspects to ensure that comprehensive, robust and implementable solutions are obtained and validated to face the OCIs climate-resilient building.

POLARIN: POLAR RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK

The polar regions play a key role in the Earth’s system. They are essential for our climate and are sentinels of climate change, human expansion, and the hunt of new resources. The polar regions are losing ice, and their oceans and land are changing rapidly. The consequences of this polar transition extend to the whole planet and are affecting people in multiple ways. Evidence-based policy recommendations are needed, but the polar regions are difficult to reach, and research infrastructures able to operate in these regions are scarce. To understand and predict key processes in the polar regions and provide evidence-based information, the polar research community needs access to world-class research infrastructure operating in these regions.
POLARIN is an international network of polar research infrastructures and their services, aiming at addressing the scientific challenges of the polar regions. The network includes a wide array of complementary and interdisciplinary top level research infrastructures: Arctic and Antarctic research stations, research vessels and icebreakers operating at both poles, observatories, data infrastructures and ice and sediment core repositories. POLARIN will provide integrated, challenge-driven, and combined access to these infrastructures to facilitate interdisciplinary research on complex processes. 
POLARIN will:
1.	Provide challenge-driven transnational access to a large portfolio of research infrastructures. 
2.	Improve the access to data by improving data availability and interoperability between data infrastructures. 
3.	Provide virtual access to data and data services. 
4.	Provide data products for the scientific community and decision makers.
5.	Train the young generation of polar researchers in optimally exploiting the infrastructures for their research.
6.	Duly advertise the services offered by POLARIN and engage the infrastructure users to share their research outcomes with society.


Land-Sea interface: Let’s observe together!

LandSeaLot will link together in situ, model and earth observations (EO) and connect related communities, citizens and initiatives such as Copernicus, ESA, EEA, GEOSS, EMODnet and the European Digital Twin of the Ocean. These observations will be used in a gap analysis to co-design a common land-sea interface observation strategy and an implementation plan. LandSeaLot participants will simultaneously work on improving: in situ and EO capabilities, models to reduce the model/observations gap and the integration of model, in situ and satellite data. Observation capacity will be increased through tested, improved and guided use of low-cost technology by citizens, facilitated by the network of European marinas. The technologies selected will be piloted in Integration Labs (ILs) together with improved and integrated in situ and EO observation techniques and model outputs. LandSeaLot ILs will cover selected areas in the Black, Aegean, Mediterranean, Atlantic, North and Baltic Seas, with a range of catchment, tidal and meteorological regimes. Experts and citizen science leaders will work in the ILs together with JERICO-RI, DANUBIUS-RI and ICOS-ERIC, and with regional policy makers and managers to tailor integrated observations that will provide them with information to manage societal challenges. These will include assessment of the lateral carbon flux and stock, plastics transfer, nutrients impact on primary production and eutrophication, supporting biodiversity conservation, improving modeling capability and supporting climate change adaptation (storm surge, floods, heat waves, coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion). Data generated in the ILs will be made FAIR available via EMODnet and interoperability, and semantic solutions for existing, international data flows will be developed. Relevant communities will be engaged by workshops, conferences, training, a high-tech summit and by a communication strategy including videos and policy briefs to ensure LandSeaLot’s legacy.

Material Science Innovation for Accelerated, Sustainable and Safe Implementation of Carbon Capture and Storage

MISSION-CCS presents a timely and unique doctoral network designed to deliver the next generation of highly trained researchers and entrepreneurs in the field of material science, specifically focused towards accelerating implementation of carbon capture and storage CCS technologies worldwide and ensuring the sustainable and safe operation of existing and future CCS systems.

The training network combines unique experimental system design and modelling approaches, state-of-the-art analytical technologies and techno-economic analysis to deliver a new generation of researchers and entrepreneurs. The programme of research training centres of delivering Doctoral Candidate Researchers (DCRs) with world-leading technical expertise in material science and engineering relevant to the entire CCS process. MISSION-CCS ensures that the subject-specific technical knowledge of each DCRs is under-pinned by inter-sectorial knowledge whilst also promoting wider innovation skills and relevant training on the techno-economics of CCS, developing experts with breadth of knowledge.

A central aim of the network is to forge a strong cohort culture, by ensuring that peer-to-peer learning and mutual support become the norm, in order to enhance experience. Research-led training activities are strengthened through a dynamic and interactive education based programme delivered by an internationally renowned consortium of academics and industrialists with complementary skills. As part of the training programme, subsequent to an introduction to CCS systems and the specific material science challenges, DCRs will gain knowledge of system design and optimisation, state-of-the-art analytical methods, theoretical modelling, techno-economics, and understand the challenges of exploiting their research. They will also acquire proficiency in project management, communication, entrepreneurship, and innovation; all essential attributes for any modern technical professional.

Optimisation of digital catch monitoring and reporting in European Fisheries

 OptiFish will strive to provide technological solutions that will simultaneously improve the sustainability of fisher’s operations, enhance control processes and strengthen society’s trust in their products.
OptiFish will develop, test and recommend a set of innovative technologies and tools supported by artificial intelligence (AI) to provide the management, the fishing sector and the scientist with data on catch volumes, catch compositions and the fishing environment. 
The goal is to unlock the full potential of technologies such as electronic and genetic monitoring for automated species recognition based on AI and computer vision to reduce discards, unreported landings and unreported fishing activities, ultimately establishing  a fisheries control and enforcement system fit for the digital age. The technologies are not enough alone, it is also critical to consider the combination of technologies and the integration of computer vision models, the wide range of data sources and their subsequent formats, while also addressing stakeholders needs and acceptance. 
This goal cannot be achieved by a single project, which is why the aim of OptiFish is to lay a solid foundation for full technological development from which other projects and initiatives can be built. The project will place a strong focus on species recognition in different fisheries equipped with distinctly different catch handling facilities and in different European sea basins. 
To ensure that these innovations are relevant to fisheries management, OptiFish has participation from the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries, and has received written support from the European Fisheries Control Agency (EFCA), the Basque, Danish and Belgian Fisheries authorities.



Midlene fra SAMF-Fagkomiteen for samfunnsvitenskap fordelt på år

Midlene fra SAMF-Fagkomiteen for samfunnsvitenskap fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra SAMF-Fagkomiteen for samfunnsvitenskap fordelt på fagområde

Forsker

Det søkes om økonomisk støtte til å organisere en internasjonal konferanse med begrenset deltakelse om eliteforskning i Norge mai-juni 2005. Formålet med konferansen er å sammenligne resultatene av studier fra ulike områder av verden og diskutere implikas jonene av resultatene for generell teori om eliter og for videre forskning på området.

Nasjonale eliter under press: Stabilitet og endring i elitestruktur og eliteatferd i en globalisert verden.

European Health Economics Association er den europeiske organisasjonen for forskere innen helseøkonomi (https://euhea.eu/). Organisasjonen samler både erfarne forskere og doktorgradsstudenter. Formålet er å bidra til å styrke kvalitet og omfang av helseøkonomisk forskning i Europa. Den europeiske konferansen i helseøkonomi, som arrangeres annethvert år, er det sentrale arrangementet for europeiske forskere innenfor helseøkonomi og samler 700 - 900 deltakere. Det er alltid mange norske deltakere på konferansene samtidig som vi aldri har vært vertskap for arrangementet selv. Det er stor konkurranse om å være vertskap. Universitetet i Oslo søkte i samarbeid med Frischsenteret om å bli vertskap for konferansen i 2020. Vi ble valgt i konkurranse med Aten og Roma.  Konferansen, som skulle finne sted 7. - 10. juli på Blindern, måtte utsettes på grunn av pandemien. Ny dato for konferansen er 5. – 8. juli 2022 samme sted. Organisasjonskomiteen består av forskere fra Universitetet i Oslo og Frischsenteret, Universitetet i Bergen, NTNU, Universitetet i Tromsø, Folkehelseinstituttet og Helse Sørøst. Konferansesiden er under utvikling: http://www.euhea.eu/welcome_conference_2022.html.
I 2020 kom det inn 1040 sammendrag and 40 forslag til organiserte sesjoner. Vi regner med at det minst vil komme et tilsvarende antall til konferansen i 2022.  I tillegg til parallelle sesjoner blir det plenumssesjoner med disse meget velrenommerte forskere:
François Bourguignon, Paris School of Economics: "About health as a dimension of social inequality"
Sherry Glied, New York University: "What can Europe Learn from US Health Reform?"  
Mathias Kifmann, University of Hamburg: "The Future Financing of European Welfare States: The Case of Health Care"
EuHEA President Dorte Gyrd-Hansen, Syddansk universitet: “Presidential address”
Sosiale arrangementer omfatter mottakelse i Oslo Rådhus og kveldsarrangement i Den norske opera.

European Health Economics Association 2022 Conference

Det har vært mulig å arrangere konferansene gjennom en årlig bevilgning på 200 000 fra Forskningsrådet. Det er gitt bevilgning til og med 2017.
Vi tror fortsatt det er behov for en konferanse som tar utgangspunkt i forskning og som konsentrerer seg om helseøkonomisk forskning.  Samtidig er det større aktivitet innenfor helsetjenesteforskning nå enn tidligere både gjennom det nasjonale fagrådet i helsetjenesteforskning knyttet til de regionale helseforetakene og HELSEVEL i Forskningsrådet. Vi velger derfor å begrense denne søknaden om tilskudd til to år for deretter å kunne vurdere om de årlige helseøkonomikonferansene fortsatt synes å være den mest hensiktsmessige måten å formidle helseøkonomiske forskning på. 
Konferansen i 2018 vil bli arrangert av Universitetet i Oslo og Universitetet i Bergen blir arrangør i 2019.

Den nasjonale helseøkonomikonferansen

European Health Economics Workshops (EHEW) har blitt arrangert årlig siden starten i 2001 i Barcelona. Det er en viktig møteplass for forskere i helseøkonomi i skjæringspunktet mellom teori og empiri. Workshopen gir mulighet for å presentere arbeider på et stadium før de sendes inn til tidsskrifter. Dette er spesielt  en utmerket mulighet for yngre forskere, siden det blir satt av tid både til forberedt kommentar og til diskusjon med samtlige deltakere. Slik blir EHEW et forum for faglig utvikling og kvalitetsforbedring av pågående arbeider. Forskerne får dermed gjennom presentasjon og deltakelse på EHEW bedre muligheter for å publisere arbeidene i gode tidsskrifter. EHEW har tidligere vært arrangert to ganger i Norge: i Oslo i 2003 og i Bergen i 2008. Samtidig har mange norske forskere deltatt på EHEW siden starten i 2001. Det er dermed på tide at Norge igjen påtar seg vertsforpliktelser i 2017. Det er også uttrykt et ønske om dette fra årets vertskap som var Universitetet i Hamburg. Det er tradisjon for at arrangøren yter tilskudd til overnatting og måltider mens deltakerne selv dekker reisekostnadene.

Arrangementskomiteen for EHEW2017 vil bestå av professor Tor Iversen og professor Oddvar Kaarbøe fra Universitetet i Oslo og professor Jan Erik Askildsen fra Universitetet i Bergen.

The 18th European Health Economics Workshop

Det har vært mulig å arrangere konferansene gjennom en årlig bevilgning på 200 000 fra Forskningsrådet. Det er gitt bevilgning til og med 2015.
Vi tror fortsatt det er behov for en konferanse som tar utgangspunkt i forskning og som konsentrerer seg om helseøkonomisk forskning.  Samtidig er det større aktivitet innenfor helsetjenesteforskning nå enn tidligere både gjennom det nasjonale fagrådet i helsetjenesteforskning knyttet til de regionale helseforetakene og HELSEVEL i Forskningsrådet. Vi velger derfor å begrense denne søknaden om tilskudd til to år for deretter å kunne vurdere om de årlige helseøkonomikonferansene fortsatt synes å være den mest hensiktsmessige måten å formidle helseøkonomiske forskning på. 
Konferansen i 2016 vil bli arrangert av Universitetet i Oslo og Universitetet i Bergen blir arrangør i 2017.

The aim of this workshop is to contribute to improved collaboration and sharing of experiences with experimental health economics by bringing together highly skilled international researchers to participate in a workshop. There is a small but fast growing  literature applying experimental methods in health economics, and several important important scientific contributions within the field has recently been published in highly ranked journals. Still there is no conference or workshop offered that is dedica ted to bringing together researchers within the field.

We will distribute widely a call for scientific papers within the topic of experimental health economics. The papers will be assessed by a scientific committee consisting of renowned researchers with in the field. Twelve papers will be selected to be presented based on scientific merit.

International Workshop for Health Economic Experiments

De årlige nordiske forskermøtene i helseøkonomi startet i Sverige i 1980 og blir arrangert etter tur av de fem nordiske land. I år er det således det 34. møtet i rekken og det er Norges tur til å arrangere. Forrige gang møtet ble arrangert av helseøkonomi miljøet i Oslo, var i 1988. Etter dette har møtene blir arrangert av miljøene i Tromsø, Trondheim og Bergen. Det har også vært fellesmøte med de britiske forskerne i Aberdeen. I år er det miljøet i Oslo som står for tur, og Universitetet i Oslo har påtatt  seg arrangøransvaret. Møtet kommer til å være 15-16 august 2013 med velkomstarrangement kvelden før. Potensielle deltakere sender inn sammendrag av paper i april. En nordisk komite går gjennom sammendragene og avgjør hvem som blir invitert til å levere f ullt paper med presentasjon til konferansen. Det legges vekt på at yngre forskere skal få anledning til å presentere. I tillegg blir det invitert en til to key-note speaker(s) av internasjonalt format. Antallet deltakere pleier å være rundt 100 personer.  Antallet presentasjoner er ca 40. Programmet fra årets møte i Finland er vedlagt til orientering. Møtene inngår i et tett nordisk forskernettverk innenfor helseøkonomi med egen hjemmeside organisert og drevet av av Syddansk Universitet:http:http://www.nhe sg.org/

Trettifjerde nordiske forskermøte i helseøkonomi (Nordic Health Economists Study Group meeting)

Konferansen ble i 2013 arrangert av Helseøkonomi Bergen. De vil rapportere med program og deltakerliste

Helseøkonomisk forskningsprogram i Oslo (HERO) 

Arrangementsstøtte  til prosjekt 127143

Noen nøkkelfunn fra diskret valgeksperiment delprosjekt A:
Svært få unge leger ønsker å jobbe i de minste distriktskommunene. Studien viser at ytterligere lønnsøkninger (fra dagens nivå) trolig vil ha begrenset effekt som et virkemiddel for å få flere unge leger til distriktene i Norge. Forbedringer i muligheten for å styre arbeidstid og muligheten for faglig utvikling i små distriktskommuner vil trolig ha større effekt. Bare 20 % foretrekker et fullstendig aktivitetsbasert lønnssystem tilsvarende det eksisterende systemet for fastleger i Norge.  
 
Fastlegenes preferanser for inntekt er referanse avhengige, dvs. de har sterk aversjon mot å gå ned i lønn, mens økninger fra deres nåværende lønn verdsettes i mindre grad. Følgelig vil lønnsforhøyende insentiver trolig ha begrenset effekt som et virkemiddel for å påvirke legers adferd. Faglig og profesjonell autonomi blir høyt verdsatt. Et annet nøkkelfunn er at andelen som foretrekker dagens standard driftsform med privat praksis har gått ned fra 52 % i 2009 til 36 % i 2012. 

Hovedfunn fra et laboratorieeksperiment i delprosjekt B:
Medisinsk virksomhet preges av asymmetrisk informasjon. Pasientene har mindre informasjon enn legene.  Ofte vet også leger lite om hverandres virksomhet. Et viktig spørsmål er om mer åpenhet vil kunne påvirke behandlingsbeslutninger og bidra til bedre kvalitet. I et laboratorieeksperiment analyserer vi effekten av at medisinske studenter deler informasjon om behandlingsbeslutninger med sine kolleger. Vi finner at åpenhet om behandlingsbeslutninger har en positiv virkning på pasientenes helse. Tallmessig er virkningen liten.

Hovedfunn fra undersøkelsen om betydning av kapasitet i primærhelsetjenesten i Del B:
Vi studerer hvordan allmennlegens portvaktfunksjon avhenger av kapasiteten i primærhelsetjenesten. På grunnlag av en teorimodell utleder vi denne hypotesen: Bedre kapasitet gir større mulighet for allmennlegen til å behandle pasienter han ellers ville henvist til spesialisthelsetjenesten. På den annen side innebærer bedre kapasitet at pasientene får flere fastleger å velge mellom. For pasienter som ønsker å bli henvist, blir det derfor viktigere enn før at fastlegen oppfyller pasientenes ønsker for at pasientene ikke skal bytte til en annen fastlege. Om bedre kapasitet samlet sett medfører at fastlegen blir en strengere portvakt, kan derfor ikke avgjøres fra teori, men vil avhenge av resultater fra faktiske undersøkelser av data. Vi bruker data fra Statistisk Sentralbyrås levekårsundersøkelser koblet med data fra fastlegeregisteret. Vi bruker tre indikatorer på kapasitet og konkurranse blant fastlegene: antallet åpne lister i en kommune, antallet åpne lister per innbygger i en kommune og Herfindahl Hirschman indeks for konkurranse. Resultatene fra studien viser ingen eller små positive effekter av kapasitet og konkurranse blant fastlegene på henvisningsraten. Resultatene støtter dermed ikke påstanden om at bedre kapasitet i primærhelsetjenesten reduserer bruken av spesialisthelsetjenester.

I en supplerende studie undersøker vi konsekvensene av en endring i takstene for røntgeninstitutter i Norge som ble gjennomført i 2008. Endringen medførte reduserte takster per undersøkelse og økt fast budsjett for å levere et kontraktsbasert volum av tjenester. En konsekvens av endringen er at private aktører har mindre incentiv til å utføre undersøkelser utover det avtalte volumet.  Forskjellig fra situasjonen observert før endringen i 2008, er produksjonen ikke lenger bestemt av etterspørselssiden, og en rasjonering av tjenester oppstår. Vi bruker data om radiologiske undersøkelser initiert av allmennlegenes henvisninger. Vi bruker månedlige data på lege-praksis nivå for 2007-2010. Datasettet er unikt siden det inneholder informasjon om alle fastleger i Norge.  Resultatene tyder på at private tilbydere utført færre undersøkelser i 2008-2010 sammenlignet med tidligere perioder og at offentlig sykehus gjorde enten samme volum eller mer enn før. Vi finner at fastleger med praksis i geografiske områder med relativt mer konkurranse om pasientene opplevde en større reduksjon i MR-undersøkelser både utført av private aktører og totalt for sine pasienter etter 2008. Disse fastlegene hadde samtidig en større henvisningsrate enn de andre før 2008. Vi argumenterer for at dette resultatet støtter en hypotese om at pasienter med lavere forventede helseutbytte har blitt rasjonert. Rasjonering fra tilbudssiden kan derfor supplere fastlegens portvaktrolle.

Pasienter med kroniske sykdommer har flere legebesøk enn gjennomsnittspasienten og har også større utbytte av kontinuitet i lege-pasient-forholdet. I artikkelen undersøkes om noen fastleger opplever opphopning av pasienter med kroniske sykdommer og om pasienter som har en fastlege med mange kroniske pasienter, er mer eller mindre tilbøyelig til å bytte fastlege enn andre kronikere. Datagrunnlaget er registerdata for 384 947 kroniske pasienter og 3 974 fastleger i perioden 2009-2011. Forf

The coordination reform proposal from the Norwegian government was rejected by the Storting (parliament) because  of missing evidence of a connection between goals and measures. Policy measures needed to recruit the large number of general practitioners ( GPs) to the rural areas was absent and there was no evidence of how an increase in the number of GPs would simultaneously stop the cost escalation and improve the quality of health care. Hence, research that contributes to evidence based health care refor m is much needed in Norway. We offer this research and approach the research questions with a wide selection of methods from theory development, survey design and discrete choice experiments, econometric panel data analyses of national register databases  and controlled laboratory experiments.
There are  two sub-projects. The first subproject studies stated preferences for key characteristics of working as a GP. In addition to remuneration systems, a wide range of non-pecuniary job characteristics; e.g. pr actice team size and structure, professional development, patient list size, on-call arrangements, task division with specialist care are included. The second sub-project studies how capacities in primary care and specialist care influence access to GPs,  services provided by GPs, and prescriptions and referrals from GPs to specialist care. We ask to what extent specialist health care is a substitute or a complement to primary health care.
Selections of national and international partners are carefully don e. This is the first quantitative study of general practice in Norway that involves both clinicians and economists. To further strengthen the research team, we have included world class researchers in the economics of physician behavior and experimental e conomics. We believe that the project has a potential of achieving research results that are both innovative and crucial for policy decisions.

Remuneration and organization in general practice: Effects on recruitment, practice profile, and task division between care levels

This project aims at providing knowledge of some issues highlighted in Report no. 25 (2005-2006) to the Storting about the future challenges in long-term care. The report states that more knowledge about governance, management and leadership is required. We respond to this concern by offering a project that focuses on the associations between the different financial and management arrangements and the composition and quality of care for the elderly.  The project consists of two sub-projects:
A.The impact of leadership in nursing homes on quality of care, job satisfaction and costs
B. The impact of economic incentives on the composition of long-term care services
Sub-project A describes what kinds of leadership that exist in Norwegian nursing homes and eva luate quality, job satisfaction and cost per patient. Finally, the study will carry out an aggregate analysis exploring the relationship between all four main variables: leadership, quality, job satisfaction and cost. 
Sub-project B highlights the system of transfers and user co-payments related to long-term care and aims at studying to what extent potential inefficiencies in assignment and composition of long-term care to the elderly can be traced in actual data.

Studies in Quality and Cost of Care for the Elderly

Prosjektets mål er å bidra til evaluering av fastlegereformen ved analyser av registerdata og egne innsamlede data. Prosjektet består av 2 delprosjekter: 
<h>1.  En analyse av faktorer som bestemmer pasienters valg av lege og legers preferanser for pasien ter. 
<h>2. En analyse av hvordan fastlegeordningen vil virke inn på omfanget og sammensetningen av de tjenestene allmennlegene yter.

Evaluering av fastlegereformen

HERO er et femårig program for utforsking av helseøkonomiske problemstillinger. Forskningen foregår i spenningsfeltet mellom krav om samfunnsøkonomisk effektivitet i helsesektoren og de verdier beslutningstakere i helsesektoren tradisjonelt bekjenner seg  til. Informasjon om helseøkonomimiljøet HERO finnes på: http://www.hero.uio.no/

SAMF-Fagkomiteen for samfunnsvitenskap

Nasjonale eliter under press: Stabilitet og endring i elitestruktur og eliteatferd i en globalisert verden.

Awarded: NOK 0.13 mill.

Summary

Funding scheme:

SAMF-Fagkomiteen for samfunnsvitenskap

Funding Sources

Thematic Areas and Topics