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2004

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Limb wounds in horses are common, however healing is exceedingly slow and fraught with complications. Contrary to body wounds, limb wounds demonstrate only a small amount of wound contraction. The specialist procedure of applying split-thickness skin grafts to limb wounds stimulates wound contraction by unknown mechanisms. The objective of this project is to identify those mechanisms to develop a treatment strategy for equine limb wounds for use in general  practice. Limb wounds are severely impacting animal welfare due to an extended healing/treatment duration, and the risk of euthanasia due to a poor functional outcome. By stimulating wound contraction, healing time will be reduced, and the functional outcome improved, directly benefitting the welfare of wounded horse and reducing treatment cost for the owner. Aim: To identify dermal components stimulating wound contraction, and to develop this knowledge into future state-of-the-art treatment of equine limb wounds for use in general practice. Hypotheses: i) Application of dermal fractions to collagen gels seeded with equine fibroblasts will increase gel contraction in vitro; ii) Application of dermal fractions to experimental limb wounds in vivo, will increase wound contraction resulting in a faster healing time versus wounds treated by conventional methods. Methods: i) The contractile effect of different dermal components will be assessed in a collagen gel/ fibroblast model; ii) Identified dermal components will be tested in a standardized experimental limb wound model in vivo (n=5). Ultimately, results from this project are expected to improve wound treatment in horses, directly impacting animal welfare by reducing healing time and improving the functional outcome of wounded horses. This will also directly benefit horse owners and caretakers and making veterinarians able to offer better treatment solutions.

HESTEFORSK - Raskere og bedre sårheling hos hest med autologe hudkomponenter

The goal of the Bilingual Experiences, Cognitive Ageing and underlying Mechanisms (BECAME) project is to examine the functional neuroplastic mechanisms underlying mitigatory effects of bilingual experience on age-related cognitive decline. While evidence is available for structural brain changes supporting bilingualism-induced effects on cognitive aging (CA), functional mechanisms underlying such effects are not yet well understood. BECAME aims to fill this gap by investigating the trajectory of bilingualism-induced functional neuroplasticity across the adult lifespan (ages 18-85), crucially adopting an individual differences approach related to measurable degree of bilingual engagement. Importantly, although such benefits are thought to be rooted early in the lifespan, evidence for the timeframe and conditions of their early emergence is scarce. The choice of including the whole adult lifespan allows us to investigate these mechanisms and their emergence more directly from a lifespan perspective. I combine behavioral testing with brain recordings via electroencephalography (EEG). EEG is widely used in cognitive neuroscience to assess brain activity and the degree of communication between brain regions (functional connectivity) in response to stimuli and at rest. Combining behavioral and EEG modalities will allow me to test bilingualism’s effect on functional connectivity, as well as its consequences for functional efficiency, the minimum required neural activation to successfully perform a task. This will enable a detailed, evidence-based account of the protective effects observed in older-aged bilinguals, and how they are built from earlier life stages. By illuminating the relationship between multilingualism and resulting neurocognitive adaptations, BECAME will enable to capitalize on it as a health initiative, with manifold societal implications and the potential to be translated into actionable policies exploiting multilingualism to ameliorate effects of CA.

Bilingual Experiences, Cognitive Ageing and underlying Mechanisms

Hovedmålet med kreftbehandling er å eliminere kreftceller og dette er tradisjonelt oppnådd ved kirurgi, bruk av giftige medikamenter (cellegift) og stråling. En ny og betydningsfull tilnærming til kreftbehandling kalt immunterapi, har derimot fått mye oppmerksomhet det siste tiåret; Her forsøker leger og forskere å utnytte immunsystemet vårt for å målrettet  ødelegge kreftceller. En nøkkelaktør i denne banebrytende tilnærmingen er en gruppe «drapsmenn» i immunsystemet kjent som cytotoxiske T-lymfocytter (CTL-er). Disse cellene har en bemerkelsesverdig evne til å oppdage kreftceller ved å gjenkjenne unormale molekyler på overflaten av kreftcellene - molekyler som friske celler ikke har. Når CTL-er gjenkjenner kreftcellene ødelegger de dem ved å frigjøre giftige molekyler som initierer kreftcellenes selvdestruksjon. 
 
Selv om betydelige innsats har blitt dedikert til å forstå hvordan CTL-er aktiveres og hvordan de gjenkjenner kreftceller, vet vi mindre om de påfølgende hendelsene inne i kreftcellene som fører til deres død. Fra før vet vi at CTL-er kan initiere to forskjellige typer celledød i kreft: den første, kalt apoptose, er en stille og ordnet prosess der kreftcellene krymper og brytes opp uten å varsle immunsystemet; den andre, kalt pyroptose, er en mer dramatisk prosess som involverer dannelse av åpninger i cellemembranen, noe som fører til at cellene svulmer opp og sprekker. Under denne cellebristen blir innholdet inne i cellene frigitt i omgivelsene, og dette kan fungere som 'faretegn' som kan stimulere en sterkere immunrespons mot kreftcellene. Betydningen av denne cellebristen for å forsterke anti-tumorresponsene vil bli undersøkt i dette prosjektet. 
 
Videre er vi fascinert av muligheten for å avdekke ytterligere, ennå ukjente, former for celledød indusert av CTL-er. Utforsking av disse dødsrelaterte prosessene i kreftcellene kan potensielt øke effektiviteten av immunterapi og bidra betydelig i den pågående kampen mot kreft.

The primary goal of most cancer therapies is to induce cancer cell death. Immunotherapy relies on the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes such as natural killer cells (NKs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to achieve this. While a significant amount of research in immunotherapy focuses on the events within cytotoxic lymphocytes or at the interface between cytotoxic lymphocytes and cancer cells, less is known about the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate cancer cell death, particularly in the case of CTL-mediated death.
CTLs are known to induce two types of cell death in cancer: non-inflammatory apoptosis and proinflammatory pyroptosis. Pyroptotic cancer cells release proinflammatory signals that attract immune cells to the tumor site, thereby enhancing the anti-tumor response. Cell lysis is a common outcome of pyroptotic cell death. It is unclear whether lysis can be decoupled from pyroptosis in cancer cells and whether the proinflammatory properties of pyroptotic cancer cell death depend on lysis. Moreover, it remains unknown whether CTLs can induce other forms of cell death in cancer, apart from apoptosis and pyroptosis.
Studying the mechanisms of CTL-mediated cancer cell death is challenging because CTLs selectively target cells expressing specific antigens. However, given the critical role of CTLs in immunotherapy, it is essential to deepen our understanding of CTL-induced cancer cell death.
This project aims to develop novel methodologies to investigate the death mechanisms that are initiated by CTLs. In addition, we will identify new pathways and mediators involved in CTL-induced cancer cell death. Furthermore, we will assess the contribution of proinflammatory cell death and lysis in promoting anti-tumor responses in vivo. Overall, this research will improve our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of CTL-mediated cancer cell death and potentially reveal novel targets to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.

T-cell-mediated proinflammatory cell death and lysis in cancer

En av de vanligste, men minst studerte, utfordringene med å bli eldre er problemer med å kommunisere. Mange eldre sliter spesielt med pragmatiske ferdigheter, som å forstå undertekst, eller tilpasse det de sier til personen de snakker med. 

La oss si at en lege må gi en alvorlig beskjed til en pasient. For å gjøre det litt lettere å takle, bruker legen vagere språk, som "kanskje" i stedet for "sannsynligvis". Mens yngre voksne ofte tar hensyn til høflighetsstrategier i måten de tolker det som blir sagt på, har eldre ofte vanskelig for å forstå når noen snakker indirekte. Mange eldre voksne har vanskelig for å forstå ikke-bokstavelig språk og kan misforstå alvorlighetsgraden av diagnosen. Dette kan påvirke beslutningen deres om behandling, noe som kan føre til utilsiktede konsekvenser. 

Siden god kommunikasjon er viktig både i viktige medisinske samtaler og i hverdagen, er det viktig at vi finner ut hva som gjør at eldre kan ha vansker med å forstå og bli forstått. RESILIENCE skal hjelpe til med denne utfordringen ved å samle data om praktiske, kognitive og språklige ferdigheter hos voksne i alderen 18-90 år over tid. Dette vil gi oss en stor mengde data om pragmatiske, kognitive og språk ferdigheter og gjøre det tilgjengelig for forskning. Med denne dataen som grunnlag har vi følgende mål: 

• Forstå hvordan praktiske evner endrer seg generelt gjennom voksenlivet. 
• Finne ut hvilke mekanismer som påvirker pragmatiske evner på forskjellige tidspunkter i livet.
 • Utvikle en teoretisk modell som forklarer hvordan pragmatiske ferdigheter endrer seg med alderen.
 • Lage algoritmer som kan forutsi hvordan pragmatiske evner vil utvikle seg for enkeltpersoner i årene som kommer. 
• Utvikle og teste et verktøy som kan måle pragmatisk helse (både pragmatiske ferdigheter og deres underliggende mekanismer), noe som kan åpne  for å iverksette tiltak. 

Dette vil gi oss muligheten til å forstå bedre hvordan folk kan utvikle pragmatisk resiliens gjennom livsløpet.

A cornerstone of human communication is our reliance on pragmatic skills to guide linguistic interactions (e.g., reasoning about others' mental states to bridge the gap between what is said and intended in conversation). However these skills are highly sensitive to age-related decline, leading to miscommunication and uninformed decision making in the older adult population. This raises an important question, one which has puzzled linguistics and psychologists for decades: if pragmatic competence is fundamental to communication, why do individuals vary so much in this capacity? 

Traditionally, psychologists have approached pragmatic competence from a cognitive angle, reasoning that individual differences in executive functions (i.e., the cognitive skills associated with goal-directed actions) are what underlie effective pragmatic behavior. In a similar vein, language scientists have taken a linguistic approach, reasoning that one’s language background (e.g., the frequency with which individuals shift between languages) shapes pragmatic skills by enhancing sensitivity to the communicative context. This focus on either cognitive or linguistic influences has resulted in two expansive yet disparate areas of research.

RESILIENCE will unite these disciplines to pursue a longstanding debate on what underlies pragmatic resilience and decline using a large-scale, interdisciplinary and longitudinal approach. By gathering data on adults' (ages 18-90) pragmatic, cognitive and language skills over multiple time points, we will develop a comprehensive theoretical model that explains how cognitive and linguistic systems interact to shape pragmatic competence as we age, and create algorithms that predict the trajectory of an individual’s pragmatic abilities in upcoming years. Based on these results we will design a multidimensional tool that detects the earliest signs of pragmatic deficits, leading to future interventions, allowing us to uncover the paths to pragmatic resilience.

Uncovering the paths to pragmatic resilience

Sink er et essensielt mikronæringsstoff som kreves for funksjonen til hundrevis av proteiner involvert i et bredt spekter av biologiske prosesser. Etter inntak av sink fra kosten reguleres nivåene i kroppen nøye gjennom absorpsjon, sekresjon og ekskresjon via spesialiserte proteiner, såkalte sinktransportører, i tarmen. Enhver ubalanse er skadelig for menneskers helse, spesielt er tarmen følsom for sinkfluktuasjoner, hvilket påvirker tarmbarrieren og kan føre til inflammatoriske sykdommer og kreft i tarmen. 
På molekylært nivå er de presise mekanismene som styrer funksjonen til de ulike sinktransportørene fortsatt uklare. Hos mennesker finnes det over tjue slike proteiner, og de fleste inneholder områder rike på aminosyren histidin. Disse histidinene mistenkes å spille en avgjørende rolle i å binde sink. Nylig oppdaget vi et enzym som modifiserer disse områdene ved å sette metylgrupper på histidin, og viste at metylerte histidiner har en lavere affinitet for sink. Dette prosjektet har som mål å identifisere nye mekanismer som regulerer sinknivåer gjennom histidinmetylering av sinktransportører, å utvikle forskningsverktøy for effektiv studie av histidinmetylering, og å legge grunnlaget for nye behandlinger av tarmsykdommer.

The delicate balance of zinc levels in the body is essential for human health. Zinc is absorbed and excreted via intestinal zinc transporter proteins, and perturbations of this process are associated with pathologies, including inflammatory diseases and cancers of the bowel. The precise molecular mechanisms regulating zinc transport, however, remain a major knowledge gap. Based on the recent discovery of an enzyme methylating histidine residues in zinc transporters, and drawing on preliminary findings which demonstrate reduced affinity of methylated histidines to zinc, this project aims to identify novel mechanisms regulating zinc homeostasis through histidine methylation. We will examine the regulation and effect of histidine methylation on zinc transport in intestinal cell culture and organoids, and examine how knockout of the methylhistidine-generating enzyme affects the integrity and pathology of the intestinal tract in mouse models. In addition, we will identify reader proteins specifically recognizing methylhistidines and develop anti-methylhistidine antibodies and inhibitors to use as tools for detection, enrichment, and inhibition of histidine methylation. Such tools are urgently needed by the international research community, as none are currently available commercially. Overall, this project will lead to great advances in the field of protein regulation, and may uncover novel mechanisms in intestinal zinc transport and pathology.

Zinc transport regulation through histidine methylation

Noen av oss tåler stressende livshendelser godt. Andre derimot utvikler vedvarende fysiske og psykiske plager som følger av stress. Hvor godt vi håndterer stress avhenger av et komplekst samspill mellom miljøfaktorer, sosiale forhold, biologisk sårbarhet og indre motstandskraft. Forskning på stressreaksjonene til dyr og pasientgrupper som til vanlig lever under mye stress viser at en gruppe signalstoffer i kroppen som aktiverer det samme hjernesystemet som cannabis – endocannabinoidene – kan begrense styrken på stressreaksjoner og bidra til at man raskere kommer seg til hektene. I dette prosjektet skal vi undersøke hvordan mestring av stress på kort og lang sikt henger sammen med nivåer av endocannabinoider i kroppen for å forstå hvorfor noen personer er mer motstandsdyktige mot stress enn andre. I den ene studien følger vi pasienter som skal gjennomgå en stressende, men veldig vanlig, situasjon: kirurgi. Her måler vi pasientenes opplevelse av stress, samt mentale og fysiske helse, fra tiden før til to år etter operasjonen og undersøker hvordan dette henger sammen med nivåene deres av endocannabinoider og andre stresshormoner. I den andre studien bruker vi data fra et eksperiment hvor deltakerne har blitt utsatt for psykososialt stress til å undersøke om endocannabinoidnivået deres påvirker hvordan de reagerer på stress, og om stresset i seg selv kan påvirke kroppens produksjon av endocannabinoider. Til syvende og sist er målet med studien å vurdere hvorvidt målinger av endocannabinoidnivåer kan brukes til å forebygge helseplager og til å evaluere behovet for økt oppfølging etter alvorlig stressende påkjenninger i livet.

In the face of major life stressors, some individuals cope well whereas others develop ill health and long-term adverse outcomes. Predicting who needs additional support in response to major life stressors is essential for targeted prevention and more efficient allocation of resources. The endocannabinoid system is emerging as a promising target for understanding vulnerability and resilience to stress. This system appears to buffer stress in two ways: by limiting the magnitude of the stress response, and by facilitating recovery after a stressful event. While the early findings are intriguing, they mainly stem from studies in rodents and small clinical groups with high stress burden. What role endocannabinoids have more globally for human resilience, health and well-being remains elusive. 

In this project we address this gap by leveraging comprehensive experimental and clinical data on two potent stress models: psychosocial stress and surgery. Drawing on these unique datasets, which combine experimental control with ecological validity, we will decipher how endocannabinoid levels influence people’s stress response and recovery across minutes, days, weeks and years. The project represents a novel directional shift for endocannabinoid research and will (i) determine the value of endocannabinoid levels as a biomarker to predict outcomes after surgery, (ii) quantify sex differences, (iii) assess endocannabinoid interplay with opioid analgesics, sex hormones and other stress markers (iv) spearhead open and reproducible science practices in endocannabinoid research, and (v) make this fine-grained and novel data available through an interactive web application. 

This project represents an ambitious effort to understand endocannabinoids’ role in stress resilience and will determine the value of endocannabinoids as a predictive biomarker and potential target for individualized treatment.

Deciphering endocannabinoid stress buffering in humans: 
Mechanistic and clinical investigations

WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM)

Wheelchair users (WCU) are three to five times more inactive than the general population, leading to a high risk of developing preventable secondary conditions. Although physical activity (PA) guidelines have been specifically developed for WCU, we lack systematic approaches to implement them in practice, as well as valid algorithms to monitor PA change in WCU through sensor-based solutions. Accordingly, the overall scientific aim of the WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM) is to advance PA research and practice in WCU by developing valid digital markers for monitoring of and providing feedback on PA, paving the way for implementation and intervention. I will accomplish this through combining the complementary research fields of 1) behavioural intervention studies focusing on increasing PA in WCU (core competence University of British Columbia, UBC; outgoing phase) and 2) sensor-based PA monitoring (core competence Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU; returning phase – consolidated by non-academic placement at Maastricht Instruments, which develop research prototypes including PA monitors). WHAM’s scientific aim is achieved through three objectives: 1) Measure the effect of a pragmatic exercise intervention trial on self-reported physical activity levels and cardio-respiratory fitness, 2) Develop valid algorithms for tracking PA markers in WCU, and 3) Co-create a framework that outlines how PA can be conjointly monitored and provided feedback on in WCU. This fellowship will enable me to become established as an internationally recognized researcher in the field of “physical activity and disability”, while bringing together ongoing national disjointed research activities in this field. Altogether, my overall ambition is to contribute to reducing inequalities in daily-life participation among WCU compared to the rest of the population.

BOLD MINDS aspires to enhance the understanding of vulnerability factors underlying the emergence of borderline personality disorder (BPD), with an ultimate aim of increasing the potential for young individuals to receive early, evidence-based help when their mental health is at risk. BOLD MINDS will achieve this by investigating whether disruptions in two aspects of autobiographical memory (AM), narrative identity (NI) and involuntary AM (IAM), are associated with BPD features and problem behaviours in adolescents concurrently and over time. In doing so, BOLD MINDS will strengthen the understanding of mechanisms underlying the emergence of BPD in adolescence and lay a groundwork for developing evidence-based early interventions for BPD. While currently limited, the study of AM in this field is essential for two reasons. Firstly, because the aspects of AM under investigation, NI and IAM, are known to be involved in identity formation and emotion regulation which represent two key psychological processes that are disrupted in adults with BPD and are linked to problem behaviours such as self-harm and suicidality. Secondly, because promising research is emerging on the use of AM targets in the treatment of emotional disorder in adults, and provides a strong model for future treatment development with vulnerable adolescents. In addition, this timely research program aligns with calls from international organizations to prioritize early interventions to promote adolescent mental health. BOLD MINDS will adopt and adapt state-of-the-art ecological momentary assessment and analytical techniques and work at the crossroads of clinical and cognitive psychological perspectives, allowing for a multidimensional approach to understanding BPD vulnerability. Training-through-research and formalized training of the experienced researcher will prepare her for a permanent academic position and the founding of her own research lab specializing in AM and early interventions for BPD.

Borderline Personality Disorder: Memory and Identity in Adolescence

Per- og polyfluorerte stoffer (PFAS) er en stor gruppe menneskeskapte kjemikalier med høyt fluorinnhold som antas å ha negative helseeffekter. Kilder til PFAS kan være produksjon av vann-, varme- og flekkbestandige produkter og disse kjemikaliene er en del av hverdagen vår. PFAS påvirkning av biologiske systemer er ikke fullstendig forstått. Noen PFAS er antatt å øke risikoen for å utvikling av ikke-alkoholisk fettleversykdom (NAFLD) og øke risikoen for diabetes. 

For å forstå hvordan PFAS påvirker organene våre ønsker vi å bruke små laboratoriedyrkede organmodeller, kalt organoider. Disse miniatyrorganene kan dyrkes fra menneskelige stamceller og tilbyr et kontrollert miljø for å studere hvordan PFAS påvirker f.eks lever og bukspyttkjertelen vår, uten bruk av dyreforsøk.

For å studere helseeffekter må vi kunne måle nivået av biomolekyler som fettstoffer i leveren og hormoner i bukspyttkjertelen. Til dette trenger vi å utvikle analytiske verktøy for å måle effektene. Først vil vi bekrefte at når leverorganoidene eksponeres for enkelte PFAS-forbindelser utvikles det NAFLD-lignende sykdom ved å sammenligne den biokjemiske profilen (proteiner og metabolitter) til organoider av lever med PFAS-eksponerte organoider. Deretter vil vi utvide den analytiske verktøykassen for å undersøke hvilke metabolske veier som påvirkes, og om effekten er den samme i NAFLD-induserte og PFAS-eksponerte organoider. Vi vil også eksponere insulinproduserende bukspyttkjertelorganoider for PFAS for å undersøke effekten av PFAS på hormonproduksjon. Når effektene av PFAS-eksponering på lever- og bukspyttkjertel-organoider er etablert, vil organoidene bli samkultivert i en chip, og effektene av PFAS-eksponering vil bli undersøkt og sammenlignet med individuelle organoider.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are believed to contribute to metabolic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 1 diabetes. HE-POP aims to investigate the effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS), a type of POPs), on organ function in a controlled environment.

Organoids are multicellular laboratory-grown miniature organs, that are grown from stem cells. HE-POP will use organoids to examine how PFAS affects our organs and develop cutting-edge bioanalytical tools and methodology to measure these effects using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. HE-POP hypothesizes that PFAS negatively affects organ function, as evidenced by changes in hormone and lipid levels characteristic of NAFLD and type 1 diabetes. 

Organoids offer a controlled environment to study the effects of PFAS on the liver and pancreas, without the use of animal models. HE-POP aims to gain evidence of the negative effects of PFAS on organ function through controlled experiments on organoids and aid in understanding the biological mechanisms underlying NAFLD and type 1 diabetes.

HE-POP has fundaments in UN sustainable development goals, specifically #3, #12, and #14/15, seeking an understanding of diseases with worldwide prevalence, and understanding how POPs affect our life and surroundings and help enable the right regulatory actions and replacement chemicals.

HE-POP: Studying the Health Effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Using Mass Spectrometry, Organoids, and Organ-On-A-Chip

Dette prosjektet, kalt Hukommelse for musikk, fokuserer på det økende antallet mennesker over hele verden som lever med demens, spesielt Alzheimer's sykdom (AD). AD starter typisk med hukommelsesproblemer og påvirker etter hvert daglige aktiviteter. Aktive musikkintervensjoner, spesielt sang, har vist positive effekter på humør, atferd og livskvalitet for personer med demens, men deres innvirkning på kognisjon er ikke godt forstått. Prosjektet har som mål å fylle dette kunnskapsgapet ved å studere effektene av å lære nye sanger på kognitiv, atferdsmessig og hjernemessig funksjon.

Studien vil omfatte hjemmeboende voksne over 65 år med AD fra Argentina, Østerrike og Norge. Deltakerne vil gjennomgå 5 måneder med intensiv musikalsk opplæring (to ganger i uken) og 5 måneder med minimal opplæring (en gang i måneden) i tilfeldig rekkefølge, med en to måneders pause imellom. Intervensjonene inkluderer å lære nye sanger med en personlig musikklærer. Generell kognisjon vil bli målt ved bruk av Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-cog), og hukommelse for musikk vil bli vurdert gjennom ulike metoder, inkludert atferdsoppgaver og hjerneaktivitet (EEG). Humør vil også bli evaluert i hver økt.

Målet er å inkludere 113 deltakere for å sikre pålitelig påvisning av meningsfulle effekter. Studien vil utforske hvordan humør og hukommelse for musikk bidrar til endringer i kognitive evner, og om disse effektene varierer basert på faktorer som kjønn, alder, AD-stadium, eller tidligere musikalsk opplæring og generell utdanning. Prosjektet vektlegger samarbeid mellom forskere, tjenesteytere og brukere for å sikre studiens relevans og anvendelighet.

The number of people living with dementia is increasing and is high in low, middle, and high-income countries. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, manifests itself initially with cognitive impairment in memory domains, and later affects all activities of daily living. Active music interventions, particularly singing, can help to improve mood, behaviour problems, and quality of life. Too little is known about their effects on cognition, although some promising studies exist. The M4M project aims to fill this gap by measuring effects of learning new songs on clinical, behavioural and brain functioning. Specifically, M4M aims to examine changes in general cognitive functioning and memory for music in non-musician adults with AD undergoing intensive individual musical training based on singing novel songs, compared to minimal training.
        Home-dwelling adults with AD, 65 years or older, in 3 countries (Argentina, Austria, Norway), will receive 5 months of intensive intervention (2x/week) and 5 months of minimal intervention (1x/month), in random order, with a 2-month break in between. Interventions will entail learning new songs with an individual music teacher. At the end of each intervention period, general cognition will be measured with the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale – Cognitive (ADAS-cog) by a person who is unaware of the intervention received. Memory for music will be tested with observations, behavioural tasks, and brain responses (EEG). Mood will be assessed in each session. We aim to include 113 participants; this will help us to reliably detect clinically meaningful effects. We will also examine how mood and memory for music lead to changes in cognitive abilities, and whether effects depend on sex, age, AD stage, or previous musical training or general education. M4M will be conducted in close collaboration between academic researchers, service providers, and service users to ensure relevance and applicability.

Memory for Music: Effects of individual intensive musical training based on singing in non-musicians with Alzheimer’s disease

Midlene fra FUNN-3-Tilskudd til ulønnet FoU-innsats fordelt på år

Midlene fra FUNN-3-Tilskudd til ulønnet FoU-innsats fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra FUNN-3-Tilskudd til ulønnet FoU-innsats fordelt på fagområde

Daglig leder

28672 Optimalisere trelasttørking i tørkekammer ved hjelp av ny måleteknikk.

Tsuchiyama, Ryoko, Japan, statsstip. 2008-09

The topic of the project is experimental work in the field of hyperspectral imaging. A brief general description of this field is given below. The work will be done mainly at Norsk Elektro Optikk AS (NEO), but in close collaboration with FFI and NTNU.

Th e main focus of this project is the development of a hyperspectral camera optimized for low-light conditions. Most current hyperspectral imagers, including those manufactured by NEO, are not able to record good data at the low light levels found in fluore scence imaging (of interest in medical applications) or remote sensing at night (of interest in military applications). A low-light hyperspectral camera will be a very useful research tool which can be put to immediate use in ongoing research activities a t FFI and NTNU. 
The proposed work is expected to yield results which can form the basis of several publications. The main publications will be those describing the design and performance of the low-light camera. When this instrumentation is established,  it can readily be used to generate publishable results in the context of applications under study at FFI and NTNU.

Hyperspectral imaging is a fertile and rapidly expanding field of research. This is exemplified by a growing number of employed researchers  studying hyperspectral imaging in the three involved organizations: A total of 3 in 2001 will have grown to about 15 by the end of 2008.  Furthermore, NEO, FFI and NTNU have a clear interest in collaborating on this topic. In total, this provides an exce llent basis for supporting the research planned in this PhD study.

Low-light and Fluorescence Hyperspectral Imaging

This is a collaborative project between two groups at the University of Tromsø, led by Professors Abhik Ghosh and Kenneth Ruud, and will comprise both an experimental and a theoretical component.

On the experimental side, our studies will involve the syn thesis of a variety of metallocorroles, to be investigated as (a) NLO materials and (b) liquid crystals. The latter will involve corroles with multiple long-chain alkyl, alkoxy and perfluoroalkylmethyl substituents. (c) We will also investigate metallocor roles as sensors of NOx and other volatile organics.

On the theoretical side, the project will focus on NLO properties as well as on metallocorrole-mediated NOx sensing. A key goal is that state-of-the-art methods development work in the Ruud group are b rought to bear on the applications pursued in the Ghosh laboratory.

The project will involve two PhD students and two postdocs for 3 years each. Collaborations are envisaged with other groups in Europe, the US, and Canada, as well as New Zealand and Sout h Africa, among other places.

A visiting fellowship is sought for Dr. Daniel Crawford (Virgina Tech, USA) as well as a CTCC associate professor II position for Dr. Jeanet Conradie (University of the Free State, South Africa).

Because of reduced funding compared to the original application, we will not pursue the solar energy conversion subproject as part of this project.

Corroles as functional materials

Petroleum and shipping activities at higher latitudes have increased considerably over recent years, and a significant further increase is expected. Melting of sea ice will open opportunities for new shipping routes and lengthen the navigation season of e xisting routes, as well as open new areas for oil/gas production. We will assess, in terms of radiative forcing, the climate impact of increased oil/gas and shipping activity in the Arctic. Future emissions will be estimated for scenarios of development o f global shipping and oil/gas exploration. Of particular interest are the potential region-specific effects; thus emphasis will be put on short-lived species, such as primary (BC and OC) and secondary particles (sulfate, secondary OC, and nitrate), and O3  in addition to long-lived GHGs. The timing and location of the emissions of short-lived species will be taken into account. A global 3-D chemical transport model that includes a comprehensive photochemical scheme and modules for sulfate, BC and OC aeroso ls, and secondary OC will be applied. Radiative forcing simulations will be performed for the long- and short-lived gases, as well as for the direct and indirect aerosol effects. The impact of aerosols on clouds will be based on observational studies of h ow aerosols change the cloud droplet radius and cloud cover. The climate impact of oil and gas exploration will be normalized by activity data to enable a comparison with similar production in other regions. A similar approach will be taken for shipping t o compare with other and alternative shipping routes. The overall effect including lower fuel consumption from ships taking shorter routes between Europe and Asia will be estimated. The project will provide a policy relevant assessment of the overall clim ate effect of a shift of activities from other regions to the Arctic, and particularly whether emissions occurring in the Arctic region will be more harmful for climate than emissions occurring at lower latitudes.

ArcAct - Unlocking the Arctic ocean: The climate impact of increased shipping and petroleum activities

This project is about public intimacies. Public intimacies describe the current situation where intimate, sexual and personal matters are part of the public. Cultural repertoires and discourses in the form of representations and aesthetic, performative an d communicative modes forge and inform new intimate and sexual relationships. The project is trans-disciplinary and consists of four strands that are closely interrelated thematically, theoretically and methodologically, but focuses on different media, co mmunication-technologies, modes of communication and aesthetics. These are: television and art, literature and film, new digital technology and media debates and advisory columns. In addition it is the ambition of this project to make a major Nordic contr ibution in international theoretical debates on intimacy and sexuality. Because of this it is included a fifth strand to be able to develop theory from a Nordic cultural perspective and to dialogue from a humanities perspective with international theory a nd research on these matters.

Being Together.
Remaking Public Intimacies

Et viktig mål ved NTNUs internasjonale strategi er å øke deltagelsen i internasjonale nettverk og faglig virksomhet innen utdanning og forskning.
NTNU har forsknings- og utdanningssamarbeid med rundt 200 universiteter over hele verden. De prioriterte områ dene er EU-regionen, USA, Japan og Kina.
NTNU er en aktiv partner innenfor europeisk forskning. Deltakelse i EUs 7. Rammeprogram FP7 er blant universitetets høyest prioriterte områder. I EUs 6. Rammeprogram er NTNU kontraktfestet til over 60 prosjekter, s om har et samlet budsjett på EURO 250 mill fordelt på fire år.


Kilder:
http://www.ntnu.no/omntnu/visjon/strategi

http://www.ntnu.no/forskning/forskn_intsamarb

Corpora for discovering language-specific and language-general patterns of fine phonetic detail (FPD)

The overall research objective of the NICE network is to predict more confidently the climate evolution over the next centuries to millennia and to identify the causes of the climatic changes and the uncertainties of climate predictions. The scientific wo rk will be focused on the study of the interactions between ice sheets and climate, because ice sheets are located in regions very sensitive to global warming. Moreover, past climate changes records demonstrate that huge instability of ice sheet may lead to abrupt climate changes associated with global reorganization of atmosphere and ocean dynamics (shut down of the Thermohaline Circulation for example). Therefore, it is crucial to predict the future behaviour and the feedbacks of the ice sheet on climat e.

(Se vedlegg for detaljert beskrivelse av Andreas Born's PhD prosjekt ved UiB)

Network for Ice Sheet and Climate Evolution

Escaped farmed salmon has a number of well-known negative biological effects on the wild Atlantic salmon stock (Salmo salar), but also some potential positive effects as it may increase the salmon stock available for both marine and recreational fishing. The aim of this project is to analyse such biological and economic externalities induced by the farmed salmon industry and to reveal the basic principles for a sound management strategy of the wild Atlantic salmon. First, a bioeconomic model will be devel oped where both the fish farming industry and the salmon recreational (and the marine) fishing sector are included. Next, the various values and costs involved in the utilisation of wild salmon will be assessed and it will be studied how these values are affected by escaped farmed salmon. Both collected data through stated preferences analysis and market data for fishing permits will be applied.

VANN: Management of wild Atlantic salmon and escaped farmed salmon: Economic drivers, impacts and conflicts.
(Other rel. subject: Samfunn)

One major unsolved problem for the introduction of hydrogen into the global energy system is effective storage of hydrogen. This proposal addresses novel materials for hydrogen storage and in particular aluminium-, magnesium- and boron-based metal hydride s. Materials with hydrogen contents higher than 6 mass% H will be studied with synchrotron X-ray diffraction. High-resolution X-ray diffraction is important for structural studies of new compounds and also for studies of morphological properties and effec ts of catalysts. In-situ diffraction studies will be carried out in order to understand absorption/desorption processes, effect of catalysts and to determine thermodynamical properties of novel hydrides. Combination with other techniques, for example comb ined EXAFS/diffraction and Raman spectroscopy/diffraction will be performed. In addition the combination with neutron diffraction will also be important. The project will accommodate work for 1 PhD student who will stay about 9 months at ESRF, probably at  SNBL, during the project period. The project will involve extensive national and international collaboration.

Novel materials for hydrogen storage studied by synchrotron X-ray diffraction

Being part of the global theatre-repertoire Ibsen´s plays are continually subject to localising acts, where the interplay between the local and the global may be studied as an interweaving of different cultures.
The general aim of the project is to consid er the question of how one can account for the extraordinary international success of Ibsen´s plays. Its specific goal is to reach an understanding of Ibsen´s function as a global dramatist, i.e. how an Ibsen play is evaluated, and how the value of the pl ays are altered, shifted, transferred and appropriated, when localised in new cultural contexts.

Such an understanding can however only be reached through an analysis of local, culturally specific arenas. Without conceiving of culture as national, the pr oject will accordingly focus on contemporary Ibsen productions in China, India and Bangladesh, who all posess well-documented and solid Ibsen-traditions. Being part of the local theatre-traditions in these countries, Ibsen is done in relation to a specifi c situation within the cultures, originating within their own theatres.

The project is being undertaken by an established international group of co-operating scholars, and will combine textual and performance analysis, informed by cultural analysis. Brin ging together scholars from the fields of performance analysis, intercultural studies and literature makes the project unique. The ambition is not to study aesthetic artefacts that are translated from an "original", but to see the local performance as the  original itself. Only from such a vantage point can one clarify the site-specific appropriation of the specific plays. In this sense the project aims at working with relational questions.

The relations to be studied are multifaceted. The question whethe r these relations contribute to a standardisation of aesthetic expression and valuation, or whether they should rather be seen as contributing to new forms of diversity will be central.

Ibsen Between Cultures

The recent version of the Norwegian Red List was published in 2006. Jan Mayen and its adjacent waters is the only Norwegian Territory in the Northern Hemisphere which is not included. An update of the Norwegian Red List is due in 2010, with the aim to inc lude also the area around Jan Mayen.

Literature and museum collections dealing with catches from waters around Jan Mayen will be checked. Also data derived from recent surveys (e.g. shrimp surveys of IMR) in the Jan Mayen area will be beneficial, as fish  is found as regular bycatch. The project is strongly linked to another submitted research project: "Increasing the knowledge of data-deficient marine fish species towards the 2010 Red List of Norway". Contacts to fish collection curators and museums whic h hold material from the respective area have alredy been made and will also be used to advance this project.

Red lists are to be prepared on the basis of the guidelines given by the World Conservation Union (IUCN), including sets of categories and crite ria. The evaluation will conform to these guidelines to enable easy integration into the updated 2010 Norwegian Red List. The realisation of this project will increase the knowledge of the status of the fish stock around Jan Mayen and enchance the informa tion of the Norwegian marine fish diversity.

Assessing the marine fish diversity of Jan Mayen and adjacent waters towards the 2010 Norwegian Red List

Long-term time-series of Atlantic salmon catches for c. 250 Norwegian rivers (some spanning the period 1876 to present) and 48 Scottish rivers (1952 to present) will be subject to statistical analyses in order to deduce what regulates the long-term dynami cs of spawning populations. Preliminary analyses confirm that the catch data contain biologically interpretable signals. These analyses also indicate clear negative trends for Scottish salmon especially in recent years but trends for Norwegian rivers are highly spatially variable among rivers and regions. The temporal correlation between time series appears to vary over time, with trends persisting over several decades, while the spatial correlation appears relatively short range. We aim to consolidate th ese preliminary analyses and extend them to a consideration of mechanisms by pinpointing the factors generating differences in spatial trends for production and spatial variations in the trends.  We aim to identify what types of climatic (local, regional,  large-scale, river-based or marine-based) factors most strongly influence catches in various rivers and regions, and pinpoint mechanisms that might be at work, at sea or in fresh water. This approach will require advanced statistical methodology and will  incorporate additional time series for climatic (density-independent) and biological (mainly density dependent) variables. The use of the combined national catch data is strategic, since it will generate a particularly wide latitudinal spread and a corre spondingly powerful template for analysis and interpretation. Biological interpretation of population-specific findings will generate insights required to predict the impacts of current climate change scenarios on Atlantic salmon populations. Prediction w ill facilitate future management of the resource.

VANN: Declining long-term trends in Atlantic salmon abundance: inferring mechanisms using catch data for Norway and Scotland.

Takemasa, Makoto, JSPS-FY2008, long-term - Single molecular studies on polysaccharide complexes

A massive digitalisation of public services is under way. The main challenge in this development is to ensure that the new online services effectively address the real needs of the citizens, businesses and governmental agencies. The Norwegian Ministry of Government Administration and Reform published recently a white paper called "An Information Society for All,"  which paves the way for an exciting new policy for public online services, based on open standards and universal design. A system to monitor th is development is needed to better understand this field and to provide a better understanding of how to build good online service for the citizens and enterprises.
The proposed project will build on the successful EIAO  project and develop a demonstrator  of an online monitor for benchmarking eGovernment performance in four areas:
- Accessibility
- Transparency
- Efficiency
- Impact
A coherent assessment methodology with a set of specific indicators within each area will be developed. The indicators will be based on the state of the art, IT policies, and data gathered through workshops with municipalities, counties and other governmental agencies. When possible, automated metrics will be developed; otherwise, online surveys and expert advice will be used.  The results will be presented online in a way that supports flexible and customizable data views. An online simulation model will support eGovernment policy making and facilitating citizen participation.
The eGovMon project will provide a basis for a sta ble yet extensible eGovernment evaluation framework. All project results will be released under an open license; and all the software produced will be published as open source software. In that way, the project results will provide a sound basis for the i mplementation of the eGovMon demonstrator and further development.

eGovernment Monitor

Konferanser (SERAF)

The overall aim of the project is to advance the understanding of evolutionary and demographic effects of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon on wild salmon populations using and extending existing mathematical models.  

Artificial selection for increased gro wth performance in farmed salmon have led to changes also in other morphological and behavioural traits and a reduction in relative fitness of farmed fish in the wild.  To understand how natural selection is balanced by continual immigration of farmed fis h into wild populations, the effects of selection and migration in several traits simultaneously will be modelled.

Previous models for selection-migration balance suggest that wild salmon populations can reach alternative stable evolutionary states depen ding on the history of intrusion of farmed fish.  The project aims at highlighting how the evolutionary trajectory towards such alternative equilibria depends on current management actions.

Unknown quantities in the model will be estimated from tests of genetic change in populations experiencing contrasting levels of intrusion of farmed fish and from existing published data.

Using stochastic models with finite population size the effects of local inbreeding and random gene frequency fluctuations on popu lation fitness can be assessed.  Such models can also encompass more realistic assumptions about the underlying genetic basis of the traits under selection and can thus be used to check the validity of more idealized quantitative genetic models.

Finally,  the project will investigate at what rate genetic variation in the system of farmed and wild salmon as a whole is lost.  Previous work suggest that pure one-way migration of farmed fish into the wild makes this stongly dependent on the number of individu als in the breeding lines and how the breeding lines are structured into into either four parallels or one merged population.  This will examined by further developing exisiting population genetic models.

VANN: Quantitative and population genetic models for the effect of escaped farmed salmon on genetic variation and fitness in wild population

The faculty at the Department of Mathematics at the University of Bergen have a wide network of international contacts and collaboration. This network includes research groups in pure and applied mathematics as well  as statistics. The proposed project fo llows up on earlier projects denoted "Matematisk seminar", and enables the research staff to strengthen, renew and extend contacts and collaborations through short visits of internationla researchers to the department.

Matematisk seminar

Prosjektet, The Nature and Development of Language and Language Disorders in Children, er en longitudinell studie av muntlig og skriftlig språkutvikling i typisk og forsinket utvikling i overgangen barnehage-skole (4-9 år). Den består av to komponenter. Del 1 omfatter longitudinelle prosjekter, der grupper av barn er blitt fulgt gjennom årlige kartlegginger,  dvs. primært kvantitativt (barn i typisk utvikling, minoritetsspråklige barn, barn med Down syndrom, prelingvalt døve barn med tidlig cochleaimplantasjon  og barn med forsinket språkutvikling, vurdert med  screeningtesten SPRÅK4 som er i vanlig bruk ved norske helsestasjoner). Del 2 er case basert og omfatter små utvalg barn i samme språklige kategorier som i Del 1. Her har en studert samspill mellom barnehagelærer/lærer  og barn i fem læringssituasjoner (boklesing (to ulike bøker), skriving, modell-konstruksjon, dyrelek). Designet har gitt mulighet til komparasjoner mellom typisk og forsinket utvikling og til komplementær utnyttelse av kvantitative og kvalitative data. Prosjektet er gjennomført av forskergruppen Child Language and Learning, Institutt for spesialpedagogikk, Universitetet i Oslo. http://www.uv.uio.no/english/research/groups/cll/

To hovedspørsmål har vært sentrale ved gjennomføringen av Del 1, å spore veksten i språklige og kognitivt relaterte ferdigheter, samt å identifisere de mekanismer som synes å hemme og fremme utviklingen. Vi har reist spørsmål som, hvilke trekk ved språkutviklingen skiller barn med språklige forsinkelser og avvik fra barn i typisk utvikling? Hvilke faktorer predikerer vekst i vokabular, i fonologiske og i syntaktiske  ferdigheter, samt i ordavkoding og leseforståelse? Hva kjennetegner den språklige og kognitive utviklingen til barn som ved 4 år fungerte under kritisk grense på SPRÅK4? Gjennom en rekke studier, publisert i anerkjente internasjonale tidsskrift er utviklingsvekst så vel som forhold som predikerer språk- og leseutvikling blitt dokumentert. http://www.uv.uio.no/english/research/groups/cll/publications/ 

Flere metaanalyser er også gjennomført i løpet av prosjektperioden. Tematisk dekker de sentrale kunnskapsområder knyttet til barns språk og lesing: Én reiser spørsmål om trening av arbeidsminnet har en effekt på problemløsning og språk- og leseferdigheter. En annen fokuserer på forholdet mellom barns ordforråd ved fire år og senere ordavkoding og leseforståelse.  Em tredje angår dysleksi og i hvilken grad fonologiske ferdigheter driver utviklingen av tidlige ferdigheter, og en fjerde tar opp arvelighet og dysleksi.

De samspillsorientert studiene (Del 2) har overordnet hatt til hensikt å kaste lys over de sider ved samspillet mellom barnehagelærer/lærer og barn som synes å fremme og hemme problemløsning og språklæring. Det gjennomgående forskningsspørsmålet har vært: Hva kjennetegner samspillet mellom barnehagelærer/lærer og barn med ulike språklige forutsetninger i ulike læringssituasjoner. Del 2 har bestått av fem stipendiatdrevne prosjekter, hvert prosjekt har fokusert på én av språkgruppene nevnt over (typiske barn, minoritetspråklige barn, spesifikke språkvansker, Down syndrom, hørselshemning).

Resultatene er dels publisert i anerkjente internasjonale tidsskrift http://www.uv.uio.no/english/research/groups/cll/publications/, og dels utarbeidet som monografier. Noen av prosjektene er forsinket, og resultatene er derfor ikke offentlig tilgjengelige i det sluttrapporten utformes.

Både kunnskapsoppsummeringene og de empiriske delstudiene antas å ha stor og direkte nytteverdi både for barnehager/skoler, direktorat, departement og politikere. Ikke minst har mange av studiene relevans for veiledning og utdanning av barnehagelærere, lærere og spesialpedagoger, blant annet gjennom  detaljerte beskrivelser av forhold som bidrar til hhv god og forsinket språkutvikling, beskrivelser av risikofaktorer for språk- og lese-/skrivevansker ved tidlig identifiserering av barn som vil profittere på forebyggende innsatser og beskrivelser av læringsfremmende trekk ved barnehagelærers og lærers måter å støtte barns læring på («mediering»). Forskerne/PhD-stipendiatene har videre vært metodologisk innovative, og den kunnskapen de har utviklet i løpet av prosjektet vil ventelig kunne bidra positivt inn i framtidig phd-utdanning, f.eks. ved temaer metaanalyse, avanserte kvantitative tilnærminger og kombinerte kvalitative og kvantitative tilnærminger («mixed method»).

The focus of this project is typical and delayed language development in children aged four through eight. Increased knowledge about this field of research is important both to theory, to kindergartens, schools and policy making. This knowledge will in tu rn provide a basis for constructing effective intervention programs which can prevent literacy failure and facilitate the development of oral language communication skills. 
The project?s aim is to meet these demands for knowledge by including both an uns elected sample of typically developing children and selected subgroups of children with specific challenges in developing language. Two main approaches will be utilized: 
1: Longitudinal studies of typical and delayed language development, focusing on mil estones in individual children. Data is mainly quantitative and gathered through assessing different aspects of language repeatedly at different ages (4-8).  
 2: Studies of dialogues between child - teacher and child - peer in various pre-specified situa tions in (pre)schools. Single-case designs are planned for each subgroup in Part 1. Data is gathered primarily through observations and interviews. A major objective is to specify characteristics of ?good educational dialogues? with reference to typical a nd delayed/deviant development. Also, combining data from Parts 1 and 2 enables us to interpret descriptive information about (pre)school practice in the light of quantitative knowledge about developmental milestones and vice versa. 
Our project will add to knowledge about language and communication development in several ways by: a) comparing information on typical and delayed / deviant language development b) exploring the mechanisms that drive language development via comparative studies across subgrou ps, nations and orthographies c) combining data which enables us to study kindergartens/classrooms with a broader than typical approach.

The Nature and Development of Language and Language Disorders in Children

The project will bring forth management-relevant knowledge about a largely neglected part of Norway's marine/coastal environment; the northern fjords. This will be achieved through cross-disciplinary partnership, including marine scientists from Institute  for Marine Research, international co-operation including Canadian social scientists, and co-operation between academic institutions and local/regional Sami institutions. The project will build upon international experience in the use of cross-disciplina ry methods, models and technology for collection, dissemination and storing of local ecological knowledge. The data collection will take place in two fjords with ethnically mixed population: Tana, and Porsanger in Finnmark County. It will target local eco logical knowledge (LEK) of fishers, with a historical element: socio-ecological history, which refers to the diacronic element of LEK; local historical development related to ecological change. The project includes 2 part time (social science) researchers . The project will approach biological aspects of LEK, the human impact on ecological change in the fjords, and the impact of ecological change on coastal Sami communities. It will also address past and present resource conflicts. The IMR scientists will link LEK data to biological data from IMR's database. From an international perspective, the project will contribute to the growing, but still very limited literature on indigenous perspectives and knowledge concerning management of commercial and subsist ence fisheries and marine ecosystems.

FUNN-3-Tilskudd til ulønnet FoU-innsats

28672 Optimalisere trelasttørking i tørkekammer ved hjelp av ny måleteknikk.

Awarded: NOK 94,800

Funding scheme:

FUNN-3-Tilskudd til ulønnet FoU-innsats

Thematic Areas and Topics