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Implications of digital transformation for migrant labour

Accelerated by the Covid-19 pandemic, rapid digitalisation has fundamentally transformed European working conditions. While its positive consequences are well recognised, digital transformation also puts a sorely needed part of the European workforce at risk of unemployment, poverty and social exclusion. IDILAB (Implications of digital transformation for migrant labour) investigates the impacts that technological progress and subsequent structural changes have on the labour market integration of migrant workers. By developing a new methodological approach, IDILAB shall provide novel evidence on migrants’ exposure to the process of digitalisation, and formulate evidence-based and innovative policy options for the EU and national governments to improve on the scope and adequacy of national and European policy directed at encouraging a fair digital transition for all, including migrants. The proposed project will contribute with new knowledge on migrants’ own perspectives on barriers and enablers for a sustainable integration in a fast-changing labour market. I, the experienced researcher (Dr Olga Gheorghiev, the Czech Republic), will work with a European centre of excellence (the Research Centre for Digitalisation of Public Services and Citizenship (CEDIC, OsloMet, Norway), and the European Trade Union Institute (ETUI, Belgium) for intersectoral knowledge transfer, career development, and European added value.

Locating Intergenerational Ties, rematriating late-19th-century unpublished photographs of Sámi Women and Children

Employing a decolonial approach inspired by critical museology and Indigenous studies, LIT aims to initiate a visual restitution/rematriation process fostering attention to Sámi people’s experiences during colonial encounters, and to illuminate individual life-stories of women and children photographed by Italian anthropologists Mantegazza and Sommier between 1879 and 1886. It wishes to generate dialogical knowledge of unpublished visual/written materials, enabling Sámi communities of interest to gain access to these scholars’ photographs. In complex socio-historical Indigenous/settler contexts such as Sápmi (the Sámi homeland), Sámi people’s control over their own heritage has proved essential to processes of cultural and ethnopolitical self-determination. Part of the Sámi visual heritage consists of photographs taken - often through mild violence and coercion - by academics engaged in physical anthropological practices involving Sámi individuals of all ages and genders. The resulting academic and divulgative publications circulated in Europe for decades, shaping and reinforcing stereotypes of Sámi peoples and cultures. Photos taken in colonial encounters by late-19th/early-20th century scholars to visualize Sámi people’s supposed biological-cultural inferiority (until a few decades ago inaccessible to the Sámi) have become important means of decolonization and empowerment through art and activism. The visual restitution of such photographs is of the utmost importance not only from a cultural heritage perspective but is also considered by Sámi institutions and individuals as an urgent necessity. LIT proposes an innovative approach based on the co-construction of knowledge and with a gender dimension. I shall reconstruct life stories of women and children photographed by Italian ethnologists, locating their descendants and returning their photographs to their communities. LIT would benefit my career, making me a leading researcher in Sami Studies and museology.

AGREE tar for seg klimaendringers innvirkning på kulturarv gjennom tverrfaglige metoder og samarbeid mellom ulike samfunnsaktører. Prosjektet tar særlig for seg urbane områder som påvirkes av flom. Målet er å forstå det komplekse forholdet mellom forvaltning av kulturarv, klimatilpasning og samfunnets sårbarhet, og å se på tiltak for å minimere risiko for tap og ødeleggelse som følge av klimaendringer. Sentrale delmål inkluderer integrering av strategier for bevaring av kulturarv med strategier for klimatilpasning, spesielt gjennom konseptet Historisk Urban Landskap (HUL). 

AGREE vil utvikle en beslutningsmodell forankret i HUL-konseptet som sammenligner dagens forvaltningspraksis med historiske data for å belyse sårbarhet og klimatilpasning i en urban kontekst. AGREE vil fremme transformative strategier for klimatilpasning ved å evaluere beslutningstakernes forståelse av disse samspillene. 

Prosjektet ledes av University of Leeds (Storbritannia), og har Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning (NIKU), Politecnico di Torino (Italia) med som partnere. ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), British Council (Storbritannia), UK’s Department for Culture, Media and Sport (Storbritannia), Hull City Council (Storbritannia) og Innlandet fylke (Norge) deltar som samarbeidspartnere. Gjennom dette samarbeidet skal prosjektet bidra til å forme politikk og klimastrategier, både lokalt og globalt.  AGREE vil også engasjere publikum for å øke bevisstheten om klimatilpasning og mobilisere til felles handling.  Gjennom bred involvering skal AGREE bidra til å sikre at kulturarven forblir beskyttet og motstandsdyktig i møte med klimaendringer.

Alt i alt vil AGREE utforske klimaendringers påvirkning på kulturarv med en praksisorientert tilnærming, og med fokus på samarbeid, databasert beslutningstaking og samfunnsengasjement for å sikre vår felles kulturarv for fremtidige generasjoner.

AGREE champions transformative sustainability in response, emphasizing interdisciplinary methodologies and societal shifts. It explores the intricate link between cultural heritage governance, climate adaptation, and community resilience, rooted in responses to flooding in urban contexts. AGREE promotes the Historic Urban Landscape concept for integrative decision-making in climate adaptation, considering community resilience amidst environmental changes. An interactive Geographic Information System platform will illuminate this interplay over time. An innovative AGREE's contribution is a decision-making model grounded in the HUL paradigm. This model juxtaposes current national and local policies enabling cultural heritage integration in climate adaptation with historical data sources revealing urban resilience lessons and changes in the built environment over time. AGREE employs transformative governance concepts to evaluate decision-makers comprehension of these synergies and their perspectives. It advances transformative climate adaptation by uncovering potentials and barriers within heritage governance in case studies from the UK, Norway, and Italy. Beyond research, AGREE will shape policies with multi-scalar and cross-sectorial governance, interpreting climate intricacies through cultural heritage. It will strengthen global, national, and local heritage-focused climate strategies through partnerships with the British Council, ICCROM, and the UK's Department for Culture, Media, and Sport and local stakeholders, such as Hull City Council (UK) and Innlandet Region (Norway). AGREE also engages the public, raising climate adaptation awareness and mobilizing collective action, benefiting governmental climate efforts.

Advancing Cultural Heritage Governance for Resilient Climate Adaptation

Kulturlandskap leverer viktige økosystemtjenester, blant annet erfaringsbasert, lokal kunnskap om hvordan man kan tilpasse seg og begrense negative effekter av klimaendringer. Landskapene er sårbare for klimaendringer og andre påvirkninger. Derfor blir kunnskapen kontinuerlig oppdatert og overført mellom generasjoner. Ved å studere seterlandskap i Norge og lignende beitebetingete kulturlandskap i Frankrike og Spania vil vi dokumentere klimaendringer og andre trusler mot immateriell kulturarv. Vi vil beskrive landskapenes egenskaper og hvilke faktorer som muliggjør tilpasninger og avbøtende tiltak, både politiske virkemidler og tiltak i samfunnet ellers. Prosjektet har tre målsetninger:
1. Utvikle en verktøykasse som skal hjelpe lokalsamfunn og beslutningstakere med å vurdere kulturlandskapets sårbarhet og motstandsdyktighet overfor negative endringer ("resiliens").
2. Utvikle formidlingsmateriale om verdien av å bevare erfaringsbasert kunnskap som en levende kulturarv og hvordan den kan bidra til at samfunnet gjør tilpasninger og tiltak mot negative effekter av klimaendringer.
3. Bidra til den vitenskapelige litteraturen om kulturlandskapets sårbarhet og motstandsdyktighet overfor klimaendringer, og til å utvikle strategier for tilpasninger basert på den immaterielle kulturarven.
Prosjektgruppen er internasjonal og tverrfaglig: Amerikanske, franske, norske og spanske forskere skal samarbeide om å dokumentere og modellere endringer i landskapet. Interesseorganisasjoner vil bidra i prosjektstyringen og i sammenstillingen av resultater. Seterbrukere vil bidra med erfaringsbasert kunnskap, og til å analysere og tolke data. I tillegg til verktøy for klimatilpasninger og for forvaltning av den immaterielle kulturarven skal det lages veiledere for journalister, og det skal produseres filmer. Prosjektet skal øke samfunnets bevissthet om immateriell kulturarv og støtte arbeidet med å ivareta erfaringsbasert kunnskap om beitebetingete kulturlandskap.

Cultural landscapes provide essential ecological and sociocultural services and contain insights needed to combat climate change, but they are vulnerable to climate change and other stressors. By examining the cultural landscapes of transhumant pastoralism in France, Norway, and Spain, we will detail climate and other threats to this intangible cultural heritage (ICH), the characteristics and factors that create adaptive capacity in these
systems, and methods for sustaining ICH through community action and policy. The research supports three goals established with societal partners:
1. Develop a toolkit that helps communities and decision-makers assess the vulnerability and resilience of cultural landscapes. 
2. Develop communication resources for the public and policy makers illustrating why threatened cultural heritage matters and how cultural heritage can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. 
3. Contribute to scientific literature on the vulnerability and resilience of cultural landscapes and culturally informed strategies for climate mitigation and adaptation. 
Our team builds on multiple collaborations and deep expertise. The most significant involves French, Spanish, and U.S. partners modeling future changes in the French Basque pastoral system. The Basque Centre for Climate Change specializes in Spanish transhumant pastoralism and ecological modeling; Swiss partners designed tools for measuring livelihood resilience, and partners in Norway have expertise in agricultural landscape change, cultural heritage, and public participation. Societal partners (Syndicate of Soule and Concejo de la Mesta) will contribute to project management and synthesis, and farmers are fully engaged in collecting and analyzing data. In addition to adaptation and management tools, the project supports guides for professional journalists and farmer-made films to spread awareness and increase public support for cultural heritage protection.

Mitigation and Adaptation in Cultural Heritage Landscapes: Lessons from Transhumant Pastoral Systems for Managing
Novel Climate Risks

I et typisk norsk klasserom går det fire år mellom tidspunktet når den tidligst utviklede jenta og den senest utviklede gutten kommer i puberteten. Til tross for disse store forskjellene mellom elever vet vi lite om hvordan pubertetsutvikling påvirker skoleresultater og videre utdanning, og tidligere studier har funnet at både tidlig og sen pubertetsutvikling kan være negativt for skoleprestasjoner. Dette prosjektet søker derfor å frembringe ny kunnskap om hvordan alder for pubertet påvirker skoleprestasjoner og utdanningsforskjeller senere i livet, og hvilke utdanningspolitiske virkemidler som kan påvirke denne sammenhengen. 

Dette prosjektet har unike muligheter til å svare på disse spørsmålene, med ferske data på pubertetsutvikling fra den norske mor- far- og barnundersøkelsen (MoBa) og den danske bedre sundhed i generationer – studien (DNBC) koblet mot registerdata med skoleresultater i begge land. Vi vil bruke gjentatte målinger av barnas høyde for å estimere alder ved største vekstspurt som ett pubertetsmål, og også bruke alder for første menstruasjon eller sædavgang og diagnostisert tidlig pubertet. Vi vil studere hvordan tidlig og sen pubertetsutvikling samvarierer med skoleprestasjoner, hvorvidt dette forholdet påvirkes av utvikling i tidlig barndom og utvikling hos medelever, og om pubertetsutvikling er relatert til utdanningsvalg. Vi vil også studere hvordan et ekstra skoleår etter ungdomsskolen i Danmark kan redusere negative effekter av sen pubertetsutvikling, og om oppnådd utdanning ble påvirket av et frivillig ekstra skoleår i Norge. 

Med et lengre perspektiv skal vi studere hvordan alder for første menstruasjon har utviklet seg gjennom nesten 100 år ved bruk av Conor-studien og MoBa, og hvordan sosioøkonomiske forskjeller i pubertetsutvikling har endret seg siden 60-tallet. Disse dataene vil også brukes til å studere hvordan alder for første menstruasjon er relatert til oppnådd utdanning for kvinner og skoleprestasjoner i neste generasjon.

Within a typical classroom, the onset of puberty occurs four years earlier for the first developing girl than for the latest developing boy. However, it is not clear how these large inter-personal differences affect school performance and educational trajectories, with previous studies finding negative effects of both early and late pubertal timing on school performance. This project therefore aims to provide new knowledge on how variation in pubertal timing affects school performance during adolescence and inequalities in education later in life, and to assess policies that could mitigate adverse consequences of such relationships.

To this end, we will use data from Norway and Denmark that combine cohort studies with extensive register data in both countries. We will use height-based measures of puberty and questions about sexual maturity from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) and the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) as well as diagnosed pubertal disorders, linked to school performance from national registers. We will study how early or late pubertal timing is associated with school performance, whether these associations depend on early childhood development and peer context, and whether pubertal timing relates to educational choices. Furthermore, we will consider whether an extra school year in Denmark mitigates adverse consequences of pubertal timing for educational achievement, and whether education was affected by the introduction and abolishment of an extra school year after lower secondary school in Norway. 

With a longer perspective, we will study how age at menarche has evolved over almost 100 years using MoBa and the Cohort of Norway study, and assess how it relates to socioeconomic background during the last half century. This data will also be used to study how age at menarche is related to educational attainment of women and school performance in the next generation.

Pubertal Timing and Inequalities in Education

Selv i Norge, et av de mer egalitære samfunnene i Europa, begrenser sosiale ulikheter i tidlig språkutvikling hos barn sterkt deres potensiale for senere suksess i utdanning og arbeidsliv. Derfor er det nødvendig med gode diagnostiske kartleggingsprøver for å oppdage og adressere disse ulikhetene tidlig. Progressive tester for tidlige språkferdigheter er det typiske måleinstrumentet som brukes til akkurat dette kartleggingsformålet. Dagens praksis for utforming av progressive tester er ikke god nok; Hvis vi vurderer at beslutninger tatt ved hjelp av disse testene kan ha en viss innvirkning på livet til medlemmer av ofte sårbare populasjoner (f.eks. små barn i faresonen), er det i verste fall direkte bekymringsfullt.

I dette prosjektet tar vi sikte på å gi et solid metodisk verktøysett som gjør det mulig å mer systematisk designe og validere progressive tester med formål om å legge til rette for det viktige arbeidet til utøvere innen utdanning, skolepsykologi og ortopedagogikk (PPT: pedagogisk-psykologisk tjeneste) som utfører diagnostiske kartlegging for utviklingsforsinkelser hos barn.

Even in Norway, one of the more egalitarian societies in Europe, social inequalities in the early language development of children heavily constrain their potential for later success in education and work life.  Hence, good diagnostic screening tests are needed to detect and address these inequalities early on. Progressive tests for early language skills are the typical measurement instrument used for this exact screening purpose. Current practice in design of progressive tests can be regarded as suboptimal at best and, if we consider that decisions made using these tests can have quite some impact on the life of members of often vulnerable populations (e.g., young kids at risk), outright worrying at worst. 

In this project, we aim to provide a solid toolkit that allows to more systematically design and validate progressive tests with the bigger goal of facilitating the important work of practitioners in the field of education, school psychology, and orthopedagogics that conduct the diagnostic screenings for developmental delays with children.

Screening Early and Adaptively for Language Skills

I det globale nord fremstilles ofte ressursutvinning som "grønne" og klimavennlige prosjekter, mens de faktisk opprettholder de koloniale forhold mellom stater og urfolk. Et eksempel er "grønn gruvedrift" i Sápmi, der metaller for litium-ion-batterier utvinnes. Industriinteressene bruker klimaendring som argument og posisjonerer seg selv som forkjempere for det grønne skiftet. Dette er bakgrunnen for forskningsprosjektet GREENGROWTH, som skal analysere betydningen av "grønne" prosjekter for samisk politikk og handlingsrom. De samiske områdene står overfor to store utfordringer: et økende behov for mineraler og energi for å opprettholde livsstil og industriell vekst, og et stadig økende behov for å håndtere klimaendringer. Vi skal belyse hvordan samiske aktører og interesser kommer til orde og får innflytelse i debatten om miljøvern, "grønn" industri og urfolkspolitikk, historisk og i dag. Vi undersøker hvordan nærings- og økonomiske og samiske interessenter (stakeholders) plasserer seg i debatten om grønn vekst. Prosjektet tar for seg politikk og kommersialisering av naturen, og ser på hvordan klimaendringer påvirker samiske aktører og interesser i det offentlige rommet. Den offentlige debatten om samiske spørsmål er fragmentert, og en av prosjektets arbeidspakker utforsker hvordan samiske interessenter representeres gjennom nyhets- og sosiale medier. Prosjektet belyser samisk motstand mot fornybare prosjekter og utfordrer stereotypier ved å se på samenes dobbeltrolle som både ofre for arealbeslag og økologisk bevisste aktører. GREENGROWTH undersøker gruveindustriens historie, styring og rolle i opprettholdelsen av koloniale diskurser og strukturer, og tar for seg både historiske og samtidige aspekter ved samiske medier og debatten om det grønne skiftet. Prosjektet søker å forstå de komplekse virkningene på urfolkssamfunn og bidrar til en dypere analyse av spenningsforholdene mellom samiske interesser, grønn industri og miljøvernere.

GREENGROWTH will study and compare the positions the Sámi actors and stakeholders occupy and are attributed in the public debate on the Green transition and Green mining. How are the stakeholder groups formed and how are the Sámi stakes and interests weighted by other actors in the debate? The debate studied is concerned with growth-driven Green projects, of which the Green transition is the most recent example. The Sámi actors are analysed as interest-, rights- and stakeholders by utilizing stakeholder theory, settler colonial theorizing, discourse analysis and frame analysis. GREENGROWTH focuses on Sámi framings and responses in this debate. The interdisciplinary, international, multicultural and multilingual research group consists of senior and mid-career scholars with expertise on Sámi and Indigenous issues representing communication sciences, economic history and environmental history. The project will contribute to a deeper understanding of the Sámi political space under swift transformation in conditions of Green transition and the encroachments of resource extraction. Work package 1 is project administration; Work Package 2 will study the key Sámi organizations, the Sámi Parliaments in Finland and Norway, the frames articulated in their social media accounts, and the Sámi news media’s role and framings in the public debate on Green growth. WP3 will analyse the longer history of cooperation between the Sámi and the environmentalist movement, and the effects on the Sámi of being immersed in environmental discourses, with a special focus on the ideologies and projects of Green growth and nature conservation in Finland and in Norway. WP4will study the conduct of mining companies and financial imperialism in the Nordic north by charting the history of the transformation in mining adopting an environmental ideological foundation. WP5 draws together and concludes on the central findings of GREENGROWTH.

GREENGROWTH - Green growth and Sami Stakeholders. Public debate on Green resource extraction in Sápmi

En bekymringsfull trend finner sted i Norge: andelen 30-åringer som mottar uføretrygd har mer enn doblet seg de siste 25 årene. Denne økningen sammenfaller med ulike samfunnsendringer, inkludert en økning i diagnoser knyttet til mental helse blant ungdom, økt konkurranse i utdanning, reformer i trygdeordningene, endringer i arbeidsmarkedet på grunn av automatisering, og demografiske endringer på grunn av innvandring og eldre personer som forblir lengre i arbeidsstyrken.

For å forstå økningen i andelen unge mottakere av uføretrygd, er et omfattende forskningsprosjekt igangsatt. Ved å bruke omfattende administrative data, undersøkelser og komparative studier på tvers av de nordiske landene, har prosjektet som mål å dekomponere faktorene til denne økningen i ungdoms uførhet. Forskningen er strukturert i seks arbeidspakker, hver med fokus på et spesifikt aspekt, som økning i utdanningskonkurranse, skift i arbeidsmarkedet, og den økende forekomsten av psykiske helsediagnoser. Det primære målet er å oppnå en nyansert forståelse av faktorene som driver økningen i ungdoms uførhet, spesielt den  sosioøkonomiske gradienten. Gjennom empiriske undersøkelser søker prosjektet å informere og forbedre grunnlaget for sosialforsikringssystemet og tilhørende politikkutvikling i Norge.

The share of people aged 30 who receive disability benefits in Norway has more than doubled over the previous 25 years. Despite several partial explanations, this dramatic rise is not well understood. It coincides with several other potentially related societal changes:
•	A rise in the share of youths receiving diagnoses, treatment and medication for mental illness, and an expanded treatment capacity. 
•	Increased competition in the educational sector.
•	Changes and reforms in the social insurance system. 
•	Structural changes in the labor market, machines and automation changing the composition of jobs. 
•	Increased supply of labor, potentially in competition with youth labor, from immigrants as well as prolonged labor market participation among the elderly. 

The ambition of this project is to solve this youth disability puzzle by carefully assembling these pieces of potential explanations, and – to the extent possible – quantify their importance. Our motivation is to provide answers to the seemingly simple question “Why is youth disability rising?”, a question of the utmost importance for policy design in Norway. To do so, we assemble an interdisciplinary team consisting of researchers from economics, psychology and educational science, and employ high quality administrative data covering health care, schools, higher education, labor markets, family links and social insurance, as well as surveys. We also put the Norwegian experience into a larger context by comparing Norway with other countries in a comparative research design for the Nordic countries. 
The project has six work packages, all building on extensive use of detailed, linkable, micro data: 
WP1: Decomposing the rise in youth disability 
WP2: Nordic comparison
WP3: Educational competition/The school system
WP4: The labor market
WP5: Medicalization
WP6: Poverty

What is driving the increasing youth disability insurance receipt in Norway?

Mens kvinner har gått inn i stadig flere utdanningsretninger og yrker, fortsetter menn i stor grad å gjøre kjønnstradisjonelle utdannings- og yrkesvalg. Andelen menn i kvinnedominerte utdanninger og yrker har endret seg veldig lite de siste tiårene. Forskning som er gjort på kjønnsdelte utdanningsvalg har i stor grad handlet om kvinners valg og bortvalg av mannsdominerte utdanninger, mens vi har mindre kunnskap om menns vurderinger av kvinnedominerte utdanninger og yrker. Forskningen har også i stor grad vært opptatt av å identifisere og dokumentere hvorfor kjønnssegregeringen vedvarer, heller enn å studere hvordan oppfatninger om kjønnstypiske yrker kan endre seg. 

Missing Men vil bidra med kunnskap om hvorfor menn flest velger bort kvinnedominerte yrker, og undersøke hvordan endring i oppfatninger om kjønnstypiske yrker kan skje. Tre overordnede forskningsspørsmål skal besvares: (1) på hvilken måte henger oppfatninger av kjønn og arbeid sammen, og hvordan kan dette påvirke utdanningsvalg? (2) Hvordan kan slike oppfatninger endre seg? (3) Hva er barrierene og mulighetene for menns inngang i kvinnedominerte utdanninger? 

For å besvare spørsmålene bruker vi en kombinasjon av individuelle dybdeintervju, survey-eksperiment og registerdata for hele populasjonen. Arbeidet er organisert i to arbeidspakker. I den første arbeidspakken undersøker vi unge jenter og gutters vurderinger av kvinnedominerte yrker, hvordan oppfatninger om arbeid og ferdigheter er koblet til kjønn, og hvordan dette henger sammen med de unges utdanningsplaner. Her vil vi bruke en kombinasjon av dybdeintervju og survey-eksperimenter. I den andre arbeidspakken vil vi bruke registerdata for å studere faktorer som kan bidra til kjønnsutradisjonelle utdanningsvalg for menn og kvinner, og intervjue menn på sykepleiestudiet og på grunnskolelærerstudiet om deres valg av utdanning.

While women have spread out into a continuously larger part of the educational system, men continue to make gender-traditional choices, and the presence of men in female-dominated educational fields remains persistently low. There is an acute lack of knowledge about men’s assessment of female-dominated professions and of the barriers and potentials for men’s entry into these educational and professional fields. The international state-of-the-art research on gendered educational choices has drawn heavily on insights from the social psychological literature. This research has focused mainly on identifying the stabilizing factors in the gender segregation, documenting the persisting effect of deeply-rooted and slow to change gender beliefs. This project will build on and expand this work to develop a theoretical framework tailored for grasping change in gendered beliefs, and thus how gender non-traditional choices come about. 

We will produce new and needed empirical knowledge on the barriers and potentials specific for men’s entry into female-dominated study fields. By combining a diversity of methods and levels of investigation, we aim to advance the literature within this emerging field of research. We will fill a lacuna of knowledge on how gender-typing of skills, work and qualities influence educational aspirations, making use of both qualitative interviews and factorial survey experiments. We will add to the few existing studies of gendered assessments in the Nordic context, and how assessments vary with background and context. We will expand the literature by identifying which aspects of female-typed work constitute barriers to men’s entry into female-typed careers. Furthermore, we will use population wide registry data to study what impacts non-traditional choices for men and women, and interview men in nursing studies and primary education teacher studies about their way into female-dominated study fields.

Missing Men: New conceptual understandings of gendered educational choices

Norske kvinner har den høyeste sykefraværsraten av alle OECD-landene, til tross for god befolkningshelse. Kjønnsforskjellen i sykefravær er relativt høyere i Norge (ca. 70% høyere hos kvinner enn hos menn) enn i andre OECD-land (cirka 50% høyere). 

Denne kjønnsforskjellen i sykefravær er en stor utfordring når det gjelder kvinnehelse, livskvalitet og likestilling mellom kjønnene. Årsakene til kjønnsforskjellene er i stor grad uforklarlig i forskningslitteraturen. Det finnes ingen evidensbasert klinisk intervensjon som kan redusere eller forhindre kjønnsforskjellen i sykefravær.

Vi vil bruke data fra to store multisenter randomisert kontrollerte prosjekt fra HelseIArbeid-klinikkene i Nord-Norge. Pasienters bakgrunn og videre forløp vil hentes i registerdata for sykefravær, sysselsetting, langsiktige fordeler, bruk av helsetjenester over en periode på 20 år. 

I arbeidspakke 1 (WP1) vil vi utforske seks hypoteser for høyere sykefraværsrater hos kvinner enn menn. Disse inkluderer kjønnsforskjeller i: 
1. spesifikke helseproblemer, inkludert symptomer og diagnoser, 
2. tanker om årsaker til helseproblem og konsekvenser for sykefravær, 
3. overbevisninger om helsebringende eller forebyggende effektene av sykefravær, 
4. opplevd arbeidsmiljø og utfordringer i mulige konflikter mellom arbeidsliv og privatliv, 
5. opplevde barrierer retur til arbeid fra sykmelding, 
6. ønsker, prioriteringer og forventninger til karriere og andre livsprioriteringer. 

Psykiske lidelser som angst og depresjon, samt muskel- og skjelettplager, er vanlige diagnoser for sykmelding, og vanligere blant kvinner enn menn, og et flertall av HelseIArbeid-pasientene er kvinner. I WP2 vil vi teste om en klinisk intervensjon for å forebygge sykefravær, og øke retur til arbeid blant sykmeldte, kan redusere kjønnsforskjellen i sykefravær. 

Vi vil gjennomføre systematiske litteraturoppsummeringer for begge arbeidspakkene i tidlig prosjektperiode.

Norwegian women have the highest sickness absence rate of all countries in the OECD, despite a good population health. The gender difference in sickness absence is relatively higher in Norway (70%) than in other OECD countries (50%), but the gender difference is observed in all economies where female labour force participation is high.

This gender difference represents a major concern in terms of health, wellbeing, and gender equality and is largely unexplained in the research literature. No intervention has yet proven to be efficacious in reducing this gender gap in sickness absence.

We will use data from two large multi-center RCTs on occupational health and return to work. To the best of our knowledge, these two RCTs constitute the largest within the field of work and health service delivery. The first RCT (n=1144) has successfully completed recruitment, and the second RCT (n=2500) will conclude recruitment during 2024. Patient data will be linked with high quality longitudinal register data from three different sources, containing data on employment, benefits, sickness absence and healthcare service utilisation covering a time span of 20 years.

In WP1, we will go beyond the state-of-the-art and explore three existing hypotheses with a novel angle, in addition to two original hypotheses for the relatively higher sickness absence rates in women compared to men. WP1 is based on secondary analyses of uniquely rich data from the RCTs. This level of detailed data have previously not been available for research on the gender difference in sickness absence.

In WP2, we will test the efficacy of a clinical intervention tailored to prevent sickness absence and promote return to work. Preliminary data indicates that there is high demand for this service in women, with a 70/30 split. This is as expected as the intervention targets those reporting symptoms of common mental disorders and/or musculoskeletal problems, conditions that are more prevalent in women than in men.

Explaining the gender difference in sickness absence and testing the efficacy of a clinical intervention to promote return to work in women

Flying Foil - Energy efficient transport at sea

Midlene fra FORNY20-FORNY2020 fordelt på år

Midlene fra FORNY20-FORNY2020 fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra FORNY20-FORNY2020 fordelt på fagområde

Project Manager

Flying Foil develops energy efficient, electric high-speed vessels, based on research on hydrofoil technology from the Department of Marine Technology at NTNU. The result of the technology is a 45% reduction in energy consumption compared to the most efficient vessels on the market today. This reduces CO2 emissions and costs associated with operating the boat. CAPEX related to engine and energy storage will also be reduced by 45% as a direct result of lower energy requirements. With Flying Foil's technology, batteries can be used as energy storage on routes up to 80% longer than possible with battery operation today. In addition to the economic benefits, technology can also provide clear advantages in the competition for future tenders, as environmental demands will count strongly from 2022. The product is suitable for expansion to markets other than public transport such as. work boats for offshore wind farms. We have close contact with industry and potential customers, but need to demonstrate the concept of a physical prototype. This is based on specific demands from industry players and potential investors. The project described in this application will do just that, and in addition, start upscaling the technology so that the first full-scale boat can be built by 2022.

Flying Foil - Elektriske og energieffektive hurtigbåter

The project Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) International Directorate Office - Shaping the Future of Polar Research is a succession of the previous project APECS: Shaping the Future of Polar Research International Office funded by the Research Council of Norway from 2010 to 2012. The Directorate coordinates all activities of APECS in Norway and internationally and is crucial in achieving APECS mission of developing effective future leaders in polar research, education and outreach, facilitating interdisciplinary and international research collaborations, and thus creating a continuum of leadership, knowledge and excellence in polar research. The highlights for 2015-2016 are: 
Publication of the APECS Strategic Plan 2016-2020: The APECS Strategic Plan for 2016-2020 outlines key areas for APECS to concentrate on in order to continue developing as an organization. Already this year, we made a number of changes. For example, we created two National Committee coordinator positions within the APECS Council to act as a link between our growing number of National Committees and the APECS Leadership, developed our social media presence, and re-organized council tasks into clearly defined projects (e.g. Antarctica Day project group).
Publication of the results of the APECS-CliC-IASC-ICARP III project Where are they now lasting from 2014-2016 in the Journal Polar Science. 
APECS International Mentorship Award 2016: The highlight of the year was the launch of the APECS Mentorship Award. The inaugural award was presented to Dave Carlson (Director of the World Climate Research Programme ) at the Arctic Science Summit Week in Fairbanks, Alaska in March. Without Daves unfailing support and encouragement to APECS members (and numerous other early career researchers), it is safe to say that APECS would not be where it is today.
Our transition to a new membership database is now complete and we already have over 2300 members signed up from 63 different countries and territories. Our National
Committees do a tremendous amount of outreach and organize many events, especially
around the APECS International Polar Weeks and Antarctica Day. This year we are delighted that two new National Committees were established and one re-established. APECS Germany will now provide a long-awaited national committee for the 7% of our members who reside there, APECS Chile will help us strengthen our presence in South America and the southern hemisphere, and we welcome back APECS Belgium!
In 2016, APECS and its national committees organized panels and workshops at major polar conferences and meetings (including the APECS workshop at the Arctic Science Summit Week 2016 in Fairbanks, Alaska, United States and at the SCAR Open Science Conference in Malaysia in August 2016) as well as successful education and outreach events (Antarctica Day 2015, International Polar Weeks in March and September 2016) across the world. These included also an online Photo Competition in March 2016, as well as a Polar Figure Competition and a Polar Film Fest in September 2016. Planning continues for several events in 2017 including at the ASSW 2017 in Czech Republic, the 9th International Congress on Arctic Social Sciences (ICASS) in Sweden and the SCAR Biology Symposium in Belgium. In addition, the early planning has started for the 2nd APECS World Summit 2018 before the POLAR2018 conference in Davos, Switzerland.
In keeping with its goals of further developing its networks and strengthening its partnerships, APECS in 2016 continued to work with our Norwegian and international partners in creating support and opportunities for early career researchers. 
The APECS organized also several online events including: the second APECS Online Conference 2016 and several webinar series (e.g. career development series; USAPECS Science Communication Webinar Series and the Arctic Snapshots 2016). A training webinar was also organized together with SCAR and COMNAP for the fellowship programs that both organizations are providing (April 2016). More webinar series are planned for 2017 and the 3rd APECS International Online Conference will be in March 2017. 
Norwegian Highlights 2016: APECS presence in Norway has allowed us to contribute to the career development of Norwegian students, enhance recruitment, promote Norwegian excellence in Polar Research and further establish international collaborations. APECS contributed again to Arctic Frontiers 2016 with a Science Communications Panel jointly with the High North Academy at UiT; the organization of outstanding poster awards for early career poster presenters; and the very successful 3-day Science for Schools event co-organized together with with the Nordnorsk Vitensenteret and Arctic Frontiers for schools in Tromsø. Similar events will be organized for Arctic Frontiers 2017 with the science communication panel being replaced with a panel on alternative career paths.

Norway, as a leading polar research nation with strong development plans for the northern regions, needs to recruit and develop talents and capacity in natural, physical and social sciences. Following the success of the IPY 2007-08 in recruiting the next  generation of polar researchers, special efforts need to be made to retain them and to nurture new young scientists. APECS is working to do both.

Being the preeminent organization for polar ECRs, APECS enhances opportunities of its members to continue th eir careers in the polar realm by providing them with career development tools, enhancing their skills, knowledge, experiences, and connecting them with colleagues internationally and nationally. Concurrently, together with its partners APECS is focused o n education and outreach by engaging school children, students, and teachers in polar sciences. Communication is one of the most important steps for increasing the understanding of polar regions in the future. 

With a constantly expanding APECS network,  the International Directorate with a full-time Director will be critical in APECS continued success in the coming years. The Director will oversee and manage APECS activities, ensure the continuation of fundraising and successful strategic initiatives, an d create new ways for APECS to maintain and improve its leadership role in training of polar ECRs. Due to its otherwise annually changing leadership, the Directorate will provide APECS with institutional continuity. 

The key activities of the APECS Direc torate will be to:
- Further develop APECS network of members & partners
- Ensure APECS financial sustainability
- Undertake assessment of current needs of polar ECRs & evaluation of APECS activities
- Contribute to major international & national conferen ces
- Further advance the APECS website, web-based activities, & social media presence
- Produce APECS scholarly & popular publications

Please see a Project Description for more details.

Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) International Directorate Office - Shaping the Future of Polar Research

This five and a half-day open science conference (OSC) expects to gather about 400 scientists and graduate students from the marine biogeochemistry and ecosystem research community, as well as those researching the human dimension of global change and the  ocean around the world.

The meeting will feature plenary keynote and invited talks, seven parallel topical sessions, nine workshops and two poster sessions. The plenaries will cover IMBER´s main achievements and ambitions to provide the basis for planni ng future initiatives, e.g. research strategy and implementation of the project´s next phase. The workshops and topical sessions will focus on integration across research themes, results from IMBER´s Working Groups and Regional Programmes, and project-rel evant research at the interface of natural and human sciences. In addition, there will be pre-conference workshops on new research challenges, capacity building and data management. Innovative formats that promote strategic thinking and new ideas will be  used. Planned workshop outputs include: research papers, a special issue in a leading journal, or a position paper as well as a White Paper that outlines the research plan for IMBER´s next phase.

The conference will provide an opportunity to expose the i nternational IMBER community to the marine research community in the Bergen region, which is closely linked to the management of marine resources and the environment through industry and the public and private sectors. This interaction will take place thr ough exhibition stands at the conference venue and the organisation of side events, e.g. public lecture/panel debate, on relevant topics such as marine food security. The meeting will also provide the opportunity for Norwegian scientists to contribute to  IMBER´s White Paper on future marine ecosystem and biogeochemistry research in the context of the new international science initiative Future Earth.

IMBER OPEN SCIENCE CONFERENCE 2014:  FUTURE OCEANS- Research for marine sustainability

CICERO asks for 390 000 NOK in financial support to organise a capacity building conference for European climate science communication officers 22-24 May 2013 in Oslo, Norway.

The conference is part of the recently established ECCO network's efforts to p repare the scientific community in Europe, and in particular communications officers working for the home institutions of IPCC authors, for the launch of the IPCC's fifth assessment report.

We believe scientists are the best communicators and defenders o f climate science, but scientists cannot operate in a vacuum. They need the support of their home institutions and particularly they rely on support and advice from their communications advisors.

However, many science communicators do not have the capaci ty or ability to effectively communicate and defend climate science, nor an international network from where to draw support and advice. The ECCO network and its launch conference "Gearing up for AR5" seeks to address this issue by bringing together 80 to p-level science communicators and communication researchers, climate scientists, and communications officers working for the home institutions of IPCC authors.


The conference will contain sessions on:
*The science of science communication 
*IPCC process  and history 
*How to communicate risk and uncertainty 
*Workshops on how to communicate topics from the WG 1 report 
*How to sell stories to reporters
*How to defend climate science
*Stories to inspire: what worked well under AR4 and the role of good foc al points
*How to engage policy-makers

The European Climate Communication Officers Network (ECCO) launch conference: Gearing up for AR5

Havet i Arktis akkumulerer raskt karbondioksid (CO2) pga endringer i karbonkretsløpet og økningen av CO2 konsentrasjoner i atmosfæren. Opptaket av CO2 medfører redusert pH i havet; havforsuring. Konferansen skal belyse flere sider ved havforsuring. Temaer  som skal diskuteres er: marinkjemiske responser i Arktis, økologiske konsekvenser, implikasjoner for kommersielle fiskerier, sosiale og politiske utfordringer, fremtidig utvikling. Havforsuring og varmere hav vil kunne få store økologiske konsekvenser og  endringene skjer raskere i Arktis enn i andre havområder og raskere enn forskere hadde sett for seg bare for noen få år siden. Havforsuring vil kunne få store konsekvenser for mange deler av det arktiske marine økosystem, fra indvid- til populasjonsnivå.  Arktis spilller en viktig rolle i reguleringen av det globale klimaet og konferansen er viktig for å forstå sammenhengen mellom klimarelaterte endringer i Arktis og på globalt nivå. 
Konferansen skal åpnes av miljøvernminister Bård Vegar Solhjell og konf eransen vil ha første gang publiseres resultatene av "AMAP Arctic Ocean Acidification Assessment". 
Vi regner med ca 200 internasjonale deltakere. AMAP samarbeider med ICES, Havforskningsinstituttet, NIVA, Scientific committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) o g University of British Columbia (UBC), Canada om arrangementet.

International Conference on Arctic Ocean Acidification 2013

The Future North project has been traveling Scandinavia's near North for the past 4 years looking at the relationship between landscape change and social change. The areas under observation are the Kola Peninsula, the Norwegian Barents Cost, and the Svalbard archipelago. These territories provide a unique laboratory for studying rapid changes in social, urban and regional landscapes due to the potent geopolitical situation and climate change. Extraction interests, new sea routes, as well as new opportunities for tourism all contribute to increasing the pressure on Arctic landscapes and settlements. The project identifies and studies competing notions of landscape in the circumpolar North, as well as landscape practices and social agencies that contribute to shaping the new landscape of the North. 
The project is mapping and documenting material landscapes from the perspective of being immersed in them and from the perspective of social practices that inform them and are informed by them. It has engaged with local partners and communities in order to map their relation to their environment and with the explicit aim to let its work refer back to and encourage local empowerment. 
The Kola Peninsula performs like a postindustrial landscape having been exploited for minerals for nearly a hundred years. While the territories are heavily polluted, many of its inhabitants are more concerned with establishing small networks for cultural work and exchange. The project has communicated with and performed documentary work of the social landscape in Murmansk with a cultural youth house Mr. Pink. It is, however, only in the city of Vardø that the project has engaged in a long-term collaboration with local idealist. Vardø Restored, a platform that works to revive the city's buildings and services to make people stay and even move there, has embraced a collaboration to document material and immaterial heritage. The project has provided an extensive mapping of cultural value to help lay the foundation for a new city plan. Property owners have received help to find new uses for outdated property. Empowerment and inspiration are among the output that is not easily documented, but which reveals itself both in conversation with and general optimism from people we engage with. Currently the project works on finalizing a public exhibition and a seminar in Vardø in May 2017. This will also feature the ongoing work to help the owners of Grand Hotel Vardø to work out a business plan that allows them to use part of the old hotel in a way that may further finance a complete refurbishment of the hotel. 
On Svalbard, the project has worked in a more observational manner. On different trips, we have traveled the vicinity of Longyearbyen, as well as on Bjørnøya, to document land use strategies, city development strategies, and not the preservation strategies pertaining to the rare and expansive case of cultural heritage in the Arctic. On a manifest level we are however proposing new city development strategies bases on meetings with local stakeholder. Longyearbyen is the place in the Norwegian Arctic where climate change is having most impact, causing mudslides, avalanches, as well as damaged infrastructure. At the same time the town has a big influx of both tourists and researchers. Our academic papers reflect on Svalbard as being subject to climate and investment speculation. It seems to exist as a territory of speculation, as a true frontier for investments forces and government policy. 
Since the 1960s the discipline of architecture has created new knowledge of territorial situations by inventive mapping techniques employing aerial perspectives and satellite imagery. The project employs some of these techniques. More importantly however the project has employed the transect walk as a tool when engaging with new locations. In several of the Kola mining cities, in Vardø, and in Longyearbyen, the research group has walked and mapped the cities using this method. It proves an invaluable opportunity to observe while walking, pausing and talking, where we analyze and form concepts about the landscape from a situated perspective. Traveling is still the main tool. Other important tools are cars, buses, and walking boots. 
One of the important project outputs is that we find that we demonstrate the very important coupling of real time research and teaching. Exploring Arctic and Northern territories from a novel multidisciplinary perspective, we are conscious of the actual approach to new places, how to read and analyze them, and how to employ and modify existing architectural methods for reading landscapes and settlements. 
The project has produced academic papers. Three pamphlets from Kola, Vardø and Svalbard are in production as is the project book Future North, The changing Landscapes of the Arctic, forthcoming at Routledge. The projects' visual output will be on display in Vardø in early May 2017. Seminar in collaboration with VR.

This project will map and document landscapes of change. Our hypothesis is that the circumpolar North provides a unique laboratory for studying rapid changes in geo-topology, urban topologies, and social typologies due to a potent geopolitical situation a rising from the new extraction opportunities that climate change and internationalization offers. As a basis for understanding the complex discourses emerging on northern territories, the project will identify and study competing accounts of landscape in  the circumpolar North, as well as landscape practices and social agencies that contribute to shape the landscape of the North. Sensitivity to coexisting and potentially contrasting landscape perceptions is necessary for formulating good policies for a sus tainable development. The project seeks to complement the insufficient representation of landscape in various discourses on the North, including the Norwegian Government?s white paper on the High North.

Since the 1960s the discipline of landscape archite cture has created new knowledge of territorial situations by inventive mapping techniques employing aerial perspectives and satellite imagery. This project is mapping material landscapes from the perspective of being immersed in them and the social practi ces that inform them and are informed by them. We will engage local partners and communities in order to map their relation to their environment and with the explicit aim to let our work refer back to and encourage local empowerment in the face of heavy e conomical and industrial forces in the arctic. We also aim to turning results and new tools back into the general discourse on landscape documentation. Operative notions of landscape as productive fields and beautiful scenery will be under scrutiny in rel ation to a notion of landscape as informing and taking form from social practices. 

Researchers based in the North are involved, and a solid network with Canadian and US researchers has been established.

Future North

The Arctic Observing Summit 2013 (AOS) is the first in a planned series of high-level, biennial international meetings that aims to provide science-based guidance for the design, implementation, coordination and sustained long-term (decades) operation of  an international network of arctic environmental observing systems. The AOS will provide a platform to address urgent and broadly recognized needs of arctic observing, including cooperative science and technology. It will foster international communicatio n and coordination of long-term observations aimed at improving understanding and responding to system-scale arctic change. The AOS will be a forum for optimizing resource allocation and developing long-term relationships that will facilitate coordination  and exchange among researchers, funding agencies, and others involved or interested in arctic observing activities. The AOS will identify observing network issues that require the attention of the Arctic Council Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks (SAON ) initiative. The AOS will enable the US Navy to develop and maintain connections within the international scientific community in key areas of interest, including technology development, domain awareness and predictability of the Arctic ocean-ice-atmosph ere system.

Arctic Observing Summit 2013

We propose holding a workshop between August 26th and 29th, 2013, in Tromsø. The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) endorsed this workshop and provided funding of 10k USD. Co-sponsorship is confirmed from WCRP Climate and Cryosphere (CliC)  Project and the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS). We anticipate ~40 participants from multiple disciplines and nations. The workshop will have four sessions: (1) impact of ice rises on Antarctic ice sheet mass balance and global sea le vel, (2) evolution of ice rises, (3) geologic and oceanographic controls of ice rises, and (4) paleoclimate using ice cores drilled at ice rises. There are no parallel sessions so that all participants will be involved in the multi-disciplinary discussion s which will help to develop a community-shared understanding of all sciences related to the ice rises. A poster session will be held to encourage participants to discuss projects in detail. A white paper on the current state of knowledge and future resea rch directions of ice-rise research will be developed and presented to the larger cryosphere community. The workshop will also provide a forum for the professional development of early-career researchers. This forum will be open to all early-career resear chers in Tromsø.

The workshop web site is up and running; more information is added before the registration starts in April.
http://www.climate-cryosphere.org/index.php/meetings/ice-rises-2013/about

International Workshop on Antarctic Ice Rises

From http://www.arcticfrontiers.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=282&Itemid=485&lang=en:

In an effort to further strengthening communication and networking between emerging leaders and established Arctic stakeholders, Emergin g Leaders is aimed at young scientists and young professionals based in Norway and abroad and whose work relate to arctic issues.

The Emerging Leaders program is scheduled Thursday 16 January to Sunday 20 January. During a 5 day program, including a voya ge on the Norwegian Costal Steamer from Bodø to Svolvær and end in Tromsø, and participation in the Arctic Frontiers conference 2013, selected candidates will take part in a blend of technical, social and cultural events guided by mentors representing bus iness, politics and academia.

Program participants will be guided by mentors representing industry, research and development from Norway and international institutes. The students will be given specific tasks and challenged to give a talk at the second d ay of Arctic Frontiers.

Program objectives
To gather an international group of young professionals and young researchers for a challenging and rewarding stay that will broaden their understanding of the Arctic challenges and build lifelong networks; 
Fur ther develop their leadership skills through personal experiences; 
Sharing perspectives on current global challenges and Arctic development issues, including giving a keynote address at the 7th Arctic Frontiers policy session; 
Facilitating networking an d cross-cultural communication among emerging leaders and established Arctic stakeholders.

Deltagelse på Arctic Frontiers: Emerging Leaders

This is an application for the Emerging Leaders program 2013. Please see the attached 5 pages document. Thank you.

Application Emerging Leaders 2013

Be able to participate to this workshop, please find my motivation letter later on in this application

Emerging Learder workshop at the Arctic Frontier event 2013

Jeg er sosialantropolog med spesialisering i Arktis, miljø og ressursforvaltning. Jeg har min utdannelse fra Tyskland med studieopphold i Nord-Norge, Island, Grønland og Canada. PhD-prosjektet mitt handler om hvilken innflytelse oljesandindustrien har på  lokalbefolkningen. Problemstillinger fokuserer på de lokale fremtoningene av tre globaliseringskriser, spesielt i forhold til identitetskonstruksjoner, makt, og landrettigheter/ressursforvaltning, som vil være sentrale i analysen.
Jeg er vant med å jobbe  tverrfaglig og har stor interesse for fysikk og biologi. Emerging leaders vil gi meg anledning til å komme i kontakt med andre doktorgradsstudenter som jobber i samme felt men med ulik faglig bakgrunn. Diskusjon og utveksling av forskningsresultater anser  jeg som avgjørende for å få høy forskningskvalitet.
Jeg er interessert i å sammenlikne forskjellige resursutvinnings prosjekter i nord og ser på både positive og negative konsekvenser for lokalbefolkningen. Feltarbeid og relasjoner til både NGOs og invol vert industri er nødvendig for å lykkes.  Arrangementet gir mulighet til å møte personlig forskjellige aktører i nordområdene.
Arktisforskning er blitt høyaktuelt i de siste årene og er veldig kontroversielt. Derfor synes jeg at det er ekstra viktig å ha  noen arenaer, hvor forskning, politikk og næringsliv møtes på en uoffisiell måte for å diskutere og ha samtaler om temaer som ressursforvaltning.

Arctic Frontiers - Emerging Leaders 2013

My main work is on the interaction of institutions and natural resources, especially the role of informal institutions, such as social norms, cultural values and identity considerations, and how these interact with formal institutions, such as governmenta l policy. I am closely involved in the project 'Strengthening the Adaptive Capacity of Institutions in Fisheries' funded by the RCN under the program NORKLIMA that aims to understand how climate change may affect the performance and regulations of the Bar ents Sea fisheries with corresponding repercussions on the coastal communities. Therefore, my current research fits perfectly into the thematic area of Arctic Frontiers, the 'Geopolitics & Marine Production in a changing Arctic'.

I would be excited to pa rticipate in this program, because it gives me the opportunity to experience the Arctic in a unique way. Engaging in discussions with stakeholders and partners from the industry will give me the opportunity to think outside the box, and look through a dif ferent lens at the problems we are facing, while at the same time discussing the role of science with people who come from outside the scientific 'Ivory tower'. 

The challenges we are currently facing in the Arctic regions are serious, but each challenge  also creates room for opportunities. Clearly, there is a strong need to use insights and knowledge from many disciplines, and find a way to embrace diversity of stakeholders, rather than seeing it as a potential problem. For the program, I could contribu te my expertise on the role of cooperation in solving conflicts among resource users. This is especially important for the Arctic regions, where we need to understand better how cooperation can be achieved - and more important understand how a cooperative  solution may look like.

Arctic Frontiers Emerging leaders 2013

Participation in Emerging Leaders 2013

Summary taken from the Arctic Frontiers website:
http://www.arcticfrontiers.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=282&Itemid=485&


"In an effort to further strengthening communication and networking between emerging leaders and es tablished Arctic stakeholders, Emerging Leadersis aimed at young scientists and young professionals based in Norway and abroad and whose work relate to arctic issues.The Emerging Leaders program is scheduled Thursday 16 January to Sunday 20 January. Durin g a 5 day program, including a voyage on the Norwegian Costal Steamer from Bodø to Svolvær and end in Tromsø, and participation in the Arctic Frontiers conference 2013, selected candidates will take part in a blend of technical, social and cultural events  guided by mentors representing business, politics and academia.

Program participants will be guided by mentors representing industry,research and development from Norway and international institutes. The students will be given specific tasks and challen ged to give a talk at the second day of Arctic Frontiers.

Program objectives:
-To gather an international group of young professionals and young researchers for a challenging and rewarding stay that will broaden their understanding of the Arctic challeng es and build lifelong networks;
-Further develop their leadership skills through personal experiences;
-Sharing perspectives on current global challenges and Arctic development issues, including giving a keynote address at the 7th Arctic Frontiers policy  session;
-Facilitating networking and cross-cultural communication among emerging leaders and established Arctic stakeholders."

Participation in the Arctic Frontiers' Emerging Leaders Program (2013)

Bridging gap between academia and corporative sector is a challenging, but crucial task. In my work, I study the interface between ecology, evolution and economics, and along three main avenues: (i) The interplay between ecology and evolution, that is, ec o-evolutionary dynamics (ii) Bio-economics and how to manage common pool resources, specifically the commercially fish stocks in the Barents Sea, and (iii) biological and social complexity, and how to derive optimal management plans, depending on the give n objectives. 
My research findings emphasize that uncertainty and the biological complexity of the resource system may result in unintended consequences, including unanticipated costs. This demonstrates that for each resource system, the informational co nstraints have to be considered. Hence, interdisciplinary research is mandatory in order to reach adequate management decisions for social-ecological systems.
It is with large enthusiasm I believe that the conference 'Geopolitics and Marine Production  in  a Changing Arctic' is highly relevant to my work. But foremost, participating the Emerging Leaders program will not only be an important contribution to my research projects with new knowledge on stakeholder participation, industry and politics, but also  facilitate and induce further research questions with new collaborations.
I will apply for an ERC starting grant by the next call, and I hope that another result of Emerging Leaders can give me new knowledge and collaborations that may be incorporated in to that application.

Participating Arctic Frontiers: Emerging leaders 2013

Global warming is enhanced in the Arctic regions and its surface air temperature has increased to nearly the double of the global average over the last 100 years. Sea ice retreat is increasing during the summer and the total ice volume is diminishing. Sta te of-the-art global climate models are not capable to fully resolve these processes. Errors in these CMIP5 model projections are most pronounced in the Arctic region -specifically in those of joint Russian-Norwegian interest. Assessing the degree of unce rtainty of future Arctic climate projections, particularly caused by natural variability, is a challenging task not fully resolved.
CLIMARC will expand the Norwegian-Russian strategic scientific cooperation in the High North on integrative climate researc h. This will be done through (i) collecting and analyze major climate data records for the Arctic region, using these (ii) to analyse, validate and assess the reliability of the climate variability and change in the 20th century generated by global climat e models for the Eurasian Arctic, and (iii) select the "best" models for regional down-scaling of climate projections. Use (iv) Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) and other models to down-scale and perform climate process studies, in order to (v) produce  improved regional climate projections for the 21st century for the Eurasian Arctic, with focus on the Barents Sea and Northern Sea Route.
CLIMARC will also improve the bilateral Russian-Norwegian cooperation in climate research, through exchange of data,  methodology and scientific results, as well as visiting scientists and students. CLIMARC will contribute to the education of the climate scientists of the future through mutual exchange and teaching of young Russian and Norwegian PhD students. Disseminat ion of the CLIMARC scientific results will be prepared for practical applications to the benefit of the society, with focus on the bilateral Russian-Norwegian interests in the Barents Sea and the Northern Sea Route.

CLIMate variability and change in the Eurasian ARCtic in the 21st century

Prosjektet har fokusert på tre vanlige skjell med en forskjellig utbredelseshistorie i Arktis og nordlige deler av Atlanteren; haneskjell (Chlamys islandica) som er vanlig i hele Arktis og som har blitt fisket kommersielt på Svalbard, blåskjell (Mytilus sp) som først nylig har blitt observert på Svalbard og det litt mer sørlige o-skjellet. Med utgangspunkt i disse tre artene har vi sammenliknet utbredelse, økofysiologi og adferd i tre viktige områder: Kvitsjøen i Russland, Nord-Norge og Svalbard. En detaljert beskrivelse av biologien og livssyklus, i tillegg til etablering av såkalte ?baseline? verdier av biomarkører over et helt år og på forskjellige lokaliteter, har gitt et unikt innblikk i hvordan disse artene varier i rom og tid. Endringer i slike baseline verdier hos blåskjell ble testet eksperimentelt i et forsøk med økologiske relevant mengder marin diesel ? forsøket målte både vekst og eventuell endringer i reproduksjon, noe som er viktige faktorer for å utarbeide trygge retningslinjer for håndtering av eventuelle utslipp av marin diesel.      

Prosjektet har også hatt et fokus rettet mot å forstå den moderne innvandringshistorien til blåskjellene som er funnet på Svalbard. Blåskjell var vanlig på Svalbard i de varmeste periodene etter siste istid, sist for ca 1000 år siden under vikingtiden. I moderne tid ble det for første gang observert blåskjell på Svalbard i 2004. Hvorfor og hvordan de har kommet til Svalbard har blitt forklart på flere måter; noen har ment at blåskjell har levd på Svalbard i såkalte relikt-populasjoner helt siden siste istid, og at skjellene er av samme art som de vi finner i for eksempel i deler av Alaska ? Mytilus trossulus. Andre har hevdet at de har spredt seg via Golf-strøm systemet, og at det er den Europeiske Mytilus edulis vi i dag finner på Svalbard. Atter andre har ment at blåskjell har spredt seg til Svalbard via skipstrafikk, enten via ballastvann eller organismer som er festet på skipsskrog. Selv om den siste forklaringen vanskelig lar seg bekrefte / avkrefte, så har populasjonsstudier av blåskjell samlet inn på Grønland, Svalbard, Nord-Norge, Island og Russland entydig vist at blåskjellene på Svalbard er nærmest beslektet med populasjonene langs kysten av Nord-Norge, og at de mest sannsynlig har spredt seg nordover via vest-Spitsbergen strømmen (nordligste del av Golfstrøm systemet).

COOPENOR har som prosjekt bidratt til økt samarbeid og integrering av miljøkunnskap mellom Norge og Russland, og av de viktigste bidragene prosjektet kan skilte med er en økt og bedre samordnet kunnskapsbase for en kunnskapsbasert forvaltning av marine økosystem i nord.

The Arctic has recently become a centre of attention with increasing human activities and warming of the climate affecting the marine ecosystem. In this context of increasing anthropogenic pressure in an ecosystem considered fragile and pristine, there is  a need to study the basic biology of Arctic key species and their sensitivities to combined human and environmental pressures through a holistic approach. Coastal and shelf areas are considered the most valuable, but at the same time most sensitive, part  of the Arctic. It is therefore important to better characterize these ecosystems in a changing environment and under additional pollutant stress. Mussels (Mytilus spp.) and the Icelandic scallop (Chlamys islandica) are considered ideal sentinel species i n the coastal and shelf water ecosystems, respectively. Three different locations within the Arctic, the Greenland Sea (Svalbard), the South Barents Sea and the White Sea will be closely monitored over a full annual cycle to describe spatial and temporal  changes in the basic biology of the selected indicator species, as affected by specific physical and biological conditions. Further, at each location, the response to petroleum-related pollution will be studied at specific time points to reflect intra-ann ual changes in their susceptibility to such stress factors. This project will offer a unique and holistic understanding of the biology and tolerance of two important Arctic key species to multiple stresses, including anthropogenic pollution and stress fac tors related to climate change. A valuable aspect of this work is the creation of a dataset that will be integrated into relevant guideline documents for environmental monitoring at the European level. The project is aiming its attention towards basic and  applied scientific questions that are of paramount importance for both understanding effects of climate change in the Arctic as well as  environmental monitoring and control of marine pollution.

Combined effects of Petroleum and the Environment in bivalves from the Norwegian-Russian Arctic

This project aims to contribute to improve the knowledge regarding the development of local government institutions in Russia by examining changes in local budgeting practices from the perspectives of Russian history as well as international comparative outlook and development trends. The project was carried out by a team of PhD students and international researchers from universities in USA, Finland, Denmark and Sweden as well as from Russian universities in the North-West region, Saint-Petersburg and Moscow. We have organized five international BUDRUS research seminar. Master and PhD students from partner universities in Norway and Russia were involved in the project. As a result, during 2014 ? 2017, 12 master theses, 23 working papers in different series, 6 research papers in international journals and books chapters were published and around 80 lectures and presentations were made on conferences around the world. There are 4 articles under the review in recognized international journals and several are ready for submission. Projects' results were presented at the final BUDRUS seminar on April 20th 2017 at NUPI in Oslo. 

The project demonstrates that budgeting reforms were inspired by the Western thinking that the state should improve long-term, strategic management and transparency of the budget and budget process. However, those intentions met strong Russian traditions and institutions so that the form and the content of reforms produced many complex hybrid solutions guided by hybrid logics. Because Russia is also not as centrally controlled as it is often perceived in the West, reforms resulted in many regional and local governance innovations and experimentations. The regions have ample scope to formulate and implement their own strategies and by implementing advanced planning systems, attract private investments and improve welfare of their citizens. There is a lot of experimentation at municipal level, for instance with so-called "participatory budgeting" where the idea is that residents should be able to allocate a share of the municipal budget themselves. In sum, however, the complex package of reforms guide by a hybrid logics was difficult to implement making final effects of reforms questionable. It might be therefore natural that Russian authorities in recent years tried to search for alternatives and re-evaluate (but not on re-deployment) the Soviet planning legacy in terms of introduction of the national strategic planning system.

The proposed project will focus on research in the field of budgeting especially local government budgeting reforms in Russia. We base this project on current competence at the High North Center and Bodø Graduate School of Business at University of Nordla nd, its partners in Russia and on international oriented research in the field of comparative cross-national public sector studies. The primary objective of the project is to strengthen research competence in producing high quality scientific knowledge in  the field of public sector reforms in Russia, their implications on budgeting processes and transformation of local government institutions. The knowledge developed should be of relevance to the actors involved in the Norwegian-Russian cooperation, the i nternational scientific community, various authorities, professionals, as well as society at large. This relevance will be achieved through dissemination of research findings to relevant users through high quality scientific publications, publications in  the professional media and international seminars and workshops. The project will strengthen existing research capacity through recruitment of young researchers to the field of social sciences as well as develop further international networks of research  partners involved.

Local government budgeting reforms in Russia: implications and tensions

Bedriftenes samfunnsansvar (CSR) blir fremmet eller kritisert av mange aktører som er involvert i, eller motstandere av petroleumsaktivitet. Likevel finnes det ingen enhetlig forståelse av hva CSR innebærer, verken teoretisk eller i praksis. Dette prosjektet har tatt utgangspunkt i Arktisk petroleum i Nord-Norge og Nordvestrussland for å avdekke lokale oppfatninger om CSR.

Vi har gjennomført semi-strukturerte dybdeintervjuer i fire områder: Hammerfest i Norge, samt Murmansk, Komi, og Nenets Autonome Okrug (NAO) i Russland. Respondentene inkluderer både lokalbefolkning, regionale og lokale myndigheter, organisasjoner og representanter fra oljeindustrien. Et hovedfunn fra feltarbeidet er at de de som opplever direkte fordeler fra petroleumsaktivitet og ikke rammes av negative effekter er mer tilbøyelig til å være positive til olje- og gassnæringen. Den generelle støtten til petroleumsaktivitet i nærområdene var imidlertid høy.

I noen tilfeller førte økonomiske fordeler til en høyere toleranse for miljørisiko. Iblant ble petroleumsnæringen og regionale myndigheter kritisert av lokalbefolkningen for å ikke fremme en mer rettferdig fordeling av økonomiske goder. Resultatene fra prosjektet viser imidlertid at skillelinjene mellom ulike oppfatninger går på tvers av samfunnsgrupper. I stedet er de som på ulike vis opplever nærhet til petroleumsindustrien, som man kan si er på «innsiden» gjerne mer positive enn de som befinner seg på «utsiden».

Prosjektet er trolig den første studien av lokale oppfatninger om petroleumsrelatert CSR i Arktisk på tvers av, og med sammenligning mellom Norge og Russland. Mens mye tidligere forskning har belyst trender og mønster, legger denne studien vekt på viktigheten av å forstå komplekse og interagerende kontekster innen ethvert lokalsamfunn.

Many players involved in or opposing petroleum extraction focus on the importance of social and environmental sustainability, yet a common understanding of what sustainability means rarely exists. Instead, corporations, local community sectors, NGOs, and  academics can have different perceptions of sustainability. This project aims to identify and reconcile some of the differences for Norway and Russia, providing a baseline for cross-border dialogue and collaboration amongst players related to petroleum ex traction. New knowledge is generated through original case studies and analyses, moving forward academic studies of sustainability.

This project's hypothesis is: When petroleum companies and local peoples/governments negotiate benefit-sharing agreements  for petroleum extraction, these parties agree on outcomes that exclude aspects of social and environmental sustainability often promoted by academics and NGOs. Testing the hypothesis contributes to indicating how Norway may improve its own practices and h ow current practices might be applied to sustainability- and resource-related collaboration with Russia.

Data are from quantitative local value creation analyses and qualitative interviews in case studies in Northern Norway and the Russian Arctic coverin g Norway's focus areas in the Barents region. The interviews examine the views, interests, and economic realities of corporations, academics, NGOs, and 4 different community sectors: indigenous peoples, non-indigenous peoples, local government, and local  businesses.

Results are disseminated scientifically principally through 6 peer-reviewed papers and 4 conference presentations. Popular science dissemination includes website and magazine articles, fact sheets, and press releases. Material is produced in  English, Norwegian, and Russian. As well, a Norwegian government User Group is created, plus Russian policy summaries are produced, to ensure that results reach users who are not interviewed.

Sustainability and Petroleum Extraction: Corporate and Community Perspectives in Northern Norway and the Russian Arctic

The Arctic regions are experiencing rapid environmental and societal changes that represent challenges of unprecedented scale to communities in the North. Recent studies point to several common challenges across the north: Access to resources; outmigratio n; shifting resource bases; and traditional livelihoods under stress. Even though many of these issues require policy solutions at a national or international level, local governments play a key role in adapting to ongoing and projected changes in society  and the environment. By facilitating learning between local communities across the circumpolar North, their capacity to deal with current and projected changes will be increased. 

The International Polar Year 2007-2008 has resulted in a massive research  effort on the current and future states of arctic environments and local communities. However, in order to utilize the insights produced, there is an urgent need to compare and synthesize the findings. Furthermore, increased understanding and adaptive ca pacity at the local level could be enhanced by bringing together stakeholders from communities across the Circumpolar North that on a daily basis are confronted with the challenges of a changing Arctic. As a first step to achieve this, a workshop will be  held at the FRAM-centre in Tromsø with invited participants from Canada, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland and Russia. In short, the proposed workshop will facilitate an increased cooperation between researchers and local stakeholders across the circumpola r North.

Network for community adaptation in the North

The first project workshop was held in Oslo 1-2 February 2013. At the workshop, we hammered out the questionnaire  for our survey and discussed the topic and structure of each participant's project article and his/her contribution to the edited volume we will publish.

The survey  was carried out in June 2013. In 2014 the project secured additional funding (100,000 NOK) from Fritt Ord to carry out a repeat survey  to measure changed attitudes in the Russian population after the events in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine. This survey was undertaken in November 2014.

Several project participants have carried out field work, in the Komi republic, in Moscow, in Krasnodar, and Stavropol

Dissemination: As an integrated part of the project we each year arrange four seminars at NUPI about various aspects of contemporary Russian nationalism. By the end of this report period we  have held eleven such seminars: Peter Rutland 31 January 2013; Jerry Pankhurst 5 March 2013;  Aleksander  Verkhovsky 3 September 2013; Marlene Laruelle 28 November 2013; Henry Hale 10 February 2014; Vera Tolz-Zilitinkevic 15 May 2014, Emil Pain 22 September 2014; Andreas Umland 28 October 2014; Mikhail Alexseev 13 March 2015; Charles King 10 June 2015; Anastasia Mitrofanova and Natalia Kosmarskaia 22 September 2015. Attendance varied from 35 to 70 participants.

On 25 October 2013 the project arranged a one-day seminar at the Higher School of Economics in Moscow, see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iAT5yn4tMe0, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIqGj7pA-_I  and http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sGDtMgAK1A  

Preliminary findings were also presented at various other conferences: British Association of Slavic and East European Studies Annual convention (BASEES) in  Cambridge, April 2014, and the  Association for the Study of Nationalities/Central European University (ASN/CEU), June 2014. 

During the report period, project participants have presented the results at several international conferences/conventions . The most important are: BASEES, Cambridge , 28-30 March 2015 (1 panel); ASN Convention, Columbia University, New York, 23-25 April 2015 (1 panel); and the IX ICCESS Congress, Makuhari, Tokyo, 3-8 August 2015 (2 panels).

All project participants are publishing results in peer reviewed journals registered by the Norwegian Register for Scientific Journals. A majority has already had their project articles accepted/published.

Several project members have also published smaller articles on the internet, in newspapers and elsewhere, largely based on the survey results. The project and its (preliminary) results have been reported in  Aftenposten, Klassekampen NRK P2 (Dagsnytt, Dagsnytt 18, Verden på Lørdag), OpenDemocracy Russia, several Russian newspapers, Transitions Online, Johnson's Russia List, Washington Post and the Guardian.

Our book The New Russian Nationalism: Imperialism, Ethnicity, Authoritarianism 2000-2015, will be published by Edinburgh University Press,in January 2016. Russian translations of several of the book chapters are underway.

We will analyze the new preconditions for nation-building in Russia and for the formulation of policies on the 'national question'. Four issues will be targeted. 

1. Changes in the state's policies and political signals. We will examine statements by Med vedev and Putin, as well as by leading members of Duma parties and Kremlin policy advisers. In particular, we will analyze the relative strength of state-oriented and ethnicity-oriented vectors in the nationality concept.  As target topic we choose to foc us on federal migration policies. To what degree do the state authorities explain to the public that the immigration is an indispensable necessity in the Russian economy?

2. The nationality issue in the opposition. What alternative does the anti-system o pposition represent when it comes to the formulation of a national idea? Is there a tug of war going on in this movement between liberals and nationalists? Most Western researchers have tended to focus on the extreme right. While this should not be ignore d, we believe it is equally important to study attitudes among  the pro-Western liberals. Have the liberals formulated their own national idea? 

3. The role of the media. Media, and in Russia TV in particular, are  crucial in forming popular opinion on s ensitive issues. We will single out for special examination three major TV channels and how they are covering issues of  ethnic and national cohesion. In addition we will examine a selection of mainstream newspapers, high-brow elite publications, and popu lar internet sites.

4. Changes in the public mood. Researchers disagree about the strength of support for xenophobic nationalism in Russia and more research is needed in the form of large-scale surveys. This is particularly important in the situation of   the recent renewed  popular mobilization against the regime. We will conduct a survey with 4,500 respondents using the same polling institute as we used in another NRC funded research project ten years ago.

Nation-building, nationalism and the new 'other' in today's Russia (NEORUSS)

I første del av prosjektet skal de rettslige rammene for arktisk skipsfart fastlegges. Det omfatter farvannene under suvereniteten og jurisdiksjonen til Russland. Forskningen avdekker gap mht  mangelfull deltakelse i internasjonale instrumenter, manglende rettslige standarder for skipsfart i Arktis og regulering av ferdselen for hele eller deler samt mekanismer for å overvåke og kontrollere fartøy som ferdes i disse områdene.
Et sentralt spørsmål er om instrumentene og praksisen som er utviklet av FNs sjøfartsorganisasjon IMO inkluderer internasjonal miljørett. Analysene bekrefter at miljøvern er blitt et formål i instrumenter som tradisjonelt har vært rettet mot maritim sikkerhet. IMO instrumentene inneholder heller ikke eksplisitte referanser til internasjonal miljørett. Det kan skyldes at regelverket utvikles av organer som primært arbeider med sjøsikkerhet. 
Dette funnet bekreftes også av studier av Polarkoden, det bindende regelverket som skal imøtekomme de ekstra truslene skipsfart møter i polare farvann. Det var vanskelig å få til enighet om reguleringer av transport/bruk av tungolje for å forebygge konsekvensene av oljesøl og om lokal luftforurensing som kan ha effekter på klimaet. Polarkoden som trådte i kraft 1.1. 2017 inneholder bestemmelser bl.a. om bygging, utforming, utstyr og bemanning av fartøy som skal ferdes i arktiske farvann. 
I den andre delen av prosjektet, er fokuset på rollen de arktiske kyststatene har for å sikre sikker og miljø-vennlig skipsfart i regionen. Et bidrag diskuterer alternativer eller supplement til IMOs reguleringer. De omfatter tiltak fra statene som kyststater og havnestater, samt samarbeid innenfor rammen av Arktisk Råd eller andre samarbeidsordninger. Forskningen undersøker om Arktisk Råd og Paris Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Port State Control har myndighet til å regulere skipsfart i Arktis og om de har utnyttet den og hvilke begrensinger som vil ligge på den. Den viser at de faktisk har utnyttet kompetansen. Når det gjelder Arktisk Råd (AR), har det potensiale for å tilrettelegge for samarbeid mellom kyststatene og brukerstatene, ved å bygge på funksjonen til IMO slik som vist i samarbeidet mellom kyststater og brukerstater i Malakkastredet. Videre diskuteres blant annet om hvordan AR tilpasser sin rolle for å møte nye fenomen. Hovedfunnet er at de arktiske statene bestemte seg for å styrke AR ved å ta inn prinsippene som de arktiske kyststatene (A5) utformet gjennom Ilulissat erklæringen gjennom kravene til å bli observatør.
Havrettstraktaten Artikkel 234 står sentralt i drøftelsen av kyststatens rolle fordi denne gir utvidet kompetanse til å vedta og håndheve reguleringer av skipsfart i isdekte farvann. Et funn er at Polarkoden i seg selv ikke vil innebære noen begrensing på myndigheten deres, men vil stille krav til å begrunne nødvendighet og rimelighet av avvikende tiltak. 

Rollen til Russland som kyststat er gjenstand for undersøkelse i et eget doktorgradsprosjekt. Foreløpige funn viser at Russland har vært aktiv i å fremme egne tolkninger av reglene i havretten for skipsfart i den nordlige sjøruten (NSR). De har revidert lovgivingen sin i samsvar med politiske mål om å øke bruken av NSR. Disse vurderingene synes å samsvare med de underliggende prinsippene i havretten, men lovligheten av bestemte reguleringer kan fortsatt være tvilsomme. Hovedfunnet er at Russland har tilpasset sitt juridiske regime til havretten. En kan forvente at Russlands praksis etterhvert vil bidra til å presisere havrettens regler, inklusive Artikkel 234.
Den tredje delen av prosjektet er et doktorgradsprosjekt som undersøker Russlands rolle i utviklingen av beslutningsprosessene i Polarkoden. Så langt er forslagene til Russland undersøkt, delegater til forhandlingene er blitt intervjuet. Et resultat er at det er en manglende sammenkobling mellom 1) Russlands mål og målene i Polar-koden; og 2) mellom forhandlingsstrategien til Russland og hvilken strategi de kunne hatt mest nytte av. Et annet funn er at det under forhandlinger om Polarkoden, ble lagt til rette for å unngå diskusjon angående artikkel 234. Doktorgradsstudenten har sammenlignet Canadas og Russlands forhandlingsstrategier og funnet ut at felles problemområder stort sett stammer fra de to staters felles erfaring med omstridte nasjonale reguleringssystemer.

It is generally accepted that there is a need for special and additional regulation of international shipping within and through the Arctic Ocean to facilitate the future and increase use of its sea-lanes. IMO is identified as the international body compe tent to develop such regulations. Although a mandatory Polar Code is being negotiated it is uncertainty as to the willingness of IMO member states to accept particular measures to protect the marine environment be included. The project will firstly includ e an investigation of the international environmental legal obligations applicable to Arctic shipping and an assessment based on research from natural scientific and technological research of the adequacy of the traditional types of regulations to protect  and preserve the Arctic marine environment and ecosystems. It will also investigate the integration of regulation of shipping with other human activities affecting the marine environment, particularly the Barents Sea shared between Norway and Russia. Sec ondly, the project will investigate the implementation of the international environmental law in the regulation of shipping, focusing on the Russian law and policy. The Russian legal doctrine on the Arctic is important to understand to read the legislatio n. The new Russian legislation will be analysed and assessed in relation to international law. One of the questions to be investigated is what restrictions an IMO Polar Code will put on Russian jurisdiction, if any. It will have bearing on other Arctic co astal states and their cooperation on bilateral and multilateral level within the region. Thirdly, the decision-making processes within international bodies and particularly the involvement of Russia will be investigated. It will provide in-put to the oth er parts of the project and knowledge on the role of Russia in the development of Arctic legal regimes.

Arctic Shipping through Challenging Waters

Senter for radioaktivitet, mennesker og miljø (CERAD) ble grunnlagt på et sterkt partnerskap mellom akademia, forskningsinstitutter og myndigheter, med støtte fra internasjonale partnere. Våre opprinnelige hovedmål var: 1) å utføre grunnleggende langsiktig forskning for å vesentlig forbedre evnen til å vurdere den radiologiske risikoen fra radioaktivitet i miljøet også kombinert med andre stressfaktorer; 2) å bedre adressere trusler fra naturlige og menneskeskapte kjernefysiske eller radiologiske kilder; og 3) å gi det vitenskapelige grunnlaget for konsekvens-/risikovurderinger som ligger til grunn for håndtering av risiko forbundet med ioniserende stråling. Da CERAD ble lansert, var strålevernmiljøet fokusert på ettervirkningene av ulykken ved Fukushima Daiichi. Siden den gang har det dukket opp nye utfordringer, inkludert nasjonale krav knyttet til avviklingen og dekommisjoneringen av Norges to forskningsreaktorer, og nye globale atomtrusler knyttet til Russlands invasjon av Ukraina. Mens CERADs grunnleggende forskningsmål fortsatt gjelder, har deres relevans og samfunnsmessige betydning utvidet seg betydelig de siste ti årene.

CERADs forskning omfatter karakterisering av kilder til radioaktivitet og ioniserende stråling, transport og overføring av radionuklider i miljøet, effekter av ioniserende stråling på mennesker og dyreliv, samt risikovurdering og samfunnsvitenskapelige studier. Disse er delt inn i fire forskningsområder:
RA1 partikkelkilder og effekter: Vi har benyttet state-of-the-art karakteriseringsmetoder (f.eks. synkrotron røntgenteknikker, nanotomografi) i en serie laboratorieeksperimenter med modellorganismer (daphnia, nematoder) som viser forskjeller i opptak og effekter av ulike tilstandsformer (nanopartikler og ioner) av uran, kobolt og cerium. Transport- og spredningsmodeller er forbedret, og dosimetriestimater har blitt støttet av feltstudier.
RA2 Dynamisk økosystemoverføring: I en serie laboratorie- og feltstudier (Norge, Chornobyl, Fukushima) ble det undersøkt hvordan de radioaktive stoffenes tilstandsformer, miljøbetingelser og interaksjoner med andre forurensninger kan påvirke opptak i organismer. Ved å koble toksikodynamikk og toksikokinetikk, har ekstrapoleringsmetoder blitt brukt for å generere surrogatverdier, f.eks. bruk av stabile isotopanaloger, taksonomiske analoger og Bayesiansk statistikk.
RA3 Biologiske responser: CERADs unike gammabestrålingsanlegg og Biological Effect Toolbox har blitt brukt i en serie biotest-eksperimenter på forskjellige organismer (laks, sebrafisk, daphnia, nematoder, mus, planter) og for å undersøke mekanismer som underbygger radiosensitivitet. Gammaeksponering og produksjon av frie radikaler har blitt knyttet til biologiske responser som transkriptomiske endringer, reproduksjonseffekter og transgenerasjonelle og epigenetiske effekter av DNA-metylering.
RA4 Risikovurderinger: De overordnede usikkerhetene knyttet til modellprediksjoner har blitt vurdert ved å kople sammen modeller fra alle RA-er, og en rekke modeller for adverse outcome pathway (AOP) er utviklet. Vi har belyst at strålevern må håndtere sosioøkonomiske konsekvenser, risikokommunikasjon, risikooppfatning og dialog med interessenter. Casene omfattet vurderinger av atomulykker, inkludert situasjonen i Ukraina, og nye utfordringer forbundet med avviklingen av norske forskningsreaktorer.

Forskningssamarbeidet igangsatt innen CERAD har ført til synergi mellom både partnere og disipliner. Vi har forbedret transport- og overføringsmodeller ved å inkludere informasjon om kildetermspesiering (MET, NMBU, DSA); vi har fått økt forståelse av strålingseffekter og underliggende mekanismer ved å sammenlikne biologiske responser på tvers av forskjellige arter og ved sammenligne med andre miljøstressorer (FHI, NIVA, NMBU); risikovurdering av radionuklider er styrket ved å tilpasse tilnærminger til de som brukes for andre forurensninger, slik at virkningene av radionuklider også i større grad kan ses i en større sammenheng (NIVA, NMBU).

Rundt 80 forskere, 30 doktorgrader, 25 postdoktorer og 25 teknisk og administrativt personell har bidratt i arbeidene med å nå målene til CERAD. Våre forskere har produsert nærmere 300 akademiske artikler, deltatt på alle de viktige internasjonale arenaene som arbeider innen strålevern, og fortsetter å ha en sentral rolle i EUs forskningsprosjekter og plattformer. Den fremtidige betydningen av CERADs arbeid illustreres kanskje best av at Norges forskningsråd har bevilget 200 millioner kroner til et nytt nasjonalt senter for kjernefysisk forskning, ledet av UiO, i samarbeid med IFE og NMBU. I tillegg har KD opprettet 40 nye studieplasser innen nukleære fag, 20 av dem ved NMBU. Disse initiativene er en solid bekreftelse på viktigheten av feltet og menneskene som jobber der. Kompetansen og kunnskapen bygget opp gjennom CERAD-samarbeidet gir muligheter til å konsolidere og videreutvikle kompetanse inn mot fremtidige utfordringer innen nukleær vitenskap og teknologi.

English version /2012:
The CERAD CoE will perform fundamental long term research to improve the ability to accurately assess the radiological risks from environmental radioactivity, also combined with other stressors. By focusing on key factors contributing to  the uncertainties, CERAD represents a state-of-the-art research foundation for the advancement of tools and methods needed for better management of those risks. The scope includes man-made and naturally occurring radionuclides that were released in the past, those presently released as well as those that potentially can be released in the future from the nuclear fuel cycle and non-nuclear industries. Using an ecosystem based scientific approach, CERAD focuses on:
1)Source term: to characterize radionuclid es released from different sources and different release scenarios with respect to physico-chemical forms, and to use such information to identify the implications for further environmental transfer. 
2)Ecosystem transfer: to specify how speciation, other contaminants and temperature and climate conditions influence radionuclide transfer through ecosystems in a Nordic context, and to replace equilibrium transfer constants with time and temperature dependent functions. 
3)Biological effects: to identify re sponses induced in biota exposed to medium to low radiation doses, in combination with other stressors such as UV radiation and heavy metals under varying temperature and climate conditions. 
4)Impact and risk assessment: to integrate knowledge gained on  source terms and release scenarios, ecosystem transfer and biological responses to reduce the overall uncertainties in assessment models, and to provide focussed improvements in radiological impact assessments by implementing socioeconomic and ethical asp ects. 
CERAD will be established by the Norwegian University of Life Sciences in partnership with the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, with support of 4 Norwegian research institutions and the international CERAD network.

Summary CERAD 2015
CERAD is established to perform long-term basic research to improve the assessment of radiological risks from environmental radioactivity combined with other stressors. By focusing on key factors contributing to uncertainties, CERAD represents a state-of-the-art research foundation for the advancement of tools and methods needed for better management of those risks. Using an ecosystem based scientific approach the strategic agenda focuses on source term and release scenarios associated with man-made and naturally occurring radionuclides, transfer of radionuclides in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, uptake and responses in exposed organisms to assess overall environmental impact and risks. Based on field work/visits in many countries and model experiments, different models - from sources to impact - are coupled to identify factors contributing to uncertainties. Many experiments have been performed at the unique NMBU low dose gamma facility to link exposure to biological responses using advanced technology. To compare responses in exposed organisms (i.e., salmon, zebrafish, daphnia, nematodes, earthworm, mice, plants) a biomarker toolbox is developed. Low dose gamma exposure affects sensitive endpoints (e.g., deformation, reproduction, transgenerational effects) of ecological relevance. To CERAD are linked 18 PhDs/Postdocs and ca 50 part-time scientists. Ca 78 articles are published in peer review journals since 2013, including contributions to the UNSCEAR “Fukushima-Daiichi environmental impact assessment”, a White paper to the UN General Assembly, and the IAEA's Rapport «The Fukushima Daiichi Accident”. The ESRF News July 2015 selected the CERAD nanobeam synchrotron image of nanoparticles retained within a nematode as the “Beauty of Science”; at high nanoparticle concentrations reproduction failure occurred. CERAD is partner in 12 EC projects and has a wide international network. The CERAD director received the 4th IUR Vernadsky award 2014.

Norwegian version/2012:
CERAD Centre for Environmental Radioactivity
CERAD Senter for radioaktivitet, mennesker og miljø
CERAD SFF skal utføre grunnleggende langsiktig forskning og utvikle «state-of-the-art» verktøy og metoder for å beskytte mennesker og miljø fra stråling, også kom binert med andre stressfaktorer. CERAD skal styrke vår evne til å vurdere konsekvenser og risiki knyttet til stråling, ved å fokusere på faktorer som bidrar vesentlig til usikkerhet. Forskningen inkluderer både menneskeskapte og naturlige radionuklider som i dag finnes i miljøet, og vil samtidig fokusere på kilder knyttet til nukleære og ikke-nukleære virksomheter som potensielt kan bidra til utslipp av radionuklider i fremtiden. Ved å benytte en økosystembasert vitenskapelig tilnærming, vil CERAD særlig fokuserer på:
1) Kilder og utslipp: Karakterisere radionuklider som slippes ut fra ulike kilder under ulike utslippsforhold med hensyn på fysisk-kjemiske tilstandsformer, og benytt

Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, a Centre of Excellence (CERAD)

Hovedmålet for dette samarbeidet med russiske forskere under 4D Arctic prosjektet er er å utvikle en geodynamisk modell for den Arktiske regionen. Vi vil finne ut hvor gammel og tykk jordeskorpen er I det Arktiske området og hvordan skorpen har blitt endrett av den underliggende mantel. Fo å utføre denne oppgaven broker vi hovedsakelig geophysiske data og platetektoniske metoder.

Den nye modellen av nåværende kontinental og osean skorpe i High Arktis - ArcCRUST - inkluderer: skorpe tykkelse, sediment tykkelse, og dybde til Moho diskontinuitet (Lebedeva-Ivanova et al, in review).
4D arktiske studier har blitt publisert i 2016 i fire vitenskapelige artiklerer og 13 konferanse foredrager
Prosjekt resultatene blir nå brukt til den strategiske norske konsortiet initiativet "GoNorth - Kunnskaps Bygging i polhavet".

Sammen med Universitetet i Oslo International School (ISS) har vi utviklet en tverrfaglig Master kurset: "A Changing Arctic"; der  presenterer vi geologi og geofysikk i denne regionen (2/3 av kurset) blandet med lov og statsvitenskap (1 / tredje av kurset). Kurset ble undervist i 5 uker i juni / juli 2014, 2015 og 2016. Det vil bli tilbudt av UiO ISS hvert år.

We aim to undertake an interdisciplinary collaborative project with Russian partners where existent and new geophysical data will be used to build multi-scale models that will unravel the structure and evolution of Arctic's crust and mantle and their inte raction through time. We will assemble, quality-check and compile a variety of geophysical data (potential field, paleomagnetic, heatflow, bathymetry, seismic data, etc) and geological evidences for volcanism and vertical movements through time in order t o be able to characterize the heterogeneities of the present-day Arctic crust and model its kinematic evolution since the Late Jurassic (ca. 150 million years ago). New, multi-scale tomographic models for the Arctic mantle will be constructed using travel  time data from the global ISC catalogue. In order to cover the less seismic active areas or with low seismic station coverage, reflected PP data will be also included and to further improve the resolution and reliability of the tomographic models in some  regions, we plan to add any available information from regional networks, as well as data on Russian super-long seismic profiles acquired with nuclear explosions. Besides regional models of 1000s km scale, we plan to study the crust and uppermost mantle  in selected regions (10s-100s km scale) based on local seismicity data, including data from network deployments on drifting ice. Acquisition of new seismic data along the Russian Arctic coast is also part of this project.
Kinematic reconstructions and reg ional tomographic models of the Circum-Arctic regions will be used to construct  geodynamic models that will include 3D numerical calculations of the mantle flow using existent academic codes and new software developed by Russian and Norwegian participant s. Finally, we will compute the dynamic topography due to the mantle flow and mantle plumes and assess its implications to anomalous subsidence and volcanism in the Arctic area through time

4DARCTIC: Structure and Evolution of Arctic crust and mantle based on multi-scale geophysical studies

The main goal of the project is to integrate national and international sea-ice related interests and activities into a more coherent and interconnected set of activities with a considerably increased likelihood of successfully addressing the existing cha llenges of observing, explaining and predicting sea ice on a range of practically useful time scales. To achieve this, the sea ice research and user communities will be invited to participate in 3 workshops; the first concentrating on Norwegian sea ice ac tivities and needs, the second bringing together international sea ice initiatives, and the third workshop aiming to bring these workshop results to the global climate prediction community. The progression of these workshops will ensure Norwegian expertis e is coordinated nationally, ties into international research initiatives, and feeds directly into global climate predictions. By bringing together international sea ice experts and early career researchers in Arctic and Antarctic regions, the outcome of  this series of workshops will help make greater progress on understanding parameters involved in Antarctic sea ice prediction, rapid changes in Arctic sea ice, sea ice connections with the warming climate, and better represent the underlying processes tha t contribute to model development; all enhancing our ability to project future climate changes for the benefit of society. 

CliC and NPI will work closely with the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists to ensure meaningful involvement of the next  generation of Norwegian and International sea ice researchers. Keynote lectures will be recorded and archived online. Outcomes will be published in various journals and newsletters, distributed through listserves, and presented at conferences, to policy m akers and to the general public. Workshop participants will contribute to a series of short  videos to help enhance our understanding of the important role of ice in global climate.

Enhancing Norwegian and International Sea Ice Research Collaboration

Bjerknessenteret for klimaforskning feirer i år sitt 10-årsjubileum som et Senter for Fremragende Forskning, og skal markere dette med en internasjonal forskningskonferanse i Bergen 3-6. September 2012. Det er ventet ca 300 nasjonale og internasjonale del takere til konferansen.  På konferansen vil de store klimaforskningsspørsmål bli belyst. Hva som er naturlig klimavariabilitet vs menneskeskapte klimaendringer, vil være en rød tråd gjennom konferansen. Konferansen adresserer spørsmål relatert til både mi ljø- og utviklingsforskning. En av konferansens fire sesjoner er bl.a. viet klimascenarier  og økosystemrespons, sett i et regionalt og globalt perspektiv. Bjerknessenteret opplever en stadig større etterspørsel etter regionale klimascenarier i Sør, og de ltar i økende grad i bilaterale prosjekter med land som Bangladesh, Cuba, Vietnam, Nepal, India og Kina. Til konferansen er det ventet forskere og studenter fra disse prosjektene, og flere abstracts er sendt inn som reiser forskningsspørsmål knyttet til t ilpasning til klimaendringer. Som en del av konferansen er det planlagt en halv dags workshop som skal fokusere på nye forskningsinitiativ knyttet til klimatilpasning og klimatjenester i Sør, både i Asia, Afrika og Latin-Amerika. Det totale budsjettet for  konferansen er 1,7 mill NOK. Fra Forskningsrådets program MILUTV-ARENAER søker det om 150.000 NOK til følgende formål:
1)Støtte til grants for unge, talentfulle forskere og studenter fra utviklingsland (her vil en særlig prøve å støtte kvinnelige forsker e)
2)Støtte til gjennomføring av en ½ dags workshop som en side event til konferansen 
3)Støtte til å dekke utgifter for inviterte foredragsholdere og keynotes

Bjerknes Centre 10-Year Anniversary Conference: Climate Change in High Latitudes

Arctic Urban Sustainability in Russia (ARCSUS) 			
Norwegian Research Council Project Number 220613

Over the next decade, most of the world's population will live in cities, spaces of urban development that provide a core of centralized services expec ted by city-dwellers including but not limited to efficient and affordable public transportation, high-tech service options, diverse meeting spaces for social engagement and education, advancement of innovative solutions, etc. By all accounts, as the Arctic becomes more industrialized and as  populations from the global South migrate northwards and as Northerners themselves choose to live in central regions in the High North, the Arctic will also experience such dramatic shifts in population growth and development. We are already seeing these  phenomena in the Russian Arctic where massive industrialization and enormous cities have existed since the Second World War. Yet, Russian Arctic cities are now shrinking compared with other parts of the Arctic. The urban Russian Arctic offers salient examples of both good and bad practices that may be relevant for other urban settlements  in other parts of the Arctic. 
Our task in the first year of ARCSUS was to map how to tackle the question of the sustainability of Russian Arctic cities, not only geographically but conceptually. Thus we have divided up the Russian Arctic to include  cities such as Murmansk, Nikel, Monchegorsk, Salekhard, Noril'sk, Yakutsk, Khanty-Mansiisk, in comparative perspective to Sala, Tromsø, Kiruna, Kirkenes, La Ronge, and others. We also endeavour to define what urban means in the Arctic context. Clearly "urban" or "city" in Russia has a different meaning in other parts of the Arctic. Moreover, we have explored the meaning of "sustainability" --social, economic, political, cultural, and environmental. Again, the definition shifts as we go across the municipalities in the Russian Arctic and as we cross borders to other municipalities in the High North. Thus, as we concentrate on the Arctic Urban Sustainability in Russia, we have asked:
-	how will municipalities provide jobs for increased populations?; 
-	how will they provide services for multicultural newcomers who may demand other cultural and religious provisions within a metropolitan framework?;
-	how will cities answer citizens' demands for sustainability, environmentally responsible practices, and energy efficiency even in the midst of growing resource extractive industries in Arctic regions?
-	What are the strategies of cities to diversify economies to promote entrepreneurship and innovation in order to attract and keep people dedicated to the development and success of the cities in which they live? 
-	How do policy-makers work to make their cities attractive for both residents and visitors alike in order for communities, economies, and polities to thrive sustainably?
-	How do urban Arctic cities meet the challenges of climate change on all of the above challenges as well as the infrastructure stresses that are expected because of changes in weather and temperature? 
-     And importantly, in these times, how do geopolitical decisions affect policies towards and in Arctic cities in Russia and in the Circumpolar North?
Moreover, we continue to compare Russian Arctic cities with other urban spaces in  the circumpolar North. Consisting of ten consortia partners, we pose these questions alongside students from our various home Universities. Already, a group of graduate and undergraduate students from The George Washington University and Moscow State University did field work in Siberia over the summer. And graduate students from the University of Saskatchewan and The Barents Institute at the University of Tromsø are taking part in the documents research for ARCSUS. The capacity-building component is a key aspect of the ARCSUS project that ensures knowledge transfer to young scientists pursuing questions of Arctic urban sustainability in Russia compared to other parts of the Arctic.

The objective of ARCSUS is to advance a new research frontier by expanding understanding of Arctic urban sustainability in Russia. The project will bring together an international, multi-disciplinary team of scholars to research and examine the impact of  energy resource development, extractive industries, demographic trends, and climate change on the ability of urban settlements in Russia's Arctic region to exist in a sustainable way with their environment. While there is considerable research on various  aspects of Arctic sustainability, few works take a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary approach to addressing the role of cities and their related industries. ARCSUS is divided into 6 Work Packages covering: 1) Natural Resources - How can Russia best develo p its Arctic energy resources in a sustainable way that does not do extensive damage to the environment?; 2) Climate Change ? What is the impact of permafrost thawing on Russia?s urban Arctic settlements?; 3) Social sustainability ? How are trends in demo graphy, migration, and urban relations with indigenous peoples affecting the social fabric of Russia?s Arctic urban areas?; 4) Ecological Footprint ? How do Russian Arctic cities interact with their immediate environment?; 5) Russia's Arctic in Global Per spective; and 6) Networking Activities. The central activity WP6 will be annual meetings over the 3-year period in Norway, Russia, and North America to facilitate networking among scholars studying Arctic issues in the US, Canada, Europe, and Russia. The  activities of ARCSUS will include interdisciplinary field research in the Russian Arctic in comparative perspective with other Arctic regions.  Importantly, the outreach component of ARCSUS is not only to create and develop a network on urban sustainabili ty, but also to create courses and graduat-level projects that will enhance the execution and the outcomes of the project.

ARCtic Urban SUStainability in Russia

BIOPROSP_13 er den 6. internasjonale konferansen om marin bioprospektering som arrangeres annen hvert år av MABIT-programmet i samarbeid med lokale og nasjonale nærings- og forskningsaktører. 
BIOPROSP har som mål å tilby et spennende faglig program som g ir deltakerne mulighet til å bli oppdatert om de siste fremskritt innen forskning og kommersialisering relatert til marin bioprospektering. Det marine miljø og det arktiske hav har blitt omtalt som det siste forskingsfelt for oppdagelse av nye unike medis iner og biologisk aktive virkestoffer som kan anvendes innenfor et stort spekter av produkter slik som ingredienser, kosttilskudd, industrielle enzymer, energi og farmasøytisk industri. Bioteknologisk kompetanse og metode brukt gjennom hele verdikjeden er  helt sentralt for å stimulere denne utviklingen. BIOPROSP_13 skal bidra med interessante foredrag fra inviterte foredragsholdere og via korte foredrag fra deltakerne der utfordringer og muligheter for industrielle applikasjoner for marine bioaktive forbi ndelser skal illustreres.  
BIOPROSP bør sees som et strategisk element i den nasjonale strategien for satsing på marin bioprospektering. BIOPROSP er i ferd med å utvikle seg til et internasjonalt møtested der aktører fra industri, forskning og beslutning stakere møtes. Programkomiteen arbeider aktivt for å legge til rette for nettverksbygging. Vi erfarer også at deltakerne planlegger andre møter i forbindelse med konferansen. 
Per dato er det 10 bekreftede foredragsholdere fra USA, Russland, Tyskland, UK,  Danmark og Island. 
Det vil også bli arrangert pre konferanse workshop om spesifikke tema. I samarbeid med UiT ønsker vi å tilby et poenggivende dr.gradskurs innen marin bioprospektering til nasjonale og internasjonale dr. gradsstudenter
BIOPROSP_13 har  mål om 250 deltaker (max 300) og vi jobber aktivt for å få
økt internasjonal deltakelse fra 25 til 35 %. Registrering åpner august 2012.

FORNY20-FORNY2020

Flying Foil - Elektriske og energieffektive hurtigbåter

Alternative title: Flying Foil - Energy efficient transport at sea

Awarded: NOK 4.8 mill.

Popular Science Description

Funding scheme:

FORNY20-FORNY2020

Funding Sources

Thematic Areas and Topics