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From the SEA to the SOLution. An integrative assessment of marine pollution in a changing Arctic

Marine chemical pollution poses known threats to human health and to biodiversity, ecosystem and societal services. The Arctic is a major sink of global mercury (Hg) pollution. Arctic sediments, sea and glacial ice constitute vast Hg reservoirs. Recent studies raise concerns about their increasing role as local Hg sources. In a rapidly warming Arctic, the consequences of potentially increased environmental Hg on marine biota remain unknown. The objective of SEASOL is to identify the pathway(s) of Hg bioaccumulation in marine food webs of the High Arctic Kongsfjorden (Svalbard). This changing glacial fjord is recognised as a ‘natural laboratory’ of climate change in the Arctic. The fellow’s earlier research has shown the sole measurement of Hg levels as insufficient to connect biotic Hg dynamics to environmental change, whereas the analysis of Hg stable isotopes proved to be a promising tool for source discrimination and biotic transfer. SEASOL will build on the novel application of stable isotope analysis to identify the sources of Hg within the fjord system and the pathways to Hg accumulation within sentinel marine species. On the short-term, the study will provide fundamental knowledge to help understand how emerging sources of Hg from rapid environmental change will impact Arctic marine predators. On the long-term, SEASOL will contribute to the development of early-warning, adaptive management strategies, including modelling, for mitigating the cumulative impact of pollutants and climate change on Arctic marine species. This multidisciplinary approach and the central position of the host institution (Norwegian Polar Institute) in the field of Polar Research will equip the Fellow with a broad set of new skills and lay the foundation for building her specific niche as a future leader in marine pollution science.

Optimization of Free Space Optical Communication Link based Drones for Search and Rescue Operations in the Arctic Region

The Arctic region is witnessing more frequent shipping accidents than ever which require accurate search and rescue operations. The existing communication systems use drones with radio frequency (RF) technology, which has limited bandwidth and cannot offer 4G/5G connectivity due to harsh weather constraints. It further limits the capacity of drones and affects the resolution of images and videos. The current research proposes to design free space optical communication (FSOC) link-based drones that can enhance connectivity between multiple drones and rescue ships as well as the capacity of drones to produce high resolution images and videos. The proposed FSOC-based drones can provide highspeed connectivity than the existing RF technology. The research will collect atmospheric turbulences data from the Arctic region and use it for designing the FSOC link. Furthermore, to enhance the capacity of FSOC-based drones, the research will design advanced multiplexing schemes (Mode Division Multiplexing and Orthogonal Code Division Multiple Access) and to ensure link stability, omnidirectional receiver will be designed. The research will further evaluate the performance of proposed FSOC link under the impact of various atmospheric turbulences. The expected outcomes of this research will lead to the optimisation of FSOC-based drones in expanding search areas and improving communication systems for SAR operations in the Arctic region.

AQUASERV – RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES FOR SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE, FISHERIES AND THE BLUE ECONOMY

The overarching objectives of AQUASERV are to bring together, enhance, integrate and customise RI capacities (including facilities, instruments and expertise) and through the provision of transnational access (on-site or remote) and/or virtual access, to significantly further scientific advance and promote and facilitate the implementation of European Common Fisheries Policy, the Farm to Fork Strategy, the Sustainable Blue Economy and the European Green Deal. 

AQUASERV will achieve these objectives by offering scientists from academia and business remote and on-site transnational (TA) and virtual (VA) access to an advanced set of European research infrastructures and its nodes related to research and management of marine and freshwater biological resources, food and biotechnology. These include the European Marine Biological Resource Centre ERIC (EMBRC), the Analysis and Experimentation on Ecosystems ERIC, The Aquaculture for Excellence for Aquaculture in Fish (Aquaexcel), and the Infrastructure for Promoting Metrology in Food and Nutrition (METROFOOD), as well as the International Council for Exploration of the Sea, both a service provider and stakeholder. It also includes the Research Infrastructure for Science and Innovation Policy Studies (RISIS) to bring contributions from the social sciences and to bring results nearer to policy makers ensuring societal impact. 

To enhance, integrate and customise RI capacities, collaboration between partners and new pipelines to meet the objectives of the project will be developed during the first 3 years and will make available  to users.  To ensure these capacities will not be lost, a sustainability work package involving stakeholders will address the project legacy.  

To maximize impact, AQUASERV will build a communication network among the partnership and develop a dissemination and outreach programme. Furthermore, an advanced training programme will be developed to capture future users and will be updated during the p

Aqua Research Infrastructure Services for the health and protection of our unique, oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems

AQUARIUS will provide a highly comprehensive suite of integrated research infrastructures appropriate to addressing significant challenges for the long-term sustainability of our unique oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems. For the first time, diverse research infrastructures will be combined to facilitate the work of researchers and key stakeholders focused on challenges and opportunities for both marine and freshwater systems. An impressive range of 57 research infrastructure services will be made available to include research vessels, mobile marine observation platforms, aircraft,  drones, satellite, sensors, fixed freshwater and marine observatories and test sites, experimental facilities, and sophisticated data infrastructures. AQUARIUS will support the development phase of the EU Mission to Restore our Ocean and waters by 2030, the Sustainable Blue Economy Partnership, the European Green Deal, and international climate initiatives. It will also be an essential component in achieving the European Digital Twin of the Ocean and the UN Decade for Ocean Sciences. The needs of researchers will be met through a robust and transparent system of transnational access funding Calls, facilitated by centralised user-friendly access portal. The Call programme will be informed through stakeholder engagement and brokerage events. Projects to be selected for Access must convincingly integrate multiple infrastructures and contribute to the core policy objectives of Mission Ocean, that is, to protect and restore marine and freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity; to prevent and eliminate pollution of our oceans, seas and waters; and to ensure a sustainable, carbon-neutral and circular blue economy. A thematic and geographic focus will be the hallmark of the proposed transnational Calls, aligning with the Lighthouse Regions, that is, the Baltic and the North Sea Basins, Black Sea, Atlantic/Arctic, and Mediterranean Sea along with their associated rivers.

Advance Marine Research Infrastructures Together

The European Ocean Observing System (EOOS) is the foundation of European ocean knowledge. The core Marine Research Infrastructures (MRIs) focused on ocean observing (EMSO, EURO-ARGO and ICOS ERICs; EuroFleets+, EuroGoShip, GROOM RI, JERICO RI and MINKE as INFRA projects) are the main providers of in situ ocean data for the EOOS and Copernicus, and the primary managers of instrumental capacity supporting fundamental research.
These MRIs are aware that the lack of effective cross coordination prevents them from fully supporting frontier research, while the lack of integration makes it difficult to reach a critical mass for EOOS and results in significant cost duplication. Accordingly, AMRIT gathers these MRIs together with OceanOPS/WMO international coordination experience with the objective to:
- ensure seamless operation of marine observation platforms ;
- ensure the full nominal use of sensors and accelerate their evolution ;
- exploit the complementarity of the various observation platforms ;
- ensure the overall coherence of the ocean data value chain.
To achieve these objectives, AMRIT will design and implement an EOOS Technical Support Center (EOOS TSC) for
- a fully integrated information service across the data value chain from early planning stages to final delivery to users;
- a cross-platform fully standardised data acquisition methodology for Essential Ocean Variables;
- a collaborative federal structure to operate these services, relying on the ERIs and their members.
The EOOS TSC will be the cornerstone in establishing and maintaining the EOOS, upon which European ocean observing can be strengthened in the coming decades. AMRIT will provide a catalyst for the development and consolidation of MRIs throughout Europe, providing a benchmark for operational coordination and collaboration. AMRIT will advance EOOS in line with its 2023-2027 Strategy and beyond, and the European Commission's ambitions for sharing responsibility in ocean observing across Europe.

Improve offshore infrastructure resilience against geohazards towards a changing climate

POSEIDON brings together an interdisciplinary and intersectoral team to deliver a professionally trained next-generation network of Doctoral Candidates to develop a step change in our capacity to identify, map, assess and predict offshore geohazards and in turn produce ground-breaking methods to prevent, mitigate and boost the resilience of current offshore infrastructure under a changing climate. The consortium is formed by experts across EU countries with universities, research institutions, industry partners and a government body to cover a full training programme on scientific and transferable skills. 

The programme will undertake critical research across scales (from micro to macro) for seeking the inner links and differences, with an eventual aim to ascertain the pathways and grow our capacity for the enhancement of the existing and the robust development of new offshore infrastructure in the frame of safety and resiliency. In addition to the informed design and implementation of the novel physical/numerical modelling and lab studies, our approach is unique in the solid integration and utilisation of state-of-the-art data science technologies (e.g., data mining, machine learning, etc.) to their full potential. Only through this systematic approach, we can achieve the objectives of understanding the impact of offshore geohazards on our offshore critical infrastructures (OCIs) and developing novel models, tools and designs for future OCIs, such as, wind turbines, pipelines and cables. 

The Doctoral Candidates will enjoy a highly integrated, interdisciplinary and intersector training environment, enriched through secondments with the network of non-academics. POSEIDON enables critical learning across all training aspects to ensure that comprehensive, robust and implementable solutions are obtained and validated to face the OCIs climate-resilient building.

POLARIN: POLAR RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK

The polar regions play a key role in the Earth’s system. They are essential for our climate and are sentinels of climate change, human expansion, and the hunt of new resources. The polar regions are losing ice, and their oceans and land are changing rapidly. The consequences of this polar transition extend to the whole planet and are affecting people in multiple ways. Evidence-based policy recommendations are needed, but the polar regions are difficult to reach, and research infrastructures able to operate in these regions are scarce. To understand and predict key processes in the polar regions and provide evidence-based information, the polar research community needs access to world-class research infrastructure operating in these regions.
POLARIN is an international network of polar research infrastructures and their services, aiming at addressing the scientific challenges of the polar regions. The network includes a wide array of complementary and interdisciplinary top level research infrastructures: Arctic and Antarctic research stations, research vessels and icebreakers operating at both poles, observatories, data infrastructures and ice and sediment core repositories. POLARIN will provide integrated, challenge-driven, and combined access to these infrastructures to facilitate interdisciplinary research on complex processes. 
POLARIN will:
1.	Provide challenge-driven transnational access to a large portfolio of research infrastructures. 
2.	Improve the access to data by improving data availability and interoperability between data infrastructures. 
3.	Provide virtual access to data and data services. 
4.	Provide data products for the scientific community and decision makers.
5.	Train the young generation of polar researchers in optimally exploiting the infrastructures for their research.
6.	Duly advertise the services offered by POLARIN and engage the infrastructure users to share their research outcomes with society.


Land-Sea interface: Let’s observe together!

LandSeaLot will link together in situ, model and earth observations (EO) and connect related communities, citizens and initiatives such as Copernicus, ESA, EEA, GEOSS, EMODnet and the European Digital Twin of the Ocean. These observations will be used in a gap analysis to co-design a common land-sea interface observation strategy and an implementation plan. LandSeaLot participants will simultaneously work on improving: in situ and EO capabilities, models to reduce the model/observations gap and the integration of model, in situ and satellite data. Observation capacity will be increased through tested, improved and guided use of low-cost technology by citizens, facilitated by the network of European marinas. The technologies selected will be piloted in Integration Labs (ILs) together with improved and integrated in situ and EO observation techniques and model outputs. LandSeaLot ILs will cover selected areas in the Black, Aegean, Mediterranean, Atlantic, North and Baltic Seas, with a range of catchment, tidal and meteorological regimes. Experts and citizen science leaders will work in the ILs together with JERICO-RI, DANUBIUS-RI and ICOS-ERIC, and with regional policy makers and managers to tailor integrated observations that will provide them with information to manage societal challenges. These will include assessment of the lateral carbon flux and stock, plastics transfer, nutrients impact on primary production and eutrophication, supporting biodiversity conservation, improving modeling capability and supporting climate change adaptation (storm surge, floods, heat waves, coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion). Data generated in the ILs will be made FAIR available via EMODnet and interoperability, and semantic solutions for existing, international data flows will be developed. Relevant communities will be engaged by workshops, conferences, training, a high-tech summit and by a communication strategy including videos and policy briefs to ensure LandSeaLot’s legacy.

Material Science Innovation for Accelerated, Sustainable and Safe Implementation of Carbon Capture and Storage

MISSION-CCS presents a timely and unique doctoral network designed to deliver the next generation of highly trained researchers and entrepreneurs in the field of material science, specifically focused towards accelerating implementation of carbon capture and storage CCS technologies worldwide and ensuring the sustainable and safe operation of existing and future CCS systems.

The training network combines unique experimental system design and modelling approaches, state-of-the-art analytical technologies and techno-economic analysis to deliver a new generation of researchers and entrepreneurs. The programme of research training centres of delivering Doctoral Candidate Researchers (DCRs) with world-leading technical expertise in material science and engineering relevant to the entire CCS process. MISSION-CCS ensures that the subject-specific technical knowledge of each DCRs is under-pinned by inter-sectorial knowledge whilst also promoting wider innovation skills and relevant training on the techno-economics of CCS, developing experts with breadth of knowledge.

A central aim of the network is to forge a strong cohort culture, by ensuring that peer-to-peer learning and mutual support become the norm, in order to enhance experience. Research-led training activities are strengthened through a dynamic and interactive education based programme delivered by an internationally renowned consortium of academics and industrialists with complementary skills. As part of the training programme, subsequent to an introduction to CCS systems and the specific material science challenges, DCRs will gain knowledge of system design and optimisation, state-of-the-art analytical methods, theoretical modelling, techno-economics, and understand the challenges of exploiting their research. They will also acquire proficiency in project management, communication, entrepreneurship, and innovation; all essential attributes for any modern technical professional.

Optimisation of digital catch monitoring and reporting in European Fisheries

 OptiFish will strive to provide technological solutions that will simultaneously improve the sustainability of fisher’s operations, enhance control processes and strengthen society’s trust in their products.
OptiFish will develop, test and recommend a set of innovative technologies and tools supported by artificial intelligence (AI) to provide the management, the fishing sector and the scientist with data on catch volumes, catch compositions and the fishing environment. 
The goal is to unlock the full potential of technologies such as electronic and genetic monitoring for automated species recognition based on AI and computer vision to reduce discards, unreported landings and unreported fishing activities, ultimately establishing  a fisheries control and enforcement system fit for the digital age. The technologies are not enough alone, it is also critical to consider the combination of technologies and the integration of computer vision models, the wide range of data sources and their subsequent formats, while also addressing stakeholders needs and acceptance. 
This goal cannot be achieved by a single project, which is why the aim of OptiFish is to lay a solid foundation for full technological development from which other projects and initiatives can be built. The project will place a strong focus on species recognition in different fisheries equipped with distinctly different catch handling facilities and in different European sea basins. 
To ensure that these innovations are relevant to fisheries management, OptiFish has participation from the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries, and has received written support from the European Fisheries Control Agency (EFCA), the Basque, Danish and Belgian Fisheries authorities.



Midlene fra FORNY-3-Kommersialisering av FoUresultater fordelt på år

Midlene fra FORNY-3-Kommersialisering av FoUresultater fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra FORNY-3-Kommersialisering av FoUresultater fordelt på fagområde

Teknisk ekspert

NGI leder INTERNATIONAL CENTRE for GEOHAZARDS, et av Norges første Senter for Fremragende Forskning (SFF). Senteret ble etablert i 2003 og skal utføre forskning for å vurdere risiko, hindre og redusere skader som følge av geofarer (geohazards).

Senteret vil være i funksjon i minst 10 år og vil i tillegg til deltakere fra partnerne (NGI, UiO, NGU, NTNU og NORSAR) huse gjesteforskere fra hele verden. Kommersialisering av FoU-resultatene vil ha et betydelig potensiale, men vil reise en rekke problemstilling er som bør løses så tidlig som mulig

Søknaden tar sikte på følgende aktiviteter:
Utarbeide IPR-avtaler 
Koordinere virksomheten med andre SFF-er 
Utarbeide strategiplan for kommersialiseringsvirksomheten og styrebehandle den
Etablere avtaler med FORNY-op eratør
Fokusere kommersialiseringspotensialet i ICG-prosjektene.
Prosjektet søkes finansiert gjennom et samarbeid med godkjent FORNY-operatør.
Prosjektet ledes av Dr.Anders Solheim som er nestleder i ICG. Det har en kostnadsramme på NOK 600.000, hvorav NO K 300.000 søkes finansiert av FORNY.

NGI søker egne midler fra FORNY.

Infrastrukturtiltak v/International Center for Geohazards

Mange kliniske forsøksstudier og intervjensjonsstudier ble utført under koronapandemien. Vi trengte vaksiner og helsehjelp så fort som mulig, men verden var ikke klar for en krise som denne. Pandemien har vist at under krisehendelser er det land med middels og lav inntekt som tar støyten. 

I tillegg til vaksinenasjonalisme, at land tilbyr vaksiner til sine egne innbyggere først, var det mangel på global og nasjonal styring under pandemien. Vi trenger styringsprosesser basert på rettferdighet, for å sikre at de mest sårbare får tilgang til helsehjelp i tide. Pandemic Etics vil bringe sammen beslutningstakere fra ulike land og kontinenter. For å forstå deres behov, tanker og ønsker om hvordan den globale ordningen burde være, utvikle nasjonale og globale styringsprosesser, og fordele ansvar for forsøksordninger under krisesituasjoner.

Målet med prosjektet er å utvikle nasjonale og globale retningslinjer for rettferdige og praktiske forsøksordninger, for land med lav eller middels inntekt, under epidemier og pandemier. Under, og til og med før, koronapandemien strevde verden med å tilby nødvendig helsehjelp til alle. Det manglet en agenda og et system, både på nasjonalt og internasjonalt nivå. 

Prosjektet vil gå over fire år, fra juli 2023 og frem til 2027. Forskerkonsortiet består av forskere fra fire kontinenter, Afrika, Asia, Europa og Latin-Amerika, med partnere fra Norge (Universitetet i Oslo som koordinator, Universitetet i Sørøst-Norge), Filipinene (University of the Philippines, Department of Health, and the Philippine Alliance of Patient Organizations), Nepal (Nepal Health Research Council, Tribhuvan University), India (King Edward Memorial Hospital), Kenya (University of Nairobi), Tanzania (National Institute for Medical Research) og Brasil (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina).

Post-trial arrangement (PTA), otherwise known as post-trial access, is an ethical intervention designed to address inequity in terms of access to new therapies and knowledge after clinical trials. Immediately, it addresses the needs of patient participants to access not only the new knowledge gained but also the studied therapy post-trial. However, as an intervention to address health inequities, it also refers to access to both knowledge and new therapy by the community/host country, especially in regions suffering from health inequalities. However, the application of PTA has been patchy and more an exception than the rule as enabling legislations have also been wanting. The deeper reason for this is the bilateral, inconsistent, and contractual interpretation of PTA, i.e., PTA interpretations suffer from myopia and so will its application. Pandemic Ethics will refocus PTA discussions to bring it back to its original intent by FIRST, describing, investigating and making explicit the complex pandemic/epidemic PTA socio-ecological landscape in 6 LMICs from a legal/regulatory, stakeholder-based, and popular perspective. THEN, formulating research ethics foundations and proposing country-based and global agendas on a just and practicable PTA system during epidemics/pandemics. The project will use document review, qualitative methodology, and ethical reflection to address these objectives. Pandemic Ethics has 6 WPs, the first three will map the socio-ecological landscape through scoping reviews (WP1); investigation of stakeholders' experiences, roles, responsibilities, and perceptions (WP2); and document reviews of research ethics committee dossiers and minutes (WP3). WP4 will consolidate the findings of WPs 1-3 and provide a research ethics framework as well as propose country-based and global agendas for PTA for LMICs during epidemics/pandemics. WP5 will communicate, disseminate, and exploit results and WP6 is project management.

Developing national and global agendas for the ethics of post-trial arrangements in LMICs during pandemics/epidemics

ESPMH-konferansen 2019
Senter for medisinsk etikk ved Universitetet i Oslo hadde i anledning sitt 30-års jubileum i 2019 gleden av å arrangere den 33. årlige konferansen til organisasjonen ESPMH ? European Society for Philosophy of Medicne and Health Care. ESPMH ble grunnlagt i 1987 av en gruppe akademikere bestående av filosofer, leger, etikere og andre med interesse innenfor feltet medisinsk filosofi, som et svar på det økende behovet for kritisk refleksjon overfor den rollen medisin og helsetjenester utøver i samfunnet. Hvordan forholde seg til helserelaterte spørsmål er for eksempel en viktig premiss for dagens velferdssystem og statsbudsjetter verden over, og kritisk refleksjon og filosofisk analyse er en vel så viktig del av kvalitetssikringen innenfor dette arbeidet. ESPMH er den den største ? og viktigste ? organisasjonen for medisinsk filosofi i hele verden, og når ut til alle verdensdeler, ikke bare Europa. 
Konferansen i 2019 hadde tittelen ?Philosophy and Ethics at the Edge of Medicine?, og ble avholdt i Georg Sverdrups hus, fra 7. til 10. august. Rekordmange deltagere ? drøyt 200 ? bidro til at konferansen ble den største i sin historie, og også en av de mest vellykkede, både faglig og organisatorisk. Dagsaktuelle temaer ble presentert og drøftet gjennom foredrag, seminarer og parallellsesjoner av engasjerende foredragsholdere og innledere fra Europa, USA, Asia og Latin-Amerika. Dette, i kombinasjon med en nær sagt knirkefri gjennomføring på organisatorisk nivå, bidro til å eksponere UiO positivt og eksemplarisk på den internasjonale arena samt styrke dets plass og betydning innen miljøet for filosofi, medisin, helse og omsorg verden over. Senter for medisinsk etikk er stolte av å ha bidratt til å gjøre UiO til en møteplass for kritisk refleksjon og filosofisk analyse blant internasjonale størrelser gjennom disse fire dagene.

ESPMH har eksistert i 31 år, og har per i dag 330 medlemmer fra 47 land i og utenfor Europa. Blant medlemmene er noen av de fremste forskerne innen medisinsk etikk og medisinfilosofi i Europa. ESPMH-konferansene arrangeres én gang per år, og samler hvert år om lag 150 forskere. Formålet med de årlige konferansene er å presentere ny og pågående
forskning innen feltet, og stimulere til økt samarbeid og forskning.

Konferansen vil foregå i Helga Engs hus på Blindern fra 7-10.08, 2019 med konferansemiddag fredag kveld i Eckbo Selskapslokaler. 
Det vil være tre key-note speakere fra utlandet og en fra Norge. Tentative navn erprofessor Lisa Tessman (Department of Philosophy, Binghampton University, New York), Stephen Tyreman (British School of Osteopathy, London), Sigrid Sterckx (Bioethics Institute, Ghent University, Belgia)  og professor Bjørn Hofmann (Universitetet i Oslo/NTNU).

ESPMH har siden 1998 hatt et eget tidsskrift, Medicine Health Care and Philosophy, som utgis i samarbeid med Springer forlag. Man tar sikte på å utgi et temanummer, 'Issues at the edge of Medicine', med et utvalg av de beste paperne fra konferansen.

The European Society for Philosophy of Medicine and Healthcare (ESPMH) - konferanse Oslo 2019

Anti microbial resistance (AMR) has been a challenge for clinical medicine, pharmacology and public health since World War II. It has gone through a career from a rare clinical problem in the 1950s to being a major public health threat. Initially being di scussed in expert circles it gradually became an issue for the wider public from the 1980s. We tend to focus on AMR as a medical problem today, yet it was also environmental concerns that initiated public concern. Norway has enjoyed low rates of AMR over  decades and has thus fared well in relation to this challenge. The question this research project wants to raise is why this is so. This will be done through an investigation of the period 1945 to 1998, from the arrival of modern anti-infective therapy do wn to the design of an explicit strategy to combat AMR in 1998. Our research will have a comparative approach, carried out in cooperation with an established European Science Foundation network on the history of drug therapies.
Once base data are collecte d, two studies will be carried out: One on the relation of clinical research and medical science, taking its departure from pioneering work done at Haukeland hospital (Bergen) in the 1950s; and one on the relation of medical science and public health in t he following decades, in this case departing from work done at Wilhelmsens Institute in Oslo. Methodologically, we frame AMR as a historical object: While reflecting biological processes its meaning also evolved from discourses such as the ones that we st udy.
We study the peculiarities of the Norwegian management of AMR for two purposes: To document this history in a way suited to inform lay and expert audiences; to serve as one of a set of examples to be studied in collaboration with colleagues in severa l European countries.

The Comparative History of Antimicrobial Resistance in Norway 1945-1998

This project is based on an assumption that health care prioritisations raise substantially ethical difficult choices. Further it is presumed that an ethics of care which take the relation to particular patients to be salient might provide important norma tive arguments to the benefit of individual and relational care in today's health care. Moreover, increased knowledge about the priority setting in clinical contact with the patient will contribute significantly to the debate about priority setting on the  health-political level altogether. A third assumption is that the debates concerning priority setting have failed to address important ethical questions considering the moral dilemmas that occur in concrete clinical situations of scarcity.The aim is to i lluminate these assumptions.The problem statements are:What ethical considerations and moral dilemmas of care and justice are prominent in health care prioritisation in different areas of health care?How can an ethics of care contribute to the debate abou t health care prioritising?The revised project for post doctoral fellowship consists of two substudies:1) One part will perform in-depth interviews with a total of approximately 15 nurses and physicians working in nursing homes, as well as emergency and s urgical wards. Another part of the post-doctoral study, consists of a survey that will be sent to 1000 nurses and doctors working in nursing homes, emergency as well as surgical wards. The questionnaire for the survey will be based on findings from all th e interviews. The findings from both sub studies will be published in international journals of medical ethics.

Mapping the Normative Terrain of An Ethics of Care

In the project From Divided Objects to Whole Subjects a theoretical study shall be carried out with the aim of developing and imparting a perspective in medicine that has been given little attention in today’s medicine. This perspective is the one that co ncerns the sick person and that attempts to define the concepts related to being a sick person. The theoretical basis for the project is the German-Continental tradition within medical anthropology and the attempt of the German physician and philosopher V iktor von Weizsäcker (1886-1957) to develop pathosophy, a doctrine about the sick person, in which the introduction of the subject into medicine is a central element. This tradition and this theorist have been given little attention in the Nordic and Angl o-American literature. The project shall discuss how a doctrine on the sick subject can be said to represent a more robust kind of holistic philosophy in medicine. With clinical medicine as a scientific basis, the project shall attempt to make visible the  practical consequences of such a holistic understanding in medicine today.

Principal objective: To impart and develop theoretical insight in medicine with the aim of presenting a practical manageable contribution to today’s medicine in order to take car e of the sick person in a better way, and thus to ensure the quality of medical practice in its meeting with the sick person.

Sub-goals:
1. With the aid of a theoretical study, to illuminate what it involves to be perceived as and to exist in the world a s a sick person, and thus to contribute to making visible and developing pathosophy in medicine;
2. To contribute to a systematic presentation and discussion of the German-Continental tradition within medical anthropology;
3. To contribute to a clearer an d a more productive understanding of the concept of holism in medicine;
4. To make visible the possible consequences of the set of concepts developed in the project for today's medical practice.

From Divided Objects to Whole Subjects. Holistic Philosophy in Medicine.

Prosjektet vil, bl.a. med utgangspunkt i de siste års diskusjon rundt behandlingen av ekstremt for tidlig fødte barn, beskrive og analysere liv-og-død-beslutninger innen nyfødtmedisinen. Fokuset rettes mot de ekstremt for tidlig fødte barna, dvs. barn fød t før 28. svangerskapsuke og/eller med en fødselsvekt under 1000 gram. Problemstillingene fokuserer blant annet på prosessene som går forut for en liv-og-død-beslutning - om livreddende behandling skal igangsettes, fortsettes eller avsluttes, og hvilke fo rhold som påvirker denne prosessen. Det antas at ulike organisatoriske og strukturelle forhold påvirker prosessen, og også ulike etiske og moralske retningslinjer. 
Data samles inn gjennom dybdeintervjuer med leger og sykepleiere ansatt ved tre større nor ske nyfødtintensivavdelinger, deltakende observasjon gjennom lengre opphold ved de samme avdelingene, samt deltakelse og observasjon ved beslutningstakende møter, bl.a. legenes institusjonaliserte møter. Dybdeintervjuer vil også gjennomføres med foreldre  til ekstremt premature barn. Prosjektets styrke ligger bl.a. i at en gjennom bruk av kvalitativ forskningsmetode får tilgang til viktige data som ikke lar seg fange opp kvantitativt, og at en gjennom dette kan kartlegge og analysere forhold som tidligere  ikke har vært fokusert. Dette samtidig med at opplagte forhold som fødselsvekt, svangerskapsalder og medfødte misdannelser belyses.

Liv- og- død beslutninger i nyfødtmedisinen. Ansvar og etikk - kontekster og kultur

Prosjektet er en studie av den historiske utviklingen av barne- og ungdomspsykiatrien i Norge 1945-2000, og den politiske prosessen som ligger bak denne utviklingen. Prosjektet har tre hovedproblemstillinger. Målet er å studere formingen av de institusjon elle rammene, relasjonene til andre hjelpetjenester, og betydningen utdanningen av fagfolk og den faglige idéutviklingen har hatt for organiseringen av arbeidet innen barne- og ungdomspsykiatrien. Problemstillingene er nært forbundet med hverandre, og vil  bli studert som en helhet gjennom den historiske utviklingen. 
Den politiske institusjonsbyggingen i den moderne barne-og ungdomspsykiatrien i Norge vil bli sett i lys av det utspring og det omland barnepsykiatrien har. Kriminalomsorg, barnevern, skole o g helsevesen er alle institusjonelle felt med grenseflate mot barnepsykiatrien. Spørsmålet om hvordan utdanningen av fagfolk og formingen av kompetanse har hatt betydning for måten arbeidet er blitt organisert i innen barne- og ungdomspsykiatrien, vil stå  sentralt. Dette er et spørsmål om den faglige utformingen av institusjonene og hvordan disse ivaretar sine oppgaver og relasjoner til andre hjelpetiltak. 
Prosjektet vil legge vekt på å sammenlikne det idémessige grunnlag og det politiske utviklingsarbei det som foregikk i de nordiske landene.

Institusjoner og faglig utvikling i norsk barne- og ungdomspsykiatri. Utformingen av en offentlig politikk for barn med psykiske problemer.

Medisinske suksesser gjennom det 20. århundre har gitt helsetjenestene og helse-profesjonene en fremtredende posisjon i vestlige samfunn. Det er gode holdepunkter for at ekspansjonen av helsetjenestene går hånd i hånd med utilsiktet medikalisering av hver dagslivet. Medisinen påvirker bl.a. politikk, massemedia, økonomisk fordelingspolitikk, avvikshåndtering og religiøsitet. Det synes som om visse sider ved denne utviklingen er uheldige og utilsiktede. Vår forståelse av medikaliseringsprosessene og deres b etydning er imidlertid mangelfull, Prosjektet tar sikte på å utforske grunnleggende kulturelle og idémessige forutsetninger for og konsekvenser av helsetjenestenes vekst. 
Utgangspunktet for den filosofiske analysen vil være eksisterende faglitteratur om  helsevesenet og dets kulturelle funksjoner i vestlige land. Norske eksempler vil bli brukt. Det inngår i vår hypotese at sykdomsbekjempelse ikke er helsevesenets formål, men et virkemiddel. Under visse omstendigheter, som når en befolknings sykelighet er  svært lav, kan ytterligere sykdomsbekjempelse komme i konflikt med helse-vesenets hensikt, som er å styrke helsen. En slik forveksling av mål (helse) og middel (sykdomsbekjempelse) kan føre til at medisinske og helsepolitiske tiltak med gode hensikter få r uheldige virkninger. Prosjektet kan ses som et forsøk på å klargjøre hvorvidt, og hvorfor, visse kulturelle konsekvenser av helsevesenets ekspansjon kommer i konflikt med helsetjenestens grunnleggende hensikt.

Gode hensikter, tvilsomme følger?
En filosofisk analyse av veksten av moderne helsesystemer

Prosjektet sikter mot å etablere kunnskap om radesyken i Norge og hvilken betydning dette har for utviklingen av den norske legestanden. Radesyken (eller "den stygge syken", da ordet rada betydde stygg på sør-vestlandet), utgjorde Norges største helseprob lem mellom ca 1760 og ca 1840. Symptomene var svære sår på armer og ben samt affeksjon av skjelettet med betydelige deformiteter som resultat, særlig i ansiktet. Den rådende forestilling i medisinsk historie vedrørende Radesyken er at det var en form for  avansert syfilis som plutselig forsvant. 
Isteden for å spørre hva Radesyken egentlig var, vil jeg undersøke følgende: Hva førte til at en samlet en rekke symptomer under fellesbetegnelsen Radesyke, hva motiverte dette og hvilken rolle spilte legene i pr osessen? Hvordan forandres innholdet i begrepet over tid og hva foranlediger oppløsningen av det midt på 1800-tallet? Min tese er at Radesyken er en konstruksjon som ikke ble anvendbar etter som det diagnostiske apparat forandret seg. Slik kan symptomkomp lekset belyse sentrale historiske endringer i den medisinske kunnskapsutviklingen. I kildenes sykehistorier vil også spores tegn til endringer i lege-pasientforholdet - hvordan endres denne strukturen i takt med kunnskapsutviklingen? Hovedtyngden av det e mpiriske nedslagsfelt vil være Radesyke-skapet i Riksarkivet - en unik håndsskriftsamling som hittil har vært lite påaktet.

FORNY-3-Kommersialisering av FoUresultater

Infrastrukturtiltak v/International Center for Geohazards

Awarded: NOK 0.25 mill.

Summary

Funding scheme:

FORNY-3-Kommersialisering av FoUresultater

Funding Sources

Thematic Areas and Topics