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Algebraic Theory of Information Quantities

Information theory is a discipline at the intersection of statistics, engineering and computer science. As the study of information quantities, such as compression or communication capacities, information content or measures of statistical dependency, it is one of the theoretical underpinnings of data science.

Computational problems in information theory are highly non-linear. The goal of this project is to transfer state-of-the-art methods of computational non-linear algebra to information theory, to study the inherent algebraic complexity of information-theoretical problems and to provide tools for solving them in practice. The algebraic point of view has proven to be fruitful in seemingly unrelated areas, as witnessed by a surge of recent work in algebraic statistics, in particular on likelihood geometry. However, maximizing the likelihood function is the same as minimizing relative entropy — a specific information quantity. Hence, this project also aims at generalizing the techniques developed in likelihood geometry.

One focus is on the practical computation of information quantities using numerical and differential algebraic geometry. Such quantities are defined via non-linear optimization problems and we aim to pinpoint the algebraic complexity of these problems in instances of general interest, such as common information measures. The final objective is finding fundamental laws and limits of data science imposed by non-linear inequalities constraining the entropic region. These inequalities provide, by duality, universal bounds for many of the optimization problems studied in information theory.

WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM)

Wheelchair users (WCU) are three to five times more inactive than the general population, leading to a high risk of developing preventable secondary conditions. Although physical activity (PA) guidelines have been specifically developed for WCU, we lack systematic approaches to implement them in practice, as well as valid algorithms to monitor PA change in WCU through sensor-based solutions. Accordingly, the overall scientific aim of the WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM) is to advance PA research and practice in WCU by developing valid digital markers for monitoring of and providing feedback on PA, paving the way for implementation and intervention. I will accomplish this through combining the complementary research fields of 1) behavioural intervention studies focusing on increasing PA in WCU (core competence University of British Columbia, UBC; outgoing phase) and 2) sensor-based PA monitoring (core competence Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU; returning phase – consolidated by non-academic placement at Maastricht Instruments, which develop research prototypes including PA monitors). WHAM’s scientific aim is achieved through three objectives: 1) Measure the effect of a pragmatic exercise intervention trial on self-reported physical activity levels and cardio-respiratory fitness, 2) Develop valid algorithms for tracking PA markers in WCU, and 3) Co-create a framework that outlines how PA can be conjointly monitored and provided feedback on in WCU. This fellowship will enable me to become established as an internationally recognized researcher in the field of “physical activity and disability”, while bringing together ongoing national disjointed research activities in this field. Altogether, my overall ambition is to contribute to reducing inequalities in daily-life participation among WCU compared to the rest of the population.

EOSC Beyond: advancing innovation and collaboration for research

EOSC Beyond overall objective is to advance Open Science and innovation in research in the context of the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) by providing new EOSC Core capabilities allowing scientific applications to find, compose and access multiple Open Science resources and offer them as integrated capabilities to researchers. To do so, EOSC Beyond supports a new concept of EOSC: a federated and integrated network of Nodes operated at different levels, national, regional, international and thematic, to serve the specific scientific missions of their stakeholders. Further specific objectives of the project are to accelerate ‘time to product’ of new scientific applications with software adapters, enable Open Science with machine composability and dynamic deployment of shared resources, support innovation in EOSC with a testing and integration environment, and align the EOSC Core architecture and specifications to integrate with European dataspaces. The project extends the state of the art of the EOSC Core and adopts a co-design methodology, including requirements elicitation, software development and validation in collaboration with different use cases from EOSC national and regional initiatives (e-Infra CZ, Czechia, NFDI, Germany, and NI4OS, South East Europe region), thematic research infrastructures from Social Sciences and Humanities (CESSDA), Life Sciences (CNB-CSIC and Instruct-ERIC), Environmental Science (ENES and LifeWatch), and Health and Food (METROFood-RI). EOSC Beyond builds on the capacities of prospective EOSC Nodes and partners with multi-annual experience in developing solutions for large-scale federated digital infrastructures and aligns with the technical architecture and requirements of data spaces from different business sectors. Ultimately, EOSC Beyond supports Open Science in modern, data-intensive, and multidisciplinary research, facilitating resource discovery, access, and reuse across scientific communities, organisations, and countries.


Harmonization of Advanced Materials Ecosystems serving strategic Innovation Markets to pave the way to a Digital Materials & Product Passport

The overarching objective of DigiPass is to enhance the digital maturity of the European communities that develop materials and intermediate products. The project will develop recommendations and clear routes toward digitalized circular business models. The overarching key result of DigiPass is to create a sustainable platform which includes support for Digital Materials & Product Passport and for collaborative innovation-by-design processes in a circular economy served by advanced materials. A business model for operating such a platform completes the overarching objective.
DigiPass is harmonizing and synergizing collected materials data sources and digital infrastructures. This will enable interoperability of data exchange, and standardization of advanced materials knowledge representation at all maturity levels. Accelerating the design, development, and production of advanced, safe, and sustainable chemicals and materials, as they are necessary for innovative products, calls for a collaborative approach involving different stakeholders to support durability, repair and overhaul, reuse, and recyclability of products. DigiPass project impacts all materials development communities over the whole circular value chain. 


Enhanced X(cross)-disciplinary Community-driven Imaging Technologies for Earth and Environmental material research

The EXCITE² Network is revolutionizing Earth and environmental material science research by consolidating a critical mass of 18 research facilities in 12 European and associated partner countries into a unified infrastructure and providing transnational access to advanced imaging technologies. This enables scientists to decipher complex processes within Earth materials at scales from nanometres to hundreds of centimetres, gaining unparalleled insight into the chemical and physical processes that govern, among others, environmental toxicity and its impact on human health, critical metal extraction for renewable energies, and the utilisation of Earth materials as long-term storage for climate-altering gases. The consortium fosters knowledge-sharing and talent attraction, bolstering the problem-solving capacity of the European Research Area. Moreover, EXCITE² is driving interdisciplinary collaboration and cross-fertilisation across academic institutions, scientific disciplines, and industry, propelling Europe towards a sustainable future. The initiative offers dedicated training programmes to a new generation of researchers within the European open science landscape, paired with access to world-class imaging facilities and expertise for problem-solving research and innovation. EXCITE² is introducing innovative service developments, such as artificial intelligence and leading-edge imaging experiments, to increase the user's problem-solving capacity. In addition, the consortium is implementing customised project valorisation strategies to maximize the impact of research outcomes in academia, society, and the economy. Citizen science projects allow the public to participate directly within the EXCITE² Network, contributing to solving EU challenges. As such, EXCITE² is paving the way towards a sustainable future, driving scientific excellence, and creating positive societal impact.

Engineering carbon quantum dots for zinc ion hybrid capacitors

Zinc ion hybrid capacitors (ZIHCs) integrate two energy storage mechanisms of battery-type electrode and capacitive electrode, bearing the advantages in energy density, power density, and safety. Until now, the cycle retention rate of ZIHC's capacity reported is still not more than 80%, restricting its development and commercial application severely. Focusing on the issue, the project aims at overcoming the limitation of traditional electrode materials and re-defining the designing concept to construct Carbon Quantum Dots (C-QDs) for ZIHCs. Advanced methods will be used to harvest carbon quantum dots from coal tar pitch (a sort of industrial solid castoff). The bulk sp2-carbon network, innumerable edge sites, profuse surface functional groups, and regular size ensures that as-synthesis C-QDs have high electrical conductivity, sufficient ion transport channels and rich adsorption sites. Moreover, the new concept of dynamic evolution is introduced for insight into the structure and interface failure of ZIHC's electrode. The interface-reconstruction mechanism and the attenuation model of capacity will be established for the first time. Further, the methods to strengthen structures of C-QD electrode will be developed based on a trade-off strategy. The ultimate goal is to improve the energy storage efficiency of ZIHCs by 20% and to increase their cycle performance more than 95% unprecedentedly. This research will develop long-running high performance ZIHCs, for contributing European energy storage industry. The ER will achieve abundant research experience and scientific skills from the project and the capability to launch her own research group in future.

IMProving User experience, Long-term sustainability and Services of EU-OPENSCREEN

EU-OPENSCREEN (EU-OS), the distributed European Research Infrastructure for Chemical Biology and early drug discovery, provides world-class services in high-throughput compound screening and medicinal chemistry to users from academia and industry. As one of the largest open-access initiative globally, EU-OPENSCREEN plays an increasingly important role in facilitating early stage drug discovery in Europe. It recently integrated fragment-based drug discovery and chemoproteomics as two new services, but the increasing complexity of modern drug discovery projects requires an even more comprehensive portfolio and integration of emerging technologies. To ensure that EU-OS continues to offer a comprehensive suite of relevant services and support a growing user community to conduct forefront research, IMPULSE will develop, validate and integrate new services in AI/ML, new chemical modalities, and innovative disease-relevant cell models combined with CRISPR-Cas9/RNAi-based genetic screening. IMPULSE will work towards the implementation of common operational and data standards to increase data reproducibility and FAIRness. Bespoke outreach and training activities will raise awareness among key user groups of its new services and advance operational excellence and reproducibility in pre-clinical drug discovery. New models for pre-competitive drug discovery with industry or charities, and growing ERIC member community will reinforce the sustainability and accessibility of EU-OPENSCREEN.

Aqua Research Infrastructure Services for the health and protection of our unique, oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems

AQUARIUS will provide a highly comprehensive suite of integrated research infrastructures appropriate to addressing significant challenges for the long-term sustainability of our unique oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems. For the first time, diverse research infrastructures will be combined to facilitate the work of researchers and key stakeholders focused on challenges and opportunities for both marine and freshwater systems. An impressive range of 57 research infrastructure services will be made available to include research vessels, mobile marine observation platforms, aircraft,  drones, satellite, sensors, fixed freshwater and marine observatories and test sites, experimental facilities, and sophisticated data infrastructures. AQUARIUS will support the development phase of the EU Mission to Restore our Ocean and waters by 2030, the Sustainable Blue Economy Partnership, the European Green Deal, and international climate initiatives. It will also be an essential component in achieving the European Digital Twin of the Ocean and the UN Decade for Ocean Sciences. The needs of researchers will be met through a robust and transparent system of transnational access funding Calls, facilitated by centralised user-friendly access portal. The Call programme will be informed through stakeholder engagement and brokerage events. Projects to be selected for Access must convincingly integrate multiple infrastructures and contribute to the core policy objectives of Mission Ocean, that is, to protect and restore marine and freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity; to prevent and eliminate pollution of our oceans, seas and waters; and to ensure a sustainable, carbon-neutral and circular blue economy. A thematic and geographic focus will be the hallmark of the proposed transnational Calls, aligning with the Lighthouse Regions, that is, the Baltic and the North Sea Basins, Black Sea, Atlantic/Arctic, and Mediterranean Sea along with their associated rivers.

EOSC-ENTRUST: A European Network of TRUSTed research environments

The mission of EOSC-ENTRUST is to create a European network of trusted research environments for sensitive data and to drive European interoperability by joint development of a common blueprint for federated data access and analysis. 
Countries and institutions have made significant investments in secure and trusted data environments to meet the need for research and policy-driven analysis of sensitive datasets such as people's health and socio-economic status, the habitats of vulnerable species and geo-spatial locations of protected sites. There are now a large number of such secure environments in operation - linked to national centres, individual organisations or specific research communities. This fragmented landscape poses challenges for both users and providers: researchers are faced with a large number of different systems and access procedures; providers need to manage federated access across multiple, potentially incompatible, technology and governance frameworks.
EOSC-ENTRUST brings together providers of operational Trusted Research Environments from 15 European countries with a shared goal to implement, validate and promote their capabilities through a common European framework using shared standards and common legal, operational and technical language. This blueprint for interoperability is anchored in the EOSC Interoperability Framework spanning the four dimensions of Legal, Organisational, Technical and Semantic interoperability. EOSC-ENTRUST has identified four driver projects covering Genomics, Clinical trials, Social science, and public-private partnerships to benchmark capabilities, inform blueprint design and demonstrate secure  data analysis using federated workflows.
Targeted outreach activities will expand this open network with further providers and develop policy papers and guidelines for the full range of stakeholders to create a long-term operational TRE framework within the European Open Science Cloud.


Providing research infrastructure services to support Next Generation EU

This four-year project will harness outputs from key social science RIs in Europe and other reliable sources to support the aims of the ‘Next Generation EU’ programme and to inform EU youth policy. Virtual access will be provided to the outputs through special installations (portals) developed during the project. The core of the proposal is a set of existing research ‘services’, which will be re-purposed and customised to focus directly on the five themes: Make it Green; Make it Digital; Make it Healthy; Make it Strong; and Make it Equal. 

For each area, the consortium will work collaboratively to produce seven sets of resources:

i)	A searchable inventory of relevant variables drawn from multiple cross-national datasets; 

ii)	Analytical summaries, suitable for policy makers and analysts new to the field, as well as interactive resources available through the project portal;

iii)	Harmonised and merged extracts from these datasets that reduce the burden on analysts and increase sample sizes;

iv)	New data collected through the ESS’s established CRONOS web panel infrastructure. Eleven countries will field five waves of the panel, each one dedicated to a NextGenEU theme. Free and rapid access to the data will be available through the CRONOS portal alongside analytical summaries;

v)	In-person and virtual deliberative forums with young people (aged 18-34) in four countries covering the five Next Generation EU’ themes;

vi)	An educational tool (E-NextGen) channelling our data for use in classrooms and by the general public;

vii)	Comprehensive training materials related to all project outputs.


Midlene fra FRINAT-Matematikk og naturvitenskap fordelt på år

Midlene fra FRINAT-Matematikk og naturvitenskap fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra FRINAT-Matematikk og naturvitenskap fordelt på fagområde

Professor

Aerosols of natural and anthropogenic origin have environmental impacts through health effects, climate forcing, modification of the hydrological cycle, and reduced visibility. The objective of this project is to improve and validate a coupled aerosol/gas -phase model for the processing and distribution of aerosols in the troposphere. Over the last few years modules for the main aerosols have been included in the University of Oslo global chemistry/transport model (OsloCTM2). Through observations and labor atory experiments the importance of interactions between the gas phase chemistry and the aerosols as well as interactions between different types of aerosols has been identified. Through this the need to link gas phase photochemistry and aerosols and to i nclude aerosol microphysics in global models has become evident. In the first phase of the project (WP1 and WP2) existing published parameterizations of gas-phase/aerosol and aerosol/aerosol interaction, and a microphysical module will be implemented and tested in OsloCTM2. The microphysical module will provide a size distribution of the aerosol population and a consistent partitioning in externally and internally mixed (soluble) aerosols which determine the aging and ultimately the wet deposition of the aerosols. The third phase will develop a tool which simulates in as much detail as possible the aerosol size distribution. Together with observational data this tool will be used to validate the parameterizations used in WP1 and WP2, and to carry out deta iled process studies. The results of the project will provide significant added value to other projects using the OsloCTM2 (e.g. QUANTIFY (EU) at UiO and the project "Climate effects of reducing black carbon emissions" at CICERO/UiO/NPI, (Norwegian Resear ch Council)). To be attractive for participation in future EU and national projects, it is of key importance that the OsloCTM2 is developed according to state of the scientific knowledge in aerosol science.

Aerosol/gas-phase chemistry and microphysics in global models

The aim of this project is to undertake theoretical and empirical research on capital taxation. The research group wants to undertake studies along two dimensions. 

A set of theoretical studies aims at solving some puzzles in international capital taxati on that are not in line with the tax competition literature. In 2004, for example, the corporate tax rate was only 86 % of the wage tax rate for an average worker in Norway, but 171% of the wage tax rate in the United States. Preferences for redistributio n (more prominent in Norway) should indicate the opposite mix. This research project will therefore focus on the effects that country-specific variables have on the mix of wage and profit taxation under conditions of capital market integration and test th e hypotheses that follow using OECD data that the group has access to.

The second part of the project wants to focus on political institutions and the behaviour of politicians (the Leviathan versus benevolence) in an open economy. It extends previous lit erature by modelling different motives of politicians of holding office. 

Finally, the project wants to identify the characteristics of a good tax system for a small open economy, taking into account the trade-off between efficiency and equity. This part  of the project will be in the form of a survey article in Norwegian to a broad audience.

Corporate and Capital Taxation

The implications of using different measures of tax progressivity have, however, not been sufficiently addressed. In this project we intend to explore the implications of using different measures of tax progressivity by ranking various countries in terms of redistributive effects. Lambert and Thoresen (2005) found, when applying the Blackorby and Donaldson (1984) index of tax progressivity, based on the Atkinson index of income inequality, that the Norwegian tax system is not that redistributive. This mig ht be surprising given the perception of Scandinavian economies being very redistributive.However, this result is perfectly intuitive given the cost of proportional taxation concept of the Blackorby-Donaldson index: it measures the proportion of after-tax  income the social decision maker would hypothetically pay to convert a flat tax system into the given one. 

A main point here is that results of cross-national comparisons will not be independent of which measure is employed. There are reasons to expect  differing results, dependent on the choice of index. In this work, the authors will explore thoroughly the normative underpinning of all measures in the literature, in order to determine the meaningfulness of derived rankings and provide some recommendat ions for the practitioners. Moreover, we hope in this way to arrive at a full appreciation of Norway's place in the world of international tax systems. 

Thus, this project aims at answering two questions: Firstly, it examines to what extent international  rankings depend on choice of measure, which is important information for practitioners. Secondly, it enables a much more informed discussion of Norwegian tax redistribution, in an international setting.

Cross-national comparisons of redistributional effects: tax progressivity in Norway in an international perspective

This project discusses important issues when interpreting recent developments in Norwegian income distributions and income inequality:  If increased income inequality over time is associated with increased income mobility, it is possible that income inequ ality measured over several years has fallen. Hence, longer period inequality may be lower, and welfare might be higher, despite the rise in annual income inequality. We provide empirical estimates of the different components involved.

Income dynamics and tax progressivity

Structural models, derived from economic theory and embedded directly in an econometric framework, will be estimated on Norwegian longitudinal household data. The estimated models will be used to evaluate changes in tax systems and tax reforms. In particu lar we will study the effects of tax reforms on labor supply (participation and hours worked as well as on the choice of sector), and portfolio choices and savings in households. We will distinguish between public and private sectors, and self-employment.  A new issue in this type of analysis will be the assessment of the impact of tax rule changes on mobility in the labor market. Because all details of the tax systems are used in the analysis we are able to evaluate the impacts of labor income taxes and c apital taxes on household behavior. In reporting the results we will show how households in different deciles of the household disposable income distribution are affected. We will report the gain and loss in utility terms and the evolution in these gains and losses for households in the period studied (1986-200x, where x is the latest year for which we have observations).

Evaluation of tax reforms in Norway: A dynamic analysis of household behavior

Capitalization and tax exporting represent key economic adjustment mechanisms of fiscal policy. Capitalization of taxes and spending affects the tax base and thereby tax revenues, and endogenous tax base determination provides incentives for government be havior. The possibility of tax exporting may motivate inefficient tax design. The project investigates the role of capitalization and tax exporting in a dataset of housing prices, taxes and spending covering local governments in Norway since 1991. Compare d to studies of national governments, local governments offer much richer data to identify the importance of capitalization and tax exporting. The analyses include panel data analysis of capitalization and tax exporting, using tax/transfer reforms as natu ral experiments of capitalization, and the property tax reform of 2006 as natural experiment of tax reform.

Capitalization and tax exporting: Empirical analysis

Various methods used in different countries to estimate the overall magnitude of tax evasion have produced widely diverging results, both within and between countries. The idea of the present study is that random audits by experienced auditors will produc e a rather well-founded basis for estimating tax evasion in various industries. A well designed control strategy will also produce valuable information about the characteristics of firms that evade taxes and those which do not. 
	Because of limited auditi ng resources it is important not to "waste" auditors' time on firms that pay their taxes loyally. Therefore, the knowledge of auditors will be used to distinguish between presumably loyal and presumably not loyal firms. Tests based on random audits will s how if such a distinction is acceptable.  
	A two step audit will be carried out on a random sample of the firms that are assumed not to be loyal. A formal audit will be carried out in order to determine if a more thorough audit is warranted. 
	This proce dure requires a careful and detailed design of the audit strategy. In order to be able to use the findings in statistical estimates and tests, all audits will be carried out and registered in the same manner. The development and evaluation of audit strate gies, together with suitable principles of registration, will form a basis for estimating tax evasion and evaluationg control strategies both at present and in the future.

FRINAT-Matematikk og naturvitenskap

Aerosol/gas-phase chemistry and microphysics in global models

Awarded: NOK 1.7 mill.

Summary

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FRINAT-Matematikk og naturvitenskap

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