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Renewable energy on the high seas – science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations for regulatory and governance challenges

The high seas are those marine areas under no State's jurisdiction. So far, all marine renewable energy (RE) activity is being conducted under State's jurisdiction. However, recent advances in technology are raising the prospect of carrying out RE activity on the high seas. Currently, only seabed mining activities in the Area have been regulated. The Area is the seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits of State's jurisdiction. From the legal viewpoint, the main gap is a lack of an international regulatory framework, informed by participatory mechanisms and supported by scientific evidence, for RE activities on the high seas, especially regarding their environmental and social impacts. 
The primary project objective (O) is to provide the scientific community and policymakers with science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations in support of the development of  RE regulation on the high seas. 
Two specific Os are set to complement the primary O, namely:
O1 To advance the use of systematic consultation processes that facilitates research at the crossroads of marine sciences and law. 
O2 To advance critical knowledge and understanding of environmental pressing issues comparable to the regulation of RE on the high seas, such as deep-sea mining in the Area.
A multistep innovative methodology will be adopted, by integrating marine scientific knowledge, consultative processes, and advanced critical research in the subject matter. A case study (interdisciplinary and participatory) involving marine scientists, indigenous and coastal communities and policy makers will be conducted onboard the Research Vessel KronPrins Haakon at the beginning of the project. The case study outcomes will be analysed through critical legal analysis to build a knowledge base for policy recommendations. 
The project will advance the PI’s career in an international research environment, allowing her to generate independent, high-quality, and reproducible results.




Improving tropical forest conservation in Africa

The importance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for better balancing tropical forest conservation and poverty alleviation goals is increasingly recognised. Yet, in Africa, poor understanding of the impact of harvesting on species’ populations and forest carbon stocks, together with little information on the traditional institutions which have informally regulated NTFPs extraction in the past -and could continue to do so in the future-, hamper the use of NTFPs in both forest conservation and development initiatives. 
AFRI-FOR will gather the knowledge needed to determine (1) the key enablers of sustainable harvesting for groups of plant or wild meat species, (2) which types of NTFP harvesting can have synergies with carbon storage, and (3) how traditional institutions can be integrated into formal conservation. To achieve these objectives, AFRI-FOR provide new methods, including (i) a new interdisciplinary approach for investigating NTFPs harvesting impacts, combining traditional ecological knowledge (TEK, from local communities), surveys of plants and wildlife, market surveys and modelling techniques; and (ii) a novel standardised protocol for gathering information about traditional institutions and compliance towards them. AFRI-FOR will gather data and knowledge from 20 socio-ecological forest contexts in five countries (Sierra Leone, Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda and Kenya), which will allow insights to transcend single sites and provide a much-needed general understanding. This high-risk and high-gain project will provide a step-change in our ability to inform forest conservation in Africa, by identifying synergies between biodiversity conservation, carbon storage and poverty alleviation goals.


Evaluation of thermohydraulic characteristic of printed circuit heat exchangers in pseudocritical region for supercritical CO2 cycle

Currently, 28.2% of the total EU-28 greenhouse gas emissions come from the power sector, a large contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, the emphasis of the research in power generation has swung towards assessing highly efficient and greener power cycles. In this reference, the novel supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle (sCO2-BC) is an ideal choice that outstrips other formally well-known power cycles (Brayton & Rankine cycles). In sCO2-BC, the role of the pre-cooler is critical. It serves as a sink to the power cycle and regulates the conditions at the compressor's inlet. The compressor's inlet temperature is intended to be maintained close to the critical temperature of carbon dioxide (CO2) to achieve greater cycle efficiencies. However, exceptionally higher values of the specific heat capacity of CO2 near its critical point (up to 40 times higher than water) require exceedingly high water flow rates on the cold side to achieve the desired exit temperatures of CO2. Consequently, the pre-cooler's pumping power requirements become high enough to deteriorate the cycle's performance. This problem can only be mitigated by exploring new channel geometries with enhanced thermohydraulic characteristics. Therefore, the proposed study plan to characterize the complex thermohydraulic characteristics in the pseudocritical region of CO2 using a multifaceted technique that includes, experimental, numerical, and machine learning techniques. The proposed work will provide a step forward to the success of sCO2-BC technologies that, in turn, will facilitate its integration with the green energy resources (generation-IV nuclear reactors and solar concentrated plants), helping to meet the EU's 2030 climate and energy framework goals of achieving at least 32% share for renewable energy.

Integrated Research Infrastructure Services for Climate Change risks

Adaptation to climate change requires in-depth understanding of climate change driven risks, including their determinants (hazards, exposure and vulnerabilities) and impacts to human, production and natural systems. Integrated Research Infrastructure Services for Climate Change Risks (IRISCC) is a consortium of diverse and complementary leading research infrastructures (RIs) covering disciplines from natural sciences to social sciences, across different domains and sectors. IRISCC provides scientific and knowledge services to foster cutting-edge research and evidence-based policymaking to improve Europe's resilience to climate change. IRISCC ensures a “one-stop-shop” for various user communities on climate change risk related RI services by setting up a dedicated Catalogue of services and related access management system both for granting transnational (onsite and remote) and offering virtual access. The Catalogue of services will be built through three consecutive releases, each delivering increasingly integrated services to its user communities. The IRISCC service integration will include Service Design Labs employing co-design and transdisciplinary action, and Service Demonstrators benchmarking the integrated cross-RI services. In addition to services aimed towards the scientific community, IRISCC will offer knowledge services aimed towards policymakers and other stakeholders. This is done together with risk management platforms. The research enabled by IRISCC contributes to future reports on climate change effects (IPCC, IPBES) as well as policy- and decision-making to meet the targets of climate adaptation strategies. IRISCC contributes to training a new generation of scientists to efficiently use RI services and for data stewardship. Data from IRISCC will be open and made available in compliance with FAIR principles and linked to European initiatives such as EOSC. Strong links will be created between IRISCC and current and future efforts under Horizon Europe.

Enhanced X(cross)-disciplinary Community-driven Imaging Technologies for Earth and Environmental material research

The EXCITE² Network is revolutionizing Earth and environmental material science research by consolidating a critical mass of 18 research facilities in 12 European and associated partner countries into a unified infrastructure and providing transnational access to advanced imaging technologies. This enables scientists to decipher complex processes within Earth materials at scales from nanometres to hundreds of centimetres, gaining unparalleled insight into the chemical and physical processes that govern, among others, environmental toxicity and its impact on human health, critical metal extraction for renewable energies, and the utilisation of Earth materials as long-term storage for climate-altering gases. The consortium fosters knowledge-sharing and talent attraction, bolstering the problem-solving capacity of the European Research Area. Moreover, EXCITE² is driving interdisciplinary collaboration and cross-fertilisation across academic institutions, scientific disciplines, and industry, propelling Europe towards a sustainable future. The initiative offers dedicated training programmes to a new generation of researchers within the European open science landscape, paired with access to world-class imaging facilities and expertise for problem-solving research and innovation. EXCITE² is introducing innovative service developments, such as artificial intelligence and leading-edge imaging experiments, to increase the user's problem-solving capacity. In addition, the consortium is implementing customised project valorisation strategies to maximize the impact of research outcomes in academia, society, and the economy. Citizen science projects allow the public to participate directly within the EXCITE² Network, contributing to solving EU challenges. As such, EXCITE² is paving the way towards a sustainable future, driving scientific excellence, and creating positive societal impact.

Smart and Sustainable Host UniverCities: leveraging city-university interactions to further the twin green and digital transition

SUNSET aims to develop innovative research and training capacity around city-university interactions driving the EU’s green and digital transition. This twin transition is a defining element of the current EU policy agenda towards achieving climate neutrality and sustainable growth. The European Commission considers cities to be frontrunners in this transition agenda, but their transformational capacity and resilience crucially depends on the presence of agile and high-performing urban innovation ecosystems. SUNSET brings together (1) prominent researchers working in diverse geographical and disciplinary settings at leading universities (N=6) with (2) partners (N=16) from city governments (often participating in the Cities Mission to achieve climate neutrality by 2030), innovation companies, research institutes and civil society organizations to analyze and foster the performance of these urban innovation ecosystems: drawing on a purposeful range of interdisciplinary, international, and intersectoral exchanges, the Doctoral Network will investigate whether and how universities can successfully become key drivers of the twin transition in cities via their role as innovation partners, the implementation of campus living labs, and as architects of decision-making in governance ecosystems. Through a tailored combination of network-wide training events and academic and non-academic secondments, the SUNSET Doctoral Network will train a new generation of researchers to become future urban innovation ecosystem leaders in the pursuit of the twin green and digital transition. The findings will lead to practical guidelines regarding the design and implementation of living labs for university and city management, tailored strategies to foster more inclusive and diverse urban ecosystems, and diverse forms of scientific outreach and dissemination.

Aqua Research Infrastructure Services for the health and protection of our unique, oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems

AQUARIUS will provide a highly comprehensive suite of integrated research infrastructures appropriate to addressing significant challenges for the long-term sustainability of our unique oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems. For the first time, diverse research infrastructures will be combined to facilitate the work of researchers and key stakeholders focused on challenges and opportunities for both marine and freshwater systems. An impressive range of 57 research infrastructure services will be made available to include research vessels, mobile marine observation platforms, aircraft,  drones, satellite, sensors, fixed freshwater and marine observatories and test sites, experimental facilities, and sophisticated data infrastructures. AQUARIUS will support the development phase of the EU Mission to Restore our Ocean and waters by 2030, the Sustainable Blue Economy Partnership, the European Green Deal, and international climate initiatives. It will also be an essential component in achieving the European Digital Twin of the Ocean and the UN Decade for Ocean Sciences. The needs of researchers will be met through a robust and transparent system of transnational access funding Calls, facilitated by centralised user-friendly access portal. The Call programme will be informed through stakeholder engagement and brokerage events. Projects to be selected for Access must convincingly integrate multiple infrastructures and contribute to the core policy objectives of Mission Ocean, that is, to protect and restore marine and freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity; to prevent and eliminate pollution of our oceans, seas and waters; and to ensure a sustainable, carbon-neutral and circular blue economy. A thematic and geographic focus will be the hallmark of the proposed transnational Calls, aligning with the Lighthouse Regions, that is, the Baltic and the North Sea Basins, Black Sea, Atlantic/Arctic, and Mediterranean Sea along with their associated rivers.

Research Infrastructure Services for Renewable Energy

The European Green Deal aims to transform the EU into a modern, resource-efficient and competitive economy with zero net greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. To achieve more efficient, competitive and cost-effective energy systems and devices, RISEnergy fosters a European ecosystem of industry, research organizations and funding agencies aimed at developing novel energy technologies and concepts. RISEnergy brings together a consortium of 69 beneficiaries from 23 countries: ERIC institutions, technology institutes, universities and industrial partners, to jointly improve the economic performance of technologies. Members of the European Energy Research Alliance are establishing the core European ecosystem. The main objectives of RISEnergy are: 1.) enable research and innovation to increase energy efficiency and reduce the cost of energy technologies to foster wider use of renewables into energy systems through proactive innovation management having single entry point with tailor-made access roads for academics, industry, and SMEs, and advising RI providers, all acces Users, and policy makers on LCA, ICT development and networking issues; 2.) provide efficient transnational access (TNA) to facilities to support renewable energy technologies and systems: Provide more than 2,500 days of access to major European and international world-leading analytical facilities; 3.) reach out to all stakeholders performing research along the value chain, from materials and technology development to applications in the eight most relevant fields of PV, CSP/STE , hydrogen, biofuels, offshore wind, ocean energy, integrated grids, and energy storage, research infrastructure providers and policy makers; 4.) provide comprehensive services of unprecedented quality: new cross-RI services, a single entry point, tailor-made access roads for academia industry, and SMEs with a particular focus on scientists from research fields in which the use of research infrastructures is not yet established.


Cooperation and AgReements enhancing Global interOperability for Aerosol, Cloud and Trace gas research infrastructures

The goal of CARGO-ACT is to deliver a clear roadmap for sustainable global cooperation between key
ground-based aerosol, cloud and trace gas research infrastructures, each having invested in infrastructure and services to support their observing networks with a long-term perspective, with a view to consolidating into a sustainable global research infrastructure in the future. There is a strong desire for global integration from the research community, including weather, climate, and air quality monitoring and modelling, 
and in particular from space agencies, since global networks of ground-based observations are an essential component complementing Earth Observation from space, providing calibration and validation of the remote sensing information collected by current and future satellite missions. The integration of the current ground-based networks, which may have different interests and priorities, requires cooperation and agreements at the global level, including engagement with relevant stakeholders. Their service provision is not limited to data services, but includes access to the measurement facilities, reference instruments, reference standards and laboratories, all of which are topics to be assessed in CARGO-ACT.  

The specific objectives of CARGO-ACT are to, develop sustainable partnerships and decision making processes with relevant partners, demonstrate the benefits of converging interoperability and standards to stakeholders and the global research community, establish the mechanisms for providing  international access to distributed research infrastructures and develop a roadmap for upscaling towards an integrated global research infrastructure for aerosol, cloud and trace gases.


Contextualized pathways to reduce housing inequalities in the green and digital transition.

The project Reducing housing inequalities in the green and digital transition (ReHousIn) is committed to better understand the impacts of recent crises on housing inequalities across different European regions, especially with regard to the implementation of the green transition launched by the EU. The overall aim is to explore the mechanisms affecting the (re)production of housing inequalities under recent crisis conditions, and the impacts of the EU induced green transition in different national contexts and along different degrees of urbanisation. Based on a contextualized and comparative understanding of the mechanisms (re)producing housing inequalities, ReHousIn inquiries into multi-level pathways and inclusive local housing initiatives to spark innovative EU, national and local policy solutions towards inclusionary and quality housing, mitigating the possible negative impacts of the EU induced green transition. It conducts a comparative, multi-level analysis in 9 European countries – Austria, France, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom – focusing on attractive metropolitan regions, middle-sized cities and rural areas by means of a mixed-method project design. A quantitative data analysis on recent trends in housing inequalities and their relation to crises across different levels of urbanization will provide the framework for 27 local cases studies in which the impact of multi-level trajectories of housing-system, welfare regimes and environmental policy instrumentations on the (re)production of local housing inequalities and the emergence of inclusive housing initiatives are analyzed. Based on this, ReHousIn compares mechanisms of differentiation feeding into policy labs, aiming to formulate recommendations on how to tackle negative social externalities related the EU green transition at EU, national and local levels.

Midlene fra RENERGI-Fremtidens rene energisystemer fordelt på år

Midlene fra RENERGI-Fremtidens rene energisystemer fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra RENERGI-Fremtidens rene energisystemer fordelt på fagområde

The Ministry of Finance recently released new guidelines for cost-benefit project evaluation. The guidelines require owners of public investments >500 Mkr to conduct a thorough analysis of systematic risk factors in order to determine the appropriate disc ount rate. For investments <500 Mkr a simplified analysis is required. The guidelines have significant repercussions for the power sector, where most large real investments are carried out by publicly owned firms and/or in dialogue with public authorities . More generally firms may lift their risk-reward frontier by analysing the systematic risk factors influencing their portfolio of real assets. 

This project helps firms understand the systematic risk factors influencing their investments. We develop and  test a decision tool that associates the "beta" of a real investment with underlying features of the power market. We develop strategic insights for management of risk and time in power and energy settings. There are great uncertainties, but we estimate that the economic value of the innovation may reach at least 330 times the cost of the project.

Our innovation consists of estimating the linkage between beta known from financial analysis on the one hand, and structural models of supply, demand, transmi ssion capacity etc. in the power market on the other. The outome is beta=beta(a,b,c), with a,b,c being systematic risk factors and beta varying between projects. We discuss and solve methodological challenges that arise, and develop a broad knowledge base  for risk and time management in participating firms/institutions.

The project has six participating institutions in a consortium: ECON Analysis, Enova, Møreforsking, Resources for the Future (RFF) USA, Statnett and Senter for statlig økonomistyring SSØ.  The project accesses the European and international network of RFF, ECON, Møreforsking. It includes a PhD at ECON/RFF.

Discount rates for energy investments

Grovfôrproduksjon basert på engvekster er grunnlaget for landbruk i Nord Norge. Bedre utnyttelse av lokale fôrressurser er en nøkkelfaktor for å utvikle en mer bærekraftig husdyrproduksjon.  For å oppnå dette er det nødvendig å øke både avling, fôrkvalitet og avlingsstabilitet. Timotei er den viktigste engveksten i Norge, spesielt i de nordlige delene av landet. Klimaendringene fører til større variasjon i temperatur og nedbør, og dette vil påvirke både planteproduksjonen i vekstsesongen og overvintringsevnen. Effektene av klimaendringene vil være størst i nord. Utvikling av sorter som er tilpasset det framtidige klimaet er helt avgjørende for en framtidig bærekraftig grovfôrproduksjon. Foredling av nye grassorter tar lang tid med tradisjonelle metoder, opp mot 20 år før de er på markedet. For å kunne holde tritt med de raske klimaendringene er det nødvendig å utvikle nye sorter raskere. Dette kan oppnås ved nye metoder som genomisk seleksjon og maskinlæring for å integrere genotype og fenotype (avling etc.) data med klima- og jorddata for å predikere hvordan sorter med best mulig lokal tilpasning kan utvikles. Produksjon av bruksfrø av nord-norske timoteisorter er lokalisert i Sør-Norge fordi klimaet i nord ikke er godt nok for en sikker frøproduksjon. Dette kan medføre at sortene endrer seg genetisk gjennom oppformeringen og at viktige egenskaper som sikrer tilpasning i nord endres. Prosjektet vil derfor undersøke om frost- og isdekketoleranse, samt genetisk struktur endres i løpet av generasjoner med oppformering av nordlige timoteisorter i sør. 

Analyser av data fra fryse- og isdekkeforsøk som er utført ved NIBIO Holt, Tromsø i 2020-2021 er under arbeid. Foreløpige resultater viser at rangeringen av sortene Engmo, Noreng, Grindstad og Snorri ikke er den samme for frysetoleranse og isdekketoleranse. Sortene responderer også ulikt på klimaet i Vesterålen sammenlignet med Tromsø og Alta. Overlevende planter etter denne frysetestingen ble sendt til Graminor som har krysset disse og høstet frø (Syn1) i 2021. Høsten 2021 ble det ved NIBIO Holt alet opp planter fra frø til nye fryse- og isdekketester av planter fra forskjellige frøpartier av sortene Engmo og Noreng; tre forskjellige frøpartier av hver sort: opprinnelig foredlet frø (Engmo fra 1988, Noreng fra 1999), frøpartier på markedet i dag og frøpartier fra et år midt mellom dagens og de opprinnelige partiene. Frysetest er gjennomført og isdekketesten pågår, samtidig tas det prøver til genetiske studier som blir sendt til NMBU. Arbeidet med å avle tre generasjoner av de nordlige timoteisortene Engmo og Noreng på de tre lokalitetene Holt (Tromsø, Nord-Norge), Steinkjer (Trøndelag, Midt-Norge) og Landvik (Agder, Sør-Norge) fortsatte i 2021 og går etter planen.

Prosjektet har som mål å utvikle en genomsekvens for timotei. Størrelsen på genomet til timotei er ca 4 Gb, så langt i 2021 har vi laget et 3,2 Gb genomsekvens ved en kombinasjon av Illumina-sekvensering (korte sekvenser) og Oxford nanopore sekvensering (lange sekvenser). Vi samarbeider med et eksternt firma om få assosiert sekvensene til kromosomer og annotere genomet. Dette arbeidet blir gjennomført i løpet av 2021. RNA fra plantematerialene som hadde gjennomgått både frost- og isdekketester ved NIBIO Holt er sekvensert og analysert. Målet er å identifisere opp- og nedregulerte gener ved frost og isdekke, og studere om det er forskjell i genekspresjon mellom ulike sorter og lokaliteter de har vært utsatt for seleksjon på. Totalt ble 7100 gener identifisert som differensielt uttrykt, enten opp- eller nedregulert som resultat av frost. For tiden pågår arbeid med å identifiser hva disse genene gjør og hvordan deres ekspresjon varierer i forhold til hverandre.

Det er utført omfattende analyser av verdiprøvingsdataene, og det er konstatert at de beste prediktorene for tørrstoff-avling er ikke-lineære funksjoner av døgngrader (mars-august) og antall dager med nedbør (>1mm) i juli. Nylig har vi etablert at det også er et samspill mellom døgngrader i juli og antall dager med nedbør i juli. Videre undersøkes også vinterherdighet og lysforhold. Basert på den nåværende modellen har vi laget prognoser for avling i 2050 og 2090 basert på klimaprojeksjoner. Resultatene fra denne delen av prosjektet blir publisert i 2022.

Grassland based forage production is the cornerstone of agriculture in Northern Norway. It is important for the economy and it is expected to use local feed resources for the production of milk and meat. Achieving this goal requires higher and more stable yields of high quality forage over years. Timothy is the most important forage species in Norway, especially in the north. The predicted climate change will lead to higher and more variable precipitation patterns. These changes are expected to be more rapid in the north. Development of timothy cultivars that are adapted is crucial for a sustainable forage production in the north. Breeding of new cultivars takes long time with traditional methods – up to 20 years. By using machine-learning methods and genomic selection, it is possible to combine climate and soil data with phenotype and genomic data to predict genomic breeding values. Production of commercial seeds of timothy cultivars bred for Northern Norway is challenging since the production is located in the South Eastern part of Norway. This can lead to risks of genetic shifts in the cultivars and thus change in key traits that are important in the north, e.g. winter survival. Studies of genetic shifts during seed multiplication are limited. In this project, we will study winter survival, estimated as freezing and ice-encasement tolerance in different seed generations of northern timothy cultivars and breeding populations. This information will be combined with molecular marker data for identification of genome regions in timothy associated in genetic regulation of these traits. In addition, we will study potential genetic shifts in seed generations of different age of the northern timothy cultivars ‘Engmo and ‘Noreng’. Historical phenotypic data from multi-location-year yield trials will be combined with climate, soil, and genomic data using advanced machine learning models to develop genomic prediction models for developing of adapted cultivars in the north.

Securing adaptation of timothy cultivars under climate change and during seed multiplication using genomics and big-data approaches

Hovedmålet med dette prosjektet er å utvikle genomisk seleksjonsmetodikk for foredling av timotei. Fôr av timotei er en av de viktigste innsatsfaktorene i norsk landbruk. I prosjektet vil DNA-sekvensering, bioinformatikk og statistiske metoder bli benyttet for å utvikle verktøy som er nødvendig for å implementere genomisk seleksjon (GS) i timoteiforedlingsprogrammet til Graminor, industripartneren i prosjektet. GS er en metode som gjør det mulig å gjøre utvalg av foreldreplanter til kryssinger på basis av genotypisk verdi, målt ved hjelp av genetiske markører, i stedet for tradisjonelt basert på fenotypeverdier. 

I de tidligere framdriftsrapportene har vi rapportert beregnede arvbarheter, bias og nøyaktighet for alle avlingsdata i treningspopulasjonen. Treningspopulasjonen består av 720 fullsøskenfamilier testet i 3-årige feltforsøk, sådd to ganger i påfølgende år på 2-3 steder i Norge (Løken, Staur og Vågønes 2003-2005; Løken, Vågønes og Arneberg (Graminor) 2006; og Løken and Arneberg 2007-2012). Et generelt resultat er at GEBV (Genomic Estimated Breeding Value) prediksjonene for avling har høy korrelasjon med de observerte avlingsdata, de har liten bias og, som forventet, moderate arvbarheter. GEBVer estimert i treningspopulasjonen ved hjelp av gBLUP (genomic-Best-Linear-Unbiased-Predictor) modeller er sammenliknet med prediksjoner basert på avanserte maskinlæringsmodeller som Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS) i samarbeid med Dr. Jose Crossa, CIMMYT, Mexico. Avlingsdata som tørrstoffavling (kg tørrstoff/slått/år), og total tørrstoffavling (sum kg tørrstoff/år og over år) har sammenliknbare nøyaktigheter (0.950 til 0.997) både ved gBLUP og RKHS. GS modellene for avling estimert i treningspopulasjonen har blitt implementert i valideringspopulasjonen for prediksjon av GEBVer. Valideringspopulasjonen består av 213 fullsøskefamilier (FS) som ble høstet i 2016, 2017 og 2018 (3 års avlingsdata) på Bjørke (Graminor) og Løken. De estimerte GEBVer for avling i valideringspopulasjonen er korrelert med de observerte avlingsdataene for å kryssjekke hvor effektive GS modellene er. Noen egenskaper så som KGDM201 (tørrstoffavling i første slått, andre høsteår) og SUMDM2 (total tørrstoffavling over slåtter, andre høsteår) har korrelasjoner på henholdsvis 0,45 og 0,29. For andre egenskaper er korrelasjonene svært lave. Vi arbeider med å finne ut årsaken til de lave korrelasjonene. De er imidlertid sammenliknbare med tilsvarende studier av genomisk seleksjon i andre fôrgrasarter, f.eks. flerårig raigras.

I inneværende rapporteringsperiode har vi utviklet et nytt SNP markørsett (180 000 SNPer) ved hjelp av et ufullstendig referansegenom av timotei utviklet ved bruk av Oxford Nanopore Sequencing Technology (internt NMBU). Disse nye SNP-markørene blir brukt til å estimere GEBV-er for avling og kvalitet ved bruk av de samme prediksjonsmodellene som ble utviklet og anvendt for det første SNP-markørsettet. Dette markørsettet var basert på en de novo sammenstilling av genomet, dvs. et genom generert ut fra korte sekvenser og med lav presisjon. Vi forventer at det nye SNP markørsettet vil forbedre sammenhengen mellom de predikerte avlsverdiene og de observerte avlings- og kvalitetsdataene. Resultatene av disse analysene vil bli publisert etter i løpet av det kommende året.

The primary objective of this project is to develop genomic tools for breeding of high quality timothy cultivars adapted to Norwegian growing conditions. Timothy is one of the most important input factors for Norwegian farming, and new improved cultivars with proper adaptation to the future climate will improve the economic value of milk and meat production. In this project, we will employ 'state-of-the art' genotyping and bioinformatic methods to develop tools that can be used to implement genomic selection (GS) in the breeding programme of timothy at Graminor AS, the industrial partner in this project. A large number of full-sib families which has been phenotyped for yield and forage quality in progeny tests will be genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) methods. Family-based genome-wide allele frequency profiles will be derived and used in conjunction with the phenotypic data to study associations and develop different GS models. The predictive power of different GS models will be tested, and finally validated in an unrelated set of families which are being progeny tested during the course of the project. Strategies for implementation of GS breeding for timothy will be developed in collaboration with the Danish partners. Graminor AS has a relatively large breeding activity in timothy with the aim of capturing market shares also in markets outside Norway. Development and implementation genomic-based breeding methods will be a key element for the competitive strength of Graminor AS in the near future. For NMBU this project is of great academic interest.

Genomic tools for improving yield and forage quality in timothy (Phleum pratense L.)

The main aims of the conference are to:

- Contribute to an understanding of climate change and its predicted impact on agriculture and forestry
- increase our understanding of adaptive genetic diversity and adaptation
assess how genetic resources for foo d and agriculture are affected by the changing climate
- discuss the consequences that climate change challenges bring upon the sustainable utilization of plant, animal and forest genetic resources

The conference aims at bringing together participants fr om all areas relevant to genetic resources for food and agriculture in a changing climate. The conference will focus on the scientific frontiers in this area as well as create a possibility for discussions of science, strategies and policies related to  g enetic resources and climate change.

Konferanse: Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in a Changing Climate

Konferanse: Grønn biologi - en investering for framtiden

WP1 - Modellering: avsluttet før rapporteringsperioden, skriving av publikasjoner har pågått i perioden.

WP2 - Utvikling av foredlingsmateriale med tilpassing til framtidig klima: Feltforsøkene med ulike plantematerialer til ulik bruk, dvs. prebreeding, ble avsluttet høsten 2013. I 2011, 2012 og 2013 er det tatt ut gjenlevende planter etter naturlig seleksjon av til sammen ca 50 populasjoner av 55 mulige fra i alt sju forskjellige klimatiske dyrkingsområder fra Rogaland (Jæren) til Finnmark (Alta). Vekstavslutningsfelt med flerårig raigras og raisvingel ble avsluttet høsten 2013 etter tre år med avlingsregistreringer og to år med bladlengde- og fluoresencemålinger (Fureneset og Bodø) på populasjonsgjennomsnitt. Fluorescensmålingene ble fulgt opp med målinger på enkeltplante- (genotype-) nivå høsten 2013. I timoteifelt for økt gjenvekstevne ble det høsten 2013 tatt ut seleksjoner fra tre høstefrekvenser fra lokalitetene Bodø, Bjørke og Fureneset, og det ble innsamlet bladmateriale for genotyping av planter fra de samme tre feltene. I feltet på Fureneset ble det høsten 2013 foretatt morfologiske registreringer. Alle gjenlevende planter er transportert til Graminor, Bjørke for samkryssing under isolasjon. Naturlig seleksjon i mange områder kan gi nye produktive sorter av timotei, flerårig raigras, raisvingel, rødkløver og luserne som er tilpasset de faktiske framtidige klimaforholdene. Frø av de ulike materialene vil være tilgjengelig for utprøving og nye forskningsprosjekter tidligst i 2015. Det er gjennomført to seleksjonsrunder (2011 og 2013) for tidlig vårvekst i rødkløver (fire diploide og fire tetraploide sorter). Frøet er overført til Graminor for videre testing og seleksjon. I tillegg er et feltforsøk med rødkløversorter av ulik tidlighet avsluttet høsten 2013. Her er fenologisk utvikling for tidlighet registrert tilsvarende som for gras for å identifisere nødvendig antall planter for eksakt prognosering av tidlighet i rødkløver. 

WP3 - Overvintringsevne i en forlenget vekstsesong. I rapporteringsperioden har det vært arbeidet med dataanalyse og skriving av manuscripter som del av stipendiat Sigridur Dalmannsdottirs PhD avhandling. 

WP4 - Fysiologisk og molekylær basis for herding og reherding: Arbeidet i prosjektperioden har bestått av bioinformatiske analyser av transcripsjonsdata for raigras og raisvingel og skriving av manuskripter.

WP5 - Endringer i allelfrekvenser som følge av naturlig seleksjon og driftspress i ulike klima: GBS (genotyping-by-sequencing) er utført ved Aarhus Universitet, Flakkebjerg, for timotei og diploid rødkløver på bladmaterialer innsamlet fra prebreedingsfeltene. Disse dataene vil bli analysert etter prosjektslutt da fokuset vil være på å få publisert analysene fra GBS i flerårig raigras.

WP6 - Sykdomsresistens i framtidig klima: I rapporteringsperioden har det kun blitt arbeidet med skriving og publisering av resultatene. Manuskriptene blir en del av Mohamed Abdelhalim sin PhD grad (se sluttrapport).

Understanding the genetic and physiological basis for adaptation of Norwegian perennial forage crops to future climates is a 4-year project investigating important traits for Norwegian forage crops in view of future climate changes. Global warming constit utes a great challenge for perennial plants. They have to adapt to new climatic conditions both during the growth season and during the winter for optimal persistency and productivity. Our objective is to develop knowledge, methods and germplasm as the ba sis for future development of cultivars of timothy, perennial ryegrass/Festulolium and red clover. In addition breeding populations of lucerne, which might be an important legume in future in Norway, will be field tested in new regions in the country. Dev elopment of new cultivars needs to be based on knowledge about genetic and physiological regulation of traits which are important for a sustainable forage production in the expected changing climate. The project is interdisciplinary involving mechanistic  modelling of plant performance under climate change to identify target traits and germplasm, crossing and pre-breeding to increase genetic variation and resilience in the breeding populations, physiological and molecular genetic studies of cold acclimatio n in autumn and de-acclimation in spring including the effects of ice-encasement and water-logging, molecular markers for development of more efficient selection methods, and investigations of fungal disease resistance that are expected to be even more im portant in future due to changes in temperature, humidity and light conditions. New cultivars are required in order to utilize the potential for increased biomass production due to higher temperatures in the growth season and to survive a milder and more  variable winter climate. The project is innovative, and involves collaboration between highly competent research groups both nationally and internationally with active participation of the plant breeding industry.

Understanding the genetic and physiological basis for adaption of Norwegian perennial forage crops to future climates

Rice and wheat are the two main crops in China, and China has an extensive genome research activity of high international standard in these species exemplified by one of the Chinese institutions involved in this project, namely the Chinese Academy of Agri cultural Sciences (CAAS)  (www.caas.net.cn/caas/). This institution has active research on drought tolerance of wheat, and is also responsible for a national gene bank with a large number of accessions. The other partner, China Agricultural University (CA U) (www.cau.cn) ranks as the best agricultural university in China. CAU has quite extensive research in applied grassland sciences, and want to increase their activity in biotechnology of forage grasses. The project leader at the Norwegian University of L ife Sciences (UMB) has for a number of years worked within the field of comparative genomics of forage grasses with a focus on frost and drought tolerance. The project team will therefore complement each other and will be able to develop joint projects wh ich will benefit both countries. 

The planned collaborative research projects will involve the exchange of plant materials with contrasting stress tolerances (drought and frost), exchange of knowledge and technologies for genomic characterization of the plant materials (genetic markers, candidate genes, expression analyses, phenotypic screening etc), field testing of a common set of varieties/lines, screening of potentially valuable gene bank accessions, and mutual exchange of PhD students an Post Docs f or training purposes. Purchases of R&D services, e.g. large-scale genotyping, between the partners will also be included in the proposal depending on know-how, access to technologies and running costs of the different partners.

China - Bilateral collaboration in the field of comparative genomics of stress tolerance in grasses

Timothy is the most important forage grass species in the northern part of the Nordic countries. However, serious winter damages, which significantly lower persistency and yields, occur regularly. The Nordic plant breeders have so far been quite successfu l in developing new, high-yielding varieties. However, the challenges today are to further improve winter hardiness and quality, as well as to produce varieties that might be exported to new markets. In other important crop species we can rely on publicly  available international research and development. This is not the case for timothy since this species is primarily utilised at higher latitudes and research is conducted mostly within the Nordic region. Therefore, the Nordic countries should have a speci al obligation to fund research in this economically important species. Progress in plant breeding depends on genetic variation that has been characterised. The Nordic Gene Bank (NGB) has today a large collection (approx. 560 accessions) of timothy. Howeve r, neither the genetic structure nor the value of the collection for plant breeding purposes has been studied based on modern molecular tools, i.e. DNA markers. For plant breeding such information would make the collection more accessible and make it poss ible to improve specific traits more targeted and develop new varieties more efficiently. In this project, field trials in three Nordic countries and application of DNA marker techniques will be used to study the phenotypic and genetic variation of Nordic  timothy germplasm in terms of distribution, dispersion history and important adaptive traits such as vernalization response and frost tolerance. The bio-geographical history of Nordic timothy will be studied using exotic germplasm, and the genetic basis of breeding materials broadened by identification of heterotic groups and new sources for
improving important traits. The resulting data will be utilised both for improving genetic resource
management of timothy and for breeding purposes. All the data wil l be made publicly available and stored in NGB’s information system. The project will run during the years 2007-2010.

NKJ 128 - Phenotypic and molecular characterisation of genetic resources of Nordic timothy (Phleum pratanese L.)

"Development of Festulolium with improved forage quality and winter survival for Norwegian farming" is a five year research project aiming to assess forage quality and winter survival of Festulolium in Norway and develop germplasm for selection of cultiva rs with superior adaptation to Norwegian climate which will contribute to a more efficient, sustainable, and economically viable livestock farming. This will be done by 1) assessment of available Festulolium cultivars, study of developmental stages and fo rage quality, incl. leaf:stem pattern during the growing season 2) identification and implementation of molecular markers and allele-specific functional markers determining lignin (fibre), digestibility and winter survival for efficient germplasm developm ent, 3) analyses of forage quality, palatability and feeding experiments with steers.

The project will be coordinated and lead by Dr. Odd Arne Rognli, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (IPM/UMB) in coll aboration with The Norwegian Crop Research Institute, Dept of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (IHA/UMB) and Graminor Ltd. The project will collaborate with research projects and research groups in UK, Poland and Lith uania.

Norwegian industry and agriculture will benefit from the project. Future Festulolium cultivars will be cost reducing both concerning breeding and for the farmers using the varieties. The farmers will gain profit with a more efficient production li ne througout the value chain including  grass and meat production. The project will make it possible to explore scientific knowledge both in genetics and fodder quality into practical use.

RENERGI-Fremtidens rene energisystemer

Discount rates for energy investments

Awarded: NOK 1.9 mill.

Summary

Funding scheme:

RENERGI-Fremtidens rene energisystemer

Funding Sources

Thematic Areas and Topics