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Bilingual Experiences, Cognitive Ageing and underlying Mechanisms

The goal of the Bilingual Experiences, Cognitive Ageing and underlying Mechanisms (BECAME) project is to examine the functional neuroplastic mechanisms underlying mitigatory effects of bilingual experience on age-related cognitive decline. While evidence is available for structural brain changes supporting bilingualism-induced effects on cognitive aging (CA), functional mechanisms underlying such effects are not yet well understood. BECAME aims to fill this gap by investigating the trajectory of bilingualism-induced functional neuroplasticity across the adult lifespan (ages 18-85), crucially adopting an individual differences approach related to measurable degree of bilingual engagement. Importantly, although such benefits are thought to be rooted early in the lifespan, evidence for the timeframe and conditions of their early emergence is scarce. The choice of including the whole adult lifespan allows us to investigate these mechanisms and their emergence more directly from a lifespan perspective. I combine behavioral testing with brain recordings via electroencephalography (EEG). EEG is widely used in cognitive neuroscience to assess brain activity and the degree of communication between brain regions (functional connectivity) in response to stimuli and at rest. Combining behavioral and EEG modalities will allow me to test bilingualism’s effect on functional connectivity, as well as its consequences for functional efficiency, the minimum required neural activation to successfully perform a task. This will enable a detailed, evidence-based account of the protective effects observed in older-aged bilinguals, and how they are built from earlier life stages. By illuminating the relationship between multilingualism and resulting neurocognitive adaptations, BECAME will enable to capitalize on it as a health initiative, with manifold societal implications and the potential to be translated into actionable policies exploiting multilingualism to ameliorate effects of CA.

From the SEA to the SOLution. An integrative assessment of marine pollution in a changing Arctic

Marine chemical pollution poses known threats to human health and to biodiversity, ecosystem and societal services. The Arctic is a major sink of global mercury (Hg) pollution. Arctic sediments, sea and glacial ice constitute vast Hg reservoirs. Recent studies raise concerns about their increasing role as local Hg sources. In a rapidly warming Arctic, the consequences of potentially increased environmental Hg on marine biota remain unknown. The objective of SEASOL is to identify the pathway(s) of Hg bioaccumulation in marine food webs of the High Arctic Kongsfjorden (Svalbard). This changing glacial fjord is recognised as a ‘natural laboratory’ of climate change in the Arctic. The fellow’s earlier research has shown the sole measurement of Hg levels as insufficient to connect biotic Hg dynamics to environmental change, whereas the analysis of Hg stable isotopes proved to be a promising tool for source discrimination and biotic transfer. SEASOL will build on the novel application of stable isotope analysis to identify the sources of Hg within the fjord system and the pathways to Hg accumulation within sentinel marine species. On the short-term, the study will provide fundamental knowledge to help understand how emerging sources of Hg from rapid environmental change will impact Arctic marine predators. On the long-term, SEASOL will contribute to the development of early-warning, adaptive management strategies, including modelling, for mitigating the cumulative impact of pollutants and climate change on Arctic marine species. This multidisciplinary approach and the central position of the host institution (Norwegian Polar Institute) in the field of Polar Research will equip the Fellow with a broad set of new skills and lay the foundation for building her specific niche as a future leader in marine pollution science.

Reality-Connected Machine Simulation of Heavy Machinery

The RealSim project proposal aims to connect machine simulation to reality in the framework of heavy machinery, which is an interdisciplinary application. The results of this project are expected to optimize machine performance, accurately and reliably predict machine failure, and reduce overall development and operation costs, thus, serving the Europe’s priority of green transformation and the United Nation’s sustainable development goal 9. The RealSim project will close the gaps of: (1) Onboard estimations of force and pressure components of heavy machinery; (2) Estimating deformability, cylinder friction, leakage, and valve dynamics of heavy machinery using independent nonlinear Kalman filters; (3) Employing dependent nonlinear Kalman filters in state estimators of heavy machinery; (4) Tuning algorithms for the covariance matrix of plant noise in the state estimation of heavy machinery.   I will consolidate and leverage my research career and position as a leading researcher in the field through integration in Assoc. Prof. Mohammad Poursina’s group at the Department of Engineering Sciences of the University of Agder (UiA), Norway. Here, I will acquire hands-on experience of working with actual mechatronic systems and develop efficient control algorithms. I will improve my knowledge of fluid power designing, control theory, instrumentation, and develop efficient coding skills. I will also develop entrepreneurial skills. The skills, knowledge, and international network that I will develop during this fellowship will put me in an excellent position to achieve my long-term goal of becoming a professor with my own independent research group at an esteemed university in EU. This fellowship will help me to prepare a strong ERC Starting Grant application in the future. It will also cater my additional goal of setting-up a research-related start-up in the future.

Algebraic Theory of Information Quantities

Information theory is a discipline at the intersection of statistics, engineering and computer science. As the study of information quantities, such as compression or communication capacities, information content or measures of statistical dependency, it is one of the theoretical underpinnings of data science.  Computational problems in information theory are highly non-linear. The goal of this project is to transfer state-of-the-art methods of computational non-linear algebra to information theory, to study the inherent algebraic complexity of information-theoretical problems and to provide tools for solving them in practice. The algebraic point of view has proven to be fruitful in seemingly unrelated areas, as witnessed by a surge of recent work in algebraic statistics, in particular on likelihood geometry. However, maximizing the likelihood function is the same as minimizing relative entropy — a specific information quantity. Hence, this project also aims at generalizing the techniques developed in likelihood geometry.  One focus is on the practical computation of information quantities using numerical and differential algebraic geometry. Such quantities are defined via non-linear optimization problems and we aim to pinpoint the algebraic complexity of these problems in instances of general interest, such as common information measures. The final objective is finding fundamental laws and limits of data science imposed by non-linear inequalities constraining the entropic region. These inequalities provide, by duality, universal bounds for many of the optimization problems studied in information theory.

Enabling the next generation in search of blood cancer cures

The CarrerasPathfinder program is new a world-wide unique doctoral program that covers the entire spectrum of research and innovation in blood cancers from understanding disease biology to the implementation of novel processes in the clinical practice. The program will fund 14 excellent Doctoral Candidates (DCs) for a period of 48 months. DCs will perform collaborative PhD projects involving associated partners from different sectors, countries, and disciplines through secondments. DCs will improve their research capacity and transferable skills through high-quality supervision arrangements and a tailored training program.  The program has been designed and will be hosted by the Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC) which is the first European non-profit institute exclusively devoted to blood cancers. By answering the European needs for human resources, it is fully aligned with the 13 recommendations of the EU Cancer Board’s Draft Mission  and the Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan (2021). The CarrerasPathfinder program has a strong triple-I dimension of internationality, inter-sectorality and interdisciplinarity in training, networking, co-supervision and research. Its specific objectives are: •	To develop an excellent doctoral program in blood cancer research conceived as a pilot for a permanent international doctoral program •	To equip DCs with a unique skill set boosting effectiveness and innovation capacity.  •	To promote DCs’ career development and increase their employability in different sectors. •	To establish the IJC as a European reference for research and training in blood cancers. •	To provide Europe with a new generation of researchers able to address unmet needs and societal challenges of blood cancers. •	To contribute to structuring the European research area by collaborating and synergizing with other European key opinion leaders.  

Nonlocal integrable equations: blow-up phenomena and beyond

I will carry out this fellowship at the University of Oslo, under the supervision of Professor Kenneth Karlsen at the Department of Mathematics.  The project is devoted to study existence and blow-up properties of the solutions of initial value problems (IVPs) for nonlocal nonlinear integrable PDEs. Nonlocal integrable equations were introduced by M. Ablowitz and Z. Musslimani in 2013 and have become a hot topic in the theory of integrable systems. By applying inverse scattering transform (IST) method it was shown that soliton solutions of nonlocal equations blow-up in isolated points in x,t plane. Therefore the natural question is to study the existence and blow-up properties of the general IVPs for such equations. To this end we will use the mixture of the IST method and PDE techniques. The former will be used for predicting the presence and the form of the blow-up of the solution, while the PDE approaches will be used for describing the blow-up of the solution of the general IVP and for finding a suitable concept of a weak solution, which exists even after the collapse.  Also by the IST method it was shown that apart from zeros, which correspond to solitons, the associated to the initial data spectral functions have the new type of singularities. These singularities correspond to the winding of the argument of the spectral function and play a significant role in long-time asymptotic behavior of the solutions ? they are responsible for a transition between qualitatively different asymptotic zones in x,t plane. It is a challenging open problem to describe analytically the nonlinear effects corresponding to these new singularities and in the framework of the project we are going to investigate this phenomena numerically.  The fellowship will allow me to expand my skills in PDE methods, which is different, but related to my present expertise field. Also it will enable me to become an established interdisciplinary researcher, who could pursue top academic positions.

Renewable energy on the high seas – science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations for regulatory and governance challenges

The high seas are those marine areas under no State's jurisdiction. So far, all marine renewable energy (RE) activity is being conducted under State's jurisdiction. However, recent advances in technology are raising the prospect of carrying out RE activity on the high seas. Currently, only seabed mining activities in the Area have been regulated. The Area is the seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits of State's jurisdiction. From the legal viewpoint, the main gap is a lack of an international regulatory framework, informed by participatory mechanisms and supported by scientific evidence, for RE activities on the high seas, especially regarding their environmental and social impacts.  The primary project objective (O) is to provide the scientific community and policymakers with science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations in support of the development of  RE regulation on the high seas.  Two specific Os are set to complement the primary O, namely: O1 To advance the use of systematic consultation processes that facilitates research at the crossroads of marine sciences and law.  O2 To advance critical knowledge and understanding of environmental pressing issues comparable to the regulation of RE on the high seas, such as deep-sea mining in the Area. A multistep innovative methodology will be adopted, by integrating marine scientific knowledge, consultative processes, and advanced critical research in the subject matter. A case study (interdisciplinary and participatory) involving marine scientists, indigenous and coastal communities and policy makers will be conducted onboard the Research Vessel KronPrins Haakon at the beginning of the project. The case study outcomes will be analysed through critical legal analysis to build a knowledge base for policy recommendations.  The project will advance the PI’s career in an international research environment, allowing her to generate independent, high-quality, and reproducible results.   

BOLD MINDS aspires to enhance the understanding of vulnerability factors underlying the emergence of borderline personality disorder (BPD), with an ultimate aim of increasing the potential for young individuals to receive early, evidence-based help when their mental health is at risk. BOLD MINDS will achieve this by investigating whether disruptions in two aspects of autobiographical memory (AM), narrative identity (NI) and involuntary AM (IAM), are associated with BPD features and problem behaviours in adolescents concurrently and over time. In doing so, BOLD MINDS will strengthen the understanding of mechanisms underlying the emergence of BPD in adolescence and lay a groundwork for developing evidence-based early interventions for BPD. While currently limited, the study of AM in this field is essential for two reasons. Firstly, because the aspects of AM under investigation, NI and IAM, are known to be involved in identity formation and emotion regulation which represent two key psychological processes that are disrupted in adults with BPD and are linked to problem behaviours such as self-harm and suicidality. Secondly, because promising research is emerging on the use of AM targets in the treatment of emotional disorder in adults, and provides a strong model for future treatment development with vulnerable adolescents. In addition, this timely research program aligns with calls from international organizations to prioritize early interventions to promote adolescent mental health. BOLD MINDS will adopt and adapt state-of-the-art ecological momentary assessment and analytical techniques and work at the crossroads of clinical and cognitive psychological perspectives, allowing for a multidimensional approach to understanding BPD vulnerability. Training-through-research and formalized training of the experienced researcher will prepare her for a permanent academic position and the founding of her own research lab specializing in AM and early interventions for BPD.

Borderline Personality Disorder: Memory and Identity in Adolescence

Multilingual Acquisition and Processing: Heritage Russian in Spain

Recent research highlights a need of deeper understanding of the nature of language competence and the development of this competence under heritage language bi- and multilingualism. Heritage speakers (HSs) is a population highly diverse in terms of their linguistic competence and its development. Multilingual Acquisition and Processing (MAP): Heritage Russian in Spain will provide an examination of Russian Heritage Language (HL) grammar in a previously unstudied socio-linguistic context focusing in particular on the patterns of cross-linguistic interaction at early and most unstable stages of multilingual language development. The overall research objective is to discover the patterns of language acquisition and language processing in order to find out how multilingual minds deploy their developing grammatical knowledge and how they detect and access the linguistic (morpho-syntactic) mechanisms from their two co-existing languages in real-time. The proposed empirical study will investigate the effects of linguistic proximity, individual experiential factors and the developmental patterns of cross-linguistic influence in child bilingualism. Heritage Russian in Spain will be studied with a focus on 3-7-year-old children in order to examine developmental trajectories in both languages. On the theoretical level, MAP will significantly contribute to the development of a model of heritage language grammar and add to a sub-field of multilingualism studies, Heritage Language Acquisition, by showing the patterns of cross-linguistic interaction at early stages of multilingual Russian-Spanish development. On a societal and education level, project findings will be relevant for policy makers, teachers, school principals and HSs communities in European countries. To date, most heritage language studies have focused exclusively on the minority language, MAP will fill an important gap by focusing on both languages.

WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM)

Wheelchair users (WCU) are three to five times more inactive than the general population, leading to a high risk of developing preventable secondary conditions. Although physical activity (PA) guidelines have been specifically developed for WCU, we lack systematic approaches to implement them in practice, as well as valid algorithms to monitor PA change in WCU through sensor-based solutions. Accordingly, the overall scientific aim of the WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM) is to advance PA research and practice in WCU by developing valid digital markers for monitoring of and providing feedback on PA, paving the way for implementation and intervention. I will accomplish this through combining the complementary research fields of 1) behavioural intervention studies focusing on increasing PA in WCU (core competence University of British Columbia, UBC; outgoing phase) and 2) sensor-based PA monitoring (core competence Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU; returning phase – consolidated by non-academic placement at Maastricht Instruments, which develop research prototypes including PA monitors). WHAM’s scientific aim is achieved through three objectives: 1) Measure the effect of a pragmatic exercise intervention trial on self-reported physical activity levels and cardio-respiratory fitness, 2) Develop valid algorithms for tracking PA markers in WCU, and 3) Co-create a framework that outlines how PA can be conjointly monitored and provided feedback on in WCU. This fellowship will enable me to become established as an internationally recognized researcher in the field of “physical activity and disability”, while bringing together ongoing national disjointed research activities in this field. Altogether, my overall ambition is to contribute to reducing inequalities in daily-life participation among WCU compared to the rest of the population.

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President

Grunnbevilgning IFE

Alcohol and drug abuse affects society in many ways, e.g., health, social relations, safety, and productivity at the workplace. Alcohol is more significant in this respect than drugs because the use of alcohol is common and accepted by society. 

Testing of oral fluid (saliva) may be used to detect and monitor alcohol and drug use. Saliva is an easily available, non-invasive medium without the intrusion of privacy and with little chance of adulteration (unlike urine). Saliva is probably the only other bod y fluid that might parallel blood in some regards and may be related to behavioural performance. The presence of alcohol, drugs or drug metabolites in saliva indicate very recent intake, and reflects better than urine whether the subject might be under th e influence of alcohol or drugs.

Some biological markers of recent large alcohol consumption might be found in saliva. High concentrations of these compounds might reflect recent large intakes of alcohol and may probably indicate hangover due to alcohol. 

The aim of this pilot project is to develop and validate analytical methods for alcohol, drugs, and biological markers of recent large alcohol consumption in saliva, develop a questionnaire on alcohol and drug use, and perform a small study of the preva lence of alcohol impairment, recent large alcohol intake (which may cause hangover), and possible drug impairment at a few Norwegian workplaces by analysing saliva samples. The participation is voluntary and anonymous. The results of the pilot project wil l be used to design a larger study.

Pilot study: prevalence of alcohol and drugs at the workplace

The objective of the present project is to investigate if and how heroin metabolites contribute to the development and appearance of heroin addiction.
Heroin abuse is a significant medical problem due to its damaging consequences, both social and individu al, and it is difficult to treat. Heroin reaches the brain in significant concentrations very rapidly after intake, which is supposed to be the reason why drug addicts prefer heroin over other opioids like morphine. However, heroin has a very short half l ife; its concentration is reduced by half already after less than five minutes. Also, heroin has a low affinity for receptors in the brain known to mediate the effects of opioids. Therefore, it is surprising that a substance with a relative little effect in the brain and which disappears so quickly can have a so strong effect on behaviour like drug addiction.
There is a sequence of substances appearing after heroin intake which can be responsible for its effects and the development of heroin dependence. H eroin is transformed to 6-monoacetylmorphine, which is converted to morphine. This is further metabolised to morphine-3- and morphine-6-glucuronide. Morphine is a well known active opioid with strong addictive properties. The pharmacological activity and addiction potential of the other metabolites are not well established, but there is some evidence that they also may have effects which could contribute to heroin effects and addiction.
We will study the addictive potential of these heroin metabolites in animal tests, as well as their possible contribution to the development of addiction after heroin intake. By using neurochemical tools (in vivo microdialysis) we will also examine dopaminergic neural systems responsible for the pharmacological activity of  the metabolites, and which can mediate their potential effects on heroin addiction.

RBGRUNTEKN-Res.bas.grunnbev.tekn-ind.inst

Grunnbevilgning IFE

Awarded: NOK 829.8 mill.

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RBGRUNTEKN-Res.bas.grunnbev.tekn-ind.inst

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