Smart tariffering av kraft og nettleie i fremtidens aktive distribusjonsnett

New technology such as smart meters (AMS) will give new possibilities for innovative tariffs. The project's ambition is to utilize this new technology and related data acquisition to develop and evaluate different models for the design of grid tariffs and power products., which will utilize new technology available and contributing positively to the development and operation of the future smart distribution grid. The evolvement of new technology in the society, makes the bases for the customers in the power grid to be more active in their interaction with the power system. But we also see a trend that the electrical appliances become more power intensive, which is a driving force to increased grid investments. The challenge is to provide the users of the power grid with the incentives that stimulate to the best socio-economic behavior. The grid tariff in combination with the market prices on electrical power is one set of such incentives. The cost customers pay for access to the power system for feed-in or use of electricity is determined by the cost of different power market products, the cost of utilizing the grid and taxes. These costs can be classified in many different ways and many of these cost elements can be differentiated according to time/season or dependent on grid connection, customer type, load type etc. The project has described the framework conditions for development of price incentives to customers. This description has a top-down focus, describing how different directives, regulations etc. make demands related to the development of grid tariffs, power contracts and taxes, depending on the purpose different incentives will have. For example, how a cost-efficient grid tariff should be developed. It is also developed a bottom-up description based on experiences from different pilot tests, focusing on how these incentives were developed. A menu over different tariff alternatives have been developed, and will form the basis for demonstration activities within the project. Two different grid tariffs have been demonstrated on household customers, Time of Use and an Subscribed power with overload. None of the customer groups have received technology for visualization or control of consumption. A third type of tariff, averaging three highest hourly peak loads per month, has been implemented to 5,000 customers. Nor did these get technology for visualization or control. All tariffs reflect the customers influence on the grid cost. The total costs for the customer group is unchanged with the tariff model, due to the revenue cap regulation for the Distribution System Operators. For the customers with the power grid tariff (average three highest peak loads per months used for settlement), the meter data have been analysed with use of regression analysis. The results of the regression analysis show that the mean DSR for all households combined is 0.95 kW/customer. The response of the 25% most responsive households is approximately 1.5 times larger. The results also show that the consumption has increased in periods when the total demand is already high. In the autumn 2018 a demo was started with a time of use grid tariff with peak load periods all days (16:00-18:00, chosen due to expected peak load) and a tariff model with subscribed power, where the subscription level was calculated so that the customers typically have 400 hours above the level during the year. In total 42 households participated with the subscribed power tariff and 95 households participated with the ToU tariff. The first experiences from the demonstration activities with the subscribed power tariff are that this tariff is difficult to understand, and it is also difficult to calculate the subscription level if there are not enough historical data available for the different customers.

Virkningen er at relevante samfunnsaktører får en aktuell sammenstilling av kjennetegn ved fremtidens smarte nett, elementer som inngår i tariffering og forslag til alternative tariffer for uttakskunder i distribusjonsnettet og hvordan kunder responderer på tre ulike tarifftyper sett i sammenheng med kraftpris, avgifter og deres utnyttelse av visualiserings- og/eller styringsteknologi.

Ny teknolog som bl.a. Avanserte Måle- og Styringssystemer (AMS) gir nye tarifferingsmuligheter og prosjektets hovedidé er å bruke denne nye plattformen og en "top-down" fokus til å utvikle optimale tariffer (kraft, nett, subsidier/avgifter) sett i sammenh eng med ulike formål som tariffene kan ha og samspill mellom ulike elementer. Kostnadene kundene (husholdning, næringsliv, produksjon) betaler for tilgang til kraftsystemet for uttak/innmating av elektrisitet, bestemmes av kostnadene for ulike kraftmarke dsprodukter, kostnadene for nett (nettleie) og avgifter/insentiver. Disse delkostnadene (også avgiftene) kan i prinsippet tarifferes på mange ulike måter (energiledd, effektledd, reaktiv effektledd, fastledd, osv.) og mange av disse kostnadselementene kan differensieres avhengig av tidspunkt (f.eks. times/ sesongtariffer) eller avhengig av nett-tilknytning, kundetype, belastningstype osv. Hva som er en hensiktsmessig oppdeling i tariffelementer og differensiering av disse, avhenger av formålet med tariff en (f.eks. kostnadsdekning, kostnadsriktig tariffering osv.). Prosjektet vil utvikle løsninger for det mest samfunnsmessige rasjonelle totalinsentivet til ulike kundegrupper (gitt ulike formål), og samtidig ivareta skillet mellom monopoldrift (nettleie) og marked (kraft). Prosjektets ambisjon er å utvikle og evaluere ulike modeller for utforming av nettleietariffer og kraftprodukter, som vil kunne utnytte ny tilgjengelig teknologi og bidra positivt til utvikling og drift av fremtidens smarte distribusjo nsnett. Prosjektet skal bidra til å utvikle tariffer som målrettet stimulerer til økt forbrukerfleksibilitet når det er behov for det, og samtidig unngå samfunnsøkonomiske tap knyttet til at insentiver til forbruksreduksjon også blir gitt i perioder hvor dette ikke trengs.