MNMs have unique properties and are increasingly used within a wide range of sectors e.g. food, medicine, cosmetics, electronics, sporting equipment and household goods. This increased usage of MNMs has led to a corresponding increase in their release to established waste streams. Currently, WWTPs represent a significant waste stream for MNMs yet there remains limited knowledge transfer from the research community to relevant stakeholders regarding (i) the capacity for WWTPs to process MNMs effectively and (ii) if MNMs have the potential to impact on WWTP operational processes.