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From the SEA to the SOLution. An integrative assessment of marine pollution in a changing Arctic

Marine chemical pollution poses known threats to human health and to biodiversity, ecosystem and societal services. The Arctic is a major sink of global mercury (Hg) pollution. Arctic sediments, sea and glacial ice constitute vast Hg reservoirs. Recent studies raise concerns about their increasing role as local Hg sources. In a rapidly warming Arctic, the consequences of potentially increased environmental Hg on marine biota remain unknown. The objective of SEASOL is to identify the pathway(s) of Hg bioaccumulation in marine food webs of the High Arctic Kongsfjorden (Svalbard). This changing glacial fjord is recognised as a ‘natural laboratory’ of climate change in the Arctic. The fellow’s earlier research has shown the sole measurement of Hg levels as insufficient to connect biotic Hg dynamics to environmental change, whereas the analysis of Hg stable isotopes proved to be a promising tool for source discrimination and biotic transfer. SEASOL will build on the novel application of stable isotope analysis to identify the sources of Hg within the fjord system and the pathways to Hg accumulation within sentinel marine species. On the short-term, the study will provide fundamental knowledge to help understand how emerging sources of Hg from rapid environmental change will impact Arctic marine predators. On the long-term, SEASOL will contribute to the development of early-warning, adaptive management strategies, including modelling, for mitigating the cumulative impact of pollutants and climate change on Arctic marine species. This multidisciplinary approach and the central position of the host institution (Norwegian Polar Institute) in the field of Polar Research will equip the Fellow with a broad set of new skills and lay the foundation for building her specific niche as a future leader in marine pollution science.

Optimization of Free Space Optical Communication Link based Drones for Search and Rescue Operations in the Arctic Region

The Arctic region is witnessing more frequent shipping accidents than ever which require accurate search and rescue operations. The existing communication systems use drones with radio frequency (RF) technology, which has limited bandwidth and cannot offer 4G/5G connectivity due to harsh weather constraints. It further limits the capacity of drones and affects the resolution of images and videos. The current research proposes to design free space optical communication (FSOC) link-based drones that can enhance connectivity between multiple drones and rescue ships as well as the capacity of drones to produce high resolution images and videos. The proposed FSOC-based drones can provide highspeed connectivity than the existing RF technology. The research will collect atmospheric turbulences data from the Arctic region and use it for designing the FSOC link. Furthermore, to enhance the capacity of FSOC-based drones, the research will design advanced multiplexing schemes (Mode Division Multiplexing and Orthogonal Code Division Multiple Access) and to ensure link stability, omnidirectional receiver will be designed. The research will further evaluate the performance of proposed FSOC link under the impact of various atmospheric turbulences. The expected outcomes of this research will lead to the optimisation of FSOC-based drones in expanding search areas and improving communication systems for SAR operations in the Arctic region.

AQUASERV – RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES FOR SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE, FISHERIES AND THE BLUE ECONOMY

The overarching objectives of AQUASERV are to bring together, enhance, integrate and customise RI capacities (including facilities, instruments and expertise) and through the provision of transnational access (on-site or remote) and/or virtual access, to significantly further scientific advance and promote and facilitate the implementation of European Common Fisheries Policy, the Farm to Fork Strategy, the Sustainable Blue Economy and the European Green Deal.   AQUASERV will achieve these objectives by offering scientists from academia and business remote and on-site transnational (TA) and virtual (VA) access to an advanced set of European research infrastructures and its nodes related to research and management of marine and freshwater biological resources, food and biotechnology. These include the European Marine Biological Resource Centre ERIC (EMBRC), the Analysis and Experimentation on Ecosystems ERIC, The Aquaculture for Excellence for Aquaculture in Fish (Aquaexcel), and the Infrastructure for Promoting Metrology in Food and Nutrition (METROFOOD), as well as the International Council for Exploration of the Sea, both a service provider and stakeholder. It also includes the Research Infrastructure for Science and Innovation Policy Studies (RISIS) to bring contributions from the social sciences and to bring results nearer to policy makers ensuring societal impact.   To enhance, integrate and customise RI capacities, collaboration between partners and new pipelines to meet the objectives of the project will be developed during the first 3 years and will make available  to users.  To ensure these capacities will not be lost, a sustainability work package involving stakeholders will address the project legacy.    To maximize impact, AQUASERV will build a communication network among the partnership and develop a dissemination and outreach programme. Furthermore, an advanced training programme will be developed to capture future users and will be updated during the p

Aqua Research Infrastructure Services for the health and protection of our unique, oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems

AQUARIUS will provide a highly comprehensive suite of integrated research infrastructures appropriate to addressing significant challenges for the long-term sustainability of our unique oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems. For the first time, diverse research infrastructures will be combined to facilitate the work of researchers and key stakeholders focused on challenges and opportunities for both marine and freshwater systems. An impressive range of 57 research infrastructure services will be made available to include research vessels, mobile marine observation platforms, aircraft,  drones, satellite, sensors, fixed freshwater and marine observatories and test sites, experimental facilities, and sophisticated data infrastructures. AQUARIUS will support the development phase of the EU Mission to Restore our Ocean and waters by 2030, the Sustainable Blue Economy Partnership, the European Green Deal, and international climate initiatives. It will also be an essential component in achieving the European Digital Twin of the Ocean and the UN Decade for Ocean Sciences. The needs of researchers will be met through a robust and transparent system of transnational access funding Calls, facilitated by centralised user-friendly access portal. The Call programme will be informed through stakeholder engagement and brokerage events. Projects to be selected for Access must convincingly integrate multiple infrastructures and contribute to the core policy objectives of Mission Ocean, that is, to protect and restore marine and freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity; to prevent and eliminate pollution of our oceans, seas and waters; and to ensure a sustainable, carbon-neutral and circular blue economy. A thematic and geographic focus will be the hallmark of the proposed transnational Calls, aligning with the Lighthouse Regions, that is, the Baltic and the North Sea Basins, Black Sea, Atlantic/Arctic, and Mediterranean Sea along with their associated rivers.

Advance Marine Research Infrastructures Together

The European Ocean Observing System (EOOS) is the foundation of European ocean knowledge. The core Marine Research Infrastructures (MRIs) focused on ocean observing (EMSO, EURO-ARGO and ICOS ERICs; EuroFleets+, EuroGoShip, GROOM RI, JERICO RI and MINKE as INFRA projects) are the main providers of in situ ocean data for the EOOS and Copernicus, and the primary managers of instrumental capacity supporting fundamental research. These MRIs are aware that the lack of effective cross coordination prevents them from fully supporting frontier research, while the lack of integration makes it difficult to reach a critical mass for EOOS and results in significant cost duplication. Accordingly, AMRIT gathers these MRIs together with OceanOPS/WMO international coordination experience with the objective to: - ensure seamless operation of marine observation platforms ; - ensure the full nominal use of sensors and accelerate their evolution ; - exploit the complementarity of the various observation platforms ; - ensure the overall coherence of the ocean data value chain. To achieve these objectives, AMRIT will design and implement an EOOS Technical Support Center (EOOS TSC) for - a fully integrated information service across the data value chain from early planning stages to final delivery to users; - a cross-platform fully standardised data acquisition methodology for Essential Ocean Variables; - a collaborative federal structure to operate these services, relying on the ERIs and their members. The EOOS TSC will be the cornerstone in establishing and maintaining the EOOS, upon which European ocean observing can be strengthened in the coming decades. AMRIT will provide a catalyst for the development and consolidation of MRIs throughout Europe, providing a benchmark for operational coordination and collaboration. AMRIT will advance EOOS in line with its 2023-2027 Strategy and beyond, and the European Commission's ambitions for sharing responsibility in ocean observing across Europe.

Improve offshore infrastructure resilience against geohazards towards a changing climate

POSEIDON brings together an interdisciplinary and intersectoral team to deliver a professionally trained next-generation network of Doctoral Candidates to develop a step change in our capacity to identify, map, assess and predict offshore geohazards and in turn produce ground-breaking methods to prevent, mitigate and boost the resilience of current offshore infrastructure under a changing climate. The consortium is formed by experts across EU countries with universities, research institutions, industry partners and a government body to cover a full training programme on scientific and transferable skills.   The programme will undertake critical research across scales (from micro to macro) for seeking the inner links and differences, with an eventual aim to ascertain the pathways and grow our capacity for the enhancement of the existing and the robust development of new offshore infrastructure in the frame of safety and resiliency. In addition to the informed design and implementation of the novel physical/numerical modelling and lab studies, our approach is unique in the solid integration and utilisation of state-of-the-art data science technologies (e.g., data mining, machine learning, etc.) to their full potential. Only through this systematic approach, we can achieve the objectives of understanding the impact of offshore geohazards on our offshore critical infrastructures (OCIs) and developing novel models, tools and designs for future OCIs, such as, wind turbines, pipelines and cables.   The Doctoral Candidates will enjoy a highly integrated, interdisciplinary and intersector training environment, enriched through secondments with the network of non-academics. POSEIDON enables critical learning across all training aspects to ensure that comprehensive, robust and implementable solutions are obtained and validated to face the OCIs climate-resilient building.

POLARIN: POLAR RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK

The polar regions play a key role in the Earth’s system. They are essential for our climate and are sentinels of climate change, human expansion, and the hunt of new resources. The polar regions are losing ice, and their oceans and land are changing rapidly. The consequences of this polar transition extend to the whole planet and are affecting people in multiple ways. Evidence-based policy recommendations are needed, but the polar regions are difficult to reach, and research infrastructures able to operate in these regions are scarce. To understand and predict key processes in the polar regions and provide evidence-based information, the polar research community needs access to world-class research infrastructure operating in these regions. POLARIN is an international network of polar research infrastructures and their services, aiming at addressing the scientific challenges of the polar regions. The network includes a wide array of complementary and interdisciplinary top level research infrastructures: Arctic and Antarctic research stations, research vessels and icebreakers operating at both poles, observatories, data infrastructures and ice and sediment core repositories. POLARIN will provide integrated, challenge-driven, and combined access to these infrastructures to facilitate interdisciplinary research on complex processes.  POLARIN will: 1.	Provide challenge-driven transnational access to a large portfolio of research infrastructures.  2.	Improve the access to data by improving data availability and interoperability between data infrastructures.  3.	Provide virtual access to data and data services.  4.	Provide data products for the scientific community and decision makers. 5.	Train the young generation of polar researchers in optimally exploiting the infrastructures for their research. 6.	Duly advertise the services offered by POLARIN and engage the infrastructure users to share their research outcomes with society. 

Material Science Innovation for Accelerated, Sustainable and Safe Implementation of Carbon Capture and Storage

MISSION-CCS presents a timely and unique doctoral network designed to deliver the next generation of highly trained researchers and entrepreneurs in the field of material science, specifically focused towards accelerating implementation of carbon capture and storage CCS technologies worldwide and ensuring the sustainable and safe operation of existing and future CCS systems.  The training network combines unique experimental system design and modelling approaches, state-of-the-art analytical technologies and techno-economic analysis to deliver a new generation of researchers and entrepreneurs. The programme of research training centres of delivering Doctoral Candidate Researchers (DCRs) with world-leading technical expertise in material science and engineering relevant to the entire CCS process. MISSION-CCS ensures that the subject-specific technical knowledge of each DCRs is under-pinned by inter-sectorial knowledge whilst also promoting wider innovation skills and relevant training on the techno-economics of CCS, developing experts with breadth of knowledge.  A central aim of the network is to forge a strong cohort culture, by ensuring that peer-to-peer learning and mutual support become the norm, in order to enhance experience. Research-led training activities are strengthened through a dynamic and interactive education based programme delivered by an internationally renowned consortium of academics and industrialists with complementary skills. As part of the training programme, subsequent to an introduction to CCS systems and the specific material science challenges, DCRs will gain knowledge of system design and optimisation, state-of-the-art analytical methods, theoretical modelling, techno-economics, and understand the challenges of exploiting their research. They will also acquire proficiency in project management, communication, entrepreneurship, and innovation; all essential attributes for any modern technical professional.

Land-Sea interface: Let’s observe together!

LandSeaLot will link together in situ, model and earth observations (EO) and connect related communities, citizens and initiatives such as Copernicus, ESA, EEA, GEOSS, EMODnet and the European Digital Twin of the Ocean. These observations will be used in a gap analysis to co-design a common land-sea interface observation strategy and an implementation plan. LandSeaLot participants will simultaneously work on improving: in situ and EO capabilities, models to reduce the model/observations gap and the integration of model, in situ and satellite data. Observation capacity will be increased through tested, improved and guided use of low-cost technology by citizens, facilitated by the network of European marinas. The technologies selected will be piloted in Integration Labs (ILs) together with improved and integrated in situ and EO observation techniques and model outputs. LandSeaLot ILs will cover selected areas in the Black, Aegean, Mediterranean, Atlantic, North and Baltic Seas, with a range of catchment, tidal and meteorological regimes. Experts and citizen science leaders will work in the ILs together with JERICO-RI, DANUBIUS-RI and ICOS-ERIC, and with regional policy makers and managers to tailor integrated observations that will provide them with information to manage societal challenges. These will include assessment of the lateral carbon flux and stock, plastics transfer, nutrients impact on primary production and eutrophication, supporting biodiversity conservation, improving modeling capability and supporting climate change adaptation (storm surge, floods, heat waves, coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion). Data generated in the ILs will be made FAIR available via EMODnet and interoperability, and semantic solutions for existing, international data flows will be developed. Relevant communities will be engaged by workshops, conferences, training, a high-tech summit and by a communication strategy including videos and policy briefs to ensure LandSeaLot’s legacy.

Optimisation of digital catch monitoring and reporting in European Fisheries

 OptiFish will strive to provide technological solutions that will simultaneously improve the sustainability of fisher’s operations, enhance control processes and strengthen society’s trust in their products. OptiFish will develop, test and recommend a set of innovative technologies and tools supported by artificial intelligence (AI) to provide the management, the fishing sector and the scientist with data on catch volumes, catch compositions and the fishing environment.  The goal is to unlock the full potential of technologies such as electronic and genetic monitoring for automated species recognition based on AI and computer vision to reduce discards, unreported landings and unreported fishing activities, ultimately establishing  a fisheries control and enforcement system fit for the digital age. The technologies are not enough alone, it is also critical to consider the combination of technologies and the integration of computer vision models, the wide range of data sources and their subsequent formats, while also addressing stakeholders needs and acceptance.  This goal cannot be achieved by a single project, which is why the aim of OptiFish is to lay a solid foundation for full technological development from which other projects and initiatives can be built. The project will place a strong focus on species recognition in different fisheries equipped with distinctly different catch handling facilities and in different European sea basins.  To ensure that these innovations are relevant to fisheries management, OptiFish has participation from the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries, and has received written support from the European Fisheries Control Agency (EFCA), the Basque, Danish and Belgian Fisheries authorities.  

ANAVAC - Bruk av vevskulturer og bio-informatikk i utvikling av vaksinekandidater mot Anaplasma phagocytophilum (sjodogg) hos sau.

Midlene fra FFL-JA-Forskningsmidlene for jordbruk og matindustri fordelt på år

Midlene fra FFL-JA-Forskningsmidlene for jordbruk og matindustri fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra FFL-JA-Forskningsmidlene for jordbruk og matindustri fordelt på fagområde

Full Professor

Anaplasma phagocytophilum forårsaker sjodogg (TBF) hos småfe og bakterien er påvist i flere dyrearter, inkludert mennesker. I Norge beiter ca. 850.000 sau på flåttinfiserte beiter og rundt 500.000 av disse er i aldersgrupper som er mest mottakelige for flåttsykdom, hovedsakelig lam. Beregninger viser at om lag 300,000 til 400,000 lam blir smittet med sjodogg årlig. Sykdom og død fører til store økonomiske tap og redusert dyrevelferd som følge av nedsatt motstandsevne mot sekundærinfeksjoner (for eksempel Stafylokokker). Vaksiner mot sjodogg har ikke vært laget tidligere og langtidsvirkende og bredspektret antibiotika har derfor tradisjonelt vært brukt i behandling og forebygging mot sjodogg. Det er imidlertid en økende bekymring for miljøkonsekvenser og folkehelse knyttet til utstrakt bruk av antibiotika i landbruket og muligheter for utvikling av antibiotikaresistens. Nye metoder for beskyttelse mot flåttinfeksjoner er derfor nødvendig. Dette prosjektet har utredet og testet biologiske komponenter som har vært tenkt, kan benyttes i arbeidet med å utvikle effektive vaksinekandidater mot sjodogg hos sau. Prosjektet har studert immunresponsen mot levende bakterier og klonede organismer som uttrykker beskyttende proteiner. Effekten av ulike vaksinekandidater har blitt vurdert på bakgrunn av deres evne til å produsere en immunologisk reaksjon etter vaksinering og evnen til å hindre organismer i å overføres fra flått og etablere en infeksjon. Prosjektet har utført to dyreforsøk med sau som modell. To proteinvaksiner og tre levende vaksine er testet. De levende vaksinene er basert på genmodifisering av bakteriens DNA. Forskning med genmodifiserte mikroorganismer krever godkjenning, som ble innvilget av Mattilsynet, Helsedirektoratet og Miljødirektoratet. I tillegg har det blitt gjort undersøkelser av vert-patogeninteraksjoner basert på RNA-sekvensering fra genmateriale hos dyr og bakterie. Her har vi sett på hvilke immunologiske prosesser som skrus av og på som respons på infeksjonen. Resultatene viser at det er respons mot en proteinbasert vaksine basert på måling av antistoffer. Det er lite som tyder på at de undersøkte overflateproteinene som er benyttet i denne vaksinen, beskytter mot infeksjon eller gir en større beskyttelse enn i dyr som får placebovaksine (uten antigen). Det er likevel interessant og viktig at disse vaksinekandidatene ikke gir en ønsket respons. Dette er viktig informasjon om at rollen til disse proteinene som er uttrykt på bakterieoverflaten, antakelig ikke er viktige for å skape en immunitet. Derfor må andre proteiner og signalmolekyler undersøkes. Tidligere studier har også vist at proteiner hos Anaplasma kan gi en sterk immunrespons, men ikke beskyttelse mot smitte. Prosjektet har jobbet med å analysere effekten av tre ulike genmodifiserte Anaplasmabakterier. Disse modifiserte bakteriene har fått tilført et gen som gjør at de uttrykker fluorosens og antibiotikaresistens. Når det settes inn et nytt gen, kan et annet gen brytes slik at det inaktiveres. Derfor er det sannsynlig at bakterien mister noen egenskaper som er viktige for at den skal kunne infisere et vertsdyr eller at det fører til en redusert infeksjon. Fluoresens og antibiotikaresistens gjorde at vi kunne overvåke utviklingen av kulturene. Resultatene peker på at disse endringene i genomet til bakteriene, ikke fører til en betydelig svekkelse av virulensegenskaper. De er i stand til å produsere sykdom på lik linje med villtyper av bakterien. Det mest interessante virker å være at villtypen gir en fullstendig immunitet ved smitte, mens de muterte stammene ikke gir samme immunitet og fører til at dyrene kan smittes på nytt. Prosjektet har også undersøkt hvordan et dyr (lam) og bakterien reagerer på hverandre. Når bakterien smitter dyret, vil dette sette i gang en stor kaskade av responser hos dyret for å kvitte seg med inntrengeren. Immunforsvaret vil aktiveres på mange nivåer og sykdommen vil påvirke fysiologien til vertsdyret. RNA (ribonukleinsyre) er koder for hvordan kroppen skal reagere på stimuli. Når det produseres mye RNA for en egenskap (for eksempel et protein), vil det lages mer av akkurat dette proteinet. RNA er derfor viktig for å regulere hvordan kroppen virker til enhver tid. Når vi ser på RNA fra både dyr og bakterie gjennom en infeksjon, kan vi bedre forstå hva bakterien gjør med dyret og hvilke kontaktpunkter som er viktige i immunforsvaret hos dyret. Resultatene av dette arbeidet viser at det er mulige kjønnsforskjeller hos lam i hvilke deler av immunforsvaret som aktiveres til enhver tid. Det er også mye som tyder på at det er prosesser som aktiverer det cellulære immunforsvaret, som er dominerende i infeksjonen med Anaplasma. Dette har man tidligere sett under prøvetaking av infiserte dyr, men nå kan vi se i dypbden på hvilke responser bakterien aktiverer hos dyret. Dette vil være svært viktig informasjon for det videre arbeidet med vaksiner og forståelse av hvordan vi kan forebygge infeksjoner.

The tick-borne rickettsia Anaplasma phagocytophilum has been detected in several mammalian species, including sheep and humans. In Norway approximately 850.000 sheep are exposed to ticks on pastures of which 500.000 are lambs. Estimates show that approximately 300.000-400.000 lambs are infected annually The main disease problems associated with TBF in ruminants are seen in young animals and result in large economic and welfare implications due to immunosuppressive effect of the bacterium which is accompanied by secondary bacterial infections. Estimates have shown that the disease leads to total indirect losses of more than 30 mill. NOK annually. However, the total cost due to TBF in Norway may be much higher due to direct losses from deaths and crippling staphylococcal infection. Vaccines against A. phagocytophilum are currently not available. Prophylaxis is mostly done by a variety of pour-on applications and long-acting tetracycline has also been used as a prophylactic measure. However, there is a growing concern about the environmental safety and human health, rising antibiotic resistance in target- and non-target bacteria, increasing costs of chemical control and the increasing resistance of ticks to pesticides. The main knowledge need is to find bacterial components that can be used to develop an effective vaccine against the higly virulent and prevalent strains of A. phagocytophilum in Norwegian sheep production. The project will identify vaccine candidates by studying the immunizing effect of live whole cell bacteria, as well as recombinant organisms expressing protective protein subunits, using a reverse vaccinology approach. The efficacy of different vaccine candidates will be evaluated based on their ability to produce a measurable immunological response upon vaccination, their safety in vaccinated animals, and their ability to prevent colonization and persistence of the organism upon challenge. The project will apply global RNA sequencing as a method to study the host-pathogen interface using mutated organisms and wild type bacteria as exposure factors. The goal is to detect changes in the gene expression related to the animal immune system when meeting a bacterium that is authentic or mutated. By studying the expression profiles, the goal is to find genes that are either up-regulated or down-regulated as a response to the genome structure in the bacterium. If a genetic change in the bacterium is able to shift a part of the immune system of the host in either direction, we may be able to manipulate or construct an antigen that can be used as a vaccine candidate with a known function.

ANAVAC - A combined tissue culture and reverse vaccinology approach to develop a vaccine against Anaplasma phagocytophilum in sheep.

Hovedmålet for Boom or Bust prosjektet er å øke vår kunnskap om isalger og planteplankton under havisen i Arktis, som endres raskt. Vi har kombinert forskjellige metoder for å 1) identifisere biologiske faktorer og miljøfaktorer som påvirker oppblomstring og samfunnsstruktur hos isalger og planteplankton, 2) øke vår kunnskap om fotobiologi hos Arktiske marine alger under endrede miljøforhold, og 3) utvikle en endimensjonal (1D) vertikalt oppløst is -og hav modell for å syntetisere resultatene fra prosjektet.   
Prosjektet baserer seg på unike tidsserier samlet inn under den tverrfaglige Norwegian young sea ICE (N-ICE2015) ekspedisjonen med forskningsfartøy som drev med havisen nord for Svalbard (mellom 80 og 83 °N) fra 11. Januar til 24. Juni 2015. Vi studerte oppblomstringer av isalger og planteplankton under forskjellige isforhold, nydannet is, førsteårs- og 2-årig havis. Under N-ICE2015 ekspedisjonen ble oppblomstringer av isalger og fytoplankton studert i det nye isregimet, som bestod av tynn is i råker, førsteårsis og 2-årig is. De mest påfallende fysiske forhold observert under N-ICE2015 var tynnere og mer dynamisk isdekke, med relativt tykt snølag oppå, og dannelse av råker og skrugarder etter hyppige stormer. Regimeskiftet førte til at oppblomstringer av fytoplankton skjedde tidlig om våren under havisen, til tross for det tykke snødekket på den, fordi lys kunne trenge ned til vannmassene i åpne råker og under tynt isdekke. Tidligere oppblomstringer av fytoplankton under is har vært rapportert fra smeltesesongen om sommeren når isen slipper igjennom mer lys. Våre observasjoner tilfører derfor ny kunnskap om plankton produksjon under Arktisk havis, og er spesielt viktige fordi slike oppblomstringer under is ikke kan observeres fra satellitt. 
Vi studerte isalge-samfunn i de tre ulike typer havis nevnt ovenfor. Isalgesamfunn i første og andre-års is var dominert av diatoméer i den observerte perioden mens samfunnet i tynn is var dominert av pelagiske alger og deretter endret til dominans av typiske is-assosierte diatoméer. Våre observasjoner indikerer at den tynne isen blir kolonisert av diatoméer fra nærliggende tykkere is, noe som bekrefter viktigheten av eldre is for kolonisering av is alger og sannsynliggjør at den observerte reduksjonen av flerårs-is kan få negative konsekvenser for oppblomstringer av isalger.  Når alger, som er tilpasset lite lys, koloniserer tynn is må de investere energi i fotobeskyttende pigmenter (sol blokkere) for å kunne fungere under sterke lysforhold, både i den synlige delen av spektrumet og i UV delen. Disse observasjonene viser også at mer lys ikke nødvendigvis betyr økt produksjon av isalger.  I tillegg identifiserte vi skrugarder som hotspots for isalger, med vesentlig bidrag til algebiomassen under et mer dynamisk isdekke.
Vi benyttet også data innsamlet under N-ICE2015 ekspedisjonen til å evaluere Los Alamos havismodellen (CICE) for å predikere temporære trender i fysiske og biokjemiske egenskaper til arktisk havis i tidsskala over få uker. Modellresultatene, støttet av observasjoner, viser at maksimum vekstrater av isalger vil øke mens vertikalt integrert netto primærproduksjon (NPP) og biomasse vil minke under et tynnere isregime.
Resultatene fra Boom or Bust prosjektet vil bidra til en bedre forståelse av de økologiske prosessene i havis i Arktis og bidra til økt forståelse av hvordan økosystemet vil fungere i en tid med raske endringer. Dette vil også ha implikasjoner for forvaltningen av disse havområdene siden forandringer i primærproduksjon og dynamikken i oppblomstring av alger vil ha konsekvenser for hele det arktiske næringsnettet og kan dermed endre karbonopptaket i Polhavet med koblinger til det globale klimaet. Resultatene vil være nyttige for plankton økologer, biologer og for utvikling av modeller, og for de som studerer hvordan forandringer i havisen påvirker naturlige og menneskeskapte systemer.

The Arctic icescape is rapidly transforming from a thick multi-year ice cover to a thinner and largely seasonal first-year ice cover with significant consequences for Arctic primary production and algae growing inside the ice (ice algae) and in the underlying Arctic Ocean (phytoplankton). However, the effect of a thinning ice-cover on under-ice phytoplankton and ice algal blooms and primary production is not well constrained because ice algal and under-ice blooms cannot be measured from space and field observations from the high Arctic pack-ice environment are very limited. We also have a very rudimentary understanding of the environmental factors determining species composition and species dominance of high Arctic sea ice and pelagic communities. We will therefore apply a combination of methods to characterize and quantify under-ice phytoplankton and ice algal communities in combination with in situ and controlled experiments on the photosynthetic performance of phytoplankton and ice algae. The Norwegian Young sea ICE (N-ICE) campaign in 2015 with R/V Lance to the pack-ice north of Svalbard and the MicroPolar cruise in 2016 to the same area provide an unique opportunity to study both under-ice phytoplankton and ice algal communities in drifting sea ice. As a result we will be able to better link key physical, chemical and biological drivers governing ice algal and under-ice phytoplankton bloom dynamics in the high Arctic over spatial and temporal scales relevant for regional extrapolation and modeling.
The proposed work will result in a better understanding of the ecological processes in first-year sea ice in the high Arctic, and how the vital ice-associated primary producers in Arctic marine ecosystem will respond to the drastic changes in the Arctic icescape. The obtained results will be valuable to sea-ice and plankton ecologists, biologists and modelers, and those studying natural and human systems impacted by changes in Arctic sea ice.

0 antall prosjekter

POLARPROG-Polarforskningsprogram

Ice-algal and under-ice phytoplankton bloom dynamics in a changing Arctic icescape.

Tildelt: kr 10,1 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2015-2018

Sted: Troms - Romsa - Tromssa