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From the SEA to the SOLution. An integrative assessment of marine pollution in a changing Arctic

Marine chemical pollution poses known threats to human health and to biodiversity, ecosystem and societal services. The Arctic is a major sink of global mercury (Hg) pollution. Arctic sediments, sea and glacial ice constitute vast Hg reservoirs. Recent studies raise concerns about their increasing role as local Hg sources. In a rapidly warming Arctic, the consequences of potentially increased environmental Hg on marine biota remain unknown. The objective of SEASOL is to identify the pathway(s) of Hg bioaccumulation in marine food webs of the High Arctic Kongsfjorden (Svalbard). This changing glacial fjord is recognised as a ‘natural laboratory’ of climate change in the Arctic. The fellow’s earlier research has shown the sole measurement of Hg levels as insufficient to connect biotic Hg dynamics to environmental change, whereas the analysis of Hg stable isotopes proved to be a promising tool for source discrimination and biotic transfer. SEASOL will build on the novel application of stable isotope analysis to identify the sources of Hg within the fjord system and the pathways to Hg accumulation within sentinel marine species. On the short-term, the study will provide fundamental knowledge to help understand how emerging sources of Hg from rapid environmental change will impact Arctic marine predators. On the long-term, SEASOL will contribute to the development of early-warning, adaptive management strategies, including modelling, for mitigating the cumulative impact of pollutants and climate change on Arctic marine species. This multidisciplinary approach and the central position of the host institution (Norwegian Polar Institute) in the field of Polar Research will equip the Fellow with a broad set of new skills and lay the foundation for building her specific niche as a future leader in marine pollution science.

Optimization of Free Space Optical Communication Link based Drones for Search and Rescue Operations in the Arctic Region

The Arctic region is witnessing more frequent shipping accidents than ever which require accurate search and rescue operations. The existing communication systems use drones with radio frequency (RF) technology, which has limited bandwidth and cannot offer 4G/5G connectivity due to harsh weather constraints. It further limits the capacity of drones and affects the resolution of images and videos. The current research proposes to design free space optical communication (FSOC) link-based drones that can enhance connectivity between multiple drones and rescue ships as well as the capacity of drones to produce high resolution images and videos. The proposed FSOC-based drones can provide highspeed connectivity than the existing RF technology. The research will collect atmospheric turbulences data from the Arctic region and use it for designing the FSOC link. Furthermore, to enhance the capacity of FSOC-based drones, the research will design advanced multiplexing schemes (Mode Division Multiplexing and Orthogonal Code Division Multiple Access) and to ensure link stability, omnidirectional receiver will be designed. The research will further evaluate the performance of proposed FSOC link under the impact of various atmospheric turbulences. The expected outcomes of this research will lead to the optimisation of FSOC-based drones in expanding search areas and improving communication systems for SAR operations in the Arctic region.

AQUASERV – RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES FOR SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE, FISHERIES AND THE BLUE ECONOMY

The overarching objectives of AQUASERV are to bring together, enhance, integrate and customise RI capacities (including facilities, instruments and expertise) and through the provision of transnational access (on-site or remote) and/or virtual access, to significantly further scientific advance and promote and facilitate the implementation of European Common Fisheries Policy, the Farm to Fork Strategy, the Sustainable Blue Economy and the European Green Deal. 

AQUASERV will achieve these objectives by offering scientists from academia and business remote and on-site transnational (TA) and virtual (VA) access to an advanced set of European research infrastructures and its nodes related to research and management of marine and freshwater biological resources, food and biotechnology. These include the European Marine Biological Resource Centre ERIC (EMBRC), the Analysis and Experimentation on Ecosystems ERIC, The Aquaculture for Excellence for Aquaculture in Fish (Aquaexcel), and the Infrastructure for Promoting Metrology in Food and Nutrition (METROFOOD), as well as the International Council for Exploration of the Sea, both a service provider and stakeholder. It also includes the Research Infrastructure for Science and Innovation Policy Studies (RISIS) to bring contributions from the social sciences and to bring results nearer to policy makers ensuring societal impact. 

To enhance, integrate and customise RI capacities, collaboration between partners and new pipelines to meet the objectives of the project will be developed during the first 3 years and will make available  to users.  To ensure these capacities will not be lost, a sustainability work package involving stakeholders will address the project legacy.  

To maximize impact, AQUASERV will build a communication network among the partnership and develop a dissemination and outreach programme. Furthermore, an advanced training programme will be developed to capture future users and will be updated during the p

Aqua Research Infrastructure Services for the health and protection of our unique, oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems

AQUARIUS will provide a highly comprehensive suite of integrated research infrastructures appropriate to addressing significant challenges for the long-term sustainability of our unique oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems. For the first time, diverse research infrastructures will be combined to facilitate the work of researchers and key stakeholders focused on challenges and opportunities for both marine and freshwater systems. An impressive range of 57 research infrastructure services will be made available to include research vessels, mobile marine observation platforms, aircraft,  drones, satellite, sensors, fixed freshwater and marine observatories and test sites, experimental facilities, and sophisticated data infrastructures. AQUARIUS will support the development phase of the EU Mission to Restore our Ocean and waters by 2030, the Sustainable Blue Economy Partnership, the European Green Deal, and international climate initiatives. It will also be an essential component in achieving the European Digital Twin of the Ocean and the UN Decade for Ocean Sciences. The needs of researchers will be met through a robust and transparent system of transnational access funding Calls, facilitated by centralised user-friendly access portal. The Call programme will be informed through stakeholder engagement and brokerage events. Projects to be selected for Access must convincingly integrate multiple infrastructures and contribute to the core policy objectives of Mission Ocean, that is, to protect and restore marine and freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity; to prevent and eliminate pollution of our oceans, seas and waters; and to ensure a sustainable, carbon-neutral and circular blue economy. A thematic and geographic focus will be the hallmark of the proposed transnational Calls, aligning with the Lighthouse Regions, that is, the Baltic and the North Sea Basins, Black Sea, Atlantic/Arctic, and Mediterranean Sea along with their associated rivers.

Advance Marine Research Infrastructures Together

The European Ocean Observing System (EOOS) is the foundation of European ocean knowledge. The core Marine Research Infrastructures (MRIs) focused on ocean observing (EMSO, EURO-ARGO and ICOS ERICs; EuroFleets+, EuroGoShip, GROOM RI, JERICO RI and MINKE as INFRA projects) are the main providers of in situ ocean data for the EOOS and Copernicus, and the primary managers of instrumental capacity supporting fundamental research.
These MRIs are aware that the lack of effective cross coordination prevents them from fully supporting frontier research, while the lack of integration makes it difficult to reach a critical mass for EOOS and results in significant cost duplication. Accordingly, AMRIT gathers these MRIs together with OceanOPS/WMO international coordination experience with the objective to:
- ensure seamless operation of marine observation platforms ;
- ensure the full nominal use of sensors and accelerate their evolution ;
- exploit the complementarity of the various observation platforms ;
- ensure the overall coherence of the ocean data value chain.
To achieve these objectives, AMRIT will design and implement an EOOS Technical Support Center (EOOS TSC) for
- a fully integrated information service across the data value chain from early planning stages to final delivery to users;
- a cross-platform fully standardised data acquisition methodology for Essential Ocean Variables;
- a collaborative federal structure to operate these services, relying on the ERIs and their members.
The EOOS TSC will be the cornerstone in establishing and maintaining the EOOS, upon which European ocean observing can be strengthened in the coming decades. AMRIT will provide a catalyst for the development and consolidation of MRIs throughout Europe, providing a benchmark for operational coordination and collaboration. AMRIT will advance EOOS in line with its 2023-2027 Strategy and beyond, and the European Commission's ambitions for sharing responsibility in ocean observing across Europe.

Improve offshore infrastructure resilience against geohazards towards a changing climate

POSEIDON brings together an interdisciplinary and intersectoral team to deliver a professionally trained next-generation network of Doctoral Candidates to develop a step change in our capacity to identify, map, assess and predict offshore geohazards and in turn produce ground-breaking methods to prevent, mitigate and boost the resilience of current offshore infrastructure under a changing climate. The consortium is formed by experts across EU countries with universities, research institutions, industry partners and a government body to cover a full training programme on scientific and transferable skills. 

The programme will undertake critical research across scales (from micro to macro) for seeking the inner links and differences, with an eventual aim to ascertain the pathways and grow our capacity for the enhancement of the existing and the robust development of new offshore infrastructure in the frame of safety and resiliency. In addition to the informed design and implementation of the novel physical/numerical modelling and lab studies, our approach is unique in the solid integration and utilisation of state-of-the-art data science technologies (e.g., data mining, machine learning, etc.) to their full potential. Only through this systematic approach, we can achieve the objectives of understanding the impact of offshore geohazards on our offshore critical infrastructures (OCIs) and developing novel models, tools and designs for future OCIs, such as, wind turbines, pipelines and cables. 

The Doctoral Candidates will enjoy a highly integrated, interdisciplinary and intersector training environment, enriched through secondments with the network of non-academics. POSEIDON enables critical learning across all training aspects to ensure that comprehensive, robust and implementable solutions are obtained and validated to face the OCIs climate-resilient building.

POLARIN: POLAR RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK

The polar regions play a key role in the Earth’s system. They are essential for our climate and are sentinels of climate change, human expansion, and the hunt of new resources. The polar regions are losing ice, and their oceans and land are changing rapidly. The consequences of this polar transition extend to the whole planet and are affecting people in multiple ways. Evidence-based policy recommendations are needed, but the polar regions are difficult to reach, and research infrastructures able to operate in these regions are scarce. To understand and predict key processes in the polar regions and provide evidence-based information, the polar research community needs access to world-class research infrastructure operating in these regions.
POLARIN is an international network of polar research infrastructures and their services, aiming at addressing the scientific challenges of the polar regions. The network includes a wide array of complementary and interdisciplinary top level research infrastructures: Arctic and Antarctic research stations, research vessels and icebreakers operating at both poles, observatories, data infrastructures and ice and sediment core repositories. POLARIN will provide integrated, challenge-driven, and combined access to these infrastructures to facilitate interdisciplinary research on complex processes. 
POLARIN will:
1.	Provide challenge-driven transnational access to a large portfolio of research infrastructures. 
2.	Improve the access to data by improving data availability and interoperability between data infrastructures. 
3.	Provide virtual access to data and data services. 
4.	Provide data products for the scientific community and decision makers.
5.	Train the young generation of polar researchers in optimally exploiting the infrastructures for their research.
6.	Duly advertise the services offered by POLARIN and engage the infrastructure users to share their research outcomes with society.


Land-Sea interface: Let’s observe together!

LandSeaLot will link together in situ, model and earth observations (EO) and connect related communities, citizens and initiatives such as Copernicus, ESA, EEA, GEOSS, EMODnet and the European Digital Twin of the Ocean. These observations will be used in a gap analysis to co-design a common land-sea interface observation strategy and an implementation plan. LandSeaLot participants will simultaneously work on improving: in situ and EO capabilities, models to reduce the model/observations gap and the integration of model, in situ and satellite data. Observation capacity will be increased through tested, improved and guided use of low-cost technology by citizens, facilitated by the network of European marinas. The technologies selected will be piloted in Integration Labs (ILs) together with improved and integrated in situ and EO observation techniques and model outputs. LandSeaLot ILs will cover selected areas in the Black, Aegean, Mediterranean, Atlantic, North and Baltic Seas, with a range of catchment, tidal and meteorological regimes. Experts and citizen science leaders will work in the ILs together with JERICO-RI, DANUBIUS-RI and ICOS-ERIC, and with regional policy makers and managers to tailor integrated observations that will provide them with information to manage societal challenges. These will include assessment of the lateral carbon flux and stock, plastics transfer, nutrients impact on primary production and eutrophication, supporting biodiversity conservation, improving modeling capability and supporting climate change adaptation (storm surge, floods, heat waves, coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion). Data generated in the ILs will be made FAIR available via EMODnet and interoperability, and semantic solutions for existing, international data flows will be developed. Relevant communities will be engaged by workshops, conferences, training, a high-tech summit and by a communication strategy including videos and policy briefs to ensure LandSeaLot’s legacy.

Material Science Innovation for Accelerated, Sustainable and Safe Implementation of Carbon Capture and Storage

MISSION-CCS presents a timely and unique doctoral network designed to deliver the next generation of highly trained researchers and entrepreneurs in the field of material science, specifically focused towards accelerating implementation of carbon capture and storage CCS technologies worldwide and ensuring the sustainable and safe operation of existing and future CCS systems.

The training network combines unique experimental system design and modelling approaches, state-of-the-art analytical technologies and techno-economic analysis to deliver a new generation of researchers and entrepreneurs. The programme of research training centres of delivering Doctoral Candidate Researchers (DCRs) with world-leading technical expertise in material science and engineering relevant to the entire CCS process. MISSION-CCS ensures that the subject-specific technical knowledge of each DCRs is under-pinned by inter-sectorial knowledge whilst also promoting wider innovation skills and relevant training on the techno-economics of CCS, developing experts with breadth of knowledge.

A central aim of the network is to forge a strong cohort culture, by ensuring that peer-to-peer learning and mutual support become the norm, in order to enhance experience. Research-led training activities are strengthened through a dynamic and interactive education based programme delivered by an internationally renowned consortium of academics and industrialists with complementary skills. As part of the training programme, subsequent to an introduction to CCS systems and the specific material science challenges, DCRs will gain knowledge of system design and optimisation, state-of-the-art analytical methods, theoretical modelling, techno-economics, and understand the challenges of exploiting their research. They will also acquire proficiency in project management, communication, entrepreneurship, and innovation; all essential attributes for any modern technical professional.

Optimisation of digital catch monitoring and reporting in European Fisheries

 OptiFish will strive to provide technological solutions that will simultaneously improve the sustainability of fisher’s operations, enhance control processes and strengthen society’s trust in their products.
OptiFish will develop, test and recommend a set of innovative technologies and tools supported by artificial intelligence (AI) to provide the management, the fishing sector and the scientist with data on catch volumes, catch compositions and the fishing environment. 
The goal is to unlock the full potential of technologies such as electronic and genetic monitoring for automated species recognition based on AI and computer vision to reduce discards, unreported landings and unreported fishing activities, ultimately establishing  a fisheries control and enforcement system fit for the digital age. The technologies are not enough alone, it is also critical to consider the combination of technologies and the integration of computer vision models, the wide range of data sources and their subsequent formats, while also addressing stakeholders needs and acceptance. 
This goal cannot be achieved by a single project, which is why the aim of OptiFish is to lay a solid foundation for full technological development from which other projects and initiatives can be built. The project will place a strong focus on species recognition in different fisheries equipped with distinctly different catch handling facilities and in different European sea basins. 
To ensure that these innovations are relevant to fisheries management, OptiFish has participation from the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries, and has received written support from the European Fisheries Control Agency (EFCA), the Basque, Danish and Belgian Fisheries authorities.



People with intellectual disabilities and experiences understanding when they are in contact with criminal justice system.

Midlene fra OFFPHD-Offentlig sektor-ph.d. fordelt på år

Midlene fra OFFPHD-Offentlig sektor-ph.d. fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra OFFPHD-Offentlig sektor-ph.d. fordelt på fagområde

Seniorrådgiver

People with intellectual disabilities (ID) may experience problems understanding and being understood when they are in contact with the police and criminal justice system. A range of empirical studies confirm that suspects with ID are “vulnerable” in the sense that, compared to non-disabled suspects, they are less likely to understand information about the caution and legal rights, and more likely to make decisions that would not protect their rights. Previous research has shown that communication difficulties can increase the risk of giving incorrect information and falsely confessing to criminal offences. A danger that they will be charged and convicted on the wrong basis, is therefore present. As much as 30% of inmates in Norwegian prisons have ID. 

The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) should help to counter discrimination and ensure respect for civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. CRPD art. 13 requires that people with disabilities should have access to the legal system, including during the investigation, where they must have the opportunity to participate both indirectly and directly. Persons with status as suspects are covered by this provision.

We know little from national and international research about how suspects experience the encounter with the police. We also know little about how Norwegian police officers act when dealing with people with intellectual disabilities, and whether they pick up on the suspect's need for facilitation.

Through interviews with people who are suspects, interviews with both individual and focus group interviews of police officers, this research project will provide increased knowledge on these questions. The project will therefore contribute to knowledge about how human rights for suspects with ID are fulfilled in practice, what challenges must be solved, how the need for facilitation can be detected, and how the need for facilitation can be accounted for in criminal cases.

De siste årene har nasjonale og internasjonale straffesaker rettet oppmerksomheten vår mot behandlingen av mistenkte i strafferettssystemet. Søkelyset på rettssikkerhet og politiets metoder henger ofte sammen med avdekking av justisfeil. Det har skjedd mye når det gjelder metodeutvikling av avhør, og det er flere år siden tilrettelagte avhør for fornærmede med utviklingshemming ble rettighetsfestet. En tilsvarende tilpasning for mistenkte har latt vente på seg. Anerkjennelsen av de behovene som personer med "kognitive funksjonsnedsettelser" kan ha i møte med strafferettspleien som utsatte for lovbrudd, anvendes dermed ikke når de er mistenkte. I denne sammenhengen defineres "kognitive funksjonsnedsettelser" som en fellesbetegnelse for diagnoser, tilstander og grader av funksjonstap knyttet til hjernens funksjoner. Utviklingshemming, hjerneskade, demens og følger av alvorlige psykiske lidelser er tilstander som hører inn under definisjonen.

CRPD art. 13 stiller krav om at mennesker med nedsatt funksjonsevne skal ha effektiv tilgang til rettssystemet, herunder ved etterforskingen. Personer med status som mistenkt omfattes av bestemmelsen. Skillet vi finner i dagens praksis utgjør en betydelig forskjellsbehandling for funksjonshemmede, og vi vet lite om hvordan mistenkte opplever møtet med politiet. Vi vet også lite om hvordan behov for tilpasninger kan fanges opp av politiet. 

Prosjektet vil bidra til å identifisere utfordringer som kan oppstå under etterforskningen. Materialet som skal analyseres vil bestå av intervjuer med personer som er mistenkte i straffesaker, intervjuer med ansatte i politiet, fokusgruppeintervjuer med ansatte i politiet samt litteraturstudie.  Doktorgradsprosjektet vil bidra til kunnskap om hvordan menneskerettigheter for mistenkte med kognitive funksjonsnedsettelser innfris i praksis, hvilke utfordringer som må løses, hvordan behov for tilpasninger kan fanges opp, og hvordan behov for tilpasninger kan tas hensyn til i strafferettspleien.

Funksjonshemmede som mistenkte i straffesaker: Fokus på menneskerettigheter.

Future dAta Services and applicaTions for airports and Network

FASTNet belongs to working area WA5, addressing topic WA5.1 Fast-track innovation and uptake for capacity on demand and dynamic airspace and focusing on future data services and applications for airport and network.
FASTNet proposes solutions that contribute to the evolution of ATM aviation into an integrated digital ecosystem characterised by distributed data services. This project aims at further enhancing the airports and network integration in tactical, pre-tactical and strategic planning through the development of the following two solutions:
-	Solution 1: Enhanced AOPs-NOP Tactical planning, with the inclusion of an “airport-to-airport(s)" AOP to AOP collaborative planning process and the use of artificial intelligence. The solution aims to extend the consolidated Demand and Capacity Balancing (DCB) process amongst airports and NM. In this context, it will include an “airport-to-airport(s)” collaborative planning process, prior to the “airport-to-network” process, for performance benefits of all connected airports and the network, such as improved punctuality, optimized use of ground and airspace capacity, thus leading to higher network efficiency.
-	Solution 2: AOP-NOP Strategic and pre-tactical planning. This solution aims to extend the timeframe of the AOP-NOP integration, focusing on the strategic (from months in advance until D-7) and pre-tactical (D-7; D-1) planning phases to ensure a smooth transition towards tactical phase with reduced adjustments.
Both Solutions 1 and 2 involve the extension of state-of-the-art technologies to integrate new datasets available at local level, such as local restrictions, pre-tactical flight information and strategic local information in order to enrich DCB information and ensure efficient planning from the strategic phase.

The U-space concept was the response of the Warsaw Declaration in 2017 to use drones as a leverage for jobs and new business opportunities. The U-space Blueprint published by the SESAR Joint Undertaking in 2017, states that “U-space is a set of new services and specific procedures designed to support safe, efficient and secure access to airspace for large numbers of drones”. The number of drones' applications is increasing and, with them, the number of drones that will be flying simultaneously in a same geographical area that will need to be safely separated between them and from manned aircraft to allow the maximum number of flights in a given airspace. The separation problem becomes even worst when flights take place in an urban environment where buildings and extreme turbulent wind shear appears close to them. USEPE is aware of these problems and will research on drones’ separation methods in high demanding environments such as cities. This research will be accompanied by a concept of operations that will be implemented and simulated for its validation. USEPE will also research on the use of machine learning algorithms to automate the safe separation and deconfliction of drones while maintaining airspace capacity in different environments and provide the U-space separation management system with artificial intelligence to comply with the statement made in the European ATM Masterplan Roadmap for the safe integration of drones into all classes of airspace. “[…]to take advantage of the latest developments related to technological areas, such as artificial intelligence […]”. In order to obtain valuable results, a casuistic of real urban scenarios will be defined and their feasibility will be assessed to select and implement the more suitable ones and perform a full validation by using the European Operational Concept Validation Methodology (E-OCVM). The research approach will take into account both the strategic and tactical flight phases.

U-space Separation in Europe

Climate change will shape many aspects of citizen’s lives in the 21st century and beyond. Major ATM changes in the way energy is used or wasted are required to limit global warming and its environmental and social impacts. This VLD1-W2 DREAMS proposal offer mitigation through the development of meaningful and sustainable activities including efficient airport operation and aircraft noise assessment.  Arising GNSS technology paves the way for new efficient and optimized approaches and are key enablers to develop sustainable airport operation. During this project, airborne platforms will be developed fitted on airline aircraft and exposed on flight tests and revenue flights. Participating ANSPs will develop new approach procedures and further assess GBAS technology on several airports (Frankfurt, Milano Malpensa) In addition airborne industries will carry out flight testings at Twente.  The objective of the VLD1-W2 DREAMS is to bring Enhanced Arrival Procedures (EAP) operations to the next maturity stage (V4) through a Proof of concept combining commercial and non-commercial flights along with flight trials tests.  Demonstration will cover business jet, mainline aircraft with Airbus and Boeing aircraft and operators (four airlines or more), three type of operations covered (IGS,  SRAP, IGS-to-SRAP) and pioneer flight on GBAS CAT II/III, several months of application, more than hundred flights collected, the use of noise measurements in addition to noise prediction for benefit assessment. A-IGS related work will be limited to technical studies.

VLD1 Wave 2 Demonstration Of Runway Enhanced Approaches Made with Satellite Navigation

Integrated Communication, Navigation and Surveillance System

The PJ14-W2 I-CNSS aims to specify and develop the future Technologies coming from the Communication, Navigation and Surveillance domains in order to support and manage the Operational Services, like the 4D Trajectory Management, in the future ATM System. Performance requirements for CNS systems are becoming increasingly complex and demanding and need to be considered as part of an integrated and holistic System of Systems, which includes air and ground CNS solutions considering convergence towards a common infrastructure, and a unified concept of operations, where possible. In parallel, CNS systems and infrastructure for both airborne and ground must take a more business- and performance oriented approach with efficient use of resources delivering the required capability in a cost-effective and spectrum efficient manner. All the activities performed in the PJ14-W2 I-CNSS will be developed at European Level in order to avoid a fragmented approach and to ensure the interoperability as depicted in the ICAO Global Air Navigation Plan (GANP).  The CNS technologies support the GANP in terms of: • Airport Operations • Globally Interoperable System Data • Optimum capacity and flexible flights The PJ14-W2 I-CNSS aims to develop and improve solution, not already available, from the technological point of view to support the future ATM global system, according the timeframe addressed by the ATM Master Plan, mainly in: • Surface Data Sharing to let a huge data exchange for an effective and efficient airport operations and awareness • New Data Communications infrastructure to reduce the ATCo Workload avoiding misunderstandings and improve the efficiency • Collaborative Air Traffic Management to support the ATCos, pilots, airport operators to improve the situation awareness • Optimisation of Capacity, Flexible Use of Airspace and Turn-around operations to avoid congestion in ATM domain In the PJ14 all the main stakeholders are involved to ensure that all the operational needs.

To improve the efficiency and resilience of arrival and departure operations at capacity constrained airports and access to secondary airports, the project will addresses human, technical, procedural and performance aspects of the following proposed improvements:  •	Advanced geometric GNSS based procedures in the TMA The project will enhance TMA efficiency using more GNSS and advanced PBN curved for arrival and departure operations. Development of new support tools for ATC and airspace design concepts will enable greater usage of CDO. •	Evolution of separation minima for increased runway throughput The project will refine separation minima as a function of the operational conditions. The most constraining minima (wake, runway occupancy,...) to be applied will be determined and ATCO support tool further developed for better separations delivery including separation delegation to the flight crew. •	Improved access to secondary airports The project will enhance availability and accessibility of airports with limited infrastructure in low visibility conditions. Alternative Ground Surveillance will increase runway safety and will include both ATC and A-FIS requirements as a more cost-efficient and flexible ATS provision. From an airborne perspective, Enhanced Flight Vision System and Synthetic Vision Guidance System, Combined Vision System and LPV-100 capability will enable approach and landing. •	Digital evolution of integrated surface management The extension of the A-SMGCS routing functions will improve tactical conflict management in the taxi phase. Optimised Routing and planning will deliver more accurate taxi times, improve predictability, minimize delays and ATCO's workload. Automation, A-CDM and Datalink will support conflict management. •	Safety support tools for avoiding runway excursions The project will aim to detect, prevent and alert on risks of runway excursions by synchronising air-ground information exchange about runway surface condition.

Airport airside and runway throughput

PJ.05-W2 Digital technologies for Tower - SESAR-IR-VLD-WAVE2-05-2019 deals with two Solutions: Solution 35: "Multiple Remote Tower and Remote Tower centre" and with solution 97: "HMI Interaction modes for Airport Tower". 14 SESAR members (in sum 31 legal beneficiaries) showed interest in these solutions. For solution 35 cost-effectiveness is the principal key performance area (KPA). It proposes the development of a remotely provided aerodrome air traffic service by a "multiple" and/or "center" setting. Those settings help to combine ATS services from various aerodromes in a centralized control room  independent on airport location in order to make use of the valuable resource ATS provider more efficiently. In the end, the passengers will benefit from by a better passenger comfort in terms of shorter travel times and better point to point connections. PJ05 will bring the multiple/center concept to such a matured level ready for industrialization.  PJ05-Solution 97 aims to validate, in different Airport operating environments, innovative HMI modes and associated technologies. Those solutions are expected to positively contribute to the Safety and HP KPAs with reduced Controllers’ head down time and workload, as well as increased situation awareness and controllers' productivity. The PJ05-W2 DTT attracted plenty of European organisations to participate: ANSPs, industries, R&D and airport stakeholder intends to provide their specific competences to broaden the operational needs and technological expertises. The PJ05 variety of partners and validation activities will help to adequately reflect the variety of operational needs and technical solutions which in the end of the project will consolidate into a harmonized and widely accepted SESAR2020 PJ05 solution. The complete work is structured in a very collaborative way throughout all work packages and will ensure the transfer of knowledge and know-how between all participants and external to SESAR2020 projects. 

PJ05-W2 Digital Technologies for Tower

The project PJ.03a is part of the SESAR 2020 Multi Annual Program for the period 2016-2019. It is allocated to the Industrial Research & Validation phase, developed under the SJU Private Public Partnership and will contribute to the key feature High Performing Airport Operations. The future European ATM system relies on full integration of airports as nodes into the network. In this context, PJ.03a is intended to identify and validate operational and technological solutions aiming at enhancing airport operations.  One of the main objectives is to improve the predictability of ground operations in all weather conditions. The implementation of collaborative decision making process involving all relevant stakeholders will ensure an optimization of airport resources allocation. This feature will rely on enhanced integration between aircraft and ground systems which is expected to be achieved through the full implementation of the SWIM concept.  It is also important to increase the efficiency and safety of airport operations by improving the current infrastructures and CNS systems. The availability of more accurate navigation information through the use of GNSS (augmented) systems, an automated switching of taxiway lights and (virtual) stop bars according to the AGL service, data link information exchange between controllers and pilots/vehicle and the on-board availability of advanced vision systems will result in an increased situational awareness with an impact on safety.  PJ.03a will also focus on the integration of RPAS surface operations into airport operations to ensure, to the maximum extent possible, their compliance with the existing rules and regulations defined for an environment dominated by manned aviation.  All those aspects will be assessed through ad hoc validation activities (both FTS and RTS) in different airport environments with different validation platforms to increase the significance of the results based on a broad range of representative layouts.

Integrated Surface Management

EUROCONTROL’s 2013 Challenges of Growth Report “by 2035 more than 20 airports are operating at 80% or more of capacity for 6 or more hours per day … drives ATFCM airport delay up from around 1 minute/flight in 2012 to 5-6 minutes in 2035.” Whereas social, economic and environmental constraints impede building new runways, secondary airports are hindered by technical, infrastructure and meteorological limitations from absorbing additional traffic. EARTH unites key European aviation partners combining the right expertise and investment to address issues and drive deployment of operational and technical improvements to enhance infrastructure, increase traffic throughput whilst preserving safety and environment. Aligned with the ATM-Masterplan, EARTH focuses on separation and procedures to improve runway and airport throughput considering wake-vortex, weather, environment and noise whilst taking account of different traffic demand, future aircraft capability and airport configurations. Partners validate reduction of arrival/departure separations delivered through optimised runway delivery support tools and study new procedures designed to reduce environmental and noise impact whilst confirming increased runway throughput enabled by ground and on-board space-based augmented navigation systems including GBAS and SBAS. Partners investigate independent rotorcraft operations, fixed-wing and helicopter non-interfering simultaneous approaches, on-board and low-cost ground technology improving access to secondary airports in low visibility, optimising single and multi-runway operations in mixed-mode and dependent runway configurations and enhanced terminal airspace operations through curved approaches. EARTH supports the SESAR Deployment regulation and addresses European concerns on environmental sustainability, reduction of noise and fuel consumption and brings low cost improved access to regional airports making regions economically attractive with potential for new jobs.

Increased Runway and Airport Throughput

 This project PJ28 which is part of the SESAR 2020 Multi annual Program (S2020 MAWP) for the period 2016-2019, will demonstrate the benefits that specific promising SESAR solutions will bring in a large and two mid-size airports, where traffic congestion daily takes place during the peak season and where new SESAR solutions are expected to assist controllers in their duty. PJ28 proposal addresses the topic “Integrated Airport Operations” with the topic identifier “SESAR.IR-VLD.Wave1-28-2015” as stated in the 2020 MAWP Cluster D.1 High Performing Airport Operations (pages 500-507).   As being part of the Very Large Scale Demonstrations in the Industrial Research & Validation phase, developed under the SJU Private Public Partnership SESAR2020) the objective of PJ28 is perform Very Large Scale Demonstrations (VLD) addressing airport related topics with V3 maturity in SESAR1. In detail, this PJ28 proposal focusses on four Air Traffic Management (ATM) sub-functionalities requested by the Pilot Common Project (PCP Commission Implementation Regulation IR N° 716/2014), all part of ATM Functionality #2 – Airport Integration and Throughput (AF#2) and it will conduct these in a close to operational environment. Doing so, PJ28 will play an active role in the de-risking of the later deployment phase by demonstrating the operational and technical readiness of the SESAR solutions covered in this project and thus ensure trust in the SESAR results.  Those four functionalities aim at: • Improving airport safety; • Improving runway throughput; • Reducing fuel consumption; • Reducing overall delays on the airport; and • Improving airport capacity.  The following sub-functionalities will be implemented in dedicated demonstration platforms: • Departure Management Synchronised with Pre-departure sequencing. • Departure Management integrating Surface Management Constraints. • Automated Assistance to Controller for Surface Movement Planning and Routing. • Airport Safety Nets. 

Integrated Airport Operations

Essential and Efficient Communication Navigation and Surveillance Integrated System

The PJ 14 CNS aims to specify and develop the future Technologies coming from the Communication, Navigation and Surveillance domains in order to support and manage the Operational Services, like the 4D Trajectory Management, in the future ATM System. Performance requirements for CNS systems are becoming increasingly complex and demanding and need to be considered as part of an integrated and holistic System of Systems, which includes air and ground CNS solutions considering convergence towards a common infrastructure, and a unified concept of operations, where possible. In parallel, CNS systems and infrastructure for both airborne and ground must take a more business- and performance oriented approach with efficient use of resources delivering the required capability in a cost-effective and spectrum efficient manner. All the activities performed in the PJ 14 CNS will be developed at European Level in order to avoid a fragmented approach and to ensure the interoperability as depicted in the ICAO Global Air Navigation Plan (GANP). The CNS technologies support the  GANP in terms of: • Airport Operations • Globally Interoperable System Data • Optimum capacity and flexible flights The PJ 14 aims to develop and improve solution, not already available, from the technological point of view to support the future ATM global system, according the timeframe addressed by the ATM Master Plan, mainly in: • Surface Data Sharing to let a huge data exchange for an effective and efficient airport operations and awareness • New Data Communications infrastructure to reduce the ATCo Workload avoiding misunderstandings and improve the efficiency •Collaborative Air Traffic Management to support the ATCos, pilots, airport operators to improve the situation awareness • Optimisation of Capacity, Flexible Use of Airspace and Turn-around operations to avoid congestion in ATM domain In the PJ14 all the main stakeholders are involved to ensure that all the operational needs are well considered.

Safety is aviation’s top priority. To work for even safer airports, Project 03b SAFE will define, consolidate and validate additional safety bareers to mitigate the risks of runway incursion, runway excursion and more generally the risk of incidents and accidents involving aircraft at the airport. They will be declined into four Solutions:  Solution ‘Enhanced airport safety support tools for controllers’ will provide Air Traffic Controllers with means to prevent the delivery of conflicting clearances and detect non-conformance to clearances on the entire airport.  Solution ‘Conformance monitoring alerts for pilots’ will warn pilots when an inconsistency between the aircraft behaviour with either ATC Clearance or procedure is detected.   Solution ‘Traffic alerts for pilots for airport operations’ is a key feature to significantly decrease the risk of collision with any mobile on runway and taxiways, improving safety on airport surface.   Solution ‘Safety support tools for avoiding runway excursions’ will address the most frequent type of runway safety accident (22% of all accidents over the 2010-2014 period according to IATA Safety Report). The work will focus on how the risk of runway excursion can be mitigated by on-board and ground systems that could warn pilots, controllers or both when appropriate. This solution requires a better knowledge of runway braking conditions, and can improve the runway capacity and environmental aspects through a better management of decontamination operations.   Dedicated tasks to support standardization activities will be performed in each solution when appropriate. PJ03b Consortium involves key stakeholders of Airborne Industry, Ground ATM Industry, Service Providers (ATM and Airports), Aerospace Research and EUROCONTROL. Those members of the SJU will cooperate for implementing SESAR 2020 in an efficient, open and timely manner, providing a wide range of expertise and committing together to deliver high-quality results.

Airport Safety Nets

Cost-effectiveness, clearly described in the topic SESAR.IR-VLD.Wave1-08-2015 as the main key performance area (KPA), is the principal KPA addressed by “PJ05 Remote Tower” project. It proposes the development of a remotely provided aerodrome air traffic service by a "multiple" and/or "center" setting. Those settings help to combine ATS services from various aerodromes in a centralized control room  independent on airport location in order to make use of the valuable resource ATS provider more efficiently. “Single” remote tower settings have already been deployed in former project, but most significant impacts in cost-effectiveness are to be expected with multiple and/or center settings that was only partly covered so far and needs immediate development effort to deploy it short term. PJ05 will bring the multiple/center concept to a higher matured level. In the end, the passengers will benefit from: More cost-effective aerodrome ATS would allow rural, less frequented airports to work cost-effective and to keep them in operations or even to increase the service levels for more day hours operations or even to upgrade non-controlled to controlled airports. All this would contribute to a better passenger comfort in terms of shorter travel times and better point to point connections. The PJ05 aim attracted plenty of European organisations to participate: ANSPs, industries, R&D and airport stakeholder intends to provide their specific competences to broaden the operational needs and technological expertises. The PJ05 variety of partners and validation activities will help to adequately reflect the variety of operational needs and technical solutions which in the end of the project will consolidate into a harmonized and widely accepted SESAR2020 PJ05 solution. The complete work is structured in a very collaborative way throughout all work packages and will ensure the transfer of knowledge and know-how between all participants and external to SESAR2020 projects. 

Remote Tower for Multiple Airports

EDGAR (EGNSS DFMC for GBAS bAsed opeRations) Project aims at contributing towards the development of an improved, more liable, and accurate GBAS solution that responds, on the one hand, to the increasing demand for enhanced approach and all-weather operations in the ever-growing volume of air operations; and on the other hand, to sustainability requirements towards the compliance with EU Green Deal objectives. Being GBAS an enabler of enhance approach and optimised descent operations permits the reduction of noise footprints, fuel consumption and emissions, thus contributing to greener flights. Moreover, this project pursues to contribute to the goal of an early Dual-Frequency Multi-Constellation, or DFMC, GBAS adoption that allows facing ILS CAT III rationalization thanks to the increased robustness and thus rendering benefits to the aviation community. Therefore, the application of GBAS alongside EGNSS will technically improve the current system and will have a positive impact on the economy and society.

Hence, the main objectives of this proposal are: to further develop and validate the GBAS DFMC solution so as to modernise and improve air operations, with emphasis on providing safety, availability, and robustness in all situations, including during challenging to ionospheric conditions; to analyse the distinguishing features of Single-Frequency Multi-Constellation, or SFMC, GBAS brought by the addition of Galileo; and to facilitate CAT II service to GAST C airborne users based on a GAST D ground station with EGNSS integration (GAST C and D correspond to standardized single-frequency single-constellation equipment able to provide CAT I and III performances respectively).



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