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From the SEA to the SOLution. An integrative assessment of marine pollution in a changing Arctic

Marine chemical pollution poses known threats to human health and to biodiversity, ecosystem and societal services. The Arctic is a major sink of global mercury (Hg) pollution. Arctic sediments, sea and glacial ice constitute vast Hg reservoirs. Recent studies raise concerns about their increasing role as local Hg sources. In a rapidly warming Arctic, the consequences of potentially increased environmental Hg on marine biota remain unknown. The objective of SEASOL is to identify the pathway(s) of Hg bioaccumulation in marine food webs of the High Arctic Kongsfjorden (Svalbard). This changing glacial fjord is recognised as a ‘natural laboratory’ of climate change in the Arctic. The fellow’s earlier research has shown the sole measurement of Hg levels as insufficient to connect biotic Hg dynamics to environmental change, whereas the analysis of Hg stable isotopes proved to be a promising tool for source discrimination and biotic transfer. SEASOL will build on the novel application of stable isotope analysis to identify the sources of Hg within the fjord system and the pathways to Hg accumulation within sentinel marine species. On the short-term, the study will provide fundamental knowledge to help understand how emerging sources of Hg from rapid environmental change will impact Arctic marine predators. On the long-term, SEASOL will contribute to the development of early-warning, adaptive management strategies, including modelling, for mitigating the cumulative impact of pollutants and climate change on Arctic marine species. This multidisciplinary approach and the central position of the host institution (Norwegian Polar Institute) in the field of Polar Research will equip the Fellow with a broad set of new skills and lay the foundation for building her specific niche as a future leader in marine pollution science.

Vi vil arrangere Havforskarmøte 2024 i Tromsø. Norsk havforsking står sterkt internasjonalt, men det er få nasjonale arenaar der havforskarar i Noreg kan samlast for å dele forsking og bygge nettverk. Havforskarmøtet er derfor ein viktig møteplass. Dei ca. 40 - 100 deltakarane kjem frå ulike sektorar og representerer marine fagmiljø frå heile landet. Det er eit ope arrangement, med påmelding via nettsidene til NHF. 
Havforskarmøtet blir arrangert årleg, og kvart år er fokus på eit spesifikt tema. Eksempel på tema frå dei seinaste åra har vore: «Hvordan få mer mat fra havet» (2017), "Hvordan kan forskere gjøre økologi mer politisk relevant?" (2019), "Klimaendring i havet" (2020, online), "Nye metodar for å møte morgondagens utfordringar" (2021), «Bruk eller vern – arealbruk til havs» (2022) og «Mat frå havet» (2023) - sjekk https://www.havforsk.no/nb/arkiv/ 
I 2024 blir temaet “Effektar av klimaendringar og klimatiltak på marin natur”, kor vi ønskjer ein diskusjon både om direkte effektar av klimaendringane på enkeltartar og marine økosystem, men og korleis dei tiltaka vi iverksett for å motverke klimaendringane kan påverke marin natur. Eksempel på slike tiltak være naturbaserte løysingar i sjø, bygging av havvindmølleparkar for grøn energiproduksjon, eller gruvedrift i fjord og hav for å sikre mineral nødvendig for ei grøn omstilling. Vi ønskjer å ha ei tverrfagleg vinkling til forskingsspørsmåla, og vil gjere møtet til ein møteplass mellom akademia, forvaltning og industriaktørar. Dei største effektane av klimaendringane ser vi i nordlege havområde, som i Barentshavet der forskarar har observert eit skifte frå eit arktisk til eit meir atlantisk klima og økosystem dei siste tiåra. Samtidig er det i dette området fleire initiativ både knytt til gruvedrift og havvind (til dømes GoliatVind-prosjektet). Vi fant det derfor naturlig å legge årets møte til Tromsø.

Havforskermøte 2024

Optimization of Free Space Optical Communication Link based Drones for Search and Rescue Operations in the Arctic Region

The Arctic region is witnessing more frequent shipping accidents than ever which require accurate search and rescue operations. The existing communication systems use drones with radio frequency (RF) technology, which has limited bandwidth and cannot offer 4G/5G connectivity due to harsh weather constraints. It further limits the capacity of drones and affects the resolution of images and videos. The current research proposes to design free space optical communication (FSOC) link-based drones that can enhance connectivity between multiple drones and rescue ships as well as the capacity of drones to produce high resolution images and videos. The proposed FSOC-based drones can provide highspeed connectivity than the existing RF technology. The research will collect atmospheric turbulences data from the Arctic region and use it for designing the FSOC link. Furthermore, to enhance the capacity of FSOC-based drones, the research will design advanced multiplexing schemes (Mode Division Multiplexing and Orthogonal Code Division Multiple Access) and to ensure link stability, omnidirectional receiver will be designed. The research will further evaluate the performance of proposed FSOC link under the impact of various atmospheric turbulences. The expected outcomes of this research will lead to the optimisation of FSOC-based drones in expanding search areas and improving communication systems for SAR operations in the Arctic region.

Sjøisen i Arktis har minket drastisk de siste tiårene, og Polhavet forventes å være isfritt om sommeren mot slutten av århundret. Denne nedgangen har utsatt store havområder for vind, noe som har resultert i at det oftere dannes store bølger i Polhavet. Disse bølgene kan forplante seg over flere titalls til hundrevis av kilometer i sjøisen, knekke den og akselerere smeltingen. Disse fysiske prosessene – bølger som knekker sjøis og effekten dette har på sjøissmelting og vekst – mangler i modellene vi bruker for å forutsi klimautviklingen. Dette bidrar til store usikkerheter i klimamodeller. Effekten av bølger på sjøisen er heller ikke tatt med i prognoser for havets og sjøisens forhold, som brukes av skip som opererer i islagte farvann. I ForWArd ønsker vi å vurdere bølgenes innvirkning på sjøisens utvikling i det stadig røffere Polhavet. I dette arbeidet brukes en svært avansert modell som inkluderer sjøis, hav, bølger og deres interaksjoner. Vi skal først vurdere hvor godt den representerer forholdene i Polhavet sammenlignet med de få tilgjengelige observasjonene. Vi vil så bruke modellen til å undersøke hvordan bølgehøyden og arealet av ødelagt sjøis har utviklet seg de siste tre tiårene. Deretter vil vi kombinere modellen vår med forholdene i det fremtidige Polhavet gitt av klimafremskrivninger, for å undersøke hvordan betydningen av interaksjoner mellom bølger og is vil utvikle seg ettersom sjøis avtar i det 21. århundre. Vår modells estimering av "bølgepåvirkningen" vil tillate polarvitenskapsmiljøet å vurdere hvor usikre deres klimaspådommer uten bølger er. Til syvende og sist vil våre modellresultater og utviklinger legge grunnlaget for å legge til bølgeeffekter i hav- og sjøisvarsler i Arktis. Dette vil gjøre varslene mer nøyaktige og bidra til sikkerheten for menneskelig aktivitet i denne regionen.

Arctic sea ice decline under climate change has allowed waves to form and grow more easily in the Arctic Ocean. These waves propagate into the sea ice over tens to hundreds of kilometres, fragmenting it into small floes. This area of broken ice, known as the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ), is a highly complex region where many interactions occur between the ocean, sea ice, and atmosphere. The action of waves strongly affects these interactions, with rapid feedbacks on the sea ice. However, climate models do not account for these wave-ice interaction processes, which likely contributes to the strong biases in their estimation of modelled sea ice extent and volume and their inability to capture short-term sea ice extent variability. Given the lack of observations available, numerical models remain the best way to estimate how wave-ice interaction processes can impact Arctic sea ice, but most wave-ice coupled models are still prototypes. In ForWArd, we will use one of the most advanced of these models to assess this impact in the context of climate change. To this aim, we will use the latest observations to calibrate the modelled wave-affected area and produce a 30-year-long hindcast of the MIZ extent evolution to analyse how it responded to larger wave height, delayed refreezing, and thinner ice. Then, we will assess the relative importance of the wave-ice interactions suspected to affect sea ice in the MIZ using well-documented events. Finally, we will estimate how waves will contribute to sea ice extent and volume variability in the coming decades, as large areas of open water will remain open until late in the autumn. The flexibility of our setup will allow us to test the sensitivity of our results to model resolution and assumptions, giving invaluable insights into the biases induced by misrepresenting wave-ice interactions. ForWArd will also pave the way for the integration of wave effects in sea ice forecasts, a requirement for safer operations in ice-infested waters.

Forecasting Wave impact as Arctic sea ice declines

Blue Bio Boost tar sikte på å bidra til bærekraftig økonomisk utvikling av makroalgeindustrien ved å forbedre effektiviteten av formering og utvalg av egnede genotyper (mål 1), ved utnytte genetisk variasjon samtidig som potensialet for genetisk forurensning av naturlige populasjoner minimeres (mål 2), og ved aktivt å involvere interessenter i arbeidet med en plan for fremtidig makroalgeavl i Europa (mål 3).

Blue Bio Boost vil undersøke to alternativer for å unngå påvirkning på naturlige bestander på grunn av kryssing av dyrkede og naturlige bestander; (1) en "mix-to-match"-tilnærming der vi dyrker blandinger av genotyper som egner seg for dyrking og som har allelfrekvenser som ligner på allelfrekvensene i de lokale naturlige populasjonene, og (2) teknikker som kan bidra til avl av forbedrede genotyper og produksjon av sterile alger for dyrking i fremtiden.  En bred og representativ gruppe av interessenter vil bli etablert og delta både i utformingen av en strategi for fremtidig europeisk avl av makroalger med fokus på økonomiske og økologiske mål, og som en formidlingskanal.

Macroalgal biomass has multiple uses and is recognized as a target for increased production in Europe. In order to boost the growing seaweed industry, it is necessary to better utilise the genetic variation to increase yield, quality and stability of the cultivated crop. The current macroalgae cultivation practice in Europe starts every year from new seeding material, obtained directly from local natural populations. There is no selection of the most suitable genotypes, and no storage of seeding material. Hence, no genetic progress in terms of yield and quality is obtained in the cultivated material over time. This is in sharp contrast to virtually all land-based crop production, animal husbandry and fish aquaculture, where domestication has led to selection of genetic material with cumulative improvement of desired traits. There is, however, concern about the potential spread and mixing of domesticated macroalgae with natural populations (introgression), and the ecological consequences this may have, including erosion of the present natural genetic diversity. Blue Bio Boost will investigate two options to avoid impact on natural populations; (1) a “mix-to-match" approach where we cultivate mixtures of superior material with allele frequencies similar to those of the local natural populations, thus attempting to circumvent the problem of introgression, and (2) techniques that could facilitate breeding of improved genotypes and production of sterile sporophytes in the future. A broad and representative Stakeholder Engagement Group (SEG) will be established and function both in co-design of a strategy for the future European breeding of macroalgae focusing on economic and ecological objectives, and as a channel for dissemination activities.

SBEP - Boosting seaweed farming through better utilisation of genetic resources

Marint liv er under betydelig trussel på grunn av menneskelige aktiviteter som habitatødeleggelse, forurensning og klimaendringer. Disse problemene fører til nedgang i fiskebestander og endringer i deres distribusjon, noe som resulterer i lavere fangster og redusert kapasitet for havet til å utføre viktige funksjoner som for eksempel karbonlagring. Å beskytte havet er essensielt for å opprettholde biologisk mangfold og støtte menneskelige behov. Økende etterspørsel etter mat, transport og energi legger imidlertid betydelig press på marine økosystemer. Forvaltning og bevaring av marint liv krever en grundig forståelse av dyrenes habitater og bevegelsesmønstre. Å spore akvatiske dyr er utfordrende fordi tradisjonelle lokaliseringsverktøy, som GPS, fungerer dårlig under vann. Digital twins (DTs) blir sett på som verdifulle verktøy for kontinuerlig overvåking og informasjonsbaserte beslutninger innen bevaring. De kan vurdere naturens tilstand i 
sanntid og bidra til å fastslå effekten av bevaringstiltak. DTO-Track-prosjektet tar sikte på å løse utfordringen med å spore akvatiske dyrebevegelser ved å utvikle en digital tvilling av Nordsjøen. Dette prosjektet vil bruke avanserte sporingsteknologier og internasjonalt samarbeid for å samle og analysere data om dyrenes bevegelser. Målet er å forbedre 
vår forståelse av marint liv og støtte bærekraftig forvaltning av havressurser.

Marine life is under threat. The world’s oceans are experiencing immense pressure from human activities that are contributing to habitat alterations and degradation, pollution, and climate change. The cumulative impacts of anthropogenic activities are substantial, omnipresent, and dynamic. As a consequence of human impacts, many fish populations are declining, and their distribution is shifting. Consequently, fisheries yields are declining, carbon sinking is reducing, and the capacity for the ocean to deliver life preserving services to the planet is eroding. Increasing pressures to provide food, to transport goods, and to produce energy is, however, straining the capacity for the ocean to deliver on all of its charges, and we are in the midst of global crises as key essential ocean variables continue to be neglected. 
Aquatic animal tracking tools (acoustic, passive and archival telemetry) have emerged as valuable scientific means for marine ecology and oceanography. Innovations driven forward by the European Tracking Network (ETN) are entrenching telemetry as a key tool for tracking aquatic species in Europe and will support the development of a digital twin (tool for contionous monitoring) of the North Sea fauna in this project. DTO-Track will leverage existing telemetry infrastructure in eight European nations along with a dedicated international digital infrastructure found through adjacent EU projects. In this project, eight North Sea member states will collaborate to deploy regional infrastructure (tags and receivers) and leverage existing physical and digital infrastructure to develop a prototype for a digital twin of the North Sea’s fauna. Funding will be leveraged to coordinate animal tagging studies across countries to test hypotheses about animal migration and behaviour, overlap with offshore developments, and to address ‘what if’ scenarios of interest to managers, developers, and conservation organisations, using novel data streams and integrated tools.

Digital Twin of the Ocean: Animal Tracking (DTO-Track)

Siden etterspørselen etter sjømat fortsetter å vokse, er det avgjørende at vi identifiserer regionale og bærekraftige fôrkilder som ikke bare øker næringsverdien til fiskefôr, men som også øker veksten og helsen til oppdrettsfisk og samtidig reduserer den økologiske påvirkningen av akvakultur. En lovende løsning ligger i bruken av tang-baserte produkter, som lenge har vært brukt i fôr på grunn av deres binde-egenskaper.
Hovedinnovasjonene i prosjektet inkluderer bruk av forbehandling av tang og tare for å øke utbyttet av bioaktive forbindelser fra tang, samt utvikling av et effektivt kaskadende bioraffineri for å forbedre utvinningsprosessen. Resultatet vil være miljømessig, økonomisk og sosialt bærekraftige prosesser for havbruksnæringen.
Ved å bruke tangavledede forbindelser og innovative teknikker kan vi jobbe mot en mer bærekraftig og miljøvennlig oppdrettsnæring, samtidig som vi forbedrer helsen og velferden til oppdrettsfisken.

Pursuit of a sustainable aquaculture industry must identify regional and sustainable feed sources that enhance the nutritional value of aquafeed, increase the growth and health of fish while reducing the ecological impact of aquaculture. Seaweed-derived functional compounds have long been utilised in aquafeeds, mainly focusing on their binding properties. Feed producers are now looking to substitute conventional feed ingredients, such as fishmeal and soybean meal, associated with environmental concerns. These challenges necessitate alternatives from marine resources to support the low-trophic organisms. Therefore, seaweed cultivation and harvesting can have a significant positive impact by mitigating damage to local ecosystems and marine wildlife: a prerequisite for further growth is the introduction of ecosystem services in European aquaculture.
The originality of our approach is the combination of expertise and crossover of techniques within pre-treatment, biorefinery, screening in in-vitro, and validating in in-vivo studies combined with sustainability and techno-economic assessments. The project engages early on with the industrial partners (within consortium) and other stakeholders to enable co-creation and co-production in both seaweed and aquaculture feed sectors. Our innovation lies in the choice of methodology, which includes pre-treatment to increase yield of bioactive compounds from seaweed and develop an efficient cascading biorefinery to enhance the extraction process. The outcome of this project will therefore be beyond the state-of-the-art to provide environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable processes.

SBEP - Aquafeed Upgraded: Enhancing Immune Function of Fish with Seaweed-modified Functional Compounds

Dagens matsystemer står overfor mange utfordringer, der klimaendringer er en av de største. Sjømat spiller en nøkkelrolle i overgangen til bærekraftige og næringsrike matsystemer. Sjømatforedlingsindustrien fører med seg betydelige sidestrømmer, som ofte kastes eller er underutnyttet, og som er rike på bioaktive forbindelser for høyverdige markeder som nutraceuticals og funksjonelle matvarer. Prosjektet har som mål å øke effektiviteten og ressursutnyttelsen av eksisterende sjømatsystemer (remove the - that was in this word) og fiskerier gjennom verdiskaping av sidestrømmer til næringsrike matvarer med høy verdi ved hjelp av grønn teknologi. Verdiskaping av biprodukter fra prosessering og en overgang til sirkulær økonomi bidrar til den fysiske og økonomiske motstandsdyktigheten til EUs sjømatforedlingsverdikjeder, samt til miljømessig og økologisk bærekraft i sjømatindustrien. FOODIMAR har som mål å utvikle innovative, kostnadseffektive og klimavennlige metoder for å produsere høykvalitets marint kollagen, gelatin og GAGs (glycosaminoglycan) for å imøtekomme behovene til industrien og forbrukerne. Dette vil oppnås gjennom utforskning av tre EU-piloter: Hvitfisk fra Nordsjøen, maneter fra Østersjøen og havabbor fra Middelhavet. I tillegg fokuserer FOODIMAR på utviklingen av verktøy og retningslinjer for å vise det økonomiske potensialet til disse ressursene i en klimasikker sektor.

The project aims to increase the efficiency and resource optimisation of existing seafood systems and fisheries through seafood side-streams valorisation into high-value-added nutritious food using green technologies. The valorisation of processing by-products and a shift towards a circular economy contribute to the physical and economic resilience of EU seafood processing value chains, as well as to the environmental and ecological sustainability of the seafood industry. This will be achieved through the exploration and characterization of bioactive compounds sourced through 3 EU pilots: North sea whitefish, Baltic sea jellyfish and Mediterranean seabream. Additionally, FOODIMAR focuses on the development of tools and guidelines to showcase the economic potential of these resources in the context of a climate-proof sector. The FOODIMAR concept centers around three main pillars: (1) maximizing the utilization of seafood side-streams and by-catch to reduce food loss; SINTEF Ocean will be responsible of the value chain mapping from the 3 seafood pilots as well as the complete chemical and quality characterization in order to identify the most relevant raw material for each pilot (2) raising the value of seafood side-streams by transforming them into high-value products, rather than low-value applications or waste; Laboratory gelatin and collagen peptide extraction from the most relevant raw material will be conducted by SINTEF Ocean by following yield of the process as well as quality of the final product (3) promoting capacity building and the development of business models to foster the growth and reinforcement of the seafood side-stream valorization sector;

SBEP - FOODIMAR, sustainable climate-Friendly quality fOOD Ingredients from Marine side-stReams

I 2017 fikk EU-kommisjonen gode råd fra en gruppe vitenskapelige rådgivere om hvordan høste mat og biomasse fra havet uten å skade fremtidige generasjoner. Rapporten fremhever bærekraftig høsting og dyrking fra lavere trofiske nivåer som en viktig del av løsningen. EU mener sirkulær mat- og fôrproduksjon er avgjørende for å kunne nå bærekraftsmål, ressurseffektivitet, klimatiltak, en biobasert økonomi og matsikkerhet.
Norsk havbruksnæring har som mål å ha en årlig vekst på 4,4 %, og anslår 5 millioner tonn laks pr år innen 2050. Dette fører til et betydelig fôrunderskudd. I dag utgjør fôret 75 % av norsk laks sitt klimaavtrykk, og over 90 % av ingrediensene importeres. Geopolitiske hensyn nødvendiggjør kortere og sikrere matforsyningskjeder. Den norske regjeringen understreker behovet for økt produksjon av fôr for å styrke matsikkerheten, øke bærekraften og utvikle en mer klimavennlig matproduksjon. Utvikling av nye metoder for masseproduksjon av organismer fra lavere trofisk nivå er viktig for å møte behovene i oppdrettsnæringen.
Krepsdyret Gammarus er en av disse lavtrofiske organismene. Dette lille krepsdyret har en unik evne til å konvertere råvarer av lav kvalitet til høyverdig protein og omega-3 med en riktig ernæringsmessig sammensetning og er godt tilpasset som fôrråstoff; fosfolipider, proteiner med gunstige aminosyreprofiler, karotenoider og andre antioksidanter, vitaminer og mineraler. Forskningen ved SINTEF Ocean har vist at Gammaridaes kan dyrkes på ulike sidestrømmer fra biobaserte næringer som restråstoff fra landbruk og havbruk. SINTEF-teamet har utviklet kunnskap om pilotproduksjon av Gammaridae biomasse. 
Basert på lovende forskningsresultater er det kommersielle målet å industrialisere produksjonen, og dermed skape en ny og levedyktig kilde til fôrråstoff i store mengder for at havbruksnæringen skal kunne vokse på en bærekraftig måte.

Industrial production of Gammaridaes as fishfeed

FORDETECT er en ny microfluid basert metode for hurtig, på-stedet, automatisk deteksjon av utvalgte patogener i en væskeprøve. Metoden benytter seg av en-gangs resirkulerbare kassetter med presis kontroll over væskestrømmer og parallell deteksjon av flere patogener i en prøve. Anvendelsesområdene for FORDETECT teknologien er mange og inkluderer matsikkerhet og fiskehelse innenfor akvakulturindustrien, overvåking av patogener i drikkevann og medisinsk diagnostikk. Spesifikt er det behov for på-stedet overvåking av bakterien Listeria monozygotenis i lakseslakteri i Norge, med ønske om å redusere analysetiden fra dagens 2-3 døgn til 1 time. I tillegg er på-stedet hurtig deteksjon av en rekke patogener av stor interesse for akvakulturindustrien.   

Målet med dette prosjektet er å redusere den kommersielle risikoen innen videre utvikling av teknologien mot kommersialisering ved å verifisere teknologiens egenskaper og pålitelighet. I tillegg skal teknologien demonstreres for mulige brukere, og det skal skaffes oversikt over kosteffektivitet og markedsaksept. I prosjektet vil vi designe og bygge en neste fase prototyp, samt verifisere hurtig deteksjon av listeria i lakseslakteri og bakterier i drikkevann i nært samarbeid med brukere. Videre er et mål å sikre finansiering av den neste fasen i produktutviklingen og kommersialisering, samt definere en optimal strategi som sikrer intellektuelle rettigheter.

Verification of the FORDETECT Technology for fast Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria

Midlene fra FORM-Formidling fordelt på år

Midlene fra FORM-Formidling fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra FORM-Formidling fordelt på fagområde

Professor

Opplevelsesklubben 2004

Development of innovative proton and neutron therapies with high cancer specificity by 'hijacking' the intracellular chemistry of haem biosynthesis.

Deep-lying cancers, such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) brain cancer, are very difficult to access and incurable by the current standards of care. The fluorescence of photosensitive molecules (PSs) can precisely guide surgical resection of GBM. Nevertheless, photomedical treatments like photodynamic therapy (PDT) show limited efficacies due to the low penetration of light into tissue. Proton radiotherapy can reach deep-lying disease through therapeutic energy deposition in a spatially confined region called Bragg peak. Current neutron-based therapies, like Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT), have sufficient penetration depth but lack cancer specificity. In NuCapCure, we propose to 'hijack' intracellular biosynthetic pathways and use them to produce custom-made drugs that will facilitate two genuinely new cancer treatments: i) "NuCapCure Proton", combining proton radiotherapy, protondynamic therapy through PS proton activation, and proton capture therapy (BPCT) through three produced alpha particles; and ii) "NuCapCure neutron", combining GBM specific BNCT and PS neutron activation as demonstrated in our FET-open project FRINGE. The main scientific breakthroughs of NuCapCure will be to demonstrate the custom production of novel compounds through native intracellular biosynthesis but also to establish experimental proof-of-principle, both in vitro and in vivo, of the proposed two novel therapies. Our highly interdisciplinary project team comprises world-renowned experts from a unique combination of disciplines: proton and neutron physics, synthetic chemistry, photochemistry, photobiology, radiobiology, medical physics, nuclear reactor and particle accelerator technology and radio-oncology to lay the foundations for novel, targeted and curative therapies against currently fatal cancer indications like GBM.

When an organism experiences physiological stresses, such as nutrient starvation, it activates several mechanisms to promote its survival. One of these mechanisms is autophagy, which is a catabolic pathway conserved from yeast to man that functions as a recycling system during normal physiology, and which helps provide nutrients to sustain essential cellular processes during starvation. Although autophagy is an intensively studied process that plays a major role both in normal development and in a wide variety of diseases, several important aspects of autophagy remain to be elucidated. For instance, whereas the vast majority of studies have focused on how cells regulate the activation of autophagy, it remains largely unknown how cells and organisms shut off autophagy in response to returning nutrient availability. The limited knowledge of autophagy termination is partly due to a lack of available tools and appropriate methods. Addressing these challenges will not only provide important insight in this fundamental aspect of the autophagic process, but may potentially also identify new targets for development of drugs to manipulate this phase of autophagy. In FINALphagy I will develop new genetic and computational tools to quantify and manipulate the temporal dynamics of autophagy in an entire organism. I will unravel key mechanism of autophagy termination in individual cells within a tissue and dissect how this connects to systemic signaling and behavioral changes. This will generate a comprehensive toolbox for time- and space-resolved manipulation and quantification of autophagy levels, produce a whole-organism map of autophagy responses at the tissue-level, and conceptualize our understanding of the dynamics of autophagy regulation in an entire organism during changing nutrient levels.

Final act of the autophagy symphony: Whole-organism orchestration of autophagy termination

Mental disorders represent one of the largest burdens for the European Health Care system, due to large number of patients and a lack of efficient treatment options. Today, drug treatment of mental disorders is characterized by severe adverse effects and suboptimal response in more than a third of the patients. Optimizing treatment is based on a trial-and-error approach, which combined with frequent multi-morbidities, often leads to polypharmacy and poor outcome. Due to limited understanding of the disease mechanisms that underlie mental disorders, new drugs with novel therapeutic targets are lacking, and existing treatments are ineffective for many people. It is therefore urgent that cutting-edge research approaches are deployed to develop innovative tools to individualize treatments using available psychiatric medication, and thus improve clinical outcomes and reduce costs for health care systems. The main goal of the multidisciplinary REALMENT project is to optimize treatment of mental disorders through novel precision medicine strategies based on current pharmaceutical options. REALMENT includes world leading research institutes and pharmaceutical industry at the very forefront of mental disorder research. REALMENT will achieve its objectives by exploiting population-scale Real-World Data (RWD) in combination with Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) data available to the partners. Big data from populations (Nordic registries), cohorts (European biobanks), and eHealth samples (medical records), including whole genome genotypes (n=1.9 million), will be analysed in an EU-wide sustainable infrastructure using artificial intelligence and machine learning to develop prediction and stratification tools (precision psychiatry). These algorithms will be validated in large RCT data (n=10k) and re-phenotyping projects, and implemented in a clinical management platform (4MENT), which will be made available to provide decision support to clinicians to optimize therapeutic effects.

Using real-world big data from eHealth, biobanks and national registries, integrated with clinical trial data to improve outcome of severe mental disorders

Outsourcing cancer immunity to healthy donors

Despite recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, most patients with metastatic cancer are not cured. Major reasons are lack of homogeneously and highly expressed molecules that can be safely targeted and evoke efficient T-cell responses. I propose that the strong T-cell responses leading to rejection of transplanted organs can be exploited to “reject” cancer by specific recognition of tissue-restricted targets. To this end, I recently demonstrated that healthy donor blood provides a rich source of T cells expressing TCRs that specifically and strongly react to peptides from tissue-restricted self-proteins, when presented on mismatched, foreign Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA). I propose that patient T cells genetically equipped with such donor TCRs (dTCR T cell therapy) may “reject” cancer-affected organs, including metastases. A high and homogeneous expression of tissue-specific antigens is often maintained on both primary tumor and metastatic cancer cells. Here, I will identify peptides from tissue-restricted proteins as novel candidate TCR targets. Next, I will identify donor T cells that recognize such self-peptides in complex with foreign HLA by use of my patented method, and sequence reactive TCRs. Finally, I will establish a preclinical pipeline to characterize safety and efficacy of TCRs in vitro and in vivo in innovative mouse models. Outsourcing cancer immunity to dTCR T cells may bypass major limitations in current immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibition and T cells gene-modified with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Thus, dTCRs can recognize i) intracellular targets and thus manifold more targets than CARs, ii) tumor-associated self-antigens with high affinity in contrast to patient-derived TCRs, and iii) self-antigens, which are more homogeneously expressed than mutations. dTCR T cell therapy could treat malignancies in organs that are non-essential for survival, such as prostate, or that can be replaced by a transplant, such as bone marrow.

Predicting comorbid cardiovascular disease in individuals with mental disorder by decoding disease mechanisms

Comorbid cardiovascular disease in people with severe mental disorders is a major public health concern and poses a considerable financial burden on European Health Care. The CoMorMent project will uncover mechanisms underlying the higher incidence of cardiovascular disease in people with mental disorders. This project builds on our recent findings that genetic variation that affects genes expressed in the brain and which increase the risk of mental disorders also impact lifestyle and behaviour (e.g. diet, exercise, and smoking) that increase cardiovascular risk. The project will identify molecular mechanisms common to mental disorders and unhealthy lifestyles that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. We will take advantage of our genotyped biobank samples united with large national registries with information about disease trajectories and comorbidity in over 1.8 million people. The “big data” available to CoMorMent means that we can apply new statistical tools to discover novel sequence variants conferring risk of both mental disorders and cardiovascular diseases and determine how these may be mediated by lifestyle or behaviour. We will characterize the underlying mechanisms by identifying accompanying structural brain changes and body fat composition from MRI data in combination with gene expression and functional studies. The CoMorMent multidisciplinary expert team in clinical science (cardiology, psychiatry), genetic epidemiology, molecular genetics, and neuroscience combined with experts in machine learning and computation will generate findings that will form the basis of novel stratification and prediction tools, which will be tested and validated in clinical samples. Thus, CoMorMent will form the basis for a new approach in clinical studies by providing precision medicine tools for clinical implementation to remediate a major public health issue.

Brains and minds in transition: The dark side of neuroplasticity during sensitive life phases

The potential and boundaries of the human mind is determined by dynamic interactions between the environment and the individual genetic architecture. However, despite several breakthroughs, the genetic revolution has not provided a coherent account of the development of the mind and its disorders, and the missing heritability is large across human traits. One explanation of this impasse is the complexity of the gene-environment interactions. Current knowledge about the determinants of a healthy mind is largely based on studies whose modus operandi is to treat the environment as a static entity, neglecting to consider the crucial fact that environmental inputs and their genetic interactions vary dramatically between life phases.   The objective of BRAINMINT is to provide this missing link by zeroing in on two major life transitions, namely adolescence and pregnancy. These phases are characterized by temporarily increased brain plasticity, offering windows for adaptation and growth, but also host the emergence of common mental disorders. I propose that a multi-level investigation with this dark side of brain plasticity as the axis mundi will add a mechanistic understanding of this link between growth and vulnerability. I will test the main hypothesis that mechanisms that boost neuroplasticity promote adaptation to a dynamic environment, but at the cost of increased risk of psychopathology if exposed to a combination of genetic and environmental triggers. To this end I will utilize cutting-edge longitudinal brain imaging, electrophysiology, rich cognitive and clinical data, immune markers, gene expression and genetics. I will leverage on massive imaging data (n>40,000) and novel tools to increase power and generalizability and improve brain- and gene-based predictions of complex traits. Aiming to help resolving one of the modern day enigmas, BRAINMINT is a pioneering and high risk/high gain effort to find mechanisms of brain plasticity that support and harm the brain. 

How distress alters opioid drug effects and abuse liability

As the opioid epidemic escalates, we must ask: why are opioids so addictive? Non-human animal research links addiction with the powerful relief opioids can offer to animals in distress. In humans, epidemiological and clinical studies converge upon social stressors and a poor social support network as key risk factors for addiction. Despite this, it is currently unknown how pre-drug distress might alter opioid drug effects. Tremendous resources are dedicated to charting how people feel after taking a drug, sidestepping the potentially profound influence of how people feel before they take the drug. Here, I will turn the current approach on its head. Using acute social distress induction before morphine administration in healthy humans, I will create a human model to determine the psychological, physiological and brain underpinnings of how social stressors increase opioids’ abuse liability.  First, I will test the hypothesis that pre-drug distress enhances drug wanting (self-administration) but not drug liking (self-report) compared to drug effects in a control condition. Second, I will use opioid blockade to confirm or falsify the hypothesis that opioid drugs ‘hijack’ brain mechanisms underpinning social support. Third, I will determine to what extent opioid drug effects are dopamine-dependent by blocking dopamine before morphine administration. I will also apply computational modelling and functional imaging to elucidate the underlying brain mechanisms. Thus, the proposal offers a powerful new methodology for resolving hotly debated questions on the independent contributions of opioids and dopamine for reward and abuse liability.  In sum, the project aims to achieve a breakthrough in our understanding of how a pre-drug social distress state can alter opioid drug mechanisms. The mechanistic understanding arising from this project could have profound implications for science, as well as for clinical care and new policies designed to contain the opioid epidemic. 

Coincidence detection of proteins and lipids in regulation of cellular membrane dynamics

Specific recruitment of different proteins to distinct intracellular membranes is fundamental in the biology of eukaryotic cells, but the molecular basis for specificity is incompletely understood. This proposal investigates the hypothesis that coincidence detection of proteins and lipids constitutes a major mechanism for specific recruitment of proteins to intracellular membranes in order to control cellular membrane dynamics.  CODE will establish and validate mathematical models for coincidence detection, identify and functionally characterise novel coincidence detectors, and engineer artificial coincidence detectors as novel tools in cell biology and biotechnology.

Set to change: early life factors restricting and promoting neurocognitive plasticity through life

Cognitive function in old age can be predicted from how you functioned when you were young. This is remarkable, as there are substantial cognitive age changes. Are we neurodevelopmentally set to change through life in certain ways? The objective of Set-to-change is to test whether and how early life environmental factors and genetic makeup interact to regulate neurocognitive plasticity through the lifespan. Neurocognitive plasticity; i.e. changes in brain and cognition in response to environmental demands over time, shows huge individual variability, for unknown reasons. Neurodevelopmental origins of functional variation through the lifespan are acknowledged, but the pathways need to be identified. As individual constitution and environment are intrinsically correlated, to make progress beyond state of the art, this can only be tested in an experimental setting.  The novelty and ground-breaking nature of the project lies in the synthesis of a targeted experimental approach testing differences in neurocognitive plasticity by training of younger and older adult mono- (MZ) and dizygotic twins (total n = 400 individuals), with varying degrees of prenatal environmental variance, as indexed by their extent of discordance in birth weight (BW). BW discordance in MZ twins enables me to disentangle early environmental and genetic influences on neurocognitive plasticity. I will employ a novel ecologically valid memory intervention utilizing navigation with true locomotion and prospective memory in virtual reality. Twins will be assessed with brain MRI, cognitive, health and epigenetic measures at multiple time points spread across 2.5 years pre- and post- 3 months intervention in a AB/BA crossover design, to investigate neurocognitive plasticity and age change longitudinally, as well as possible lifestyle and epigenetic mediators. I hypothesize that early life environmental influences will interact with genetic makeup in determining neurocognitive plasticity in adulthood.

0 antall prosjekter

EIC-The European Innovation Council (EIC)

Development of innovative proton and neutron therapies with high cancer specificity by 'hijacking' the intracellular chemistry of haem biosynthesis.

Tildelt: kr 25,2 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2024-2028

Sted: Oslo

ERC-European Research Council (ERC)

Final act of the autophagy symphony: Whole-organism orchestration of autophagy termination

Tildelt: kr 15,2 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2023-2027

Sted: Oslo

H20-HEALTH-Health, demographic change and wellbeing

Using real-world big data from eHealth, biobanks and national registries, integrated with clinical trial data to improve outcome of severe mental disorders

Tildelt: kr 17,9 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2021-2025

Sted: Oslo og 2 andre

H20-ERC-European Research Council

Outsourcing cancer immunity to healthy donors

Tildelt: kr 19,7 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2020-2025

Sted: Oslo

H20-HEALTH-Health, demographic change and wellbeing

Predicting comorbid cardiovascular disease in individuals with mental disorder by decoding disease mechanisms

Tildelt: kr 15,0 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2020-2024

Sted: Oslo

H20-ERC-European Research Council

Brains and minds in transition: The dark side of neuroplasticity during sensitive life phases

Tildelt: kr 13,9 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2019-2024

Sted: Oslo

H20-ERC-European Research Council

How distress alters opioid drug effects and abuse liability

Tildelt: kr 14,4 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2019-2024

Sted: Oslo

H20-ERC-European Research Council

Coincidence detection of proteins and lipids in regulation of cellular membrane dynamics

Tildelt: kr 23,3 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2019-2023

Sted: Oslo

H20-ERC-European Research Council

Set to change: early life factors restricting and promoting neurocognitive plasticity through life

Tildelt: kr 18,7 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2018-2023

Sted: Oslo