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Algebraic Theory of Information Quantities

Information theory is a discipline at the intersection of statistics, engineering and computer science. As the study of information quantities, such as compression or communication capacities, information content or measures of statistical dependency, it is one of the theoretical underpinnings of data science.

Computational problems in information theory are highly non-linear. The goal of this project is to transfer state-of-the-art methods of computational non-linear algebra to information theory, to study the inherent algebraic complexity of information-theoretical problems and to provide tools for solving them in practice. The algebraic point of view has proven to be fruitful in seemingly unrelated areas, as witnessed by a surge of recent work in algebraic statistics, in particular on likelihood geometry. However, maximizing the likelihood function is the same as minimizing relative entropy — a specific information quantity. Hence, this project also aims at generalizing the techniques developed in likelihood geometry.

One focus is on the practical computation of information quantities using numerical and differential algebraic geometry. Such quantities are defined via non-linear optimization problems and we aim to pinpoint the algebraic complexity of these problems in instances of general interest, such as common information measures. The final objective is finding fundamental laws and limits of data science imposed by non-linear inequalities constraining the entropic region. These inequalities provide, by duality, universal bounds for many of the optimization problems studied in information theory.

WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM)

Wheelchair users (WCU) are three to five times more inactive than the general population, leading to a high risk of developing preventable secondary conditions. Although physical activity (PA) guidelines have been specifically developed for WCU, we lack systematic approaches to implement them in practice, as well as valid algorithms to monitor PA change in WCU through sensor-based solutions. Accordingly, the overall scientific aim of the WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM) is to advance PA research and practice in WCU by developing valid digital markers for monitoring of and providing feedback on PA, paving the way for implementation and intervention. I will accomplish this through combining the complementary research fields of 1) behavioural intervention studies focusing on increasing PA in WCU (core competence University of British Columbia, UBC; outgoing phase) and 2) sensor-based PA monitoring (core competence Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU; returning phase – consolidated by non-academic placement at Maastricht Instruments, which develop research prototypes including PA monitors). WHAM’s scientific aim is achieved through three objectives: 1) Measure the effect of a pragmatic exercise intervention trial on self-reported physical activity levels and cardio-respiratory fitness, 2) Develop valid algorithms for tracking PA markers in WCU, and 3) Co-create a framework that outlines how PA can be conjointly monitored and provided feedback on in WCU. This fellowship will enable me to become established as an internationally recognized researcher in the field of “physical activity and disability”, while bringing together ongoing national disjointed research activities in this field. Altogether, my overall ambition is to contribute to reducing inequalities in daily-life participation among WCU compared to the rest of the population.

EOSC Beyond: advancing innovation and collaboration for research

EOSC Beyond overall objective is to advance Open Science and innovation in research in the context of the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) by providing new EOSC Core capabilities allowing scientific applications to find, compose and access multiple Open Science resources and offer them as integrated capabilities to researchers. To do so, EOSC Beyond supports a new concept of EOSC: a federated and integrated network of Nodes operated at different levels, national, regional, international and thematic, to serve the specific scientific missions of their stakeholders. Further specific objectives of the project are to accelerate ‘time to product’ of new scientific applications with software adapters, enable Open Science with machine composability and dynamic deployment of shared resources, support innovation in EOSC with a testing and integration environment, and align the EOSC Core architecture and specifications to integrate with European dataspaces. The project extends the state of the art of the EOSC Core and adopts a co-design methodology, including requirements elicitation, software development and validation in collaboration with different use cases from EOSC national and regional initiatives (e-Infra CZ, Czechia, NFDI, Germany, and NI4OS, South East Europe region), thematic research infrastructures from Social Sciences and Humanities (CESSDA), Life Sciences (CNB-CSIC and Instruct-ERIC), Environmental Science (ENES and LifeWatch), and Health and Food (METROFood-RI). EOSC Beyond builds on the capacities of prospective EOSC Nodes and partners with multi-annual experience in developing solutions for large-scale federated digital infrastructures and aligns with the technical architecture and requirements of data spaces from different business sectors. Ultimately, EOSC Beyond supports Open Science in modern, data-intensive, and multidisciplinary research, facilitating resource discovery, access, and reuse across scientific communities, organisations, and countries.


Harmonization of Advanced Materials Ecosystems serving strategic Innovation Markets to pave the way to a Digital Materials & Product Passport

The overarching objective of DigiPass is to enhance the digital maturity of the European communities that develop materials and intermediate products. The project will develop recommendations and clear routes toward digitalized circular business models. The overarching key result of DigiPass is to create a sustainable platform which includes support for Digital Materials & Product Passport and for collaborative innovation-by-design processes in a circular economy served by advanced materials. A business model for operating such a platform completes the overarching objective.
DigiPass is harmonizing and synergizing collected materials data sources and digital infrastructures. This will enable interoperability of data exchange, and standardization of advanced materials knowledge representation at all maturity levels. Accelerating the design, development, and production of advanced, safe, and sustainable chemicals and materials, as they are necessary for innovative products, calls for a collaborative approach involving different stakeholders to support durability, repair and overhaul, reuse, and recyclability of products. DigiPass project impacts all materials development communities over the whole circular value chain. 


Enhanced X(cross)-disciplinary Community-driven Imaging Technologies for Earth and Environmental material research

The EXCITE² Network is revolutionizing Earth and environmental material science research by consolidating a critical mass of 18 research facilities in 12 European and associated partner countries into a unified infrastructure and providing transnational access to advanced imaging technologies. This enables scientists to decipher complex processes within Earth materials at scales from nanometres to hundreds of centimetres, gaining unparalleled insight into the chemical and physical processes that govern, among others, environmental toxicity and its impact on human health, critical metal extraction for renewable energies, and the utilisation of Earth materials as long-term storage for climate-altering gases. The consortium fosters knowledge-sharing and talent attraction, bolstering the problem-solving capacity of the European Research Area. Moreover, EXCITE² is driving interdisciplinary collaboration and cross-fertilisation across academic institutions, scientific disciplines, and industry, propelling Europe towards a sustainable future. The initiative offers dedicated training programmes to a new generation of researchers within the European open science landscape, paired with access to world-class imaging facilities and expertise for problem-solving research and innovation. EXCITE² is introducing innovative service developments, such as artificial intelligence and leading-edge imaging experiments, to increase the user's problem-solving capacity. In addition, the consortium is implementing customised project valorisation strategies to maximize the impact of research outcomes in academia, society, and the economy. Citizen science projects allow the public to participate directly within the EXCITE² Network, contributing to solving EU challenges. As such, EXCITE² is paving the way towards a sustainable future, driving scientific excellence, and creating positive societal impact.

Engineering carbon quantum dots for zinc ion hybrid capacitors

Zinc ion hybrid capacitors (ZIHCs) integrate two energy storage mechanisms of battery-type electrode and capacitive electrode, bearing the advantages in energy density, power density, and safety. Until now, the cycle retention rate of ZIHC's capacity reported is still not more than 80%, restricting its development and commercial application severely. Focusing on the issue, the project aims at overcoming the limitation of traditional electrode materials and re-defining the designing concept to construct Carbon Quantum Dots (C-QDs) for ZIHCs. Advanced methods will be used to harvest carbon quantum dots from coal tar pitch (a sort of industrial solid castoff). The bulk sp2-carbon network, innumerable edge sites, profuse surface functional groups, and regular size ensures that as-synthesis C-QDs have high electrical conductivity, sufficient ion transport channels and rich adsorption sites. Moreover, the new concept of dynamic evolution is introduced for insight into the structure and interface failure of ZIHC's electrode. The interface-reconstruction mechanism and the attenuation model of capacity will be established for the first time. Further, the methods to strengthen structures of C-QD electrode will be developed based on a trade-off strategy. The ultimate goal is to improve the energy storage efficiency of ZIHCs by 20% and to increase their cycle performance more than 95% unprecedentedly. This research will develop long-running high performance ZIHCs, for contributing European energy storage industry. The ER will achieve abundant research experience and scientific skills from the project and the capability to launch her own research group in future.

IMProving User experience, Long-term sustainability and Services of EU-OPENSCREEN

EU-OPENSCREEN (EU-OS), the distributed European Research Infrastructure for Chemical Biology and early drug discovery, provides world-class services in high-throughput compound screening and medicinal chemistry to users from academia and industry. As one of the largest open-access initiative globally, EU-OPENSCREEN plays an increasingly important role in facilitating early stage drug discovery in Europe. It recently integrated fragment-based drug discovery and chemoproteomics as two new services, but the increasing complexity of modern drug discovery projects requires an even more comprehensive portfolio and integration of emerging technologies. To ensure that EU-OS continues to offer a comprehensive suite of relevant services and support a growing user community to conduct forefront research, IMPULSE will develop, validate and integrate new services in AI/ML, new chemical modalities, and innovative disease-relevant cell models combined with CRISPR-Cas9/RNAi-based genetic screening. IMPULSE will work towards the implementation of common operational and data standards to increase data reproducibility and FAIRness. Bespoke outreach and training activities will raise awareness among key user groups of its new services and advance operational excellence and reproducibility in pre-clinical drug discovery. New models for pre-competitive drug discovery with industry or charities, and growing ERIC member community will reinforce the sustainability and accessibility of EU-OPENSCREEN.

Aqua Research Infrastructure Services for the health and protection of our unique, oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems

AQUARIUS will provide a highly comprehensive suite of integrated research infrastructures appropriate to addressing significant challenges for the long-term sustainability of our unique oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems. For the first time, diverse research infrastructures will be combined to facilitate the work of researchers and key stakeholders focused on challenges and opportunities for both marine and freshwater systems. An impressive range of 57 research infrastructure services will be made available to include research vessels, mobile marine observation platforms, aircraft,  drones, satellite, sensors, fixed freshwater and marine observatories and test sites, experimental facilities, and sophisticated data infrastructures. AQUARIUS will support the development phase of the EU Mission to Restore our Ocean and waters by 2030, the Sustainable Blue Economy Partnership, the European Green Deal, and international climate initiatives. It will also be an essential component in achieving the European Digital Twin of the Ocean and the UN Decade for Ocean Sciences. The needs of researchers will be met through a robust and transparent system of transnational access funding Calls, facilitated by centralised user-friendly access portal. The Call programme will be informed through stakeholder engagement and brokerage events. Projects to be selected for Access must convincingly integrate multiple infrastructures and contribute to the core policy objectives of Mission Ocean, that is, to protect and restore marine and freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity; to prevent and eliminate pollution of our oceans, seas and waters; and to ensure a sustainable, carbon-neutral and circular blue economy. A thematic and geographic focus will be the hallmark of the proposed transnational Calls, aligning with the Lighthouse Regions, that is, the Baltic and the North Sea Basins, Black Sea, Atlantic/Arctic, and Mediterranean Sea along with their associated rivers.

EOSC-ENTRUST: A European Network of TRUSTed research environments

The mission of EOSC-ENTRUST is to create a European network of trusted research environments for sensitive data and to drive European interoperability by joint development of a common blueprint for federated data access and analysis. 
Countries and institutions have made significant investments in secure and trusted data environments to meet the need for research and policy-driven analysis of sensitive datasets such as people's health and socio-economic status, the habitats of vulnerable species and geo-spatial locations of protected sites. There are now a large number of such secure environments in operation - linked to national centres, individual organisations or specific research communities. This fragmented landscape poses challenges for both users and providers: researchers are faced with a large number of different systems and access procedures; providers need to manage federated access across multiple, potentially incompatible, technology and governance frameworks.
EOSC-ENTRUST brings together providers of operational Trusted Research Environments from 15 European countries with a shared goal to implement, validate and promote their capabilities through a common European framework using shared standards and common legal, operational and technical language. This blueprint for interoperability is anchored in the EOSC Interoperability Framework spanning the four dimensions of Legal, Organisational, Technical and Semantic interoperability. EOSC-ENTRUST has identified four driver projects covering Genomics, Clinical trials, Social science, and public-private partnerships to benchmark capabilities, inform blueprint design and demonstrate secure  data analysis using federated workflows.
Targeted outreach activities will expand this open network with further providers and develop policy papers and guidelines for the full range of stakeholders to create a long-term operational TRE framework within the European Open Science Cloud.


Providing research infrastructure services to support Next Generation EU

This four-year project will harness outputs from key social science RIs in Europe and other reliable sources to support the aims of the ‘Next Generation EU’ programme and to inform EU youth policy. Virtual access will be provided to the outputs through special installations (portals) developed during the project. The core of the proposal is a set of existing research ‘services’, which will be re-purposed and customised to focus directly on the five themes: Make it Green; Make it Digital; Make it Healthy; Make it Strong; and Make it Equal. 

For each area, the consortium will work collaboratively to produce seven sets of resources:

i)	A searchable inventory of relevant variables drawn from multiple cross-national datasets; 

ii)	Analytical summaries, suitable for policy makers and analysts new to the field, as well as interactive resources available through the project portal;

iii)	Harmonised and merged extracts from these datasets that reduce the burden on analysts and increase sample sizes;

iv)	New data collected through the ESS’s established CRONOS web panel infrastructure. Eleven countries will field five waves of the panel, each one dedicated to a NextGenEU theme. Free and rapid access to the data will be available through the CRONOS portal alongside analytical summaries;

v)	In-person and virtual deliberative forums with young people (aged 18-34) in four countries covering the five Next Generation EU’ themes;

vi)	An educational tool (E-NextGen) channelling our data for use in classrooms and by the general public;

vii)	Comprehensive training materials related to all project outputs.


INTERPORT - Integrerte energisystemer i havner

Midlene fra ENERGIX-Stort program energi fordelt på år

Midlene fra ENERGIX-Stort program energi fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra ENERGIX-Stort program energi fordelt på fagområde

Research Scientist

NTERPORT develops sustainable solutions for ports as energy hubs, contributing to Norway's transition to a zero-emission society. The National Transport Plan 2018-2029 sees an important role for ports as zero-emission energy hubs, offering infrastructure providing a mix of energy carriers, e.g. on-shore power supply, hydrogen-based fuels and bio-fuels. The objective of INTERPORT is to develop and disseminate knowledge on design of integrated, decarbonized, and cost-efficient energy systems in ports, aiming to reduce the port's carbon footprint by at least 50% by 2030 and 100% by 2050.
Shipping is an environmental-friendly way to transport goods and passengers. Still, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from domestic shipping accounts for 10% of Norway's total GHG emissions. With development and diffusion of multiple energy carriers and fuels for different end-users in the marine sector, there is a need to better understand integration and management of energy systems.
INTERPORT considers the port, its users (e.g. ships, logistics, land-based transport) and its surroundings (e.g. industries and buildings) as an integrated energy system, and evaluates synergies between local production, conversion, storage, and supply of low-carbon fuels, electricity, and thermal energy. In this system, the optimal energy carrier is supplied to different end users, in terms of cost- and energy-efficiency, safety and reliability. This enables ports and authorities to increase robustness and flexibility of the energy system and to accelerate the uptake of hydrogen-based fuels (e.g. ammonia).
INTERPORT combines techno-economic and socio-technical perspectives considering interaction between actors, institutions, and technologies. Assessments of framework conditions, policies and regulations and their impact on future energy demand are included. New business models are explored to generate value for business actors, accelerate transition, and enhance the competitiveness of individual ports.
The project started in October, mostly focusing on defining a set of reference cases that are representative for Norwegian ports and user partners.

Shipping is considered one of the most environmentally efficient ways to transport goods and passengers. Still, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from domestic shipping accounts for 10 % of Norway's total GHG emissions. Among others, the National Transport Plan for 2018-2029 sees a future role for ports as zero-emission energy hubs, offering an infrastructure providing a mix of energy carriers, such as on-shore power supply, hydrogen-based fuels and biofuels. INTERPORT aims to propose sustainable energy hub solutions that contribute to Norway's transition to a zero-emission society. With the current development and diffusion of multiple types of energy carriers and fuels for different end users, there is a strong need for better understanding of energy system integration and management. INTERPORT will address this by considering the port, its users (e.g. ships, logistics, land-based transport) and its surroundings (e.g. industries and buildings) as an integrated energy system, and evaluate synergies between local production, conversion, storage, and supply of low-carbon-fuels, electricity, and thermal energy.  In such a system, the optimal energy carrier will be supplied to different end users, in terms of cost-efficiency, energy-efficiency, safety and reliability. It also enables ports and authorities to increase the robustness and flexibility of the energy system, and accelerating the uptake of hydrogen based fuels. To realise zero-emission ports,  substantial changes in regulations, roles, and practices are also required. INTERPORT will combine techno-economic and socio-technical perspectives considering multi-level interaction between actors, institutions and technologies. Also included are assessments of framework conditions, policies and regulations and their impact on anticipated future energy demand. New business models will be explored to generate value for business actors, accelerate transition, and enhance the competitiveness of individual ports.

INTERPORT - Integrated energy systems in ports

Kina bidrar til globale miljøproblemer og er helt sentral i arbeidet med å løse dem. Kinas handlinger har dermed viktige implikasjoner for global miljøstyring. Landet har blitt en stadig viktigere aktør i internasjonale relasjoner generelt. Gitt Kinas innenrikspolitikk og rolle i internasjonal miljøpolitikk det siste tiåret, er vårt overordnede forskningsspørsmål:

Hvordan kan vi vurdere og forklare Kinas rolle i internasjonalt miljøsamarbeid om klimaendringer, tap av biologisk mangfold og forurensning/kjemikalier? Vi deler dette spørsmålet inn i to forskningsemner: 1) Hvordan kan ulike typer lederskapsroller presisere og beskrive Kinas rolle i global miljøstyring ( strukturell leder, ‘pådriveren’ eller ‘etternøleren’)? 2) Hva er de viktigste nasjonale og internasjonale driverne for endringer i Kinas roller og ambisjoner i global miljøstyring?

For å forstå disse spørsmålene undersøker vi endringer i Kinas handlinger over tid og sammenligner på tvers av de tre problemområdene. Vi mener at globalt miljøsamarbeid kan være en egnet arena for å utøve lederskap fordi miljø generelt blir sett på som en 'lavpolitisk' arena, sammenlignet med 'høypolitikken' knyttet til utenrikspolitikk, sikkerhet og handel.
Internasjonal miljøpolitikk er også knyttet til sentrale nasjonale interesser som å kontrollere knappe energi- og naturressurser, og dermed koblet til utenrikspolitiske ambisjoner, hvilket kan ha betydelige konsekvenser for fattige land, den globale sikkerheten og verdensordenen. Samtidig som miljøpolitikken utvikler seg på den internasjonale agendaen, blir den geopolitiske situasjonen stadig mer spent, ikke minst mellom Kina og Vesten. En studie av Kinas rolle og handlinger innenfor global miljøstyring på internasjonale miljøforhandlinger om klimaendringer, biologisk mangfold og kjemikalier/forurensning, kan gi innsikt i Kinas nye globale rolle og bidra til å forstå landets nøkkelrolle i andre spørsmål om verdensordenen.

As a major contributor to global environmental problems, China is central to solving them. Its actions have important implications for the effectiveness of global environmental governance (GEG), as China’s role may involve wielding its structural power, building coalitions, and exercising leadership ambitions. Global environmental cooperation could be a suitable arena for practicing leadership because the environment is generally seen as a ‘low-politics’ arena, compared to the ‘high-politics’ associated with foreign policy related to security and trade. International environmental politics are also linked to key national interests in controlling scarce energy and natural resources and foreign policy ambitions, sometimes with crucial repercussions for poor countries, global security, and world order. While environmental politics is advancing on international agendas the geopolitical situation is becoming increasingly tense, not least between China and the West. This calls for a study of China’s role and behaviour in GEG, narrowing our focus to international environmental negotiations on climate change, biodiversity, and chemicals/pollution. These issues may be a useful prism for understanding China’s key role in other world order issues. 
Given China’s domestic politics and role in international environmental politics in the last decade, our overarching research question is: How can we assess and explain China’s roles in international environmental cooperation on climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution / chemicals? This can be divided into two research topics: 1) How to pinpoint and describe (variation in) China’s role – can its role be categorised in terms of leadership, as the laggard, or structural power? 2) What are the major domestic and international drivers accounting for China’s evolving role and ambitions in GEG? 
We examine changes in Chinas behaviour over time and compare across these issue areas.

China’s changing role in global environmental governance. A prism for understanding its key role in other world order issues.

Prosjektets to første år ble i hovedsak benyttet til kartlegging av dunganernes språksituasjon i Kirgisistan og Kasakhstan. Dette tok form av innsamling av ytterligere kildemateriale, ikke minst under feltarbeid i Sentral-Asia. Samarbeid med kinesiske, russiske og dunganske forskere har også vært en viktig del av arbeidet, slik at forskningsprosjektet har kunnet få et solid teoretisk og empirisk grunnlag. Særlig har russisk leksikologi, kinesisk dialektologi og dungansk folkloristikk spilt en viktig rolle. Dette samarbeidet har foregått både under forskningsreiser og ved to internasjonale workshoper og én konferanse ved Universitetet i Oslo i 2013 og 2014. Det ble tilrettelagt for videre internasjonalt samarbeid om dungansk gjennom en workshop ved UiO om silkeveiens små språk i september 2015, noe som også ledet frem til prosjektlederens søknad om ERCs Starting Grant 2016.

Resultatene av prosjektets første fase var altså hovedsakelig en avklaring av grunnspørsmål angående dunganernes språksituasjon, samt en rik samling av nytt språklig kildemateriale og eksisterende forskning om dungansk. Etter de første 18 månedene gikk prosjektet over i en ny fase, nemlig en grundig språklig og historisk analyse av kildematerialet. Dette er nå i ferd med å avsluttes og publiseres nå som en språkhistorisk og en tekstanalytisk artikkel. Arbeidet med en database over ordforrådet går jevnt fremover og en første versjon av en dungansk-engelsk ordbok er tilgjengelig for brukere på nett.

This project seeks to explain how a Chinese dialect came to function as a Soviet minority language known as "Dungan", and further to reconsider current models of language development in the light of the results. The primary objective is thus to lay the gr oundwork for a history of the Dungan language, taken as a case of language development with global implications.
Dungan is a Central Asian minority language known to its speakers as "Khuejzu jüjan". It is basically a Northwestern Mandarin Chinese dialect  that was established as an independent minority language in Soviet Central Asia, after Muslim Chinese (Hui) rebels had fled there from China in the late 19th century.
Although there is a considerable body of research on Dungan (mostly in Chinese and Russi an), there is no account of the development of the language that is at the same time theoretically engaging and empirically satisfactory. Moreover, few studies address the global implications of this fascinating case. For this project can provide signific ant input to current models of language development as well as theories of linguistic ecology. It will tell us much that is useful about the place of minority languages in multilingual societies. The project also provides a fresh perspective on the histor y of Chinese from the vantage point of an alphabetically written variety of Chinese outside China.
 Extensive source analysis and linguistic fieldwork with native speakers will ensure that the findings are empirically well-founded. The study will also con tribute to the documentation of this endangered language. It is hoped that the key studies produced by the current project will later lead to a scientific grammar and history of Dungan.

The Dungan (Khuejzu) Language of Central Asia: The Development of an Endangered "Chinese" Minority Language

Grelland, Hans H. norsk spes til Kina 2007

Lumsden, Malvern norsk spes til Kina 2007

Dahl, Aud F. norsk spes til Kina 2007

Søderhamn, Sven Olle norsk spes til Kina 2007

Jahr, Ernst Håkon norsk spes til Kina 2007

Reichert, Frank norsk spes til Kina 2007

The project is part of the international Thesaurus Linguae Sericae (TLS) project, a large bilingual database on Chinese language and culture. .
The Medieval period is a crucial period in the development of the Chinese language and many of the functions wo rds and modal markers current in Modern Chinese originated in Late Middle Chinese. 
The surfacing of colloquial elements in texts of that period and the emergence of a large corpus of vernacular texts is -  among other factors - closely connected to the i mpact of Buddhism on the Chinese language (through monumental translation projects from Indian and Central Asian languages, the introduction of new conceptual schemes and changes of institutional, religious, philosophical, and social paradigms, based on B uddhist thought).
These changes which took gradually place from the period of ca. 200 A.D. reached their peak between the 8th and 11th centuries. The objective of the applicant's work is to retrieve aspects of these changes concerning language and concept ual schemes.
In the framework of TLS this will be concretely done in the following way:
-The analysis of syntactic and semantic features of lexical items in a number of key texts (see project description).
-Based on this data, features typical for Buddhis t (Hybrid) Chinese and Colloquial Chinese will be singled out and compared.
-The grouping of lexical items in existing/new synonym groups.
-The mapping of new polysyllabic words (their frequencies, morphology).
-The repertoire of specialist Buddhist termi nology and the transition of terms/phrases into lexical items of the colloquial language.
-Changes concerning rhetorical devices in Buddhist texts as compared to pre-Buddhist texts (this is also related to the appearance of new genres).
-The mapping of ch anges concerning function words (in the framework of historical grammar).
The design of TLS is ideally suited for this multi-angle and interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of texts.

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