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From the SEA to the SOLution. An integrative assessment of marine pollution in a changing Arctic

Marine chemical pollution poses known threats to human health and to biodiversity, ecosystem and societal services. The Arctic is a major sink of global mercury (Hg) pollution. Arctic sediments, sea and glacial ice constitute vast Hg reservoirs. Recent studies raise concerns about their increasing role as local Hg sources. In a rapidly warming Arctic, the consequences of potentially increased environmental Hg on marine biota remain unknown. The objective of SEASOL is to identify the pathway(s) of Hg bioaccumulation in marine food webs of the High Arctic Kongsfjorden (Svalbard). This changing glacial fjord is recognised as a ‘natural laboratory’ of climate change in the Arctic. The fellow’s earlier research has shown the sole measurement of Hg levels as insufficient to connect biotic Hg dynamics to environmental change, whereas the analysis of Hg stable isotopes proved to be a promising tool for source discrimination and biotic transfer. SEASOL will build on the novel application of stable isotope analysis to identify the sources of Hg within the fjord system and the pathways to Hg accumulation within sentinel marine species. On the short-term, the study will provide fundamental knowledge to help understand how emerging sources of Hg from rapid environmental change will impact Arctic marine predators. On the long-term, SEASOL will contribute to the development of early-warning, adaptive management strategies, including modelling, for mitigating the cumulative impact of pollutants and climate change on Arctic marine species. This multidisciplinary approach and the central position of the host institution (Norwegian Polar Institute) in the field of Polar Research will equip the Fellow with a broad set of new skills and lay the foundation for building her specific niche as a future leader in marine pollution science.

Optimization of Free Space Optical Communication Link based Drones for Search and Rescue Operations in the Arctic Region

The Arctic region is witnessing more frequent shipping accidents than ever which require accurate search and rescue operations. The existing communication systems use drones with radio frequency (RF) technology, which has limited bandwidth and cannot offer 4G/5G connectivity due to harsh weather constraints. It further limits the capacity of drones and affects the resolution of images and videos. The current research proposes to design free space optical communication (FSOC) link-based drones that can enhance connectivity between multiple drones and rescue ships as well as the capacity of drones to produce high resolution images and videos. The proposed FSOC-based drones can provide highspeed connectivity than the existing RF technology. The research will collect atmospheric turbulences data from the Arctic region and use it for designing the FSOC link. Furthermore, to enhance the capacity of FSOC-based drones, the research will design advanced multiplexing schemes (Mode Division Multiplexing and Orthogonal Code Division Multiple Access) and to ensure link stability, omnidirectional receiver will be designed. The research will further evaluate the performance of proposed FSOC link under the impact of various atmospheric turbulences. The expected outcomes of this research will lead to the optimisation of FSOC-based drones in expanding search areas and improving communication systems for SAR operations in the Arctic region.

AQUASERV – RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES FOR SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE, FISHERIES AND THE BLUE ECONOMY

The overarching objectives of AQUASERV are to bring together, enhance, integrate and customise RI capacities (including facilities, instruments and expertise) and through the provision of transnational access (on-site or remote) and/or virtual access, to significantly further scientific advance and promote and facilitate the implementation of European Common Fisheries Policy, the Farm to Fork Strategy, the Sustainable Blue Economy and the European Green Deal. 

AQUASERV will achieve these objectives by offering scientists from academia and business remote and on-site transnational (TA) and virtual (VA) access to an advanced set of European research infrastructures and its nodes related to research and management of marine and freshwater biological resources, food and biotechnology. These include the European Marine Biological Resource Centre ERIC (EMBRC), the Analysis and Experimentation on Ecosystems ERIC, The Aquaculture for Excellence for Aquaculture in Fish (Aquaexcel), and the Infrastructure for Promoting Metrology in Food and Nutrition (METROFOOD), as well as the International Council for Exploration of the Sea, both a service provider and stakeholder. It also includes the Research Infrastructure for Science and Innovation Policy Studies (RISIS) to bring contributions from the social sciences and to bring results nearer to policy makers ensuring societal impact. 

To enhance, integrate and customise RI capacities, collaboration between partners and new pipelines to meet the objectives of the project will be developed during the first 3 years and will make available  to users.  To ensure these capacities will not be lost, a sustainability work package involving stakeholders will address the project legacy.  

To maximize impact, AQUASERV will build a communication network among the partnership and develop a dissemination and outreach programme. Furthermore, an advanced training programme will be developed to capture future users and will be updated during the p

Aqua Research Infrastructure Services for the health and protection of our unique, oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems

AQUARIUS will provide a highly comprehensive suite of integrated research infrastructures appropriate to addressing significant challenges for the long-term sustainability of our unique oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems. For the first time, diverse research infrastructures will be combined to facilitate the work of researchers and key stakeholders focused on challenges and opportunities for both marine and freshwater systems. An impressive range of 57 research infrastructure services will be made available to include research vessels, mobile marine observation platforms, aircraft,  drones, satellite, sensors, fixed freshwater and marine observatories and test sites, experimental facilities, and sophisticated data infrastructures. AQUARIUS will support the development phase of the EU Mission to Restore our Ocean and waters by 2030, the Sustainable Blue Economy Partnership, the European Green Deal, and international climate initiatives. It will also be an essential component in achieving the European Digital Twin of the Ocean and the UN Decade for Ocean Sciences. The needs of researchers will be met through a robust and transparent system of transnational access funding Calls, facilitated by centralised user-friendly access portal. The Call programme will be informed through stakeholder engagement and brokerage events. Projects to be selected for Access must convincingly integrate multiple infrastructures and contribute to the core policy objectives of Mission Ocean, that is, to protect and restore marine and freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity; to prevent and eliminate pollution of our oceans, seas and waters; and to ensure a sustainable, carbon-neutral and circular blue economy. A thematic and geographic focus will be the hallmark of the proposed transnational Calls, aligning with the Lighthouse Regions, that is, the Baltic and the North Sea Basins, Black Sea, Atlantic/Arctic, and Mediterranean Sea along with their associated rivers.

Advance Marine Research Infrastructures Together

The European Ocean Observing System (EOOS) is the foundation of European ocean knowledge. The core Marine Research Infrastructures (MRIs) focused on ocean observing (EMSO, EURO-ARGO and ICOS ERICs; EuroFleets+, EuroGoShip, GROOM RI, JERICO RI and MINKE as INFRA projects) are the main providers of in situ ocean data for the EOOS and Copernicus, and the primary managers of instrumental capacity supporting fundamental research.
These MRIs are aware that the lack of effective cross coordination prevents them from fully supporting frontier research, while the lack of integration makes it difficult to reach a critical mass for EOOS and results in significant cost duplication. Accordingly, AMRIT gathers these MRIs together with OceanOPS/WMO international coordination experience with the objective to:
- ensure seamless operation of marine observation platforms ;
- ensure the full nominal use of sensors and accelerate their evolution ;
- exploit the complementarity of the various observation platforms ;
- ensure the overall coherence of the ocean data value chain.
To achieve these objectives, AMRIT will design and implement an EOOS Technical Support Center (EOOS TSC) for
- a fully integrated information service across the data value chain from early planning stages to final delivery to users;
- a cross-platform fully standardised data acquisition methodology for Essential Ocean Variables;
- a collaborative federal structure to operate these services, relying on the ERIs and their members.
The EOOS TSC will be the cornerstone in establishing and maintaining the EOOS, upon which European ocean observing can be strengthened in the coming decades. AMRIT will provide a catalyst for the development and consolidation of MRIs throughout Europe, providing a benchmark for operational coordination and collaboration. AMRIT will advance EOOS in line with its 2023-2027 Strategy and beyond, and the European Commission's ambitions for sharing responsibility in ocean observing across Europe.

Improve offshore infrastructure resilience against geohazards towards a changing climate

POSEIDON brings together an interdisciplinary and intersectoral team to deliver a professionally trained next-generation network of Doctoral Candidates to develop a step change in our capacity to identify, map, assess and predict offshore geohazards and in turn produce ground-breaking methods to prevent, mitigate and boost the resilience of current offshore infrastructure under a changing climate. The consortium is formed by experts across EU countries with universities, research institutions, industry partners and a government body to cover a full training programme on scientific and transferable skills. 

The programme will undertake critical research across scales (from micro to macro) for seeking the inner links and differences, with an eventual aim to ascertain the pathways and grow our capacity for the enhancement of the existing and the robust development of new offshore infrastructure in the frame of safety and resiliency. In addition to the informed design and implementation of the novel physical/numerical modelling and lab studies, our approach is unique in the solid integration and utilisation of state-of-the-art data science technologies (e.g., data mining, machine learning, etc.) to their full potential. Only through this systematic approach, we can achieve the objectives of understanding the impact of offshore geohazards on our offshore critical infrastructures (OCIs) and developing novel models, tools and designs for future OCIs, such as, wind turbines, pipelines and cables. 

The Doctoral Candidates will enjoy a highly integrated, interdisciplinary and intersector training environment, enriched through secondments with the network of non-academics. POSEIDON enables critical learning across all training aspects to ensure that comprehensive, robust and implementable solutions are obtained and validated to face the OCIs climate-resilient building.

POLARIN: POLAR RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK

The polar regions play a key role in the Earth’s system. They are essential for our climate and are sentinels of climate change, human expansion, and the hunt of new resources. The polar regions are losing ice, and their oceans and land are changing rapidly. The consequences of this polar transition extend to the whole planet and are affecting people in multiple ways. Evidence-based policy recommendations are needed, but the polar regions are difficult to reach, and research infrastructures able to operate in these regions are scarce. To understand and predict key processes in the polar regions and provide evidence-based information, the polar research community needs access to world-class research infrastructure operating in these regions.
POLARIN is an international network of polar research infrastructures and their services, aiming at addressing the scientific challenges of the polar regions. The network includes a wide array of complementary and interdisciplinary top level research infrastructures: Arctic and Antarctic research stations, research vessels and icebreakers operating at both poles, observatories, data infrastructures and ice and sediment core repositories. POLARIN will provide integrated, challenge-driven, and combined access to these infrastructures to facilitate interdisciplinary research on complex processes. 
POLARIN will:
1.	Provide challenge-driven transnational access to a large portfolio of research infrastructures. 
2.	Improve the access to data by improving data availability and interoperability between data infrastructures. 
3.	Provide virtual access to data and data services. 
4.	Provide data products for the scientific community and decision makers.
5.	Train the young generation of polar researchers in optimally exploiting the infrastructures for their research.
6.	Duly advertise the services offered by POLARIN and engage the infrastructure users to share their research outcomes with society.


Material Science Innovation for Accelerated, Sustainable and Safe Implementation of Carbon Capture and Storage

MISSION-CCS presents a timely and unique doctoral network designed to deliver the next generation of highly trained researchers and entrepreneurs in the field of material science, specifically focused towards accelerating implementation of carbon capture and storage CCS technologies worldwide and ensuring the sustainable and safe operation of existing and future CCS systems.

The training network combines unique experimental system design and modelling approaches, state-of-the-art analytical technologies and techno-economic analysis to deliver a new generation of researchers and entrepreneurs. The programme of research training centres of delivering Doctoral Candidate Researchers (DCRs) with world-leading technical expertise in material science and engineering relevant to the entire CCS process. MISSION-CCS ensures that the subject-specific technical knowledge of each DCRs is under-pinned by inter-sectorial knowledge whilst also promoting wider innovation skills and relevant training on the techno-economics of CCS, developing experts with breadth of knowledge.

A central aim of the network is to forge a strong cohort culture, by ensuring that peer-to-peer learning and mutual support become the norm, in order to enhance experience. Research-led training activities are strengthened through a dynamic and interactive education based programme delivered by an internationally renowned consortium of academics and industrialists with complementary skills. As part of the training programme, subsequent to an introduction to CCS systems and the specific material science challenges, DCRs will gain knowledge of system design and optimisation, state-of-the-art analytical methods, theoretical modelling, techno-economics, and understand the challenges of exploiting their research. They will also acquire proficiency in project management, communication, entrepreneurship, and innovation; all essential attributes for any modern technical professional.

Land-Sea interface: Let’s observe together!

LandSeaLot will link together in situ, model and earth observations (EO) and connect related communities, citizens and initiatives such as Copernicus, ESA, EEA, GEOSS, EMODnet and the European Digital Twin of the Ocean. These observations will be used in a gap analysis to co-design a common land-sea interface observation strategy and an implementation plan. LandSeaLot participants will simultaneously work on improving: in situ and EO capabilities, models to reduce the model/observations gap and the integration of model, in situ and satellite data. Observation capacity will be increased through tested, improved and guided use of low-cost technology by citizens, facilitated by the network of European marinas. The technologies selected will be piloted in Integration Labs (ILs) together with improved and integrated in situ and EO observation techniques and model outputs. LandSeaLot ILs will cover selected areas in the Black, Aegean, Mediterranean, Atlantic, North and Baltic Seas, with a range of catchment, tidal and meteorological regimes. Experts and citizen science leaders will work in the ILs together with JERICO-RI, DANUBIUS-RI and ICOS-ERIC, and with regional policy makers and managers to tailor integrated observations that will provide them with information to manage societal challenges. These will include assessment of the lateral carbon flux and stock, plastics transfer, nutrients impact on primary production and eutrophication, supporting biodiversity conservation, improving modeling capability and supporting climate change adaptation (storm surge, floods, heat waves, coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion). Data generated in the ILs will be made FAIR available via EMODnet and interoperability, and semantic solutions for existing, international data flows will be developed. Relevant communities will be engaged by workshops, conferences, training, a high-tech summit and by a communication strategy including videos and policy briefs to ensure LandSeaLot’s legacy.

Optimisation of digital catch monitoring and reporting in European Fisheries

 OptiFish will strive to provide technological solutions that will simultaneously improve the sustainability of fisher’s operations, enhance control processes and strengthen society’s trust in their products.
OptiFish will develop, test and recommend a set of innovative technologies and tools supported by artificial intelligence (AI) to provide the management, the fishing sector and the scientist with data on catch volumes, catch compositions and the fishing environment. 
The goal is to unlock the full potential of technologies such as electronic and genetic monitoring for automated species recognition based on AI and computer vision to reduce discards, unreported landings and unreported fishing activities, ultimately establishing  a fisheries control and enforcement system fit for the digital age. The technologies are not enough alone, it is also critical to consider the combination of technologies and the integration of computer vision models, the wide range of data sources and their subsequent formats, while also addressing stakeholders needs and acceptance. 
This goal cannot be achieved by a single project, which is why the aim of OptiFish is to lay a solid foundation for full technological development from which other projects and initiatives can be built. The project will place a strong focus on species recognition in different fisheries equipped with distinctly different catch handling facilities and in different European sea basins. 
To ensure that these innovations are relevant to fisheries management, OptiFish has participation from the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries, and has received written support from the European Fisheries Control Agency (EFCA), the Basque, Danish and Belgian Fisheries authorities.



Midlene fra FRIBIO-Biologi og biomedisin fordelt på år

Midlene fra FRIBIO-Biologi og biomedisin fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra FRIBIO-Biologi og biomedisin fordelt på fagområde

The aim of this project is to gain knowledge about how the motor protein kinesin-I interacts with its vesicle cargo, and what the nature is of the vesicles that are transported by kinesin-I through neurons. The role of neuronal transport in neurodegenerat ive diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, emphasizes the importance of elucidating mechanisms involved in this process. Therefore, I want to investigate the role of the different kinesin-I subunits in vesicle binding in order to determine their different roles in both vesicle transport and vesicle selectivity. Further, I will isolate protein complexes that associate with kinesin light chain. Identification of these proteins will enable me to study the mechanism behind vesicle association and dissociation,  and furthermore, I will be able to look for vesicular proteins that work as kinesin-I receptors. Finally, I will isolate kinesin light chain associated vesicles. This will for the first time make us able to characterize what kind of vesicles that are tra nsported by kinesin-I. The results achieved by this project will provide important information about molecular mechanisms in neuronal transport. This kind of information is very important for our understanding of neurodegenerative diseases at the molecula r level, and crucial in order to be able to develop therapeutics.

Mechanism of cargo selectivity in axonal transport
Isolation and characterization of kinesin light chain associated vesicles

I dette prosjektet søker vi mot å inkludere men gå lenger enn det vi kan kalle "det politiske barometerparadigmet", som er et perspektiv som har dominert studier av fotball i Midt-Østen. Fokuset her er gjerne på å studere den rollen fotball har som en av få arenaer der ungdommer samles, tabuer brytes og protester oppstår.  Det har i mindre grad vært fokusert på de genuine kulturelle prosessene som oppstår under fotballkamper mange steder i Midt-Østen, og hvordan symboler har blitt skapt og gjenskapt, fortolket og refortolket. Kort sagt er det få studier som har sett på fotball som en arena  for symbolske konstruksjoner av kulturell tilhørighet. 

Islamisme, troen på at islam skal guide såvel det sosiale, som det politiske og personlige livet, ble en dominerende ideologisk, sosial og moralsk kraft i Midt-Østen etter det arabiske nederlaget mot Israel i 1967. Siden da har islamisme utgjort den sterkeste politiske opposisjonen og den sterkeste kulturelle bevegelsen i Midt-Østen. Likefullt har islamister ofte vanskelig for å håndtere populærkulturelle men gjerne mer globalt orienterte aktiviteter. Fotball er enormt populært i hele Midt-Østen, og er et eksempel på en sport som gjerne har blitt klassifisert som moralsk korrupt av islamistiske åndelige ledere. Denne manglende tilpasningen til lokale og globale fotballkulturer virker fremmedgjørende på mange mennesker i Midt-Østen, særlig blant ungdommer. I kjølvannet av krisene som oppstod i islamistiske bevegelser etter den arabiske våren i 2011, har islamister blitt tvunget til å forholde seg til kulturelle utfordringer til det ideologiske hegemoniet deres i regionen. Dette er derfor et pionerstudium som handler om islamismens framtid som den dominerende kulturelle og politiske bevegelsen i Midt-Østen.
Vi la oppstartsseminaret for prosjektet til Doha, Qatar, i november 2021, med inviterte forskere med spesialkompetanse på forholdet mellom fotballkultur, politikk og religion i Midt-Østen.

To av medarbeiderne, Dag Tuastad og Bjørn Olav Utvik, deltok på seminaret "Praying on the Pitch: Football, Religion and Social Identities", en akdemisk workshop organisert av Aga Khan University, London, 28 – 30. april 2022. Tuastad presenterte følgende paper: “Why Hezbollah loves football” og Utvik presenterte med paperet “Islamism and the Noble Game of Football”. Disse paperne er godkjent for publsiering i 2024.

22-24.september 2022 deltok vi med et eget panel på den nordiske Midt-Østen-konferansen i Reykjavik; "Cultures in conflict? Football and religion in the Middle East". Prosjektleder Hans K Hognestad presenterte forskningsprosjektet vårt mens Bjørn Olav Utvik presenterte paperet “The Muslim Brothers and the Good Muslim Football Spirit”. Dag Tuastad presenterte paperet "Football as orthopraxy in Shiite Lebanon". Begge disse paperne har blitt fagfellevurdert og vil bli publisert i 2024.

2022 ble avsluttet med feltobservasjoner fra fotball-VM i Qatar der vi samlet data fra i hovedsak fire gruppespillskamper og arrangement på et festivalområde. Data fra disse observasjonene har blitt presentert ved flere seminarer og konferanser i 2023. Et fokus i denne sammenhengen har vært på å sammenligne en hovedsaklig vestlig retorikk rundt det aller første fotball-VM arrangert i et arabisk land med erfaringene til publikum og tribunekulturen under VM.

I juni 2023 ble Charlotte Lysa formelt tilknyttet prosjektet mens stipendiat Kyra Angerer, Universitet i Sørøst-Norge, ble koblet til prosjektet gjennom en plan som ligger tett opp til det samlede prosjektet. Fra august 2023 til april 2024 gjennomfører Angerer feltarbeid i Saudi-Arabia, med prosjektleder Hognestad som hovedveileder og med Lysa og Giulianotti (referanseperson i gruppa) som biveiledere. I august 2023 besluttet gruppa å støtte Angerer med 50.000 kroner. I tillegg ble det utlyst masterstipend med søknadsfrist 1. september 2023. Av søknadene ble tre innvilget stipend på kr. 10.000 kr. hver.

En blogg ble etablert på forskersonen.no i året som gikk. Målet er å publisere et innlegg hver måned.

Året har vært produktivt for prosjektet med to veldig interessante feltturer til henholdsvis Marokko i mai og Saudi-Arabia i november-desember, samt et eget panel for prosjektet på konferansen til MESA (Middle East Studies Association) i Montreal, der alle fire forskere knyttet til prosjektet hadde presentasjoner; Charlotte Lysa: "The contested field of women’s soccer in Saudi Arabia (2005 – 2015)", Bjørn Olav Utvik: "Soccer, Islamism and the Good Muslim", Dag Tuastad: "How ritual and politics intersect in Hizbollah’s relation to football" og Hans K Hognestad: "Football, Religion and Politics: contested narratives from the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar". 
 
Forskerteamet har hatt meget hyppig kontakt gjennom året og ellers gjennomført møter etter behov og ellers vært regelmessig i nasjonale medier med kommentarer til relevante saker knyttet til fotball i Midt-Østen.

This study seeks to go beyond what we call the "political barometer paradigm" that has dominated studies on football in the Middle East, much due to its role as an one of few arenas where youth gather, taboos are broken and protests erupt. What was not illuminated through the political barometer paradigm was the depth of genuine cultural processes during football matches, how symbols were invented and reinvented, interpreted and reinterpreted - how football was an arena for the symbolic construction of cultural belonging. Islamism, the belief that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life, became a dominant ideological, social andmoral force in the Middle East in the aftermath of the Arab defeat to Israel in 1967. 

Islamism has for nearly fifty years constituted not only the strongest political opposition movement in the Middle East, but also the strongest cultural movement. Yet Islamists have problems coping with popular quests for fun and entertainment. One example of this is football, the world's largest sport and tremendously popular throughout the Middle East, which has largely been regarded as morally corrupt by Islamist clerics. This lack of adaptation to both local and global football cultures alienate many Middle Easterners, especially young people. To overcome the crisis in the Islamist movement after the Arab spring, Islamists  have to come to terms with the cultural challenges to their ideological hegemony in the area. The relations between Islamism and football has previously not been systematically studied. This is thus a pioneering study of what is ultimately about the future of Islamism as the dominant cultural and political movement in the Middle East. In this study we compare how three Islamist currents, Neo-Shiism in Iran and Lebanon, Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Wasatism in Egypt, respond to football through three analytical fields: Theological discourse on football, local organization of football and spectator culture.

Cultures in conflict? How islamists cope with football

Billie Eilish oppfordret alle i moteindustriet til å fjerne pels fra produktene sine "... not only for animals, but also for our planet and environment too." Candice Owens krevde et slutt på obligatorisk koronatesting på vegne av konservativene. Den Afghanske kvinnelige fotballspilleren Khalida Popal fortalte hennes adferd var "... for the purpose of standing for our voiceless sisters who have had their voices taken from them by the Taliban ...". Dette er bare et lite utvalg av ikke-valgte individer som hevder at de representerer substansielle grupper med mennesker og som har fått betydelig anerkjennelse i media, fra andre borgere og fra myndigheter.

Hvorfor gjør de det? Hvor ofte forekommer slike representerende uttalelser? Føler folk seg representert av disse individene? Og hva betyr det for legitimiteten til det liberale demokratiet i Europa?
 
Prosjektet UNelected REPresentatives: The Impact on Liberal Democracy in Europe (UNREP) har som mål å svare på disse spørsmålene. Utgangspunktet for prosjektet er at liberalt demokrati i Europa opplever en krise. Mange føler at de valgte politikerne ikke representerer dem og deres interesser. De vender seg til utre høyre populister som Giorgia Meloni eller til autokrater som Victor Orban. Utstrakt forskning er gjort på populister, populistiske partier og folks oppfatninger om demokrati og tillit i politikk. Rollen til ikke-valgte representanter er imidlertid fremdeles svært understudert.

Prosjektet UNREP tar utgangspunkt i en ny utvikling innenfor politisk teori som ikke ser på representasjon som resultatet av valg, men snarere av interaksjon mellom de som sier at de er representanter og tilhørere som enten anerkjenner eller avviser slike uttalelser.

How and to what extent does the empirical practice of representative claims-making in which unelected representatives claim to represent an international constituency affect the legitimacy of liberal democracy in Europe? This is the central research question of 'Unelected Representatives: The Impact on Liberal Democracy in Europe' (UNREP). UNREP focuses on the practice of representative claims-making. That is, public statements in which someone claims to represent a certain constituency with a policy demand in front of an audience. Both elected and unelected individuals make such claims. Specifically, UNREP focuses on claims with an international reach, made by unelected representatives, stating demands on the globalization related issues of migration and European integration. It studies how citizens receive these claims and what exposure to such claims means for citizens' opinion about liberal democracy. UNREP picks up on state of the art political theory, to conduct rigorous empirical analysis on the nature and impact of representative claims. UNREP develops new insight through a carefully constructed mixed-methods research design. This includes comprehensive content analysis, surveys including conjoint analysis and experiments, and in-depth semi-structured interviews. Journalists are key stakeholders in this phenomenon. They face a choice whether to feature representative claims in the news, and how, on a daily basis. UNREP contains a comprehensive innovative plan for journalist involvement in the project that will bolster both the research itself as well as the popular dissemination of its findings. The results promise to improve our understanding of modern day political representation and provide us with a key piece of the puzzle about the current state of liberal democracy in Europe. This is vital information in the face of popular mistrust and challenges from right-wing populists, authoritarian leaders and left-wing social movements.

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