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Utviklingsarbeid

Bilingual Experiences, Cognitive Ageing and underlying Mechanisms

The goal of the Bilingual Experiences, Cognitive Ageing and underlying Mechanisms (BECAME) project is to examine the functional neuroplastic mechanisms underlying mitigatory effects of bilingual experience on age-related cognitive decline. While evidence is available for structural brain changes supporting bilingualism-induced effects on cognitive aging (CA), functional mechanisms underlying such effects are not yet well understood. BECAME aims to fill this gap by investigating the trajectory of bilingualism-induced functional neuroplasticity across the adult lifespan (ages 18-85), crucially adopting an individual differences approach related to measurable degree of bilingual engagement. Importantly, although such benefits are thought to be rooted early in the lifespan, evidence for the timeframe and conditions of their early emergence is scarce. The choice of including the whole adult lifespan allows us to investigate these mechanisms and their emergence more directly from a lifespan perspective. I combine behavioral testing with brain recordings via electroencephalography (EEG). EEG is widely used in cognitive neuroscience to assess brain activity and the degree of communication between brain regions (functional connectivity) in response to stimuli and at rest. Combining behavioral and EEG modalities will allow me to test bilingualism’s effect on functional connectivity, as well as its consequences for functional efficiency, the minimum required neural activation to successfully perform a task. This will enable a detailed, evidence-based account of the protective effects observed in older-aged bilinguals, and how they are built from earlier life stages. By illuminating the relationship between multilingualism and resulting neurocognitive adaptations, BECAME will enable to capitalize on it as a health initiative, with manifold societal implications and the potential to be translated into actionable policies exploiting multilingualism to ameliorate effects of CA.

From the SEA to the SOLution. An integrative assessment of marine pollution in a changing Arctic

Marine chemical pollution poses known threats to human health and to biodiversity, ecosystem and societal services. The Arctic is a major sink of global mercury (Hg) pollution. Arctic sediments, sea and glacial ice constitute vast Hg reservoirs. Recent studies raise concerns about their increasing role as local Hg sources. In a rapidly warming Arctic, the consequences of potentially increased environmental Hg on marine biota remain unknown. The objective of SEASOL is to identify the pathway(s) of Hg bioaccumulation in marine food webs of the High Arctic Kongsfjorden (Svalbard). This changing glacial fjord is recognised as a ‘natural laboratory’ of climate change in the Arctic. The fellow’s earlier research has shown the sole measurement of Hg levels as insufficient to connect biotic Hg dynamics to environmental change, whereas the analysis of Hg stable isotopes proved to be a promising tool for source discrimination and biotic transfer. SEASOL will build on the novel application of stable isotope analysis to identify the sources of Hg within the fjord system and the pathways to Hg accumulation within sentinel marine species. On the short-term, the study will provide fundamental knowledge to help understand how emerging sources of Hg from rapid environmental change will impact Arctic marine predators. On the long-term, SEASOL will contribute to the development of early-warning, adaptive management strategies, including modelling, for mitigating the cumulative impact of pollutants and climate change on Arctic marine species. This multidisciplinary approach and the central position of the host institution (Norwegian Polar Institute) in the field of Polar Research will equip the Fellow with a broad set of new skills and lay the foundation for building her specific niche as a future leader in marine pollution science.

Reality-Connected Machine Simulation of Heavy Machinery

The RealSim project proposal aims to connect machine simulation to reality in the framework of heavy machinery, which is an interdisciplinary application. The results of this project are expected to optimize machine performance, accurately and reliably predict machine failure, and reduce overall development and operation costs, thus, serving the Europe’s priority of green transformation and the United Nation’s sustainable development goal 9. The RealSim project will close the gaps of: (1) Onboard estimations of force and pressure components of heavy machinery; (2) Estimating deformability, cylinder friction, leakage, and valve dynamics of heavy machinery using independent nonlinear Kalman filters; (3) Employing dependent nonlinear Kalman filters in state estimators of heavy machinery; (4) Tuning algorithms for the covariance matrix of plant noise in the state estimation of heavy machinery. 

I will consolidate and leverage my research career and position as a leading researcher in the field through integration in Assoc. Prof. Mohammad Poursina’s group at the Department of Engineering Sciences of the University of Agder (UiA), Norway. Here, I will acquire hands-on experience of working with actual mechatronic systems and develop efficient control algorithms. I will improve my knowledge of fluid power designing, control theory, instrumentation, and develop efficient coding skills. I will also develop entrepreneurial skills. The skills, knowledge, and international network that I will develop during this fellowship will put me in an excellent position to achieve my long-term goal of becoming a professor with my own independent research group at an esteemed university in EU. This fellowship will help me to prepare a strong ERC Starting Grant application in the future. It will also cater my additional goal of setting-up a research-related start-up in the future.

Algebraic Theory of Information Quantities

Information theory is a discipline at the intersection of statistics, engineering and computer science. As the study of information quantities, such as compression or communication capacities, information content or measures of statistical dependency, it is one of the theoretical underpinnings of data science.

Computational problems in information theory are highly non-linear. The goal of this project is to transfer state-of-the-art methods of computational non-linear algebra to information theory, to study the inherent algebraic complexity of information-theoretical problems and to provide tools for solving them in practice. The algebraic point of view has proven to be fruitful in seemingly unrelated areas, as witnessed by a surge of recent work in algebraic statistics, in particular on likelihood geometry. However, maximizing the likelihood function is the same as minimizing relative entropy — a specific information quantity. Hence, this project also aims at generalizing the techniques developed in likelihood geometry.

One focus is on the practical computation of information quantities using numerical and differential algebraic geometry. Such quantities are defined via non-linear optimization problems and we aim to pinpoint the algebraic complexity of these problems in instances of general interest, such as common information measures. The final objective is finding fundamental laws and limits of data science imposed by non-linear inequalities constraining the entropic region. These inequalities provide, by duality, universal bounds for many of the optimization problems studied in information theory.

Enabling the next generation in search of blood cancer cures

The CarrerasPathfinder program is new a world-wide unique doctoral program that covers the entire spectrum of research and innovation in blood cancers from understanding disease biology to the implementation of novel processes in the clinical practice. The program will fund 14 excellent Doctoral Candidates (DCs) for a period of 48 months. DCs will perform collaborative PhD projects involving associated partners from different sectors, countries, and disciplines through secondments. DCs will improve their research capacity and transferable skills through high-quality supervision arrangements and a tailored training program.

The program has been designed and will be hosted by the Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC) which is the first European non-profit institute exclusively devoted to blood cancers. By answering the European needs for human resources, it is fully aligned with the 13 recommendations of the EU Cancer Board’s Draft Mission  and the Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan (2021). The CarrerasPathfinder program has a strong triple-I dimension of internationality, inter-sectorality and interdisciplinarity in training, networking, co-supervision and research. Its specific objectives are:
•	To develop an excellent doctoral program in blood cancer research conceived as a pilot for a permanent international doctoral program
•	To equip DCs with a unique skill set boosting effectiveness and innovation capacity. 
•	To promote DCs’ career development and increase their employability in different sectors.
•	To establish the IJC as a European reference for research and training in blood cancers.
•	To provide Europe with a new generation of researchers able to address unmet needs and societal challenges of blood cancers.
•	To contribute to structuring the European research area by collaborating and synergizing with other European key opinion leaders.



Renewable energy on the high seas – science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations for regulatory and governance challenges

The high seas are those marine areas under no State's jurisdiction. So far, all marine renewable energy (RE) activity is being conducted under State's jurisdiction. However, recent advances in technology are raising the prospect of carrying out RE activity on the high seas. Currently, only seabed mining activities in the Area have been regulated. The Area is the seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits of State's jurisdiction. From the legal viewpoint, the main gap is a lack of an international regulatory framework, informed by participatory mechanisms and supported by scientific evidence, for RE activities on the high seas, especially regarding their environmental and social impacts. 
The primary project objective (O) is to provide the scientific community and policymakers with science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations in support of the development of  RE regulation on the high seas. 
Two specific Os are set to complement the primary O, namely:
O1 To advance the use of systematic consultation processes that facilitates research at the crossroads of marine sciences and law. 
O2 To advance critical knowledge and understanding of environmental pressing issues comparable to the regulation of RE on the high seas, such as deep-sea mining in the Area.
A multistep innovative methodology will be adopted, by integrating marine scientific knowledge, consultative processes, and advanced critical research in the subject matter. A case study (interdisciplinary and participatory) involving marine scientists, indigenous and coastal communities and policy makers will be conducted onboard the Research Vessel KronPrins Haakon at the beginning of the project. The case study outcomes will be analysed through critical legal analysis to build a knowledge base for policy recommendations. 
The project will advance the PI’s career in an international research environment, allowing her to generate independent, high-quality, and reproducible results.




BOLD MINDS aspires to enhance the understanding of vulnerability factors underlying the emergence of borderline personality disorder (BPD), with an ultimate aim of increasing the potential for young individuals to receive early, evidence-based help when their mental health is at risk. BOLD MINDS will achieve this by investigating whether disruptions in two aspects of autobiographical memory (AM), narrative identity (NI) and involuntary AM (IAM), are associated with BPD features and problem behaviours in adolescents concurrently and over time. In doing so, BOLD MINDS will strengthen the understanding of mechanisms underlying the emergence of BPD in adolescence and lay a groundwork for developing evidence-based early interventions for BPD. While currently limited, the study of AM in this field is essential for two reasons. Firstly, because the aspects of AM under investigation, NI and IAM, are known to be involved in identity formation and emotion regulation which represent two key psychological processes that are disrupted in adults with BPD and are linked to problem behaviours such as self-harm and suicidality. Secondly, because promising research is emerging on the use of AM targets in the treatment of emotional disorder in adults, and provides a strong model for future treatment development with vulnerable adolescents. In addition, this timely research program aligns with calls from international organizations to prioritize early interventions to promote adolescent mental health. BOLD MINDS will adopt and adapt state-of-the-art ecological momentary assessment and analytical techniques and work at the crossroads of clinical and cognitive psychological perspectives, allowing for a multidimensional approach to understanding BPD vulnerability. Training-through-research and formalized training of the experienced researcher will prepare her for a permanent academic position and the founding of her own research lab specializing in AM and early interventions for BPD.

Borderline Personality Disorder: Memory and Identity in Adolescence

Multilingual Acquisition and Processing: Heritage Russian in Spain

Recent research highlights a need of deeper understanding of the nature of language competence and the development of this competence under heritage language bi- and multilingualism. Heritage speakers (HSs) is a population highly diverse in terms of their linguistic competence and its development. Multilingual Acquisition and Processing (MAP): Heritage Russian in Spain will provide an examination of Russian Heritage Language (HL) grammar in a previously unstudied socio-linguistic context focusing in particular on the patterns of cross-linguistic interaction at early and most unstable stages of multilingual language development. The overall research objective is to discover the patterns of language acquisition and language processing in order to find out how multilingual minds deploy their developing grammatical knowledge and how they detect and access the linguistic (morpho-syntactic) mechanisms from their two co-existing languages in real-time. The proposed empirical study will investigate the effects of linguistic proximity, individual experiential factors and the developmental patterns of cross-linguistic influence in child bilingualism. Heritage Russian in Spain will be studied with a focus on 3-7-year-old children in order to examine developmental trajectories in both languages. On the theoretical level, MAP will significantly contribute to the development of a model of heritage language grammar and add to a sub-field of multilingualism studies, Heritage Language Acquisition, by showing the patterns of cross-linguistic interaction at early stages of multilingual Russian-Spanish development. On a societal and education level, project findings will be relevant for policy makers, teachers, school principals and HSs communities in European countries. To date, most heritage language studies have focused exclusively on the minority language, MAP will fill an important gap by focusing on both languages.

WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM)

Wheelchair users (WCU) are three to five times more inactive than the general population, leading to a high risk of developing preventable secondary conditions. Although physical activity (PA) guidelines have been specifically developed for WCU, we lack systematic approaches to implement them in practice, as well as valid algorithms to monitor PA change in WCU through sensor-based solutions. Accordingly, the overall scientific aim of the WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM) is to advance PA research and practice in WCU by developing valid digital markers for monitoring of and providing feedback on PA, paving the way for implementation and intervention. I will accomplish this through combining the complementary research fields of 1) behavioural intervention studies focusing on increasing PA in WCU (core competence University of British Columbia, UBC; outgoing phase) and 2) sensor-based PA monitoring (core competence Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU; returning phase – consolidated by non-academic placement at Maastricht Instruments, which develop research prototypes including PA monitors). WHAM’s scientific aim is achieved through three objectives: 1) Measure the effect of a pragmatic exercise intervention trial on self-reported physical activity levels and cardio-respiratory fitness, 2) Develop valid algorithms for tracking PA markers in WCU, and 3) Co-create a framework that outlines how PA can be conjointly monitored and provided feedback on in WCU. This fellowship will enable me to become established as an internationally recognized researcher in the field of “physical activity and disability”, while bringing together ongoing national disjointed research activities in this field. Altogether, my overall ambition is to contribute to reducing inequalities in daily-life participation among WCU compared to the rest of the population.

Implications of digital transformation for migrant labour

Accelerated by the Covid-19 pandemic, rapid digitalisation has fundamentally transformed European working conditions. While its positive consequences are well recognised, digital transformation also puts a sorely needed part of the European workforce at risk of unemployment, poverty and social exclusion. IDILAB (Implications of digital transformation for migrant labour) investigates the impacts that technological progress and subsequent structural changes have on the labour market integration of migrant workers. By developing a new methodological approach, IDILAB shall provide novel evidence on migrants’ exposure to the process of digitalisation, and formulate evidence-based and innovative policy options for the EU and national governments to improve on the scope and adequacy of national and European policy directed at encouraging a fair digital transition for all, including migrants. The proposed project will contribute with new knowledge on migrants’ own perspectives on barriers and enablers for a sustainable integration in a fast-changing labour market. I, the experienced researcher (Dr Olga Gheorghiev, the Czech Republic), will work with a European centre of excellence (the Research Centre for Digitalisation of Public Services and Citizenship (CEDIC, OsloMet, Norway), and the European Trade Union Institute (ETUI, Belgium) for intersectoral knowledge transfer, career development, and European added value.

Ren offshore energi ved hydrogenlagring i olje- og gassreservoarer

Midlene fra PETROMAKS2-Stort program petroleum fordelt på år

Midlene fra PETROMAKS2-Stort program petroleum fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra PETROMAKS2-Stort program petroleum fordelt på fagområde

Senior Research Scientist

Emissions from petroleum production stand for over 25% of Norway's total CO2 emissions, and these must be significantly reduced for the country to reach its ambitions in the Paris Agreement. One way to reduce these emissions is to go over to renwable energies to power all the operations and the offshore platforms themselves. However, due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy production such as wind and solar sources, it is necessary to be able to store surplus energy to make it available when production levels drop (e.g. at night or when the wind stops blowing). In the present project we investigate whether energy, in the form of hydrogen (H2), can be stored safely underground in abandoned oil and gas reservoirs. These are widely available in Norway, and their use for H2 storage can open for a renewable offshore future for the country by powering petroleum platforms. The project involves a national team of world-renowned experts in the fields of geochemistry (chemistry applied to mineral reactions in rocks), geomechanics (solid mechanics applied to porous rocks), materials science and reservoir flow modelling (study of the pore fluid flow in underground rocks) from SINTEF, NORCE and the University of Oslo, and an international research partner from Queen Mary University of London, an acclaimed expert in oilfield chemistry and flow in porous media (such as oil-bearing rocks). Through experiments and modelling, the team will study the fundamental interaction of H2 with rocks in the subsurface, reservoir flow and caprock integrity. Caprocks are sealing rock formations above reservoirs, keeping fluids such as oil or gas confined in the pores of the reservoir rock. The first work in the project has been to create a clickable map of the North Sea, with estimates of the hydrogen storage capacity in the Norwegian sector. Special attention is given to areas where wind parks are planned, and to areas with large oil and gas aktivities, which come with accessible large fields that could be used to store hydrogen. The user can obtain information about the potential for H2 storage, in volume and corresponding energy potential. The results indicate that the large fields have the capacity to store Norway's annual energy needs. Modelling also shows that the risk of significant loss of H2 through cap rock is small, with diffusion only exceeding 10 m after 10,000 years (and that if the resrvoir is kept full at all times, while in practice the storage is emptied and refilled all the time). A student from Ecole Polytechnique in Paris visited SINTEF in the spring and looked at fatigue effects on cap rock that seals a reservoir, where it is filled and emptied of H2 cyclically. The results show that it is important not to completely empty the reservoir every cycle, otherwise areas around the reservoir are deforming more and more, with the risk of the rock fracturing and a potential leakage path appearing. In the laboratory, both sandstone and shale cores were exposed to H2 for long duration, to be tested for changes in mechanical properties. Fortunately, major differences were not measured against control tests without exposure, which reinforces the belief that the storage concept is viable, even though the analysis of the pore fluid in the cores points to some chemical changes. These results have been presented in 3 different conferences and received good feedback and interest. Another student from Ecole Polytechnique has further developed a clickable map solution (GIS) that shows the capacity of the large old gas reservoirs offshore Norway to store H2, and what it corresponds to in kWh. She used different methods to calculate the available pore volume and how much H2 can fill these pores. Post-doc M. Masoudi has been on a short stay at Herriot Watt University in Scotland, to exchange knowledge about geochemical modeling in porous media.Recently, two days were also spent at the core repository of the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) to drill core samples from many old fields on the Norwegian continental shelf, from many different rock formations. The samples have been transported back to SINTEF and will be characterized and exposed to H2 by two new masters students from Bremen in Germany, who have just arrived in Trondheim.

Emissions from petroleum production stand for over 25% of Norway's total CO2 emissions, and these must be significantly reduced for the country to reach its ambitions in the Paris Agreement. Powering offshore platforms by renewables is thus an important goal, but it relies on large-scale energy storage options for balancing out the mismatch between power supply and demand. In the present project we investigate whether energy, in the form of hydrogen (H2), can be stored safely underground in depleted oil and gas reservoirs. These are widely available in Norway, and their use for H2 storage can open for a renewable offshore future for the country by powering petroleum platforms. The project involves a national team of world-renowned experts in the fields of geochemistry, geomechanics, materials science and reservoir flow modelling from SINTEF, NORCE and the University of Oslo, and an international research partner from Queen Mary University of London, an acclaimed expert in oilfield chemistry and flow in porous media. Through experiments and modelling, the team will study the fundamental geochemical effects of H2 in the subsurface, reservoir flow and caprock integrity. This will give a first indication on whether future, more applied, research projects should be initiated on the topic.

Clean offshore energy by hydrogen storage in petroleum reservoirs

TrustMe Prosjektets hovedmål er å utvikle et såkalt sikkerhetsbevis for selvkjørende busser.
Sikkerhetsbevis kreves av standarder som ISO 26262 for bil, buss, trailer og motorsykler. Noe helt nytt er at vi skal utvikle ett kort (1-3 sider) praktisk sikkerhetsbevis som er mer forståelig for folk flest og derfor kan brukes overfor publikum.
Så langt i prosjektet har vi utført flere tester (Kongsberg, Trondheim og Førde), intervju og såkalte fokusgrupper i Trondheim og Førde. Fokusgruppe intervjuene ble ledet av en erfaren intervjuer, mens forskerne lyttet til svarene fra naborommet. Basert på disse testene, interjuene, litteraturstudie og fokusgruppene har vi laget utkast til sikkerhetsbevis for publikum. I tillegg fant vi som del av undersøkelsene at det er stor forskjell mellom hva som medfører tillit og hva som anses som sikkert (som inkluderes i sikkerhetsbeviset).
Derfor har vi også utviklet utkast til aktuell informasjon som er nødvendig for å oppnå tillit blant publikum.
Siden oppstart har vi arrangert 3 Fagforum hvor også flere eksterne bedrifter har deltatt.
I 2021 ble det også utgitt en helt ny standard ISO/SAE21434 som inkluderer krav til "security case". Dette begynte vi å se på i 2021 og vil fortsette med det i 2022.
Så langt har vi publisert fem paper.
Sikkerhetsbeviset skal vise hvorfor brukergrupper som passasjerer og medtrafikanter, myndigheter, og forsikringsbransjen kan ha tillit til selvkjørende kjøretøy. Dette skal skje ved å sammenholde en stor mengde informasjon som samlet dokumenterer sikkerhetsnivået.

Vy har en satsning på selvkjørende busser for å dekke deler av transportbehovet for sikker, rimelig og miljøvennlig transport. I samarbeid med bl.a. Applied Autonomy som er deleid av oss, har vi nå pågående testing av busser med en operatør ombord. Vi utvikler også nå et flåtestyringssystem. Resultatene er så langt gode og vi nærmer oss neste testfase med buss i normal trafikk uten operatør ombord. Vi har identifisert et behov for å dokumentere sikkerhetsnivået i form av sikkerhetsbevis (SafetyCase). Vi trenger dette i første omgang for å skaffe tillatelse til testing og på lengre sikt for å starte ordinær drift. Kort sagt er utfordringen å etablere tilstrekkelig tillit hos ulike interessenter, som er passasjerer, medtrafikanter, godkjennende myndigheter, og forsikringsaktører. 

Et sikkerhetsbevis er en strukturert samling av informasjon som samlet dokumenterer (beviser) et gitt sikkerhetsnivå, f.eks. dokumentasjon fra utvikling og test, simuleringer, sikkerhetsanalyser, driftsdata etc. Det finnes nærliggende løsninger men ingen som gjør dette for autonome system som er basert på store komplekse programvaresystem og sensorer. Dagens regelverk stiller krav om sikkerhetsbevis, men det finnes så langt ingen konkrete retningslinjer.

Vi har etablert et samarbeid med Statens Vegvesen (myndighet), ITS Norge (interesseorganisasjon), Tryg Forsikring (forsikringsaktør) og det ledende forskningsmiljøet på sikkerhetskritiske system og sikkerhetsbevis. SINTEF, NTNU og Univ. i Sør-Øst Norge vil bistå oss med krav og design for sikkerhetsbevis, utvikle innhold, og etablere en felles publiseringsløsning som må være enkel å vedlikeholde og som må dekke behovet til ulike interessenter. Innovasjonen i prosjektet er ambisiøs og verdensledende, men nødvendig og realistisk med den ekspertisen vi har samlet.

Vi vil samarbeide med franske EasyMile (vår leverandør av buss) og opprette et fagforum med bred deltakelse fra eksperter på fremtidens transportløsninger.

Sikkerhetsbevis for selvkjørende busser

R744trainHVAC
Energieffektiv og miljønøytral oppvarmings-, ventilasjons- og Air-Condition pilotenhet for tog.

Togene til NSB er under kontinuerlig fornyelse og antall togsett med oppvarming, ventilasjon og AC-systemer (HVAC) er økende.

I 2013 var det totale energiforbruket i NSB knyttet til offentlig transport på 307 GWh el og på 8,7 mill. liter diesel.
Dagens HVAC enheter for tog bruker enten HFK-134a (75%) eller HFK-407C (25%) som arbeidsmedier. Disse har et betydelig drivhuspotensial når de slippes ut i miljøet. I tillegg har dagens togsett vanligvis ineffektiv direkte elektrisk oppvarming for å dekke oppvarmingsbehovet. Noen systemleverandører kan tilby HFK-134a HVAC-systemer med varmepumpefunksjon som er i stand til å levere varme til kupéen ved omgivelsestemperaturer over -5 °C. HFK-134a er en syntetisk substans med en drivhuspotensial på 1430 kg CO2-ekv. / kg. Den totale mengden av HFK-134a i NSBs tog er summert til ~ 8 500 kg. Dette representerer en global drivhuseffekt tilsvarende ~ 12.155.000 kg CO2.

Deutsche Bahn har analysert energiforbruket til togene sine i detalj over flere år. Opptil 30 % av det totale energiforbruket går til å drive HVAC-enheter i passasjertog i Tyskland. Bare fremdriftssystemer, dvs. motorer, krever en større andel av den totale energien tilført togsettene. I Norge er energibruk for oppvarming av togkupéen dominerende grunnet mange driftstimer ved lave omgivelsestemperaturer. Derfor kan det antas at minst 30 % av energien som brukes av jernbanesektoren i Norge brukes for å opprettholde komforten i kupéene.
Målet med prosjektet er derfor å utvikle energieffektive og miljøvennlige HVAC-enheter for norske togsett sammen med ledende aktører i bransjen.

R744-teknologi regnes som en løsning for substitusjon av klimagasser i luftkondisjoneringsanlegg i jernbanesektoren. I henhold til simuleringsresultat og på grunnlag av tidligere erfaringer fra andre anvendelsesområder, kan man forvente en betydelig forbedring i energiytelse for R744-system ved bruk av ejektor i kjølemodus. Det er imidlertid meget vanskelig å foreta en nøyaktig vurdering av mulige forbedringer i ytelsen. I praksis vil den faktiske totale effektiviteten være sterkt avhengig av de enkelte komponentene (kompressor, ejektor, varmeveksler).
Etter fullførelse av laboratorietester, ble systemet installert på et kjøretøy i NSB Flirt-flåten i 2017. Utformingen av testbæreren med to forskjellige koblingsvarianter muliggjør en direkte sammenligning med det eksisterende R134a-systemet og mellom de to kretsene. For dette formål er de to R744-kretsene og et konvensjonelt R134a system utstyrt med passende måleteknologi i kjøretøyet. Imidlertid mottok styresystemet ulike kontrollvariabler for R744 og R134a, som hindret rettferdig sammenligning og god drift. I løpet av prosjekt ble det oppdaget at markedet mangler passende varmevekslere for R744 ved disse forholdene. R744-system hadde derfor utfordringer med CO2/luft-varmevekslernes ytelse, integrasjonen av gjenvinningsenheten for ekspansjonsarbeid (ejektor) og systemstyring. Som følge av dette har produsenter av lettvekts varmevekslere blitt kontaktet, og bedre varmevekslere og styresystem skal utvikles og implementeres i et oppfølgingsprosjekt, bevilget støtte, for å bedre ytelsen. Testkampanjen for R744 systemet ble gjennomfør i Tyskland og måleresultatene fra laboratorieforsøkene er evaluert av SINTEF. En anbefaling for en fremtidig serie løsning kan således utledes på grunnlag av den virkelige testen.
Det doble R744-klimaanleggkonseptet for skinnegående kjøretøy sektoren er utviklet i nært samarbeid mellom NSB, SINTEF / NTNU og Faiveley Transport Leipzig GmbH & Co. KG. Dette initiativet er støttet av Norsk Forskningsråd.

Increasing the efficiency of the HVAC units by 20%, theoretically applied to all NSB passengers' trains, would reduce the annual electricity consumption by 20 GWh.
The cooperation between FLT and SINTEF will trigger a technology shift related to HVAC units for European trains towards an elimination of applying working fluids harmful to the environment and a significant energy efficiency improvement. The research team in Norway will re-design the entire HVAC unit, applying advanced and detailed dynamic component and system simulation tools, in cooperation with FTL. The latest high efficient expansion work recovery units, ejectors, pre-tested and validated at SINTEF will be implemented in the R744 HVAC unit. The dual mode HVAC system will be able to utilize ambient heat even at -25°C ambient temperature to heat the passenger compartment. On the other hand the system will be able to perform safely and efficient at HVAC surrounding temperature of +50°C.
The pilot unit will be assembled and tested in the laboratory of FTL prior the experimental testing on board of a NSB Flirt train. The 52 weeks testing period will allow validating simulation models and an optimization of the system controls, i.e. the HVAC unit can maintain the comfort level inside the passenger compartment at all time with a minimum of energy consumption. A state of the art HVAC unit, located in another coach of the same train, will be equipped with additional measurement equipment. Therefore, a scientific analysis of system performances under real operating conditions will be possible and direct system comparisons can be performed and documented.
The results will be published in reviewed scientific international journals and conferences. Popular science articles will be supplied to trade magazines. 
Based on the results a phase out plan for the existing HFC HVAC units will be established to reach the strategic environmental goals of NSB. New trains to be ordered in 2016 should apply the new HVAC units.

0 antall prosjekter

TRANSPORT-Transport 2025

Sikkerhetsbevis for selvkjørende busser

Tildelt: kr 7,0 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2020-2024

Sted: Oslo

ENERGIX-Stort program energi

Energy efficient and environmental neutral Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning pilot unit for train applications.

Tildelt: kr 2,8 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2015-2017

Sted: Oslo