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From the SEA to the SOLution. An integrative assessment of marine pollution in a changing Arctic

Marine chemical pollution poses known threats to human health and to biodiversity, ecosystem and societal services. The Arctic is a major sink of global mercury (Hg) pollution. Arctic sediments, sea and glacial ice constitute vast Hg reservoirs. Recent studies raise concerns about their increasing role as local Hg sources. In a rapidly warming Arctic, the consequences of potentially increased environmental Hg on marine biota remain unknown. The objective of SEASOL is to identify the pathway(s) of Hg bioaccumulation in marine food webs of the High Arctic Kongsfjorden (Svalbard). This changing glacial fjord is recognised as a ‘natural laboratory’ of climate change in the Arctic. The fellow’s earlier research has shown the sole measurement of Hg levels as insufficient to connect biotic Hg dynamics to environmental change, whereas the analysis of Hg stable isotopes proved to be a promising tool for source discrimination and biotic transfer. SEASOL will build on the novel application of stable isotope analysis to identify the sources of Hg within the fjord system and the pathways to Hg accumulation within sentinel marine species. On the short-term, the study will provide fundamental knowledge to help understand how emerging sources of Hg from rapid environmental change will impact Arctic marine predators. On the long-term, SEASOL will contribute to the development of early-warning, adaptive management strategies, including modelling, for mitigating the cumulative impact of pollutants and climate change on Arctic marine species. This multidisciplinary approach and the central position of the host institution (Norwegian Polar Institute) in the field of Polar Research will equip the Fellow with a broad set of new skills and lay the foundation for building her specific niche as a future leader in marine pollution science.

Optimization of Free Space Optical Communication Link based Drones for Search and Rescue Operations in the Arctic Region

The Arctic region is witnessing more frequent shipping accidents than ever which require accurate search and rescue operations. The existing communication systems use drones with radio frequency (RF) technology, which has limited bandwidth and cannot offer 4G/5G connectivity due to harsh weather constraints. It further limits the capacity of drones and affects the resolution of images and videos. The current research proposes to design free space optical communication (FSOC) link-based drones that can enhance connectivity between multiple drones and rescue ships as well as the capacity of drones to produce high resolution images and videos. The proposed FSOC-based drones can provide highspeed connectivity than the existing RF technology. The research will collect atmospheric turbulences data from the Arctic region and use it for designing the FSOC link. Furthermore, to enhance the capacity of FSOC-based drones, the research will design advanced multiplexing schemes (Mode Division Multiplexing and Orthogonal Code Division Multiple Access) and to ensure link stability, omnidirectional receiver will be designed. The research will further evaluate the performance of proposed FSOC link under the impact of various atmospheric turbulences. The expected outcomes of this research will lead to the optimisation of FSOC-based drones in expanding search areas and improving communication systems for SAR operations in the Arctic region.

AQUASERV – RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES FOR SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE, FISHERIES AND THE BLUE ECONOMY

The overarching objectives of AQUASERV are to bring together, enhance, integrate and customise RI capacities (including facilities, instruments and expertise) and through the provision of transnational access (on-site or remote) and/or virtual access, to significantly further scientific advance and promote and facilitate the implementation of European Common Fisheries Policy, the Farm to Fork Strategy, the Sustainable Blue Economy and the European Green Deal. 

AQUASERV will achieve these objectives by offering scientists from academia and business remote and on-site transnational (TA) and virtual (VA) access to an advanced set of European research infrastructures and its nodes related to research and management of marine and freshwater biological resources, food and biotechnology. These include the European Marine Biological Resource Centre ERIC (EMBRC), the Analysis and Experimentation on Ecosystems ERIC, The Aquaculture for Excellence for Aquaculture in Fish (Aquaexcel), and the Infrastructure for Promoting Metrology in Food and Nutrition (METROFOOD), as well as the International Council for Exploration of the Sea, both a service provider and stakeholder. It also includes the Research Infrastructure for Science and Innovation Policy Studies (RISIS) to bring contributions from the social sciences and to bring results nearer to policy makers ensuring societal impact. 

To enhance, integrate and customise RI capacities, collaboration between partners and new pipelines to meet the objectives of the project will be developed during the first 3 years and will make available  to users.  To ensure these capacities will not be lost, a sustainability work package involving stakeholders will address the project legacy.  

To maximize impact, AQUASERV will build a communication network among the partnership and develop a dissemination and outreach programme. Furthermore, an advanced training programme will be developed to capture future users and will be updated during the p

Aqua Research Infrastructure Services for the health and protection of our unique, oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems

AQUARIUS will provide a highly comprehensive suite of integrated research infrastructures appropriate to addressing significant challenges for the long-term sustainability of our unique oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems. For the first time, diverse research infrastructures will be combined to facilitate the work of researchers and key stakeholders focused on challenges and opportunities for both marine and freshwater systems. An impressive range of 57 research infrastructure services will be made available to include research vessels, mobile marine observation platforms, aircraft,  drones, satellite, sensors, fixed freshwater and marine observatories and test sites, experimental facilities, and sophisticated data infrastructures. AQUARIUS will support the development phase of the EU Mission to Restore our Ocean and waters by 2030, the Sustainable Blue Economy Partnership, the European Green Deal, and international climate initiatives. It will also be an essential component in achieving the European Digital Twin of the Ocean and the UN Decade for Ocean Sciences. The needs of researchers will be met through a robust and transparent system of transnational access funding Calls, facilitated by centralised user-friendly access portal. The Call programme will be informed through stakeholder engagement and brokerage events. Projects to be selected for Access must convincingly integrate multiple infrastructures and contribute to the core policy objectives of Mission Ocean, that is, to protect and restore marine and freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity; to prevent and eliminate pollution of our oceans, seas and waters; and to ensure a sustainable, carbon-neutral and circular blue economy. A thematic and geographic focus will be the hallmark of the proposed transnational Calls, aligning with the Lighthouse Regions, that is, the Baltic and the North Sea Basins, Black Sea, Atlantic/Arctic, and Mediterranean Sea along with their associated rivers.

Advance Marine Research Infrastructures Together

The European Ocean Observing System (EOOS) is the foundation of European ocean knowledge. The core Marine Research Infrastructures (MRIs) focused on ocean observing (EMSO, EURO-ARGO and ICOS ERICs; EuroFleets+, EuroGoShip, GROOM RI, JERICO RI and MINKE as INFRA projects) are the main providers of in situ ocean data for the EOOS and Copernicus, and the primary managers of instrumental capacity supporting fundamental research.
These MRIs are aware that the lack of effective cross coordination prevents them from fully supporting frontier research, while the lack of integration makes it difficult to reach a critical mass for EOOS and results in significant cost duplication. Accordingly, AMRIT gathers these MRIs together with OceanOPS/WMO international coordination experience with the objective to:
- ensure seamless operation of marine observation platforms ;
- ensure the full nominal use of sensors and accelerate their evolution ;
- exploit the complementarity of the various observation platforms ;
- ensure the overall coherence of the ocean data value chain.
To achieve these objectives, AMRIT will design and implement an EOOS Technical Support Center (EOOS TSC) for
- a fully integrated information service across the data value chain from early planning stages to final delivery to users;
- a cross-platform fully standardised data acquisition methodology for Essential Ocean Variables;
- a collaborative federal structure to operate these services, relying on the ERIs and their members.
The EOOS TSC will be the cornerstone in establishing and maintaining the EOOS, upon which European ocean observing can be strengthened in the coming decades. AMRIT will provide a catalyst for the development and consolidation of MRIs throughout Europe, providing a benchmark for operational coordination and collaboration. AMRIT will advance EOOS in line with its 2023-2027 Strategy and beyond, and the European Commission's ambitions for sharing responsibility in ocean observing across Europe.

Improve offshore infrastructure resilience against geohazards towards a changing climate

POSEIDON brings together an interdisciplinary and intersectoral team to deliver a professionally trained next-generation network of Doctoral Candidates to develop a step change in our capacity to identify, map, assess and predict offshore geohazards and in turn produce ground-breaking methods to prevent, mitigate and boost the resilience of current offshore infrastructure under a changing climate. The consortium is formed by experts across EU countries with universities, research institutions, industry partners and a government body to cover a full training programme on scientific and transferable skills. 

The programme will undertake critical research across scales (from micro to macro) for seeking the inner links and differences, with an eventual aim to ascertain the pathways and grow our capacity for the enhancement of the existing and the robust development of new offshore infrastructure in the frame of safety and resiliency. In addition to the informed design and implementation of the novel physical/numerical modelling and lab studies, our approach is unique in the solid integration and utilisation of state-of-the-art data science technologies (e.g., data mining, machine learning, etc.) to their full potential. Only through this systematic approach, we can achieve the objectives of understanding the impact of offshore geohazards on our offshore critical infrastructures (OCIs) and developing novel models, tools and designs for future OCIs, such as, wind turbines, pipelines and cables. 

The Doctoral Candidates will enjoy a highly integrated, interdisciplinary and intersector training environment, enriched through secondments with the network of non-academics. POSEIDON enables critical learning across all training aspects to ensure that comprehensive, robust and implementable solutions are obtained and validated to face the OCIs climate-resilient building.

POLARIN: POLAR RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK

The polar regions play a key role in the Earth’s system. They are essential for our climate and are sentinels of climate change, human expansion, and the hunt of new resources. The polar regions are losing ice, and their oceans and land are changing rapidly. The consequences of this polar transition extend to the whole planet and are affecting people in multiple ways. Evidence-based policy recommendations are needed, but the polar regions are difficult to reach, and research infrastructures able to operate in these regions are scarce. To understand and predict key processes in the polar regions and provide evidence-based information, the polar research community needs access to world-class research infrastructure operating in these regions.
POLARIN is an international network of polar research infrastructures and their services, aiming at addressing the scientific challenges of the polar regions. The network includes a wide array of complementary and interdisciplinary top level research infrastructures: Arctic and Antarctic research stations, research vessels and icebreakers operating at both poles, observatories, data infrastructures and ice and sediment core repositories. POLARIN will provide integrated, challenge-driven, and combined access to these infrastructures to facilitate interdisciplinary research on complex processes. 
POLARIN will:
1.	Provide challenge-driven transnational access to a large portfolio of research infrastructures. 
2.	Improve the access to data by improving data availability and interoperability between data infrastructures. 
3.	Provide virtual access to data and data services. 
4.	Provide data products for the scientific community and decision makers.
5.	Train the young generation of polar researchers in optimally exploiting the infrastructures for their research.
6.	Duly advertise the services offered by POLARIN and engage the infrastructure users to share their research outcomes with society.


Land-Sea interface: Let’s observe together!

LandSeaLot will link together in situ, model and earth observations (EO) and connect related communities, citizens and initiatives such as Copernicus, ESA, EEA, GEOSS, EMODnet and the European Digital Twin of the Ocean. These observations will be used in a gap analysis to co-design a common land-sea interface observation strategy and an implementation plan. LandSeaLot participants will simultaneously work on improving: in situ and EO capabilities, models to reduce the model/observations gap and the integration of model, in situ and satellite data. Observation capacity will be increased through tested, improved and guided use of low-cost technology by citizens, facilitated by the network of European marinas. The technologies selected will be piloted in Integration Labs (ILs) together with improved and integrated in situ and EO observation techniques and model outputs. LandSeaLot ILs will cover selected areas in the Black, Aegean, Mediterranean, Atlantic, North and Baltic Seas, with a range of catchment, tidal and meteorological regimes. Experts and citizen science leaders will work in the ILs together with JERICO-RI, DANUBIUS-RI and ICOS-ERIC, and with regional policy makers and managers to tailor integrated observations that will provide them with information to manage societal challenges. These will include assessment of the lateral carbon flux and stock, plastics transfer, nutrients impact on primary production and eutrophication, supporting biodiversity conservation, improving modeling capability and supporting climate change adaptation (storm surge, floods, heat waves, coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion). Data generated in the ILs will be made FAIR available via EMODnet and interoperability, and semantic solutions for existing, international data flows will be developed. Relevant communities will be engaged by workshops, conferences, training, a high-tech summit and by a communication strategy including videos and policy briefs to ensure LandSeaLot’s legacy.

Material Science Innovation for Accelerated, Sustainable and Safe Implementation of Carbon Capture and Storage

MISSION-CCS presents a timely and unique doctoral network designed to deliver the next generation of highly trained researchers and entrepreneurs in the field of material science, specifically focused towards accelerating implementation of carbon capture and storage CCS technologies worldwide and ensuring the sustainable and safe operation of existing and future CCS systems.

The training network combines unique experimental system design and modelling approaches, state-of-the-art analytical technologies and techno-economic analysis to deliver a new generation of researchers and entrepreneurs. The programme of research training centres of delivering Doctoral Candidate Researchers (DCRs) with world-leading technical expertise in material science and engineering relevant to the entire CCS process. MISSION-CCS ensures that the subject-specific technical knowledge of each DCRs is under-pinned by inter-sectorial knowledge whilst also promoting wider innovation skills and relevant training on the techno-economics of CCS, developing experts with breadth of knowledge.

A central aim of the network is to forge a strong cohort culture, by ensuring that peer-to-peer learning and mutual support become the norm, in order to enhance experience. Research-led training activities are strengthened through a dynamic and interactive education based programme delivered by an internationally renowned consortium of academics and industrialists with complementary skills. As part of the training programme, subsequent to an introduction to CCS systems and the specific material science challenges, DCRs will gain knowledge of system design and optimisation, state-of-the-art analytical methods, theoretical modelling, techno-economics, and understand the challenges of exploiting their research. They will also acquire proficiency in project management, communication, entrepreneurship, and innovation; all essential attributes for any modern technical professional.

Optimisation of digital catch monitoring and reporting in European Fisheries

 OptiFish will strive to provide technological solutions that will simultaneously improve the sustainability of fisher’s operations, enhance control processes and strengthen society’s trust in their products.
OptiFish will develop, test and recommend a set of innovative technologies and tools supported by artificial intelligence (AI) to provide the management, the fishing sector and the scientist with data on catch volumes, catch compositions and the fishing environment. 
The goal is to unlock the full potential of technologies such as electronic and genetic monitoring for automated species recognition based on AI and computer vision to reduce discards, unreported landings and unreported fishing activities, ultimately establishing  a fisheries control and enforcement system fit for the digital age. The technologies are not enough alone, it is also critical to consider the combination of technologies and the integration of computer vision models, the wide range of data sources and their subsequent formats, while also addressing stakeholders needs and acceptance. 
This goal cannot be achieved by a single project, which is why the aim of OptiFish is to lay a solid foundation for full technological development from which other projects and initiatives can be built. The project will place a strong focus on species recognition in different fisheries equipped with distinctly different catch handling facilities and in different European sea basins. 
To ensure that these innovations are relevant to fisheries management, OptiFish has participation from the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries, and has received written support from the European Fisheries Control Agency (EFCA), the Basque, Danish and Belgian Fisheries authorities.



Natrium ione batterier for stasjonær energilagring i nordiske klima

Midlene fra ENERGIX-Stort program energi fordelt på år

Midlene fra ENERGIX-Stort program energi fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra ENERGIX-Stort program energi fordelt på fagområde

Seniorforsker

The SIBERIA project is a Young Talent Researcher project which seeks to develop and demonstrate fluorine-free Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) suitable for application in challenging environments. In times of rising energy demand, stationary storage of produced energy becomes paramount for the energy transition. Secondary batteries are a key enabling technology for stationary storage. SIBs can be thought of as an analogue of the widely used Lithium ion batteries, which use Sodium rather than Lithium as the basis of the energy storage reactions. Being greatly more abundant than Lithium, the use of Sodium reduces cost and mitigates supply issues due to geopolitical difficulties, making SIBs a very attractive technology for stationary storage in particular.
The SIBERIA project will focus initially on the development of new electrolytes which maintain performance across a broad range of temperatures (-20 to +60 °C), in order to function in Nordic climates ideally without the need of thermal battery management, and thus enable cheap and easy roll out of storage solutions tailored for colder environments. In line with the drive to reduce usage of “Forever chemicals” these will utilise novel fluorine free salts developed through the project. 
In the second stage of development, fundamental studies will investigate the compatibility of these electrolytes with environmentally benign commercially available active materials and guide the engineering of stable “interphases” at the electrode surfaces which enable long term performance. The project will conclude with the pilot scale production of entirely fluorine-free SIBs and their demonstration under Nordic operating conditions.

SIBERIA intends to develop completely fluorine free Na-ion batteries utilising benign iron based Prussian Blue Analogues (PBAs) as an alternative battery technology for stationary storage. Central to the concept is that good performance at low temperatures can minimise or even eliminate the need for active thermal management. Combined with aqueous processing and fluorine-free constituents, this minimises the environmental impact at all lifecycle stages.
The project will initially screen PBAs from different suppliers, determine their suitability for aqueous processing and adapt recipes to suit. Concurrently anode materials based on hard carbon and titania will be evaluated similarly. Binders such as CMC and PAA will be applied in place of PVDF. As some components (especially PBAs) have a strong affinity for water, a key goal is to develop processes which enable cell assembly in a conventional dry room rather than a glovebox environment.
The core of the project is the development of entirely novel electrolytes based on mixtures of different solvent classes (such as nitriles, ethers, esters, carbonates) with fluorine-free weakly coordinating sodium salts such as carboxyl diacid chelates of phosphorus or boron centres, and cyano substituted Hückel anions based on imidazole moieties. These salts will in large part be synthesised within the project, owing to their commercial non-availability. The electrolytes thus developed will be comprehensively assessed for their electrochemical performance and compatibility with the chosen electrode chemistries not only at room temperature, but also at sub ambient temperatures down to -20 °C. 
The project will conclude with demonstration and full characterisation of long cycle life cells operating according to charge discharge profiles appropriate to stationary storage applications in Nordic type environments, and the efficacy of the concept will be determined via an LCA performed alongside the experimental work.

Sodium ion batteries for stationary applications in challenging environment

Vårt prosjekt tar sikte på å informere debatten om effekter av barnehage ved å kaste lys over hvordan barnehagen påvirker små barns utvikling, samt hvilke effekter barnehagen har for barn med innvandrerbakgrunn. Videre ser vi nærmere på hvordan tilgang til barnehage påvirker foreldre og deres yrkesdeltakelse. 

I prosjektperioden har vi sett nærmere på hvordan et tilbud om gratistid i barnehage påvirker bruken av barnehage blant barn med innvandrerbakgrunn. Videre har vi sett på hvordan deres foreldre tilpasser sin deltakelse i arbeidsmarkedet når tilbudet blir tilgjengelig. Vi finner at tilbudet om barnehage øker deltakelsen med omlag 15 prosent blant barn med innvandrerbakgrunn. Det er ingen slik effekt blant barna uten innvandrerbakgrunn. Tilgang til gratis barnehage påvirker i liten grad foreldrenes yrkesaktivitet for disse familiene. 

Videre har vi sett nærmere på om lovfestet rett til barnehageplass for barn født før 1. september fører til at barn født før starter tidligere i barnehagen enn barn født etter 1. september. Analysen er basert på data fra Oslo. Det ser ikke ut til å være noen diskontinuitet i barnehagestart rundt grensen for lovfestet rett. Dette betyr ikke at alle barn i praksis får plass når de vil i barnehage. Det er trolig at barn født sent på høsten eller tidlig på vinteren fortsatt har problemer med å finne barnehageplass når permisjonstiden er slutt. Hovedproblemet for disse barna er imidlertid ikke at de ikke har lovfestet rett til plass, men at permisjonstiden til foreldrene utløper på et tidspunkt hvor det er få ledige plasser i barnehagene. Vår analyse tyder på at retten til barnehageplass gjorde lite for å endre på dette.
 
Vi har også studert hvordan barnehage for de minste påvirker tidlige skoleprestasjoner. Ved å utnytte et lotteri i Oslo kommune der barnehageplasser ble tilfeldig fordelt, kan vi sammenligne ellers like barn, der forskjellen er at noen startet tidlig og andre startet senere. Vi finner at barna som startet tidlig (fordi de «vant» en barnehageplass gjennom lotteriet) gjør det bedre på tester i første klasse enn barna som startet senere. Vi finner at det særlig er barn fra familier med lav inntekt og utdanning som gjør det bedre når de får et tilbud og starter tidlig.

Prosjektet ser også på hvordan kjennetegn ved de ansatte i barnehagen påvirker barns kognitive utvikling. Vi benytter oss av de tidligere nevnte lotteri-dataene fra Oslo, som også førte til at mange barn havnet i en annen barnehage enn den de søkte på. Vi kan derfor sammenligne barn som har søkt på de samme barnehagene, men som på grunn av lotteriet havnet i barnehager med ulik sammensetning blant personalet.
 
I en artikkel om universell barnehage og sosial mobilitet, ser vi på sammensetningen av barn i barnehagen i Oslo. Vi er særlig opptatt av hvordan andelen barn med innvandrerbakgrunn varierer på tvers av bydeler og barnehager innad i bydeler. Vi dokumenterer en sterk segregering etter sosioøkonomisk bakgrunn i barnehagene i Oslo, og vi viser at barn fra vanskeligstilte familier ser ut til å samles i barnehager som scorer svakere på indikatorer på strukturell kvalitet. Vi viser også at segregeringen hovedsakelig oppstår som følge av
foreldrenes ønsker i søknadene. Ved hjelp av data som nøyaktig plasserer barnehagene og barnas hjem geografisk, kan vi simulere alternative allokeringer av barna i Oslos barnehager. Vi viser at segregering av barn fra innvandrerfamilier kan bli vesentlig lavere ved å omfordele barn på tvers av barnehager som ligger i en omkrets på 500 meter fra barnas hjem. 

Videre studerer vi effekten av barnehagebruk for to-åringer på foreldre og besteforeldres yrkesdeltagelse på 2000-tallet, og finner at barnehage for de minste har hatt en betydelig virkning på arbeidstilbudet blant norske mødre. For hvert tiende barn som begynner i barnehage på fulltid, begynner omtrent tre mødre å jobbe. Gifte og samboende mødre i hovedsak begynner å jobbe fulltid, mens effektene for single mødre er mer usikre. Vi finner ingen effekter av økt barnehagebruk på yrkesdeltagelsen til fedre. Heller ikke besteforeldrenes yrkestilbud ser ut til å endre seg med økt barnehagebruk. I sum tolker vi dette som at alternativet til barnehage for flesteparten av de minste barna er å være hjemme sammen med mor. Dette står i kontrast til tidligere studier på eldre barn, der uformelle passordninger ser ut til å være et vesentlig alternativ til barnehage.

Prosjektet har arrangert en workshop i perioden, "Interventions during childhood and subsequent child development". Her deltok en rekke internasjonale forskere, samt en flere innledere fra ulike akademiske institusjoner i Norge.

Prosjektets hjemmesider: https://sites.google.com/site/vamchildcareearlychildhood/

Today's rising generation in the OECD countries is the first in which a majority is spending a large part of their early childhood in institutionalized child care. Even for children below three years of age, close to 50 % are now enrolled in many countries. Evidence on how child care might affect the development of toddlers is largely missing, despite the recent increase in enrollment. Understanding how toddlers are affected by time spent in child care is hence of great importance, particularly in Norway where child care for the youngest has been rolled out at a high speed throughout the last ten years. 

Moreover, inequality in the educational attainment of native and immigrant groups has been of great concern to policymakers in the US and Europe for a long time. The low enrollment of children from immigrant families in preschool programs enhances the fear that the current educational inequality will persist into future generations. We aim to advance the understanding of how publicly provided preschool can improve the educational destinies of children from immigrant families. 

While child care plays an important role for child development, it is also affecting the family more in general. Access to subsidized child care may for instance improve parents' labor market opportunities. The quality of the child care institution might also play an important role for the amount of work parents want to supply in the labor market. Moreover, subsidized child care could possibly affect the decision to have a new child , as it lowers the cost of bringing up children.

Our empirical analyses will focus on establishing causal inferences. We will take advantage of a natural experiment in Oslo during the years 2004-2007 where slots in child care centers were allocated in a lottery. In addition we will use various instrumental variable and difference-in-difference approaches taking advantage of individual level register data for the entire Norwegian population.

0 antall prosjekter

VAM-Velferd, arbeid og migrasjon

Child care during early childhood: Effects on child development, parental labor supply and fertility

Tildelt: kr 5,4 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2014-2019

Sted: Oslo