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Algebraic Theory of Information Quantities

Information theory is a discipline at the intersection of statistics, engineering and computer science. As the study of information quantities, such as compression or communication capacities, information content or measures of statistical dependency, it is one of the theoretical underpinnings of data science.

Computational problems in information theory are highly non-linear. The goal of this project is to transfer state-of-the-art methods of computational non-linear algebra to information theory, to study the inherent algebraic complexity of information-theoretical problems and to provide tools for solving them in practice. The algebraic point of view has proven to be fruitful in seemingly unrelated areas, as witnessed by a surge of recent work in algebraic statistics, in particular on likelihood geometry. However, maximizing the likelihood function is the same as minimizing relative entropy — a specific information quantity. Hence, this project also aims at generalizing the techniques developed in likelihood geometry.

One focus is on the practical computation of information quantities using numerical and differential algebraic geometry. Such quantities are defined via non-linear optimization problems and we aim to pinpoint the algebraic complexity of these problems in instances of general interest, such as common information measures. The final objective is finding fundamental laws and limits of data science imposed by non-linear inequalities constraining the entropic region. These inequalities provide, by duality, universal bounds for many of the optimization problems studied in information theory.

WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM)

Wheelchair users (WCU) are three to five times more inactive than the general population, leading to a high risk of developing preventable secondary conditions. Although physical activity (PA) guidelines have been specifically developed for WCU, we lack systematic approaches to implement them in practice, as well as valid algorithms to monitor PA change in WCU through sensor-based solutions. Accordingly, the overall scientific aim of the WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM) is to advance PA research and practice in WCU by developing valid digital markers for monitoring of and providing feedback on PA, paving the way for implementation and intervention. I will accomplish this through combining the complementary research fields of 1) behavioural intervention studies focusing on increasing PA in WCU (core competence University of British Columbia, UBC; outgoing phase) and 2) sensor-based PA monitoring (core competence Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU; returning phase – consolidated by non-academic placement at Maastricht Instruments, which develop research prototypes including PA monitors). WHAM’s scientific aim is achieved through three objectives: 1) Measure the effect of a pragmatic exercise intervention trial on self-reported physical activity levels and cardio-respiratory fitness, 2) Develop valid algorithms for tracking PA markers in WCU, and 3) Co-create a framework that outlines how PA can be conjointly monitored and provided feedback on in WCU. This fellowship will enable me to become established as an internationally recognized researcher in the field of “physical activity and disability”, while bringing together ongoing national disjointed research activities in this field. Altogether, my overall ambition is to contribute to reducing inequalities in daily-life participation among WCU compared to the rest of the population.

EOSC Beyond: advancing innovation and collaboration for research

EOSC Beyond overall objective is to advance Open Science and innovation in research in the context of the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) by providing new EOSC Core capabilities allowing scientific applications to find, compose and access multiple Open Science resources and offer them as integrated capabilities to researchers. To do so, EOSC Beyond supports a new concept of EOSC: a federated and integrated network of Nodes operated at different levels, national, regional, international and thematic, to serve the specific scientific missions of their stakeholders. Further specific objectives of the project are to accelerate ‘time to product’ of new scientific applications with software adapters, enable Open Science with machine composability and dynamic deployment of shared resources, support innovation in EOSC with a testing and integration environment, and align the EOSC Core architecture and specifications to integrate with European dataspaces. The project extends the state of the art of the EOSC Core and adopts a co-design methodology, including requirements elicitation, software development and validation in collaboration with different use cases from EOSC national and regional initiatives (e-Infra CZ, Czechia, NFDI, Germany, and NI4OS, South East Europe region), thematic research infrastructures from Social Sciences and Humanities (CESSDA), Life Sciences (CNB-CSIC and Instruct-ERIC), Environmental Science (ENES and LifeWatch), and Health and Food (METROFood-RI). EOSC Beyond builds on the capacities of prospective EOSC Nodes and partners with multi-annual experience in developing solutions for large-scale federated digital infrastructures and aligns with the technical architecture and requirements of data spaces from different business sectors. Ultimately, EOSC Beyond supports Open Science in modern, data-intensive, and multidisciplinary research, facilitating resource discovery, access, and reuse across scientific communities, organisations, and countries.


Harmonization of Advanced Materials Ecosystems serving strategic Innovation Markets to pave the way to a Digital Materials & Product Passport

The overarching objective of DigiPass is to enhance the digital maturity of the European communities that develop materials and intermediate products. The project will develop recommendations and clear routes toward digitalized circular business models. The overarching key result of DigiPass is to create a sustainable platform which includes support for Digital Materials & Product Passport and for collaborative innovation-by-design processes in a circular economy served by advanced materials. A business model for operating such a platform completes the overarching objective.
DigiPass is harmonizing and synergizing collected materials data sources and digital infrastructures. This will enable interoperability of data exchange, and standardization of advanced materials knowledge representation at all maturity levels. Accelerating the design, development, and production of advanced, safe, and sustainable chemicals and materials, as they are necessary for innovative products, calls for a collaborative approach involving different stakeholders to support durability, repair and overhaul, reuse, and recyclability of products. DigiPass project impacts all materials development communities over the whole circular value chain. 


Enhanced X(cross)-disciplinary Community-driven Imaging Technologies for Earth and Environmental material research

The EXCITE² Network is revolutionizing Earth and environmental material science research by consolidating a critical mass of 18 research facilities in 12 European and associated partner countries into a unified infrastructure and providing transnational access to advanced imaging technologies. This enables scientists to decipher complex processes within Earth materials at scales from nanometres to hundreds of centimetres, gaining unparalleled insight into the chemical and physical processes that govern, among others, environmental toxicity and its impact on human health, critical metal extraction for renewable energies, and the utilisation of Earth materials as long-term storage for climate-altering gases. The consortium fosters knowledge-sharing and talent attraction, bolstering the problem-solving capacity of the European Research Area. Moreover, EXCITE² is driving interdisciplinary collaboration and cross-fertilisation across academic institutions, scientific disciplines, and industry, propelling Europe towards a sustainable future. The initiative offers dedicated training programmes to a new generation of researchers within the European open science landscape, paired with access to world-class imaging facilities and expertise for problem-solving research and innovation. EXCITE² is introducing innovative service developments, such as artificial intelligence and leading-edge imaging experiments, to increase the user's problem-solving capacity. In addition, the consortium is implementing customised project valorisation strategies to maximize the impact of research outcomes in academia, society, and the economy. Citizen science projects allow the public to participate directly within the EXCITE² Network, contributing to solving EU challenges. As such, EXCITE² is paving the way towards a sustainable future, driving scientific excellence, and creating positive societal impact.

Engineering carbon quantum dots for zinc ion hybrid capacitors

Zinc ion hybrid capacitors (ZIHCs) integrate two energy storage mechanisms of battery-type electrode and capacitive electrode, bearing the advantages in energy density, power density, and safety. Until now, the cycle retention rate of ZIHC's capacity reported is still not more than 80%, restricting its development and commercial application severely. Focusing on the issue, the project aims at overcoming the limitation of traditional electrode materials and re-defining the designing concept to construct Carbon Quantum Dots (C-QDs) for ZIHCs. Advanced methods will be used to harvest carbon quantum dots from coal tar pitch (a sort of industrial solid castoff). The bulk sp2-carbon network, innumerable edge sites, profuse surface functional groups, and regular size ensures that as-synthesis C-QDs have high electrical conductivity, sufficient ion transport channels and rich adsorption sites. Moreover, the new concept of dynamic evolution is introduced for insight into the structure and interface failure of ZIHC's electrode. The interface-reconstruction mechanism and the attenuation model of capacity will be established for the first time. Further, the methods to strengthen structures of C-QD electrode will be developed based on a trade-off strategy. The ultimate goal is to improve the energy storage efficiency of ZIHCs by 20% and to increase their cycle performance more than 95% unprecedentedly. This research will develop long-running high performance ZIHCs, for contributing European energy storage industry. The ER will achieve abundant research experience and scientific skills from the project and the capability to launch her own research group in future.

IMProving User experience, Long-term sustainability and Services of EU-OPENSCREEN

EU-OPENSCREEN (EU-OS), the distributed European Research Infrastructure for Chemical Biology and early drug discovery, provides world-class services in high-throughput compound screening and medicinal chemistry to users from academia and industry. As one of the largest open-access initiative globally, EU-OPENSCREEN plays an increasingly important role in facilitating early stage drug discovery in Europe. It recently integrated fragment-based drug discovery and chemoproteomics as two new services, but the increasing complexity of modern drug discovery projects requires an even more comprehensive portfolio and integration of emerging technologies. To ensure that EU-OS continues to offer a comprehensive suite of relevant services and support a growing user community to conduct forefront research, IMPULSE will develop, validate and integrate new services in AI/ML, new chemical modalities, and innovative disease-relevant cell models combined with CRISPR-Cas9/RNAi-based genetic screening. IMPULSE will work towards the implementation of common operational and data standards to increase data reproducibility and FAIRness. Bespoke outreach and training activities will raise awareness among key user groups of its new services and advance operational excellence and reproducibility in pre-clinical drug discovery. New models for pre-competitive drug discovery with industry or charities, and growing ERIC member community will reinforce the sustainability and accessibility of EU-OPENSCREEN.

Aqua Research Infrastructure Services for the health and protection of our unique, oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems

AQUARIUS will provide a highly comprehensive suite of integrated research infrastructures appropriate to addressing significant challenges for the long-term sustainability of our unique oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems. For the first time, diverse research infrastructures will be combined to facilitate the work of researchers and key stakeholders focused on challenges and opportunities for both marine and freshwater systems. An impressive range of 57 research infrastructure services will be made available to include research vessels, mobile marine observation platforms, aircraft,  drones, satellite, sensors, fixed freshwater and marine observatories and test sites, experimental facilities, and sophisticated data infrastructures. AQUARIUS will support the development phase of the EU Mission to Restore our Ocean and waters by 2030, the Sustainable Blue Economy Partnership, the European Green Deal, and international climate initiatives. It will also be an essential component in achieving the European Digital Twin of the Ocean and the UN Decade for Ocean Sciences. The needs of researchers will be met through a robust and transparent system of transnational access funding Calls, facilitated by centralised user-friendly access portal. The Call programme will be informed through stakeholder engagement and brokerage events. Projects to be selected for Access must convincingly integrate multiple infrastructures and contribute to the core policy objectives of Mission Ocean, that is, to protect and restore marine and freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity; to prevent and eliminate pollution of our oceans, seas and waters; and to ensure a sustainable, carbon-neutral and circular blue economy. A thematic and geographic focus will be the hallmark of the proposed transnational Calls, aligning with the Lighthouse Regions, that is, the Baltic and the North Sea Basins, Black Sea, Atlantic/Arctic, and Mediterranean Sea along with their associated rivers.

EOSC-ENTRUST: A European Network of TRUSTed research environments

The mission of EOSC-ENTRUST is to create a European network of trusted research environments for sensitive data and to drive European interoperability by joint development of a common blueprint for federated data access and analysis. 
Countries and institutions have made significant investments in secure and trusted data environments to meet the need for research and policy-driven analysis of sensitive datasets such as people's health and socio-economic status, the habitats of vulnerable species and geo-spatial locations of protected sites. There are now a large number of such secure environments in operation - linked to national centres, individual organisations or specific research communities. This fragmented landscape poses challenges for both users and providers: researchers are faced with a large number of different systems and access procedures; providers need to manage federated access across multiple, potentially incompatible, technology and governance frameworks.
EOSC-ENTRUST brings together providers of operational Trusted Research Environments from 15 European countries with a shared goal to implement, validate and promote their capabilities through a common European framework using shared standards and common legal, operational and technical language. This blueprint for interoperability is anchored in the EOSC Interoperability Framework spanning the four dimensions of Legal, Organisational, Technical and Semantic interoperability. EOSC-ENTRUST has identified four driver projects covering Genomics, Clinical trials, Social science, and public-private partnerships to benchmark capabilities, inform blueprint design and demonstrate secure  data analysis using federated workflows.
Targeted outreach activities will expand this open network with further providers and develop policy papers and guidelines for the full range of stakeholders to create a long-term operational TRE framework within the European Open Science Cloud.


Providing research infrastructure services to support Next Generation EU

This four-year project will harness outputs from key social science RIs in Europe and other reliable sources to support the aims of the ‘Next Generation EU’ programme and to inform EU youth policy. Virtual access will be provided to the outputs through special installations (portals) developed during the project. The core of the proposal is a set of existing research ‘services’, which will be re-purposed and customised to focus directly on the five themes: Make it Green; Make it Digital; Make it Healthy; Make it Strong; and Make it Equal. 

For each area, the consortium will work collaboratively to produce seven sets of resources:

i)	A searchable inventory of relevant variables drawn from multiple cross-national datasets; 

ii)	Analytical summaries, suitable for policy makers and analysts new to the field, as well as interactive resources available through the project portal;

iii)	Harmonised and merged extracts from these datasets that reduce the burden on analysts and increase sample sizes;

iv)	New data collected through the ESS’s established CRONOS web panel infrastructure. Eleven countries will field five waves of the panel, each one dedicated to a NextGenEU theme. Free and rapid access to the data will be available through the CRONOS portal alongside analytical summaries;

v)	In-person and virtual deliberative forums with young people (aged 18-34) in four countries covering the five Next Generation EU’ themes;

vi)	An educational tool (E-NextGen) channelling our data for use in classrooms and by the general public;

vii)	Comprehensive training materials related to all project outputs.


Midlene fra FRINATEK-Fri prosj.st. mat.,naturv.,tek fordelt på år

Midlene fra FRINATEK-Fri prosj.st. mat.,naturv.,tek fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra FRINATEK-Fri prosj.st. mat.,naturv.,tek fordelt på fagområde

Professor

Electrochemical energy converting devices will be indispensable in the development of a future carbon neutral and sustainable society with their efficient conversion of hydrogen and biological derived fuels to electrical energy. Liquid hydrocarbons like formic acid, methanol and glycerol have high energy densities and can be fed directly to the anode side of a fuel cell and combined electrochemically with oxygen in air at the cathode. Although the complete oxidation products are CO2, water and electrical energy, the electrochemical oxidation processes involve various possible pathways and slow kinetics at low temperatures, inevitably leading to the existence of several intermediate surface species and partially soluble byproducts. This decreases the efficiency and reduces the fuel utilization. Gaining fundamental knowledge at the molecular level in general and also at conditions close to real conditions for operating units are needed to lay down guidelines for electrocatalyst development with the right properties to make the technology competitive.
Improved microfabrication has made microfluidic flow cells more attractive, although mass transport in channel flow is mathematically challenging due to non-uniform accessibility. A novel on-chip, thin-film palladium hydride, PdH, reference electrode for microfluidic cells has been developed in the project. The PdH electrode is situated in a connecting side channel upstream allowing for accurate potential control of the channel electrodes at high current densities, and unaffected of species in the main channel.
In close collaboration with University of Victoria (UVIC), a semianalytical method for simulating electrode reactions in channel flow has been developed. Furthermore, experimental and numerical solutions (Comsol Multiphysics®) of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of a simple redox reaction were obtained and compared. The comparison was used as a validity test for common analytical approximations.
A key objective in this project has been to exploit downstream electrodes as detector electrodes for solvable or partly solvable intermediates produced during methanol oxidation at a Pt electrode. Various detection methods have been attempted and the best detection of solvable intermediates (formic acid) was done through rapid potential stepping at a downstream Pd electrode.
Pt is commonly used as catalyst material in low temperature fuel cells as it offers a stable and active surface for oxidation of hydrogen and hydrocarbon based fuels. However, Pt is easily deactivated by carbonaceous intermediates that adsorb strongly at the surface (CO) and impede further reaction. A relatively large overpotential is required for Pt electrodes to bind oxygen donating surface species that are essential in the removal of these strongly adsorbed intermediates and to reactivate the electrode once more for conversion of hydrocarbon fuel ("onset potential").
To increase the operating temperature is a well-known way to increase reaction kinetics and thus to lower the overpotential required for oxidation processes. In this project, we have established a method to perform aqueous electrochemical measurements using a self-pressurized autoclave. Conversion of methanol and glycerol were study at a thin Pt wire in sulfuric acid electrolyte from room temperature and up to 140°C. Experimental current-potential curves showed that the oxidation onset potentials are significantly reduced, and more than what would be expected by the improved kinetics of Pt oxide formation alone. This change is in fact several hundred millivolts in the case of glycerol, and it is clear that the onset potential depends on the surface activity of water.
In this project we have established a general synthesis method to fabricate Ni-Pt nanoparticles with fine control of particle structure, size and composition. The goal with the catalyst development is to reduce the overpotential through increased catalytic and long-term activity and to reduce the consumption of noble metals. Extended potential cycling showed a continuous degradation of the Ni-Pt catalyst resulting in a surprisingly active Pt enriched catalyst towards CO oxidation and oxygen reduction reaction.
The activity in this project has involved exchange of students and scientific staff from NTNU to UVIC and has been essential in establishing two new collaborative projects, with both UVIC and NTNU as formal  partners.

Biomass-derived liquid fuels will play a key role in a future sustainable society that can no longer depend on non-renewable energy sources. Energy security and environmental concerns are the prime movers towards clean and efficient conversion technologie s based on renewable energy. Reducing the voltage loss resulting from introducing small organic molecules to the anode side of a PEM fuel cell, and simultaneously increasing the lifetime of the system are necessary for successful integration of the techno logy on a larger scale.

The work proposed here is aimed at gaining new insight in the oxidation processes of small organic molecules (formic acid, methanol and ethanol) at model noble metal electrodes. To develop deeper understanding of the surface proce sses, techniques are required that quantify the reaction pathways at times scales that probe the kinetics. This project will employ microfluidic flow cells that offer a fast response time and couple with electrochemical and non-electrochemical methods tha t may prove useful to obtain important time-resolved kinetic data.

Formation of soluble species, and their subsequent readsorption on or escape from the electrode during the oxidation processes must be correlated to surface and system properties. Advance d methods to analyse data collected with the microfluidic flow cell and affiliated techniques like dynamic impedance will be developed and used to maximize the utility of the data. Ultimately, a strong mix of analytical and kinetic methods will result in  a detailed understanding of the reaction mechanisms for key liquid fuel reactions, and this will suggest ways to optimize the catalysis. Experiments at elevated temperatures based on the same selection of experimental methods will be pursued.

The work wi thin this project is founded on a collaborative effort between the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at NTNU and the Department of Chemistry at the University of Victoria, Canada.

Microfluidic flow cells in the service of fuel cell electrocatalysis

Development of methodical and cost-efficient plant phenotyping is imperative for determining and monitoring of climate-related plant adaptation. Measurement of biochemical composition of pollen grains by infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy has great po tential for systematic collection of data on ecosystem and plant-environment interactions. Our research group has been conducting studies covering hundreds of different pollen species by various FTIR techniques coupled with data analysis methods. In this  project we aim at establishing a combined FTIR and Raman setup for pollen phenotyping by initiating collaborative research with the group of Dr. Janina Kneipp at Humboldt Universität zu Berlin. Since both groups can offer substantial complementary knowled ge on vibrational spectroscopy of pollen, the collaboration will result in transfer of knowledge from the host to the applicants' group (regarding Raman spectroscopy), and vice versa (regarding FTIR and data analysis). Moreover, the study relies on transn ational research cooperation in order to gather relevant data on plant-environment interactions. Within the proposed research the influence of climate and geography on biochemical content of pollen will be estimated by comparing data of pollen samples col lected in Germany and Norway. The collaboration will address standardisation of sampling techniques for FTIR and Raman spectroscopy of pollen, which is the main challenge for broader application of these methods by the scientific community. The collaborat ion will yield a standardized database of pollen vibrational spectra, which will represent the raw material for a wide range of botanical research, from agronomy to ecology. Realisation of this project will create a long-term collaboration of the research  groups resulting in the consolidation of the research field within the international biospectroscopy and bioanalytical community.

0 antall prosjekter

IS-DAAD-Forskerutveksl. Norge-Tyskland

Combined FTIR and Raman analysis of pollen composition for studying plant adaptation to environmental changes

Tildelt: kr 65 000

Prosjektperiode: 2014-2015

Sted: Akershus