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Arrhythmical Risk Indicator (ARI) – cardiovascular images to reduce the need of pacemakers

Epoksyresiner er en gruppe kjemikalier med bred bruk i bygg- og beleggapplikasjoner. Selv om de allerede bidrar til bærekraft ved å beskytte og utvide levetiden til blant annet offshoreinstallasjoner, skip, biler, fly og husholdningsapparater, er de nesten utelukkende laget fra fossile ressurser og basert på giftige forbindelser som kan utgjøre en trussel mot miljøet og helse. Mer bærekraftige og tryggere alternativer til konvensjonell epoksy med lignende ytelse som deres originale motparter er derfor etterspurt.
Samarbeidsprosjektet NordiCoats adresserer behovet for en grønn omstilling i kjemikalie- og materialsektoren ved å utvikle mer bærekraftige epoksybindemidler ved en unik kombinasjon av bioteknologi, nanoteknologi og kjemiske syntesemetoder, som fører til nye trygge og bærekraftige biobaserte epoksyforbindelser og resiner med unike egenskaper, mulig resirkulerbarhet, og redusert energiforbruk. De beste nye epoksyresinene vil bli vurdert som bindemidler i høyytelsesbelegg for den maritime sektoren.
NordiCoats implementeres av et konsortium av fire forskningspartnere i aktivt samarbeid med fire industrielle partnere, som med sin komplementære kompetanse og bidrag til prosjektet vil bane vei for nye, mer bærekraftige epoksyprodukter for en mengde ulike bruksområder og markeder.

Epoxy resins represent a highly developed group of chemicals with a broad use in building and coating applications. Although they in high-performance coatings already contribute to sustainability, e.g., by protecting and expanding lifetime of offshore installations, ships, cars, aircraft, and household appliances, etc., they are almost exclusively derived from fossil resources and based on toxic compounds that can pose a threat to the environment and health. More sustainable and safer alternatives to conventional epoxy with similar performances as their original counterparts are therefore in high demand.
The collaborative project NordiCoats addresses the need for a green transition in the chemicals and materials sector by assembling an innovative platform for the development of more sustainable epoxy binders by a highly interdisciplinary approach. Advanced biotechnology methods are applied to produce microbial oils and biopolymers from lignocellulosic sugars, and biorefinery by-products are sourced and upgraded to assemble a set of base compounds for subsequent upgrading. The base compounds are chemically and/or enzymatically activated and combined with advanced nanotechnology, in order to generate new bio-based epoxy compounds and resins with unique properties, possible recyclability, and reduced energy consumption. These new epoxies are then subjected to functional tests, accompanied by safety, environmental, and economic assessments, providing feedback for further material improvement in the project. Ultimately, the best new epoxy resins will be evaluated as binder additives or substitutes in high-performance coatings for the maritime sector. 
NordiCoats is implemented by a consortium of four research partners in active collaboration with four industrial partners, who with their complementary competences and contributions along the entire value chain will pave the way for new, more sustainable epoxy products for a plethora of different applications and markets.

New bio-based epoxy compounds for high performance applications  (NordiCoats)

I den siste tiden før døden inntreffer er det vanlig at pasienter mister evnen til å gi uttrykk for hvordan de har det. I denne perioden er det derfor vanskelig å vite hva pasienten opplever. Siden god kunnskap om pasientens bevissthetstilstand er avgjørende for å kunne gi riktig behandling, vil ethvert tegn til vedvarende bevissthet være verdifullt. Både for pleierne, pårørende, og ikke minst pasientene selv. 

Selv om evnen til å kommunisere vanligvis sammenfaller med bevissthet har fremskritt innen bevissthetsforskningen de siste tiårene gitt god grunn til å tro at mange ikke-kommuniserende pasienter er ved bevissthet. Med andre ord er det tilfeller der pasienter som ikke er kontaktbare, og som lett kan antas å være bevisstløse, høyst sannsynlig fremdeles har bevisste opplevelser. For eksempel har studier vist at så mye som 70% av forsøksdeltagere i narkose kan rapportere drømmer (nøyaktige tall er avhengig av stoff og dosering), og 40% av hjerneskadede pasienter i såkalt “vegetativ tilstand” har vist tegn til vedvarende bevissthet. Dette kan også være tilfelle hos noen pasienter som ligger for døden, og har mistet sin evne til å kommunisere.

I vårt prosjekt ønsker vi å bruke nyere verktøy basert på oppdatert kunnskap fra forskningsfronten om bevissthet for å studere omfanget av vedvarende bevissthet hos ikke-kommuniserende pasienter som ligger for døden. Ved hjelp av kvantitative og kvalitative metoder ønsker vi å utvikle verktøy som kan måle tegn til bevissthet direkte fra hjerneaktiviteten til slike pasienter, slik at pleierne kan være i bedre stand til å ivareta pasientenes velferd i deres siste tid. Vår gruppe, bestående av leger, etikere, og eksperter på hjernemåling vil jobbe i nært samarbeid med pleiere, pasientorganisasjoner, og pårørende for å forstå hvordan kunnskapen og verktøyene vi utvikler best kan brukes i klinisk praksis, til pasientenes beste.

In the terminal stage before death, patients often become partially or completely unresponsive and unable to communicate coherently with caretakers. Although unresponsiveness is often associated with unconsciousness, recent research has shown that a surprisingly high proportion of unresponsive patients retain consciousness in some patient populations (e.g. as much as 43% of unresponsive patients suffering from disorders of consciousness have been shown to be misclassified as unconscious). This may also be true for dying patients, meaning that they may suffer from symptoms such as pain, thirst, and anxiety, that are not recognized and treated. However, this potential issue has been largely ignored, and would benefit from being addressed using state-of-the art methods. Our cross-disciplinary team of experts on brain-based measures of consciousness, clinical palliative care, and medical ethics aims to contribute to solving this issue. 

Specifically, we will assess how the best brain-based measures of consciousness can be used in palliative care, to understand when and how often unresponsive dying patients retain consciousness covertly. In phase 1 of our project, we will select, adapt, and test theoretically and empirically sound candidate measures that are likely to be useful for detecting consciousness in unresponsive patients. These measures will be evaluated for use in the palliative care settings in control experiments with healthy volunteers and patients. In phase 2, we will apply the most promising candidate measures in unresponsive, dying patients, and evaluate their clinical value and apparent capacity to detect covert consciousness. 

Importantly, the project will be conducted in close collaboration with patients, their next of kin, interest organizations, and clinical staff, to ensure our tools can be used in ways that improve care for the dying and maintain dignity in a difficult time, rather than just adding to the interventional load at the end of life.

Assessing the presence of covert consciousness in unresponsive dying patients. 
A translational research project.

For tidlig fødsel (<37 svangerskapsuke) rammer 15 millioner barn årlig (11%). 1-2% er født svært for tidlig (very preterm; VP; <32 uker) eller med svært lav fødselsvekt (very low birth weight; VLBW; < 1500g). Forbedret overlevelse siden 1960-tallet blant VP/VLBW barn i høyinntektsland har gjort at i Europa alene er det over 1 millioner barn som har overlevd for tidlig fødsel og som nå er voksne. Retinopati hos for tidlig fødte, (Retinopathy of prematurity; ROP), forklarer bare en liten andel av de synsvansker som kan oppstå etter for tidlig fødsel. Vi foreslår at mye av denne visuelle dysfunksjonen kan forklares av det samme inflammasjons-relaterte sykdomsspekteret. Med andre ord, vi foreslår at ROP bare er toppen av isfjellet av en sykdomsenhet som vi har valgt å kalle «Visuopathy of Prematurity» (VOP). Vi postulerer tilstedeværelsen av et spektrum av endringer i netthinnen (retina) og årehinnen (choroidea, både cellulært og i karnettverket) og at synsbanene i hjernen som ikke bør ses på som separat fra ROP, men som en inflammasjons-initiert entitet som forklarer spekteret av visuell dysfunksjon i for tidlig fødte barn bedre enn ROP alene. Det foreslåtte VOP paradigmet inkluderer bevis fra eksperimentelle funn, MR avbildning og optical coherence tomography (OCT) – avbildning av netthinnen. Til sammen understøtter disse data idéen om at pågående systemisk inflammasjon i for tidlig fødte nyfødte kan bidra til en forlenget patologisk sykdomsprosess som kulminerer i klinisk VOP, og som forklarer konstellasjonen av risikofaktorer, avbildningskorrelater og kliniske kjennetegn. I dette prosjektet er vårt mål å bekrefte tilstedeværelsen av VOP. Vi vil gjøre dette ved å lete etter og definere VOP fotavtrykket via detaljert in vivo avbildning av netthinne og årehinne, automatiserte analyser av netthinne ved bruk av kunstig intelligens teknikker, kombinert med elektrofysiologisk testing av netthinne og hjernens visuelle akse samt assosiasjoner til kliniske utkommer.

The novelty of this project is the idea that visual problems of preterm infants are rooted in an entity we call Visuopathy of Prematurity (VOP) that has inflammation as a major etiological pathway and of which ROP is only the visible tip of the iceberg detectable by clinical examination. We have gathered an international team of experts that will define the VOP footprint, search for its (inflammatory) antecedents in the neonatal period, and simulate interventions with the ambition to find targets that can be modified to lower the incidence of VOP. We will apply state-of-the art AI-assisted imaging analyses and international population-based follow-up studies as well as computer simulations for intervention and objective functional studies applying neurophysiology. Furthermore, we will, in individuals with VOP, develop a brain plasticity training program. Our ambition is to pinpoint the site(s) of visual system lesion in this large group of patients, predict consequences of modifying risk factors on outcome and develop a strategy for brain plasticity training. Although ambitious, the qualifications of the cross-disciplinary international expert team that we have gathered, the complementarity of their competence, and the fact that data collections, feasibility studies and ethical approvals have already been performed and obtained prior to project start, will ensure the completion of the project and make success highly likely. Implementation of results from this project will decrease prevalence and personalize treatment of VOP, personalize rehabilitation of preterm birth survivors, and provide a tool for brain plasticity training. These are outcomes that have a clear relevance and large potential impact, and will benefit this extremely vulnerable patient population of preterm infants and, thereby, society.

Visuopathy of Prematurity - Is Retinopathy of Prematurity just the tip of the iceberg?

De to vanligste formene for Inflammatorisk tarmsykdom (IBD), Ulcerøs colitt (UC) og Crohns sykdom (CD) er livslange, kroniske sykdommer som ofte diagnostiseres i ung alder.  En etablert hypotese er at IBD skyldes en kompleks kombinasjon av arv, mikrobiota, immunresponser og miljøfaktorer. Det er stor variasjon i symptomer, sykdomsforløp og effekten av medisiner hos IBD-pasienter. Legemidler som brukes ved IBD varierer derfor fra klassiske betennelsesdempende midler til antistoffer og små molekyler som mer målrettet påvirker deler av immunsystemet. Men, ikke alle IBD pasienter responderer på behandling, og ingen av legemidlene som brukes kan kurere IBD. I dag er målet med behandling å redusere betennelsen, gi lindring av symptomer og forhindre tilbakefall. Fordi UC og CD manifesterer seg som betennelsessykdommer, har det meste av IBD-forskningen konsentrert seg om immunceller. Epitelcellene i tarmen har sannsynligvis langt større direkte betydning for sykdomsutvikling og respons på behandling enn tidligere antatt. Fremdeles er det nesten ingen av medisinene som brukes i IBD-behandling som er direkte rettet mot funksjoner i tramepitelet. Videre vet vi ikke om legemidler som er utviklet for å påvirke immunceller har negative eller positive effekter på epitelfunksjoner. I dette prosjektet bruker vi avansert organoid-teknologi til å undersøke hvordan forskjellige medikamenter som brukes ved IBD-behandling virker på epitelceller. Organoider fra tarmbiopsier («mini-guts») er pasientens egne tarmepitelceller som videreføres i kultur over tid (kolonoider fra tykktarm og enteroider fra tynntarm). Slike 3D ex vivo modeller er nærmere faktisk sykdomsbiologi enn dyremodeller og kreftcellelinjer som har vært brukt tidligere i IBD forskning. I dette prosjektet vil vi også bruke «mini-guts» for å teste for mer effektive medikamentregimer eller screene for nye terapier i IBD-pasienters egne celler. Målet med prosjektet er å bidra til utvikling av persontilpasset IBD-behandling.

We hypothesize that intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are significantly more central in gut inflammation than previously acknowledged and challenge the view that immune cells should be the main target for treatment for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). Every IBD patient presents with a unique disease and treatment history, and their own hereditary and environmental backdrop. This IBD cohort heterogeneity can only be captured through combinatory analyses of clinical information and laboratory results from real-life biological material or patient-derived ex vivo models faithfully reproducing the heterogeneity. Therefore, the proposed project has a genuine translational approach focusing on systematic clinical observations in parallel with research on patient specific epithelial organoids (“mini-guts”) that can reproduce patient heterogeneity. We will perform state-of the art functional studies and evaluate approved and investigational IBD-drugs as treatment options targeting observed physical, biochemical, and immunological intestinal epithelial dysfunctions. Since research into IBD pathobiology has mainly focused on immune cell-mediated mechanisms there is very limited information about how the drugs commonly used in IBD affect epithelial functions in health and disease. The American Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation (ACCF) recently highlighted that “understanding the essential role of the intestinal epithelium in IBD is paramount, particularly since mucosa healing has become major endpoint in clinical management of patients”. The present project will directly answer important questions regarding IEC biology and meet challenges as stated by ACCF. The ambition for the project is to bring forward detailed mechanistic knowledge about the role of IECs in IBD that can facilitate precision medicine.

Intestinal epithelial cells: Central coordinators in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and targets for treatment

Det er vanlig å oppleve en traumatisk episode i løpet av livet. Noen er ofre i store katastrofer, for eksempel en naturkatastrofe eller et terrorangrep, mens andre blir utsatt for mindre kriser med færre ofre, som ulykker, vold/mishandling eller plutselig dødsfall i familien. Traumatiske opplevelser kan noen ganger forårsake sterk lidelse og psykiske plager, for eksempel posttraumatisk stresslidelse (PTSD). Dessverre vet vi ikke hvordan vi effektivt kan forebygge PTSD hos ofre for kriser og katastrofer. Forskningsprosjektet Early Support after Exposure to Trauma (EASE), ledet av Nasjonalt Kunnskapssenter om Vold og Traumatisk Stress, i samarbeid med statlige etater, kommuner, brukergrupper og nasjonale og internasjonale forskningspartnere, har som mål å betydelig forbedre psykososial tjenester for traumeofre. Condensed Internet-delivered Prolonged Exposure (CIPE) er en intervensjon designet for ofre med symptomer på PTSD like etter en traumatisk hendelse, som har vist seg å være nyttig i tidligere studier. I EASE ønsker vi å vise at CIPE kan brukes av krisetjenester i norske kommuner slik at ofre får bedre hjelp samtidig som kommunene kan hjelpe flere.

I EASE skal krisetjenester i 14 kommuner lære å bruke CIPE. Disse tjenestene har ansvar for å gi psykososial støtte til ofre for traumatiske hendelser. I studien vil deltakerne bli tilfeldig valgt til enten å motta CIPE eller normal støtte som tilbys av kommunen. På den måten kan vi sammenligne og se om CIPE gir bedre hjelp. Vi skal også undersøke om CIPE kan redusere ressursene kommunene bruker, slik at flere kan få hjelp, og om færre ofre vil trenge spesialisert behandling. Til slutt vil EASE undersøke hvordan politikere og offentlige etater best kan støtte god psykososial omsorg i kommunale krisetjenester.

Traumatic experiences can cause immense suffering and psychological distress, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but no evidence-based preventive interventions are readily available to victims in the aftermath of crises and disasters. In Early Support after Exposure to Trauma (EASE), the Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies is collaborating with governmental agencies, municipalities, user groups, and national and international research partners, with the shared goal of substantially improving access to evidence-based psychosocial services for victims of trauma. Condensed Internet-delivered Prolonged Exposure (CIPE) is an intervention designed for victims with symptoms of PTSD soon after a traumatic incident, that has been shown to be a feasible and efficacious in previous studies. With a hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial, EASE aim to show that CIPE is can be a preventive solution that is clinically efficient, cost-effective, and implementable at scale in Norwegian municipalities.

EASE establish and will maintain, a strong interdisciplinary and cross-sectional collaboration of organizations involved in psychosocial response to crises and disasters in Norway. Based on established partnerships, EASE will implement CIPE in the crisis services of 11 municipalities. These services are responsible for providing psychosocial support for victims of traumatic incidents. With a randomized controlled trial EASE will determine if CIPE is effective in reducing psychological symptoms and preventing the development of PTSD, compared to treatment as usual (TAU). Furthermore, EASE will estimate if CIPE enhances quality of life, reduce the need for second-tier health services, and is cost-effective when compared to the ordinary services delivered by crisis services. Lastly, EASE will determine policy factors that influence the implementation of CIPE and develop targeted policy implementation strategies in municipal crisis services.

EASE - Early Support after Exposure to Trauma

DogBiTE – a platform for validation of immunotherapeutic drugs

I tidligere undersøkelser har vi beskrevet en nyoppdaget visuell illusjon som skaper en sterk følelse av at blindsonen bak en sikthindring er tom. Denne illusjonen av tomme blindsoner spiller en sentral rolle i tryllekunst: Siden blindsoner bak visse sikthindringer ser veldig overbevisende tomme ut, kan en tryllekunstner enkelt skape illusjonen av at noe dukker opp «fra løse luften» ved å hente det frem fra blindsonen bak sikthindringen. Et sentralt mål i BLINDZONES prosjektet er å oppnå en bedre forståelse av de visuelle mekanismene som ligger til grunn for denne illusjonen. Et annet sentralt mål er å finne ut i hvilken grad og under hvilke omstendigheter denne illusjonen kan være en medvirkende faktor i trafikkulykker. Selv om takstolpene ved siden av frontruten i biler ser relativt smale ut, kan de skape store blindsoner hvor fotgjengere, syklister, motorsyklister eller til og med andre biler på kollisjonskurs kan ligge skjult helt til det er altfor sent å stoppe. En sentral hypotese som vi vil undersøke i prosjektet, er at frontrute-stolpene kan utløse en sterk illusjon av tomme blindsoner og at det er vanskelig for bilførere å forestille seg at en annen trafikant kan befinne seg i blindsonen og at denne til og med kan befinne seg på kollisjonskurs med den egne bilen. Hvis dette viser seg å stemme, vil det ha viktige implikasjoner for vurderinger om hvilke hvilken type tiltak som egner seg best for å redusere ulykkesrisikoen forbundet med slike sikthindringer. Resultatene fra prosjektet kan også ha viktige implikasjoner for troverdigheten av vitneutsagn og aktsomhetsvurderinger. I prosjektet bruker vi en rekke forskjellige undersøkelsesmetoder, slik som mål på nevrale korrelater av illusjonen, VR-simulasjoner av relevante scenarier i trafikken, og sammenfatninger av analyser av tidligere dødsulykker.

Seeing something suddenly appear out of thin air can be an awe-inspiring and pleasurable experience when enjoyed in the context of a magic show. A pedestrian, cyclist, motorcyclist or car appearing out of thin air right in front of the vehicle you are driving may be equally startling, but most likely frightening or even traumatic, rather than enjoyable. Of course, things never appear out of nowhere, neither in magic shows, nor in everyday life, but they do seem to appear out of nowhere in magic shows, and car drivers involved in accidents often report that another road user seemed to appear out of nowhere just before impact. Recent research suggests that a hitherto unknown visual illusion may play a common pivotal role in both magic tricks and traffic accidents. The illusion consists in a compelling and immediate experience that the blind zone behind an object in the foreground is empty. Although the illusion refers to a region of space which is invisible, there is evidence to suggest that it is nevertheless driven by visual mechanisms and that it can be just as deceptive and powerful as ordinary visual illusions. We aim to develop a basic scientific understanding of this anomalous phenomenon, to clarify its implications for basic vision theory, and also to determine its potential role in traffic accidents involving blind zones. Based on this research, we also aim to answer the question about what countermeasures are most effective for reducing the risk of accidents associated with blind zones. The BLINDZONES project is an interdisciplinary collaboration between experts in vision science, neuroscience and road safety and will use a combination of behavioral experiments, neurophysiological measurements and virtual reality simulations of traffic accidents. In order to assess to what extent and in what specific scenarios the illusion may have contributed to reported accidents, we also aim to analyze reports from in-depth analyses of fatal accidents.

The illusion of empty blind zones: How things may seem to appear out of nowhere in magic shows and road accidents

Innovative Game-Based Hearing Screening for Children

Autoimmun binyrebarksvikt (Addisons sykdom) fører til ødeleggelse av binyrebarken og mangel på de essensielle hormonene kortisol og aldosteron. Sykdommen rammer individer i deres mest produktive år med et flertall av kvinner. Addisons sykdom er dødelig hvis den ikke behandles, men med tilpasset  erstatningsbehandling med hormoner kan de fleste pasienter leve produktive liv. Imidlertid har vi nå ingen behandling som kan stoppe den autoimmune prosessen og forhindre utvikling av binyrebarksvikt.

To tredjedeler av pasientene har også andre organspesifikke autoimmune sykdommer som autoimmun skjoldbruskkjertelsykdom (både hypo- og hypertyreose), type 1 diabetes og tidlig overgangsalder som vi ser hos ti prosent av kvinnene. Som sådan er Addisons sykdom en interessant modellsykdom for å studere mekanismene for autoimmunitet.

Hovedmålet med studien er å utnytte det unike norske nasjonale Addisonregisteret med pasientdata og blodprøver, ulike modellsystemer og immunologiske og genetiske kartlegginger for å lære i detalj hva sykdomsmekanismene ved autoimmun biinyrebarksvikt er. Vi vil utføre en detaljert kartlegging av immunsystemet og genetikken til berørte personer og en tilsvarende musemodell. Prosjektet inkluderer også en klinisk studie der pasienter med risiko for autoimmun Addisons sykdom vil bli fulgt prospektivt med hensyn til utvikling av binyrebarksvikt, for å identifisere utløsende hendelser og faktorer som er viktige for progresjon av den immunologiske ødeleggelsen av binyrebarken.

Med denne informasjonen er vi sikre på at vi vil kunne gi forbedrede risikoestimater til dem som risikerer å få binyrebarksvikt og tilby fremtidig behandling rettet mot å stoppe sykdommen før binyrene ødelegges og kanskje til og med reversere binyrebarksvikt og relaterte sykdommer

Autoimmune diseases affect several hundred millions of patients worldwide. Collectively, they are among the leading causes of morbidity, chronic illness and death. Among these, autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD) is a unique model disease as patients develop autoreactivity towards one specific target (21-hydroxylase), and most patients manifests an autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS) with familial clustering. Many aspects of the pathogenesis of AAD are unknown due to insufficiently sized patient cohorts, unavailability of tissues, and nonexistence of a relevant mouse model. 

As a world-leading capacity in the field, we are now in the position to overcome these limitations by access to the world's largest registries and biobanks on AAD. Our recently published and first ever genome-wide association study of AAD and APS type 2 identified several novel genetic associations, among them coding variants in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene, hitherto only implicated in the monogenic autoimmune disease APS type 1. However, the overall impact of of AIREon central immune tolerance in autoimmune endocrine disorders, and why AIRE seems to be specifically related to AAD, is yet to be determined. 

To fill these knowledge gaps, we will elucidate the functional impacts of genetic variants associated with AAD (in particular AIRE-variants), and develop novel mouse models. We will perform extensive single cell characterisations of the immune cell landscape in both adrenals and peripheral blood, and study the natural course of AAD development by following 21-hydroxylse-positive individuals from normal adrenal function to overt AAD by a range of techniques.

The results will provide new insights beyond the state of the art into the fundamental questions on how AAD and organ-specific autoimmune diseases arise, deliver improved and personalized diagnostic and prognostic tests, and lay the foundations for targeted treatment and prevention of  AAD and APS in the future.

Pathogenesis of autoimmune Addison’s disease and polyendocrine syndromes – identifying pathologies and pathways for future treatment

Midlene fra VAM-Velferd, arbeid og migrasjon fordelt på år

Midlene fra VAM-Velferd, arbeid og migrasjon fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra VAM-Velferd, arbeid og migrasjon fordelt på fagområde

Forsker

Analyse av fordelings- og effektivitetsvirkningene av skatte- og stønadspolitikken

En fruktbar analyse av effektivitets- og fordelingsvirkninger av sosial- og skattepolitikken krever strukturelle atferdsmodeller; dvs. modeller som gjør det mulig å skille  politikkvariable og restriksjoner i individers valgmuligheter fra variable som reflekterer heterogenitet i preferanser med hensyn på fritid og konsum. Målet med dette prosjektet er å utvikle et slikt modellrammeverk, og å benytte det til å vurdere de sam funnsøkonomiske konsekvensene av ulike utforminger av skatte- og stønadssystemet i samspill med sosiale institusjoner som arbeidsmarkedet og familien. Dette analyseverktøyet vil også bli brukt til fattigdomsanalyser hvor fokuset blir flyttet fra å beskriv e hvem som er fattige til å studere hvorfor individer er fattige, og hvordan ulike politiske tiltak, slik som borgerlønn, kan begrense fattigdom og fremme like muligheter. Som komparativt grunnlag for å evaluere utformingen av den norske velferdsstaten vi l vi gjennomføre tilsvarende analyser av andre OECD-land.

A Research Program for the Study of Welfare Policies

In the continents, the main radioelements, U and Th, are concentrated in a few accessory minerals, like monazite and zircon. The behaviour of these minerals through geological processes is in the centre of several important questions in geosciences: the h eat budget of continents, the geochemical cycle of heavy metals, and the measurement of time in geology, i.e. geochronology. Two leading institutions in geosciences in France and Norway join force to address the mineralogy and geochronology of accessory m inerals in rocks that underwent uncommonly hot and dry metamorphism and now superbly exposed in Rogaland. The specific goals of this proposal are to exchange knowledge, meet in the field in Rogaland and provide an international environment for a PhD stude nt. 
The granulites in Rogaland are famous in that they formed in "ultra-high temperature" metamorphic conditions above 1000°C. They contain zircon and monazite with complex internal textures. These microtextures are attributed to a variety of post-growth  processes and complicate interpretation of U-Th-Pb geochronological data. We propose to study the transformations leading to these textures and to link them with the evolutions of pressure-temperature conditions, fluid activity, irradiation and petrology  of their host rocks. We will produce images and generate chemical and geochronological data at microscopic scale in monazite, zircon and their hosts, using microanalytical methods. The data will serve to solve a geological conundrum. The ultra-high tempe rature domain in Rogaland follows the contact of the Rogaland Anorthosite Complex in the field, and therefore it has been interpreted as contact metamorphism caused by anorthosite magmatism. However, recent data suggest that metamorphism is some 80 m.y. o lder than magmatism challenging this interpretation. The time relationship between magmatism and metamorphism will be established, as well as implications on what controls the heat budget in "ultra-hot" orogens.

Behaviour of uranium-thorium minerals in the ultra-high temperature granulites of Rogaland

Enumeration is at the heart of exact complexity. The following question was already asked in 1956 by Kurt Gödel in a famous letter to John van Neumann: "It would be interesting to know, ... how strongly in general the number of steps in finite combinatori al problems can be reduced with respect to simple exhaustive search." Now in modern wording this means: "Is it possible that every problem in NP can be solved faster than by trivial exhaustive search, i.e., trivial enumeration of all solutions?'" We are f ar from having any answer to this challenging question.

In this project we concentrate on enumeration and counting, taking into account the structure of input. Not only are enumeration and counting natural and fundamental tasks in Computer Science, with  a field in Combinatorial Algorithms  dealing with the enumeration of combinatorial objects, counting and enumeration are also very central tasks in Combinatorics. For many enumeration problems only exponential time algorithms exist which can be shown by s imple combinatorial lower bounds. Nothing like this is available for decision, optimisation or counting problems. For such problems complexity lower bounds are provided by complexity classes and reductions with fundamental notions like NP-completeness and  #P-completeness. Enumeration also provides a fascinating interface between combinatorial issues and algorithmic issues that cannot be found in decision and optimisation.Our main aim in this project is to approach the difficult task of enumeration using t he structure of the input. A lot of attention has been given to exploiting the structure in search of tractability, when it comes to optimisation and decision problems. However this track has been left largely unexplored when it comes to enumeration and c ounting problems.

The participating teams have extensive expertise in exact algorithms and graph structure, and thus the combination of our expertise is perfect for achieving the goals of this project.

Enumeration using structure: algorithms and complexity

The main aim of the project is to examine the fidelity (defined as how closely a set of procedures were implemented as they were supposed to have been) of an intervention aimed at enhancing young peoples' physical activity and well-being, via training of  grass-root coaches of 10-14 year-old football players. 4 articles in international peer-review journals are planned. The objectives of the two first studies are to better understand the barriers and facilitators of implementing an "Empowering coaching" wo rkshop coming from another culture and relying on expert coach training. The other two studies utilize the RE-AIM framework (a set of criteria for designing and evaluating the impact of theoretically grounded health behaviour interventions) to determine t he reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance of the intervention at four levels: the coach educators, the club level, the grass-root coach and the player level. In particular, differences in fidelity and implementation of the interven tion between France and Norway will be studied.  The French partner is Laboratoire Sport et Environnement social at the Université Joseph Fourier, and the Norwegian partner is Department of Health Promotion and Development at the University of Bergen. The  Norwegian team has an expertise in health promotion and public health and the French team is implemented in the sport field. While both teams focus on well-being and the promotion of healthy behaviour, their complementariness rely on the interdisciplinar y mixing of the two research fields. This Aurora project is focused on the training of young researchers, principally PhD and post-doc students, especially with regard to methodological training in statistical and qualitative analysis using Nvivo and Mplu s software.

Fidelity of a youth football coach education program in France and Norway.

Developing software is a complex task. In addition to this complexity, nowadays? world is driven by high expectations expressed by end-users in front of software. For example, Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) must be adaptable to different contexts (e.g.,  desktop, tablet), and the running system in itself must be highly customisable according to the user needs. To tackle these challenges, the Software Product Line (SPL) paradigm leverages methods and tools initially developed in the automotive industry to  represent "family of products" by capturing the variability of a given domain. For example, like a car can be manufactured with 3 or 5 doors, a piece of software can be deployed with a desktop GUI or a mobile GUI. An interesting challenge is that software  (contrarily to manufactured goods that suffer from physical restrictions) can actually be deployed with a desktop and a mobile GUI, triggering new research challenges in the software engineering field with regard to software and GUI composition.

Our lon g-term goal is to establish a sustainable collaboration between the two participating laboratories. The objective of the proposed AURORA collaboration is to leverage tools, methods and case studies developed by the two partners in the SPL domain to bootst rap such a sustainable collaboration, for example with the submission of an EU proposal at the end of the AURORA contract. From a scientific point of view, the objective of this collaboration is to merge our research efforts into one single direction: "th e systematic use of SPLs to support the design and implementation of complex and variable pieces of software".

IDOL: varIability moDeling & sOftware product Line

Cultural institutions have the crucial goal of storing, managing and disseminating knowledge
about our culture to a worldwide audience of people. Museums, libraries, archives and other
vendors of cultural heritage information are currently in the process  of exposing their data as
Linked Open Data (LOD) to encourage reuse of this information in semantic aware services
which utilize the synergy that can be achieved when combining and integrating complimentary
information resources. Linked Open Data is based  on the the standards and formats
that have been developed for the Semantic Web, but even though we have the technological
framework, there are many challenges that must be solved to achieve true automatic integration
and interoperability between a potent ially very large number of loosely connected
information sources.
The main objective of this project is to support the process of integration and alignment
of heterogeneous, but related information sources within the area of cultural heritage. This
projec t aims at proposing a novel communication protocol to support the process of semantic
mappings in order to ease the interconnection between a large number of semantic data
providers. The performance of this protocol will be evaluated and will be compared. 
The project includes partners from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology and University of Lyon 1.

Knowledge Gardening in the Web of Data

Ecotoxicology is faced with great challenges when trying to predict the impact of environmental pollutants on wildlife, especially in species at the top of the food chain that are concomitantly affected by multiple, ongoing changes in their natural enviro nments. A proper ecotoxicological risk assessment relies on the ability to establish links between contaminants (i.e., anthropogenic stressors) and natural stressors. Here we propose a project that will use avian top predator raptors, the white-tailed sea  eagle, as a biological model for developing new methods to understand how multiple stressors affect different markers of physiological stress (feather corticosterone, heat shock proteins [stress proteins], plasma oxidative stress) and telomere attrition  that underlies the mechanisms of ageing rates. We will use existing data from different populations of Troms and Finnmark (Northern Norway) collected within the frame of the RAPTOR 2015 project.

Impact of natural and anthropogenic stressors on physiological stress and telomere dynamics of raptor chicks

The goal of this project is to start work on the design of an Internet transport-layer system underneath a protocol-independent API, that builds on the currently standardised transport technology, and that picks the best available transport protocols for  a given application. Such a system should embody functionality like: ensuring downwards compatibility with legacy end-points, signaling of available protocols between transport end-points, and easing the traversal of middleboxes that block new transport p rotocols.

The project is a collaboration between a Norwegian and a French team of researchers, involving a total of 7 researchers for whom short research visits should be funded.

Both the French and Norwegian teams have a strong expertise on Internet tr ansport-layer and congestion control issues, but they also bring each specialist knowledge and experience on particular aspects of the project. The ANT project will thus offer both partners a formal framework to bootstrap and sustain a long-term collabora tion. This will reinforce our current research efforts in the field of Internet protocols, not only from an academic standpoint (publications), but also in terms of both departments' increasing focus on standards-related activities (IETF).

A New Transport Framework for the Internet

The object of the present project is to investigate the relationship between the constrained control design methodologies and the theory of positive dynamical systems. 
The attractive feature of positive systems in automatic control is that it extrapolate s the understanding of simple first-order systems, which are positive systems. Further, an interesting control design problem is represented by the need to guarantee simultaneously the closed-loop stability and positivity of solutions under positive initi al conditions. Recently, the dual comparison principle provided design tools based on a description of sets in terms of a finite number of generator vectors. This approach offers a new perspective for the analysis and design of interconnected and/or state  and control constrained dynamical systems.

CONNECTIONS BETWEEN CONSTRAINED CONTROL DESIGN AND THE THEORY OF POSITIVE DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

The project considers the application of ensemble data assimilation techniques to the advanced  Adaptive Optics (AO) of the E-ELT, the future largest telescope in the world. This is justified by the increasing complexity of AO systems and the need to corr ect high-dimensional AO systems for atmospheric turbulence. The classical Kalman Filter will soon become intractable in AO systems, which justifies the exploration of ensemble data assimilation techniques borrowed from the fields of geophysics and first i ntroduced at NERSC in Norway.
By comparison to the classical Kalman Filter, the data assimilation techniques used at NERSC (the EnKF and its variant ETKF) have the two advantages of better scalability and robustness against non-linearities. They are prese ntly used for intensive real-time applications with the TOPAZ ocean forecasting system and make good candidates for improving the AO systems in the planned E-ELT. 
The project will fund regular visits of Morgan Gray to Norway and two travels from a scient ist at NERSC to meetings at LAM in France over the next two years to set up the assimilation, together with a PhD student (NN, starting Fall 2012) working on methodological developments of Iterative Ensemble Smoothers.

ETKF  for the Adaptive Optics on the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT)

New tools are necessary to manipulate objects on the nano-scale. It is far from obvious to pick up a nanowire and put it next to the transistor it should be connected to, even if you don't have big fingers. Optical waveguides have proven useful to trap an d propel nanowires, as Hellesø's work has demonstrated over the last few years. In this project, two different approaches to trapping nanoparticles with optical fibres will be coordinated and the co-operation will be of mutual benefit. Tapered optical fib res can be used to trap nanoparticles and position them in three dimensions, for characterisation, sorting or as building blocks. While Hellesø will focus on using a single fibre, Fick will focus on the use of two fibres. The aim is to develop the two met hods into tools for precise positioning of nanoparticles, for applications in nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology. It may be possible to use the methods to trap and characterize single viruses and strands of DNA.

The co-operation will give an opportunit y to work together in an international environment. In addition to the PIs, post-doc Jean-Claude Tinguely and MSc-student Petter Brox will participate from Norway and a PhD-student will participate from France.

Nanoparticle trapping with plasmonic fibre cavites

The goal of the proposed project is to address the mechanics of multi-scale deformation as a result of magmatic intrusions, and particularly sills, in sedimentary basins. Such deformation have implications at: (1) large scale, as sills lift up their overb urden, forming dome structures that can act as traps for hydrocarbons; (2) at small scale, as local damage such as faults and joints is produced due to the propagation of sills, potentially generating a connected fracture network that can channel fluids.  The physical knowledge of these processes at both scales can thus have major implications on our understanding of petroleum systems in volcanic basins, such as offshore Norway. This project proposes an experimental collaboration between researchers of the  University of Oslo and the University of Maine, France. We propose to conduct join experimental activities to study the mechanics of (1) large-scale deformation associated with sill emplacement through a 3D experimental apparatus designed in Oslo, and (2 ) small-scale deformation associated with sill propagation through a 2D experimental apparatus designed in Le Mans. The proposed experiments will lead to (1) a mechanical model of large-scale magma emplacement in sedimentary basin, and (2) mechanical cons traints on the local-scale processes governing the propagation of magmatic sills. In addition, the key objective of the proposed collaboration is to coordinate in a systematic manner both experimental approaches, in order to integrate the results at diffe rent scales into a single coherent model. This integrating approach is the key for up-scaling small-scale processes to large-scale processes, which is a major challenge for many processes in Earth sciences.

Multi-scale deformation around magmatic intrusions in sedimentary basins

Clays, in particular the synthetic clay laponite, are commonly used as model systems for colloids.
Clay-water mixtures are viscoelastic materials, and of particular interested is fingering (in clay sols) and fracturing (in clay gels) instabilities in the  vicinity of the continuous sol-gel transition, at which the elastic modulus of mixtures of clay-water gels increases from zero to a finite value when the concentration of the clay overpasses a critical value. The sol-gel transition in clay-water systems a lso involves a gelation time, i.e. after mixing clay and water, it takes some time (typically a few days) before the clay gels are formed, due to local self-organization taking place of the clay particles when they are suspended in water. 
Such gelation a nd flocculation continueson the time scale of months and years. For high concentration of laponite and low ionic concentration the final state is recognized as a repulsive glass. At higher ionic strength a gel state is observed due to double layer screeni ng of the charged clay particles. 
A very important issue we wish to pursue within the present project is to understand how interactions between particles control the mechanical properties of clays. The addition of a controlled quantity of salt to laponit e clay sol/gels should favour a transition from attractive to repulsive interactions. While repulsive systems are usually ductile, although with a strong localization of the deformation, attractive systems can fracture easily. To control and understand qu antitatively the brittle to ductile transition in such systems should give important clues for understanding the microscopic origin of the mechanical properties of viscoelastic materials.

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