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Samisk samfunn og kultur

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Demokrati og global utvikling

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Velferd og utdanning

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Helse

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Klima og miljø

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Mat og bioressurser

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Energi og transport

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Klima, miljø og energi

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2023

Kommunal-og distrikt

Kunnskapsdepartement

Teknologi

Trøndelag - Trööndelage

LTP3 Styrket konkurransekraft og innovasjonsevne

LTP3 Innovasjon i stat og kommune

LTP3 Klima, miljø og energi

LTP3 Klima, polar og miljø

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Portefølje Innovasjon

Portefølje Klima og miljø

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Naturmangfold og miljø

Klimarelevant forskning

Implications of digital transformation for migrant labour

Accelerated by the Covid-19 pandemic, rapid digitalisation has fundamentally transformed European working conditions. While its positive consequences are well recognised, digital transformation also puts a sorely needed part of the European workforce at risk of unemployment, poverty and social exclusion. IDILAB (Implications of digital transformation for migrant labour) investigates the impacts that technological progress and subsequent structural changes have on the labour market integration of migrant workers. By developing a new methodological approach, IDILAB shall provide novel evidence on migrants’ exposure to the process of digitalisation, and formulate evidence-based and innovative policy options for the EU and national governments to improve on the scope and adequacy of national and European policy directed at encouraging a fair digital transition for all, including migrants. The proposed project will contribute with new knowledge on migrants’ own perspectives on barriers and enablers for a sustainable integration in a fast-changing labour market. I, the experienced researcher (Dr Olga Gheorghiev, the Czech Republic), will work with a European centre of excellence (the Research Centre for Digitalisation of Public Services and Citizenship (CEDIC, OsloMet, Norway), and the European Trade Union Institute (ETUI, Belgium) for intersectoral knowledge transfer, career development, and European added value.

CULTUral heritage in RurAL remote areas for creative tourism and sustainabilITY

The main objective of the project is to contribute to the promotion of cultural and creative tourism activities, considering the different capacities, resources, and specificities (material, creative, human...) of the territories, as a mean to help with the sustainable development of peripheral rural areas, favoring job creation and population settlement. For this, the potential of its cultural heritage will be researched, taking into account both the artisan material culture (techniques, materials, patterns and decorative elements), as well as the intangible culture (music, oral knowledge and culinary traditions) as a resource.
 
To promote non-seasonal tourism as a form of sustainable development with a stable population settlement we are going to research the crafts linked to the territory and their implications, but we will also carry out a documentation of the productive processes. First and foremost, we are going to cater to the necessities of the local communities and pay attention to aspects related to societal groups at risk of exclusion, such as women, the elderly and the youth.

All this will be developed from a multidisciplinary perspective, for which we will count on the various teams —most of them linked to different countries— that will be part of the consortium. Each of these partners will contribute to the development, as well as to the final result of the project through input directly related to their area of ??expertise: for example, among the collaborators we have intellectual teams specialized in the digitalization of heritage, research, or communication and dissemination, as well as as various institutions that will act as a testing ground for the more practical parts of the proposal. However, if something will characterize our work, it will be the constant collaboration between all parties, as well as the exchange of advice and experiences that will help to enrich collective knowledge and guarantee optimal results.

POWERING ARTISTIC AND CULTURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP TO DRIVE THE CLIMATE TRANSITION

PACESETTERS responds to the abstract challenge of the climate transitions by shifting from a model of entrepreneurship based on individual, short-term incentives to one that is driven by co-agency and new capacities to act together in sustainable ways. It does so by examining the concrete circumstances, investigating possible support mechanisms and stress-testing instruments that enable art and culture, creativity and heritage to drive the climate transition.
Therefore, PACESETTERS will set out to:
-Create knowledge from collaborative research to keep pace with the transition
-Propose and test creative business models to set the pace of the transition
-Assess strategies of valorisation to push the pace of the transition
 
This approach will identify and analyse advanced practices that run transversally across the cultural and creative sectors; contextualise the outcomes of co-research in real-world laboratories for social imagination; further develop and promote the preliminary results of experiments in iterative support and evaluation frames. The PACESETTERS approach centres on inclusion, participation and iteration in order ensure that gender equity and diversity inform it at every step and on every level.

The result will be a critical evaluation and all-encompassing demonstration of the actual potentials of the CCIs to drive the climate transition while systematically analysing their impact on micro-, meso- and macro-level:
-Understanding the climate transition as a triple transition: green, digital and inclusive
-Innovating aPACESETTERS responds to the abstract challenge of the climate transitions by shifting from a model of entrepreneurship based on individual, short-term incentives to one that is driven by co-agency and new capacities to act together. It does so by examining the concrete circumstances, investigating possible support mechanisms and stress-testing instruments that enable art and culture, creativity and heritage to drive the climate transition.

Strengthening resilience and mental wellbeing through the Support4Resilience toolbox for leaders in elderly care

European elderly care experiences labor shortages, lack of qualified workers and a mismatch between capacity and demands, causing stress, burnout, and reduced mental wellbeing among healthcare workers and informal caregivers. Leaders are crucial in promoting supportive working conditions but lack research-based measures to act upon these challenges.

Support4Resilience (S4R) will develop, implement, and evaluate a research-based Toolbox to support healthcare leaders in improving healthcare workers’ and informal caregivers’ resilience and mental wellbeing in elderly care. S4R will identify resilience and mental wellbeing factors among healthcare workers and informal caregivers; explore their perspectives and needs; develop new theory on the relationship between individual and organizational resilience, and mental wellbeing; and develop recommendations and cost-effective interventions. The Toolbox with tailormade resources for policy and practical use will be available through an open access S4R Resource Bank.

The S4R Toolbox includes three main tools: 1) Mapping and identification, 2) Reflection and education, and 3) Reorganization. Measures are initiated at the organizational level and effects on mental wellbeing and resilience transpire at the frontline of elderly care. The Toolbox covers different situational contexts, types of healthcare providers and health system levels. Elderly care settings in six European countries will implement and evaluate the Toolbox through a process evaluation, effectiveness evaluation, and cost-effectiveness evaluation. 

S4R provides policymakers, decisions-makers and leaders with solutions for taking action to solve specific risks for healthcare workers’ and informal caregivers’ resilience and mental wellbeing. Thus, pertinent to the work programme, S4R will support the development of resilient health systems in European elderly care through improved leadership capabilities, governance structures, and adaptive capacities.

Providing research infrastructure services to support Next Generation EU

This four-year project will harness outputs from key social science RIs in Europe and other reliable sources to support the aims of the ‘Next Generation EU’ programme and to inform EU youth policy. Virtual access will be provided to the outputs through special installations (portals) developed during the project. The core of the proposal is a set of existing research ‘services’, which will be re-purposed and customised to focus directly on the five themes: Make it Green; Make it Digital; Make it Healthy; Make it Strong; and Make it Equal. 

For each area, the consortium will work collaboratively to produce seven sets of resources:

i)	A searchable inventory of relevant variables drawn from multiple cross-national datasets; 

ii)	Analytical summaries, suitable for policy makers and analysts new to the field, as well as interactive resources available through the project portal;

iii)	Harmonised and merged extracts from these datasets that reduce the burden on analysts and increase sample sizes;

iv)	New data collected through the ESS’s established CRONOS web panel infrastructure. Eleven countries will field five waves of the panel, each one dedicated to a NextGenEU theme. Free and rapid access to the data will be available through the CRONOS portal alongside analytical summaries;

v)	In-person and virtual deliberative forums with young people (aged 18-34) in four countries covering the five Next Generation EU’ themes;

vi)	An educational tool (E-NextGen) channelling our data for use in classrooms and by the general public;

vii)	Comprehensive training materials related to all project outputs.


Mapping of Longitudinal data of Inequalities in Education

The MapIE project aims to identify mechanisms causing educational inequalities and policies or interventions compensating for them. We do a systematic review of how these have been studied internationally using longitudinal designs. We map existing longitudinal data that we describe in a public metadata database, and we analyse them to describe the mechanisms of inequalities and to identify effective policies and interventions in different local contexts. We focus on the contextual differences between the Nordic and Central European countries that have structurally different education systems. Within national contexts and using comparative research designs, we look at system-, regional- and school-level policies and practices and individual-level factors (e.g. socioeconomic status, immigrant background, gender, special educational needs) that are associated with the development of educational inequalities and the successful prevention of achievement gaps. We publish and disseminate the empirical results of the project through multiple channels to scientific audiences, policy makers and the wider public. At the end, we create a public framework for studying educational inequalities longitudinally in future studies, acknowledging the role of local contexts but aiming for comparability at the European level. 

We implement the project in seven work packages. Our consortium consists of internationally acknowledged experts in large-scale educational assessment research from Finland, Sweden, Norway, Hungary and Luxembourg/Germany. The partners have a long-standing history of collaboration with each other, European researchers, and national and international education policy makers, and they bring extensive longitudinal datasets to the project. The project will considerably strengthen the knowledge base of what shapes educational outcomes over time, how to best support the learning of all students and how to reduce education inequalities in the short, medium and long term.

Contextualized pathways to reduce housing inequalities in the green and digital transition.

The project Reducing housing inequalities in the green and digital transition (ReHousIn) is committed to better understand the impacts of recent crises on housing inequalities across different European regions, especially with regard to the implementation of the green transition launched by the EU. The overall aim is to explore the mechanisms affecting the (re)production of housing inequalities under recent crisis conditions, and the impacts of the EU induced green transition in different national contexts and along different degrees of urbanisation. Based on a contextualized and comparative understanding of the mechanisms (re)producing housing inequalities, ReHousIn inquiries into multi-level pathways and inclusive local housing initiatives to spark innovative EU, national and local policy solutions towards inclusionary and quality housing, mitigating the possible negative impacts of the EU induced green transition. It conducts a comparative, multi-level analysis in 9 European countries – Austria, France, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom – focusing on attractive metropolitan regions, middle-sized cities and rural areas by means of a mixed-method project design. A quantitative data analysis on recent trends in housing inequalities and their relation to crises across different levels of urbanization will provide the framework for 27 local cases studies in which the impact of multi-level trajectories of housing-system, welfare regimes and environmental policy instrumentations on the (re)production of local housing inequalities and the emergence of inclusive housing initiatives are analyzed. Based on this, ReHousIn compares mechanisms of differentiation feeding into policy labs, aiming to formulate recommendations on how to tackle negative social externalities related the EU green transition at EU, national and local levels.

Strategies for achieving equity and inclusion in education, training and learning in democratic Europe

STRIDE will provide a new, comprehensive and comparative knowledge-base on effective education reforms, policy initiatives and interventions aimed at reducing inequalities in education, training and learning outcomes in Europe. STRIDE will do this through analyses of education reforms in national and regional systems, existing large-scale educational assessment data and existing longitudinal data on the causal link between educational and other social policies and inequalities in educational achievements. In examining the learning progress of students over time, STRIDE will closely examine to the range of intersectional variables such as socio-economic background, gender, (dis)abilities, migration status, home language, early childhood education and care (ECEC) attendance, which may affect learning outcomes in different ways in different contexts. The project will combine diverse methods, data and disciplines (comparative education, political science, education science, sociology) in innovative ways: mapping at national and regional levels on (1) education reforms in the past 25 years by policy analysis, (2) longitudinal trends of inequalities in educational achievement by quasi-experiment analysis of existing large-scale educational assessment data, and (3) effect of education reforms and interventions by analysis existing longitudinal data and registry data following student cohorts over time combined with a qualitative inquiry into policymakers' perspective. Through the involvement of national and European stakeholders, STRIDE will develop methodology and assessment tools for policy learning offering policymakers a toolbox of enhanced knowledge of what shapes educational outcomes over time and demonstrating the usefulness of longitudinal data in policy-making to reduce educational inequalities in the short, medium and long term.

dialoguing@rts – Advancing Cultural Literacy for Social Inclusion through Dialogical Arts Education

d@rts is a catalyst for increasing social cohesion and inclusion, using embodied performing arts activities to develop cognitive and affective cultural literacy. We recognise that the performing arts encompass mass-market consumer goods, as well as non-linguistic, embodied and social activities, providing massive opportunities for inclusive participation.
Our target groups comprise actors of all ages and social positions, especially in the school system and in community arts initiatives. We will empower these groups to be artistically active, dialogically related and culturally literate, giving them tools and motivation to improve their own situations and those of others within the overall frame of a cohesive European society, informed by global perspectives.
Using the post-colonial insight that culture is necessarily heterogeneous, d@rts has four related objectives:
1. Understand how performing arts activities relate to cultural literacy in official discourse and documents across partner countries
2. Use this understanding to build dialogues and co-create physical and digital actions with heterogeneous groups within our target audience
3. Develop assessment tools for these actions, enabling measurable growth in cultural literacy
4. Use our findings in recommendations for cultural and educational policies that build long-term social cohesion and inclusion
Based on these objectives, the overall outputs comprise:
1. Documentary, survey and participatory research findings
2. Performative DIALOGART actions for cultural literacy
3. Policy and practice recommendations to increase social cohesion via cultural literacy actions inspired by the performing arts
d@rts imagines new futures and creates hope and social cohesion through performing arts education. By creating participatory spaces and facilitating dialogues, we empower voices seldom heard. d@rts thus advances cultural literacy, and enhances social cohesion and resilience, to build an inclusive future for Europe.

REGULAR AND UNPLANNED CARE ADAPTIVE DASHBOARD FOR CROSS–BORDER EMERGENCIES

During cross-border health emergencies, health and care services may be overwhelmed by high numbers of patients requiring unplanned care. Delays and backlogs in regular care, as a result of the stretched health care system, leave millions of patients with regular care needs unattended, resulting in disastrous healthcare outcomes. If poor healthcare outcomes across the population are to be avoided, healthcare systems must become more resilient and flexible and allow for rapid changes in the care delivery services. RAPIDE’s aim is to develop, validate and demonstrate a portfolio of powerful tools that enable healthcare systems to build in robustness of decisions, resilience of the health care professionals and patients and flexibility in the modalities of care delivery, thereby maintaining access to regular care during health emergencies. 

RAPIDE emphasises opportunities for optimising in-hospital care, but also for relocating care from hospitals to community and home environments without loss of care quality. Thus, the project focuses on two closely-linked challenges – 1: Identifying and predicting how much care, and which care, needs to be moved along the care chain; 2: Identifying and verifying effective, feasible and acceptable ways to make this reconfiguration of care a reality. This will be achieved by (a) resource modelling, which builds comprehensive foresight and forecasting solutions and links them to patient flows optimization, along the whole chain of care, (b) selecting and implementing the best available tools to deliver regular care in new ways. To ensure usability, acceptability and equitable real-world value, RAPIDE will be co-designed and co-validated with stakeholders, from patients, GPs, clinicians and hospital managers to health ministries, pandemic-management and public health agencies. A Table Top Exercise and extensive communication and dissemination will raise awareness of the project’s successes.

Midlene fra KUNSTI-Kunnskapsutviklling for norsk språkteknologi fordelt på år

Midlene fra KUNSTI-Kunnskapsutviklling for norsk språkteknologi fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra KUNSTI-Kunnskapsutviklling for norsk språkteknologi fordelt på fagområde

Professor

Prosjektet vil arbeide med en rekke relaterte problemstillinger knyttet til 
<h>- leksikon for språkteknologiske anvendelser 
<h>- grammatikker velegnet for datamaskinell prosessering 
<h>- ordmening 
<h>- anvendelser av denne kunnskapen i et søkesystem 
 Sentralt i prosjektet vil stå en database som samler forskjellige leksikalske ressurser basert på ordbøker og ulike datalingvistiske prosjekter. Den vil kunne tjene som et forrådskammer for språkteknologiske anvendelser. Flere av delprosjektene vil utvide denne databasen med ny informasjon. Spesielt vil prosjektet arbeide med metoder for å utvide leksikonet fra kopora vha. statistikk og mønstergjenkjenning. Dernest vil prosjektet studere metoder for å formalisere ordsemantikk og muligheter for å represent ere dette i leksikon. Videre vil det spesielt arbeides med leksikon for to syntaktiske modeller, mye brukt i datalingvistikk, LFG og HPSG, som deler av utvikling av slike grammatikker for norsk. I neste omgang vil prosjektet studere hvordan et søkesystem for norsk kan forbedres gjennom det som er oppnådd og bygge en prototyp av et slikt system.

LOGON - Leksikon, Ordsemantikk, Grammatikk og Oversettelse for Norsk

The relationship between the pain stimulus (wounds, lesions, external stimuli) and experienced pain can be modified by the context in which pain occurs: Some patients can have intolerable pain but without any physiological sign of damage. On the other han d, severe wounds may not cause pain under certain conditions, e.g. under high stress. Pain seems to be modulated by the context in which it is experienced. One especially intriguing form of pain modulation is placebo analgesia, the reduction of pain after  information that a painkiller has been administrated, even if placebo is administrated. This is thought to be due to expectations that pain will be reduced. It is unclear, however, how a cognitive process like expectancy can mediate reduced pain. We prop ose that expectancies mediate reduced pain via affective mechanisms: Expectancies of reduced pain should reduce stress, which is associated with reduced pain. Four experiments that test this hypothesis is presented: Participants are chronic pain patients and healthy volunteers. Pain is either clinical or experimentally induced by thermal stimulation. Emotions are induced experimentally by use of emotional pictures and video. Pain and subjective stress are registered by visual analogue scales and questionn aires. Physiological indices of stress and emotions are startle reflex modification, skin conductance, cortisol, catecholamines, and beta-endorphin levels.

Emotional factors and individual differences in placebo analgesia. Psychophysiological experiments.

The proposed research will complete the first international longitudinal twin study of genetic and environmental influences on pre-reading and early reading and related skills from preschool (age 5) through the end of kindergarten, 1st, and 2nd grades, wh en children "learn to read", and at the end of 4th grade, when children "read to learn." The twin data will be used to explore the genetic and environmental etiology of critical prereading skills in preschoolers, as well as genetic and environmental links  between preschool behavior and subsequent reading and related development in the early grades. Specifically, the project in Norway will:
1. Complete preschool ascertainment and testing of a total of 100 Norwegian five-year-old identical twin pairs. 
2. C omplete follow-up testing of the twin pairs on reading and related cognitive skills at the end of kindergarten, first, and second grade, to provide a longitudinal perspective while children are "learning to read". 
3. Extend the longitudinal design to the  end of the 4th grade with increased emphasis on the twins? listening comprehension, reading comprehension, and print exposure, when the children are "reading to learn".
4. Collect ratings of DSM-IV attention/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from parents, te achers, and testers to assess the etiology of the relation between individual differences in early reading development, attentional functioning, and activity level.
5. Assess the phenotypic relations among results from enviornmental measures, cognitive me asures, preschool print knowledge, reading and spelling measures, and measures of attention at each test time and across test time.
6. Compare similarities within monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs to assess the genetic, shared environmental, and non-sh ared environmental influences on individual differences in the various measures.

Genetic and environmental influences on reading development and reading disability: A longitudinal twin study

In epidemiology as well as in clinical studies our main interest lies in the estimation of the effect of exposure on disease. Most exposure data are subject to measurement error, and when ignored, they will bias our estimates of exposure-disease associati ons. It is important to understand the size of the measurement error in the exposure variables, the impact of measurement error on the associations, and, if possible, correct for it. This project will focus on correction for measurement error through esti mation of the distribution of the exposure variable. Estimating the density when we have observations measured with error is called density deconvolution. In clinical and epidemiological studies the estimation of the exposure distribution is of interest i n itself. But in most applications it is, of course, more relevant to use such an exposure estimate to relate it to some outcome variables of interest. Once we have the true exposure distribution one main issue is to construct corrected risk estimates tha t take the true exposure distribution into consideration. We will use the Generalized Additive Model (GAM) approach to relate the deconvolution estimate to the outcome variable. In our setting we will in this way obtain risk estimates of disease, correcte d for measurement error.  

Our methodological projects will clarify
1. Methods for estimation of multivariate exposure distributions in measurement error models
2. Within the framework of the Generalized Additive Models (GAM) relate true exposure to outc ome. 

With our collaborators we will study the following applications
1. Through the large, population-wide cohort "The Norwegian Women and Cancer Study" (NOWAC) we have excellent opportunities to study the impact of measurement errors in dietary data on  risk estimates
2. Can findings from case-control studies that are often not confirmed in the larger cohort studies be explained by differential misclassification?

True exposure, measurement error and risk estimation 
in clinical and epidemiologic research

Worldwide the prevalence of overweight and obesity have increased the last decades. Obesity is associated with increased mortality, reduced life expectancy and an increase in several chronic diseases. It is important to identify risk factors for obesity t o make effective prevention strategies. Only few studies have investigated stability of body weight to the age of 40 years. Several lifestyle factors are found to be related to body weight and physiological factors, but how these factors work together is not thoroughly investigated and only few studies have investigated long term development of risk factors for overweight. The 27 years follow-up of the established cohort study "The Oslo Youth Study" starting in 1979 (participants' age 13 to 41 years), giv es the possibility to study stability of BMI, dietary habits, smoking, physical activity and physiological factors from age 13 to 41 years and the prediction of these variables at age 41. Also the long term effect of the school based health education prog ramme implemented in the Oslo Youth Study in 1979 will be studied. Those who have participated in the Oslo Youth Study in a former wave of the study and who lives in Norway will be invited to participate in the 27 years follow-up (N=835). The participants  will get a health examination by their GP where height, weight, waist and hip ratio and blood pressure will be measured. Blood samples will be drawn by the GP and analyzed for cholesterol, triglycerides, antioxidant status and glycosylated hemoglobin. Th e GP will get 200 NOK for each participant he/she examines and the participant will get a gift card worth NOK 300. Data on diet, smoking, physical activity and demographic factors will be collected by questionnaires. This study gives a unique possibility to study health habits and physiological co-factors in a lifespan perspective.

Tracking and prediction of health-related behaviour and physiological risk factors: 27 years follow up of a prospective cohort study

There is a shortage of oral health epidemiological studies in Norway. There are no register data on oral health and oral disease to gain any knowledge from. All data must be collected by field studies. The section of Community dentistry at the University of Oslo have carried out three major oral health surveys in Trøndelag in 1973, 1983 and 1994. We have been invited to join the HUNT III, the Nord-Trøndelag health study (www.hunt.ntnu.no) which is being planned now and is will take place in 2006-8. This i s a unique opportunity of integrating of integrating oral health in a general health perspective in addition to being able to continue the long term perspectives already developed in the previous Trøndelag studies.

The design of the studies inTrøndelag i n 1973, 1983 and 1994 provided the opportunity of timeseries analysis and cohort analysis. The results showed that all adult age groups had gained oral health in the period. However, not everybody has profited from the overall improvement. There was a pat tern related to birth cohort.  Elderly who have lost most of their natural teeth, cannot get them back. In the planned study we shall analyse the association between social status and indicators of oral health though the period and assess whether or not t he is a gradient of oral health in Norway. It is important that a new Trøndelag 2006 study, as part of the HUNT III, has a design that allows further description of the changes in oral health in the adult population.

The co-operation with the HUNT studie s provides an opportunity to examine the relationsship between diabetes and periodontal disease. HUNT I and II (1984,1996) had identical questions on hypertension, diabetes and quality of lige. It is therefore possible to relate tihe history of diabetes t o the peridondontal disease condition in 2006 in the same persons. We are not aware of any study with this potensial.

Social determinants of oral health during 35 years. The fourth study of  two birth cohorts 1929-1938 and 1959-1960

We focus on life span development and decline in cognition (attention,memory and executive functions) in healthy persons from 7 to 75 years. The projects include measures of structural MRI, functional imaging, genetics, cognitition and neuropsychology. Th e study builds on an established biobank material of healthy persons in the age range 50-75 and seeks to expand it by adding young adult participants and children, by adding advanced imaging methods and by securing longitudinal follow-up data.   
The goal s are to provide answers to the following broad questions:
a.What is the relative impact of regional maturation and pruning (cortical volume reductions) and regional anatomical growth (volume increase) in driving development in specific cognitive domains at different ages? The focus will be on attention,memory and executive functions.
b.To what extent is cognition maintained by stable and identical neuroanatomical structures through the adult life span? Data from our group and others point to a positive r elation of preserved cognition and intact neuroanatomical volumes, but also suggest that specific cortical thickening may benefit cognition in older age.
c.To what extent are structure-function relationships mediated by genetic variation in single nucleot ide polymorphisms?  Data indicate differences in the course of cortical thickness changes with age between ApoE epsilon 4 carriers and non-carriers, but the sample is restricted in age and should be expanded.
Studies are pursued by a core group of investi gators in collaboration with international groups with high expertise in MR-morphometry and cognitive neurogenetics. Allele frequencies for ApoE differ significantly between populations, and the functional significance is adressed in a comparative study.

Life span development and decline in cognition- biological foundations

The intention is to find out whether community characteristics exert an effect on an adult person's cause-specific mortality, above and beyond that of the person's individual characteristics. The focus will be on socio-economic community factors, such as average income and education and unemployment rate. Such multilevel mortality models have never been estimated for Norway before. Municipalities will be the unit of aggregation in most of the project. The Norwegian register data, which are longitudinal bo th at the individual and community level, provide a rare opportunity to used advanced statistical methods to account for individual and community-level unobserved factors and selection via migration into municipalities. They also allow the researchers to assess the importance of earlier versus current exposure to good or bad neighbourhoods. Besides, because of the size and scope of the data, a detailed exploration of small groups and complex interactions is possible. Results from this project, largely in the form of journal articles, should therefore be an important contribution to the scholarly literature. In addition, they may have significant policy implications. Both the Norwegian principal investigator and the American collaborator have long experien ce with similar analyses within demography and epidemiology. Four sub-projects are specified.

Do socio-economic community factors affect mortality in Norway? An analysis based on unique multilevel longitudinal data.

The project is mainly a collaboration between the University of Tromsø and INSERM, France. We will pool together information from the E3N cohort of about 100 000  French female teachers with the 150 000 participants in the Norwegian Women and Cancer study , NOWAC, both started in the early nineties. NOWAC is a representativ population based cohort study. In a nested case-control design we will look at breast cancer risk according to widely different hormonal compounds in the brands of hormonal replacement therapy used in the two countries. With more than 1000 and 1500 breast cancer cases, respectively, the statistical power will allow us to find a relative risk of 1.2. Further, we will perform genomewide micro array analysis of peripheral blood from a samp le of 100 French participants in order to compare the expression pattern with similar analysis of Norwegian participants in users and non-users of different brands of HRT. The expression analysis can be used for mechanistic studies of metabolism of exogen ous hormones. Lastly, in the NOVAC cohort we will use the unique prospective sub-cohort of about 40 000 women with a prospectively collected RNA sample (buffered in a PAXgene tube) to study the genome wide expression in relation to later breast cancer. Th e statistical power with 140 cases and 280 controls will give us a possibility to find a relative risk (fold change) of about 1.3. Follow-up of the E3N cohort is done every second year with repeated measurements of HR use. In NOWAC follow-up is by linkage  to the Norwegian Cancer Registry and with updated exposure information each 5. year.

Hormone replacement therapy, gene expression profile and breast cancer

Background:
Over the last few years the availability and use of densely spaced SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) in genetic mapping and association studies has exploded. The candidate genes suggested by full genome scans or by functional studies need  to be tested in separate epidemiological studies to weed out false positives. For the SNPs to serve as fully informative markers for a deleterious gene, one needs to reconstruct the information of what SNP variants are on the same chromosome string (SNP haplotypes). 

Aims:
The standard models, like logistic regression (for case-control) and the transmission-disequilibrium test (for triads, highly useful in perinatal epidemiology), must be extended to allow SNP haplotype data. Since there is a strong dem and for verification of results using both designs in parallel, methods should be developed to combine effect estimates.

Combining haplotype information with classical epidemiological data on environmental exposures should be done to evaluate gene-enviro nment interactions.

The modeling effort should be shifted from the traditional p-value-based testing approach to computation of effect estimates like relative risks, supplied with confidence intervals, in keeping with modern epidemiological thinking.

To  aid researchers in choosing between different designs, modeling and software development should also include sample size computations.

The computational challenges posed by the rapidly increasing SNP information should be met by more efficient software implementations of the developed methodology, allowing a full analysis of haplotypes for candidate genes "saturated" with SNPs.

To test the practicability of the methods we will apply them to data on orofacial clefts in Norway, in collaboration with expe rts in the field. 

The project is a collaboration between the Norw. Inst. of Publ. Health, Univ. of Bergen, Nat. Inst. of Envir. Health Sci. (North Carolina) and the Dept. of Pediat., Univ. of Iowa

Statistical methods for investigating disease candidate genes:
SNP haplotype association analyses, with orofacial clefts as a case study

In the project From Divided Objects to Whole Subjects a theoretical study shall be carried out with the aim of developing and imparting a perspective in medicine that has been given little attention in today’s medicine. This perspective is the one that co ncerns the sick person and that attempts to define the concepts related to being a sick person. The theoretical basis for the project is the German-Continental tradition within medical anthropology and the attempt of the German physician and philosopher V iktor von Weizsäcker (1886-1957) to develop pathosophy, a doctrine about the sick person, in which the introduction of the subject into medicine is a central element. This tradition and this theorist have been given little attention in the Nordic and Angl o-American literature. The project shall discuss how a doctrine on the sick subject can be said to represent a more robust kind of holistic philosophy in medicine. With clinical medicine as a scientific basis, the project shall attempt to make visible the  practical consequences of such a holistic understanding in medicine today.

Principal objective: To impart and develop theoretical insight in medicine with the aim of presenting a practical manageable contribution to today’s medicine in order to take car e of the sick person in a better way, and thus to ensure the quality of medical practice in its meeting with the sick person.

Sub-goals:
1. With the aid of a theoretical study, to illuminate what it involves to be perceived as and to exist in the world a s a sick person, and thus to contribute to making visible and developing pathosophy in medicine;
2. To contribute to a systematic presentation and discussion of the German-Continental tradition within medical anthropology;
3. To contribute to a clearer an d a more productive understanding of the concept of holism in medicine;
4. To make visible the possible consequences of the set of concepts developed in the project for today's medical practice.

From Divided Objects to Whole Subjects. Holistic Philosophy in Medicine.

Norway has the world’s highest incidence of osteoporotic fractures. This large public health problem has severe consequences for the individual and for society.  Bone mineral density (BMD) is the most widely used measure of bone strength. In spite of larg e regional differences in fracture risk, few comparative studies have been conducted, and little is known about the causes of these differences. Are they caused by differences in bone strength or tendency for falls?

The 4 large epidemiological osteoporos is studies in Norway have established the NOREPOS research collaboration (Tromsø. North Trøndelag county, Hordaland county and Oslo). BMD has been measured at all study sites, validation and calibration studies have been conducted, and data are now ready for analyses. A substantial amount of work has been laid down in order to make the data from the 4 sites comparable.  All NOREPOS studies have applied standardized questionnaires including CONOR (COhort of NORway) questions. 

NOREPOS data will be used to  validate a method for standardizing BMD measurements across sites, investigate differences in BMD and fracture rates between geographic regions, as well as try to explain differences between sites by adjustment for potential confounders.

A PhD dissertat ion project is defined, and this application also includes request for funding for the continued NOREPOS network collaboration.

Norwegian Epidemiological Osteoporosis Studies. 
Why does the risk of osteoporotic fractures vary within Norway?

In Norway the occurrence of caesarean section (CS) has increased from 1.8% in 1967 to 15.7% in 2002, when almost 9000 CSs were performed. The increase may be attributed to changing indications for CS, a changing panorama of implications during delivery, a nd changing attitudes among women. A CS involves important medical complications for the mother. The occurrence of postnatal complications is higher than after a vaginal delivery. Furthermore, a series of adverse consequences in subsequent pregnancies has  been discussed, both in terms of higher CS rates and higher rates of complications in pregnancy and during delivery such as rupture of the uterus and placenta praevia. A reduced fertility has also been suggested.

A CS may also involve negative implicati ons for the infant. Long term outcomes such as asthma and allergy have been discussed. However, lack of data with a sufficient follow-up period as well as methodological problems related to confounding due to the indications for CS have hampered the clari fication of these issues. The Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN), providing data from 1967 onwards and linked with relevant national databases, offers opportunities to shed light on the problems. Analyses will in part use CS as an outcome variable wi th psychosocial and clinical variables as independent variables aiming at a clarification of causes of CS. In part, short and long term consequences to the mother and the infant will be addressed. In addition to MBRN, Statistics Norway’s registers of caus e of death, education and country of birth as well as the National Insurance Administration’s benefit and income register will be utilized.

The project will be relevant to future revision of indications for CS.

Caesarean delivery; indications and consequences

Together with prof. Ørnulf Borgan, Institute of Mathematics, University of Oslo, the applicant has been invited to organize a research group named Statistical Analysis of Complex Event History Data at the Centre of Advanced Study, Norwegian Academy of Sci ence and Letters, during the academic year 2005-06. A number of international as well as Norwegian researchers will participate in this group. The activity will start with the above mentioned workshop. A number of international researchers will be invited  specifically for this workshop.

Statistical Analysis of Complex Event History Data

The proposed project is possible/feasible because of two parallel ongoing scientific activities in Norway: First, the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (NMCCS) is currently collecting information on life-style, diet, anthropometric measures and bloo d samples and have recruited about 38,000 women to date. The aim is to enrol 100,000 women, their children and the fathers for short- and long-term follow-up. Second, The LOCUS for homocysteine and related vitamins has laboratory facilities of high intern ational standard to perform high throughput analyses of a panel of B-vitamins, B-vitamin markers, related one-carbon metabolites and 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to these pathways. 
While the primary example of the importance of B-vit amins in pregnancy is the prevention of neural tube defects by preconceptional folate supplementation or food fortification, the current scientific evidence is suggestive of a wider role of folate, folate markers, related vitamins, metabolites and SNPs as  risk factors or causes of pregnancy complications, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and malformations other than neural tube defects. No large-scale prospective studies have been conducted. The project will describe B-vitamin status in 2,500 women at week 17- 19 and relate status to low birth weight as well as placental abruption and preeclampsia. The study will provide unique information as many of these factors have never been measured in a large and rigorously designed prospective study.

Pregnancy, one-carbon metabolism and related single nucleotide polymorphisms

Population studies have demonstrated a striking effect of the combination of several risk factors, such as cholesterol, blood pressure and smoking, on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A measure of the combined effect, which can be used for scient ific purposes and clinical practice is important. In Norway a risk score for myocardial infarction (WSC) has been developed and used in large cardiovascular surveys since 1972. This score was based on relative risk. The first function for absolute risk wa s based on the Framingham study. The recent European guidelines for the prevention of CVD in clinical practice recommend the calculation of ten-year risk of cardiovascular death according to the SCORE model based on European cohorts. 
The aim of the proje ct is to evaluate the SCORE model for Norway. Comparisons with the WSC score and Framingham risk functions will be made by application of the functions on data sets from population surveys conducted in different parts of Norway from 1974-2004 (appr 500 00 0 persons). We will develop a new risk function and compare it with the established ones. We will evaluate the predictive value based on data linked to the Norwegian Cause of Death Register. In this project we will continue the collaboration with the Euro pean SCORE group. 
The project aims at investigating a combination of interesting medical and statistical questions, related to the importance and consequences of the use of risk functions in Norway. The risk functions are used as a basis to prescribe pre ventive medical treatment. Each year approximately 2.6 billon NOK are used on drug based prevention of CVD, whereof the government cover the main expenses. It will thus have major economical consequences if our results suggest that the SCORE function is n ot well suited for the Norwegian population. The projections of risk from current age to age 60 may also have great consequences for number of people qualifying for preventive medical treatment.

Mortality from cardiovascular disease-
Is Norway still a high risk country and do we all need statins?

Several factors have been shown to promote orofacial clefting eg genetic factors, teratogenes, maternal alcohol and cigarette use, herbicides and nutrient intake like folate and other B-vitamins. Our primary aim is to study the association between materna l dietary intakes of the first three months of pregnancy and the risk of orofacial clefts in the offspring. This proposal builds on a unique data set including 574 Norwegian case-parents and 763 randomly selected control-parents that have been collected t hrough a population-based case-control study of Norwegian babies born in the period 1996-2001. We already have maternal diet, pregnancy outcomes as well as DNA from infant, mother and father. The availability of these data makes it possible perform analys es of the interaction between nutrients, foods, genetic polymorphisms and clefts. We will also measure the amount of vitamin K1/2 in some Norwegian foods to get a more accurate estimation of the dietary intake among the pregnant women. Studies using from 1 to 40 families and candidate genes suggest loci for clefts on chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 17 and 19. We will assay relevant genes and analyse those genes in combination with the dietary factors. The study is approved by the Norwegian Regional Ethics Committee of Region West and by the Data Inspectorate. Data for age, height, pre-pregnancy weight, smoking habits and detailed information about use of dietary supplements among the mothers and, data concerning the babies with cleft lip and or palate, are all avail able from in the database. Sputum samples were collected from parents as well as the infants. Genomic DNA will be extracted and analyzed for polymorphisms.
The study is by far the largest and most complete study of diet, metabolism and risk of oral cleft worldwide. Our results may have important implications both for research on birth defects etiology and for nutritional recommendations for pregnant women.

Diet, vitamin A and K, genetics and orofacial clefts

Many companies spend large sums of money on advertising, and effective vs. ineffective advertising can mean the difference between success and bankruptcy. Furthermore, even award-winning advertising campaigns sometimes fail to produce increases in product  sales, suggesting that even industry experts lack a complete understanding of what makes advertisements effective. Surprisingly, research addressing this lack of understanding is relatively scarce, and very little research has attempted to generate and t est theoretical models that predict advertising effectiveness. 

The goal of the present research is to begin this theory-building process in the context of endorsement advertisements, in which a person (usually a celebrity) states their liking for a part icular product or service in the hope that consumers who view the advertisement will buy that product or service in the future. The theoretical framework for the project is based on the notions that (a) different types of endorsers (e.g., beautiful superm odels vs. knowledgeable auto mechanics), different types of products (e.g., fashion accessories vs. computers), and different kinds of consumers (e.g., very interested in the product type vs. not interested at all) combine to determine how deeply consumer s will analyze a given advertisement, and (b) depending on a consumer’s depth of analysis, he or she will be influenced by different information associated with the advertisement (e.g., at a deep level of analysis, a consumer might be most influenced by s uperior technical specifications).

This research has clear implications for how advertisers should select endorsers that match well with their product type to have the best chance of favorably influencing consumers. This information can be useful not onl y to corporate advertisers, but also to non-profit institutions and government agencies that use endorsements to encourage desirable behaviors such as charitable donations or reduced smoking.

An Analysis of the Mechanisms that Determine the Effectiveness of Endorsement Advertisements

The project represents a broad-scale approach to the study of human memory. Memory is studied in the laboratory and in everyday contexts, with experiments aiming at the various memory systems or formats of memory representation, and looking at how memory is embedded in emotional and social information processing. In several of the experiments to be carried out the procedures of experimental cognitive psychology are combined with brain imaging technology, recording event related scalp potentials (ERP) or B OLD responses with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), in the latter case collaborating with the University of Regensburg, Germany, and the Department of Radiology, Rikshospitalet.  When it is important to distinguish cognitive processing compon ents within very short time windows, ERP is used, when it is important to identify local brain activations, fMRI is used. The project consists of three closely related sub-projects. Project I, mechanisms of perceptual memory, deals with the transfer of in formation from perception to memory, and analyses the relationship between the storage of simple visual attributes and complex naturalistic pictures. Project II, the structure of the mental architecture for person identification, deals with memory for fac es and persons, and models for person identification. Project III, development of memory, investigates the development of face recognition in children with special emphasis on the so-called own-race bias, and the relation between emotional processing and memory during development. This is principally basic research, aimed at answering theoretical questions, but particularly projects II-III have implications for understanding memory in everyday and forensic contexts.

High- and low-level mechanisms of human memory

Causes for disease late in life can be found in events around birth, but also in events before the birth itself. A huge interest in the determinants of birthweight has recently re-emerged due to consistent results showing increased risk of poor health out comes for individuals born with low birth weight. The idea is that these early events are linked to fetal programming of adult disease. 
This idea of early origin will be challenged on variation in reproduction and birth outcome between generations. If co nditions at birth in the 1st generation (the birth of the mother or father) influence essential factors in life, such as taking up smoking at an early age, reducing the chance of finding a partner, the ‘early origin’ hypothesis is primarily linked to thes e events,  since these are linked to occurrence of adult diseases. 
We have in Norway a unique source to reproductive epidemiologic research, since the Medical Birth Registry (MBR) holds the power to study family related data on a population level, and wi th 37 years of data we can now study reproduction through generations. We will use MBR data for 1967-2003 (2.2 million births), linked (through Statistics Norway) for data on education, causes of death, and marital status.  Approximately 440.000 mother-ch ild units and 280.000 father-child units will be available. The ongoing project the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) now holds 40.000 mothers, and these will add to this unique potential, since those data will provide a vast of relevant expo sure-information  (for instance previous pregnancies, incl. abortions, smoking habits and nutrition) and since ninety per cent of the mothers are born in 1967 or later.
These family-linked data are unique worldwide. There is no other population source of reproductive data of this dimension and quality. We have previously shown that we are able to present our research in high impact journals like NEnglJM, JAMA and BMJ. Recently classified as 'Excellent' in NFR eva

Generation, reproduction and birth outcome

Perceptual fluency is the subjective ease with which people can process incoming information. Several studies have shown that high perceptual fluency is affectively positive: experimental participants preferred stimuli that were easy to process. However, the existing studies with single exposure of stimuli used only neutral stimuli, leaving open whether affective content would moderate the effects of fluency on affective preference. Studies on repeated exposure of stimuli addressed this issue, but the res ults so far are contradictory.
One reason for the contradictory findings lie in the different wording of assessments of affective preference: some expressions, like "attractive" or "beautiful", may elicit a focus on form, yielding more positive evaluation s for negative stimuli with higher fluency. Other expressions, like "liking" or "prefer", may elicit a focus on content, yielding more negative evaluations for negative stimuli with higher fluency.

We test this assumptions in two series of experiments. 
 
In one series, we present pictures of affectively negative stimuli, such as guns. We manipulate perceptual fluency, e.g., by figure-ground contrast, and question focus, e.g., by a priming manipulation in one experiment and by "pretty" versus "liking" in another. 

In another series, we present pictures of faces with emotionally positive or negative (e.g., angry) expressions. Again, we manipulate perceptual fluency, e.g., by figure-ground contrast, and question focus, e.g., by a priming manipulation in on e experiment and by "pretty" versus "liking" in another.

In sum, these findings extend existing findings on processing fluency. For the first time, we expect to demonstrate negative consequences of perceptual fluency on affective judgments if the emotion al valence of a stimulus is negative and if the question focus is on content rather than form.

Interactive effects of emotional valence and processing fluency on stimulus evaluation

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a serious and increasing problem in the world with severe personal and public health consequences. In Norway the Chlamydia incidence is high and increasing among young adults, primarily transmitted through hetero sexual contact. 
Mathematical modelling and statistical analysis are powerful quantitative tools for studying transmission patterns, forecasting and interventions of STIs. The present project aims to integrate the use of theoretical methods into public he alth policy planning in Norway. The project will be hosted at the University of Oslo and the Norwegian National Institute of Public Health (NIPH), and will involve collaboration with leading mathematical epidemiologists in London and Stockholm.
Norway hol ds an exclusive and extensive data material on sexual behaviour, both in the population and within STI clinical settings. We will analyse the data with emphasis on the distribution of sex partners among men and women. Also, we will study network growths b y comparing the numbers of sexual contacts in different time intervals, e.g. the recent 5,3, and 1 year. The findings from these studies will be used to construct network models with realistic partner numbers, which will be employed to explore transmissio n patterns and impact of different intervention strategies. 
NIPH is currently planning a trial study with use of home-sampling of Chlamydia test kits. We will develop an individual-based model of sexual contact networks with age structure to study Chlamy dia spread and intervention strategy. The modelling studies will support decision making to reduce the spread of chlamydial infection.

Structure and dynamics of sexual networks: Implications for the spread of sexually transmitted infections

Persistent negative thinking about oneself is considered as pathological. Beck incorporated schematic negative thinking as a core element in his model of depression. However, the conceptual status of this phenomenon is less clear. While most stress the ne gative content of thinking, we propose to focus on the process. We approach negative thinking as a mental habit, and thus measure it with a newly developed measure, the Self-Report Habit Index of negative self-thinking (SRHI). We assume that by focusing o n the habitual process of negative thinking, rather than the negative content of thoughts per se, we are able to make theoretical and practical advancements. Three theoretical questions are addressed. Negative habitual self-thinking will be tested as a ma rker of cognitive vulnerability to depression. It will be tested whether the self-concept may form a trigger of habitual negative self-thinking. We will test the depressive realism hypothesis, i.e., whether negative habitual thinking is associated with th e absence of a positivity bias or the presence of a negativity bias in self-thinking. Finally, the SRHI will be tested as a monitoring device in therapy.

Negative thinking as dysfunctional habit

Childhood diarrheal disease and nutrition prosject

The dynamics of fear

En kohort av alle levendefødte i Norge, 1967-76 (N=626928), er fulgt fra fødsel til 2001 ved hjelp av registerkoblinger i et retrospektivt longitudinelt design. Datakilder: 
<h>1. Medisinsk fødselsregister (helse, perinatale forhold) 
<h>2. Rikstrygdeverk et (pensjonsregister, årlige pensjonspoeng, sykefraværsregister, sykefraværsmønster; stønadsregister, grunn/hjelpestønad, uførepensjon) 
<h>3. Statistisk sentralbyrås utdanningsregister (årlig utdanningsaktivitet, høyeste utdanning) 
<h>4. Forsvarets sani tet (helseprofil ved sesjon, førstegangstjeneste). 
<h>5. Det sentrale personregister (død, emigrasjon, sivilstand, bosted) 
<h>6. Registerdata er også innhentet for foreldrene. 
Prosjektet er del av et mer omfattende prosjekt for å undersøke betydningen av forhold tidlig i livet for ulike funksjoner i voksen alder: Utdanning, arbeid, familieetablering, deltakelse i militær førstegangstjeneste, uførepensjonering, dødelighet og andre helseforhold. 
I denne del av prosjektet vil forholdet mellom helse og d eltakelse i arbeidslivet analyseres, spesielt hvilken rolle helse i barnealder har for senere arbeidsevne, sykefravær og inntektsnivå. Prosjektet vil studere samfunnsmessige konjunkturers (arbeidsløshetsnivå ) betydning for de med helseskade tidlig i live t. Eventuelt modifiserende effekter av kjønn, sosiale forhold i oppvekst og livsløp vil studeres (delprosjekt 1). 
Den etablerte livsløpskohorten vil også utnyttes i utvalgsundersøkelser hvor tverrsnittsdata på arbeid og helse innhentes. Prosjektet vil st udere mekanismer for arbeidsrelaterte helseeffekter, og spesielt hvilken betydning livsløpet (tidlige sosiale/helsemessige forhold) har mht evnen å møte nye arbeidskrav/organisasjonsformer (delprosjekt 2).

Inkluderende arbeidsliv: Hva betyr helseforhold tidlig i livet?

Bakgrunn: Med et økende antall unge kreftpasienter som blir helbredet kreves det økende kunnskap om tidligere pasienters mulighet til å bli foreldre og hvilke risikomomenter slike svangerskap innebærer. 
Målsetning: Evaluering av tidligere k reftpasienters rater for fertilitet, svangerskapsproblemer, perinatale problemer og synlige misdannelser hos barna. Sammenligning med normalbefolkningen. 
Metode: Pasienter innlagt på DNR fra 1970 til 1997 i en alder <45 år identifiseres med elektr onisk registrert behandlingsinformasjon. Deres personnummer kobles til foreldrefilen i MFR (Medisinsk Fødsels Register). Opplysninger angående svangerskap og perinatal perioden analyseres. Et alderskontrollert noemalmateriale etableres av MFR. Etisk komit e, Datatilsynet, Sosial-og Helsedepartementet har tilslutning til prosjektet.

Forelderskap etter kreftbehandling

Kasus-kontroll metoder har etterhvert blitt et mye brukt alternativ til tradisjonell kohortanalyse når en samler inn data på en sjelden sykdom i en stor populasjon. For levetidsdata er imidlertid metodene utviklet nesten utelukkende for univariate data. I  situasjoner hvor en har en stor populasjon av f.eks. familier, ville det derfor være fordelaktig om en hadde tilsvarende metoder for multivariate data. Dette innebærer at en bare trenger å analysere de som blir syke (kasus) og et utvalg av de andre (kont roller). 
Prosjektet vil utvikle kasus-kontroll metoder som kan benyttes på slike data. Prosjektet vil utvikle metoder som gjelder for vanlige modeller i analyse av multivariate data, som Cox-, marginal-, og frailtymodeller. 
Prosjektet er et samarbeid me d Avdeling for Medisinsk Epidemiologi og Biostatistikk ved Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm. Et problem som må tas hensyn til i trekningen av kontrollene er korrelasjonen mellom individer som er i familie. Et annet problem er at kontrollene ikke vil være  representative for familiestrukturen i den totale populasjonen dersom de trekkes tilfeldig, som er vanlig for univariate data. Individer fra store familier må derfor ha større sannsynlighet for å inngå som kontroller enn individer fra små familier.

Kasus-kontroll metoder for analyse av multivariate forløps- og levetidsdata

Målet for prosjektet er todelt: 
<h>1. <.zeta.> undersøke sammenhengen mellom urinlekkasje senere i livet og mors alder ved fødslene, samt tidsperioden mellom fødslene. 
<h>2. <.zeta.> undersøke forløpet av urinlekkasje som oppstår i svangerskap og etter barnefødsler. 
Tidligere studier har vært preget av svakheter i form av kortvarig oppfølgingstid, små utvalg, innsamling av data som spørreskjema i ettertid og usikkerhet rundt fødselsvariablene. Analysemetodene er ofte enkle, gjerne uten justering for v iktige confoundere. 
For formål 1 vil prosjektet bruke tverrsnittsdata om inkontinens fra HUNT 2 koblet med eksposisjonsdata innhentet prospektivt fra Medisinsk Fødselsregister. Disse dataene er tilrettelagt allerede, og vil her gi svar om inkontinens fra ca 14 000 kvinner. For formål 2 vil prosjektet bruke data fra Mor og barn-undersøkelsen, en stor befolkningsundersøkelse med kohortdesign, som innhenter data fra ca 100.000 kvinner fra svangerskap i årene etter fødselen. Størrelsen av studiene, samt vali diteten av variablene gir en unik mulighet til å undersøke problemstillingene på en valid måte. 
Resultatene av studien vil øke den generelle kunnskapen på feltet, og vil i neste omgang kunne gi grunnlag for forebyggingsstrategier.

Urininkontinens under svangerskap og etter fødsel

Den helsemessige positive effekten av et kosthold rikt på frukt og grønnsaker er godt dokumentert. Undersøkelser viser imidlertid at nordmenn knapt spiser halvparten av det som anbefales. Videre ser vi at det skjer en markert reduksjon i inntak av frukt o g grønnsaker i løpet av ungdomsperioden. 
Prosjektet er et skolebasert tiltaksprogram med målsetning om å øke skolebarns og deres foreldres inntak av frukt og grønnsaker. En intervensjon, bestående av abonnementsordningen Skolefrukt, et omfattende undervi sningopplegg i heimkunnskapstimene samt månedlige nyhetsbrev til foreldrene, ble gjennomført i skoleåret 2001-02. 38 tilfeldig valgte skoler fra Telemark og Hedmark ble tilfeldig fordelt på en tiltaksgruppe og en kontrollgruppe etter at de hadde sagt ja t il å delta i prosjektet. Elever på 6. klassetrinn og deres foreldre deltok i en forundersøkelse (høsten 2001) og to etterundersøkelser (våren 2002 og våren 2003). Foreløpige resultater viser at intervensjonselevene fram til første etterundersøkelse hadde  en klar økning i samlet inntak av frukt og grønnsaker, mens en nedgang ble observert for kontrollgruppeelevene. 
Som del av postdokprosjektet vil en tredje oppfølgingsundersøkelse bli gjennomført våren 2005. Samtidig vil en kvalitiativ intervjuundersøkel se bli gjennomført blant deltakende elever (9.-10. klassinger) for å framskaffe informasjon som kan bidra til en utdypende fortolkning av de kvantitative funnene.

Tiltaksforskning - langsiktige perspektiver, sosiale ulikheter og kjønn: Frukt og grønt i 6.

Trygdeforskinga har i liten grad hatt høve til å nytta seg av insentivfri rapportering og prospektive epidemiologiske design i undersøkingar på ulike risikofaktorar for å verta trygda. Prosjektet vil studere sentrale faktorar i forhold til trygd somangstl idelse, depresjon, smertetilstandar og somatiske diagnosar med eit design som møter desse innvendingane. Relativ verknad av dei ulike faktorane på risiko for ulike trygdetilstandar vil stå sentralt i oppsummeringa av arbeida. Både additive modellar og mei r komplekse modellar vil bli testa ut. Følgjande delprosjekt inngår: 
<h>1. I kva grad er trygdingsrisiko med ulike somatiske diagnosar påverka av angstliding og depresjon i forkant av uføretrygding? 
<h>2. Kva samanhengar finn me mellom smertetilstandar og angst/ depresjon? 
<h>3. I kva grad er subjektive vurderingar av eigen funksjonsreduksjon ein prediktor for trygdestatus? 
<h>4. Er det skilnad i angst/depresjon sin påverknad på trygdingsrisiko mellom ulike somatiske diagnosar blant Iangtidssjukemeld e (sjukemelding II)? 
For å kunne studera desse faktorane i relasjon til trygding, koplar prosjektgruppa større generelle helseundersøkingar med register frå Rikstrygdeverket. Datamaterialet til grunn for prosjektet er helseundersøkingane i Nord-Trøndelag (HUNT) og Hordaland (HUSK). Prosjektet vil kunne generere ny kunnskap som vil kunne auke forståinga av sentrale faktorar som verkar inn på trygding.

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