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Tørkeperioder kan gjøre bakken hardere og frastøte seg vann, dette fører til økt fare for flom og jorderosjon hvis det skulle komme styrtregn. Sammenfallende hendelser hvor en tørkeperiode ender i styrtregn kan derfor forårsake større skader på infrastruktur og avlinger enn enkelthendelser med kun tørke eller styrtregn. Global oppvarming har forårsaket at både tørkeperioder og styrtregn intensiveres og skjer oftere, som også kan føre til at sammenfallende hendelser med tørke etterfulgt av styrtregn også kan intensiveres og skje oftere. 
Selv om det er funnet en økning i tørkeperioder og ekstremnedbør med global oppvarming også i klimamodellene, er det også en stor spredning mellom modellene på hvor mye og i hvilke områder som opplever mer tørke og nedbør. Prosjektet vil undersøke faktiske historiske hendelser hvor tørkeperioder endte i styrtregn i værobservasjoner og værmodelldata for å finne passende indekser som kan brukes til å analysere hvordan de forekommer i klimamodellene. Modeller på finere skala gjør en bedre jobb med å modellere nedbør, prosjektet vil derfor bruke finskala høytoppløselige klimamodeller og globale klimamodeller for å se hvordan tørkeperioder avsluttet med styrtregn forekommer i disse. De modellene som gjør det godt opp mot observasjoner vil bli identifisert.  Videre vil prosjektet studere endringene i hyppighet og intensitet av sammenfallende hendelser med tørke og styrtregn med global oppvarming.
En av grunnene man vet til hvorfor det er stor usikkerhet knyttet til hvordan klimamodellene gjenskaper nedbørsmønstre er hvordan fordamping varierer over skog- og andre arealer. I prosjektet vil vi se på effekten av avskoging og økt skogbruk i globale modeller, og gjøre egne beregninger over mindre areal på finskala for å for å se hvordan fordamping blir påvirket. Resultatene av prosjektet er viktig får å unngå eller minimere skadene slike sammenfallende med tørke etterfulgt av styrtregn kan forårsake.

Global warming intensifies drought and extreme precipitation. Compound events with droughts ending in intensified precipitation - DRIP can cause large damages but are extremely understudied. This project aims to estimate the change in frequency and intensity of DRIP events with global warming due to changes in the water-cycle. We will identify actual historical compound DRIP events and find indices that are suitable to identify these events in model data. As global climate models show a large spread in precipitation for both historical and the different future climate projections, there is expected to be a spread in model projections of DRIP events as well. We will constrain this spread by identifying global climate models that do a good statistical representation of historical DRIP events and by analyzing large ensembles to evaluate the natural variability. As higher resolution modelling shows a better representation of the water cycle, the project will analyze regional downscaled global models in identified regions of interest.  We will also perform in-house regional simulations of identified global models down to convection permitting scale to study the change in DRIP events with model resolution. The project will also target a highlighted uncertainty connected to the water-cycle by exploring how evapotranspiration and the occurrence of DRIP events found in climate models respond to land use change. For this analysis we will extend the regional downscaling to include sensitivity studies which contain deforestation and forestation. Results gained from DRIP will make a large contribution to the knowledge needed on future mitigation measures due to the increase in compound events.

DRIP - DRought ending in Intensified Precipitation

Renewable energy on the high seas – science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations for regulatory and governance challenges

The high seas are those marine areas under no State's jurisdiction. So far, all marine renewable energy (RE) activity is being conducted under State's jurisdiction. However, recent advances in technology are raising the prospect of carrying out RE activity on the high seas. Currently, only seabed mining activities in the Area have been regulated. The Area is the seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits of State's jurisdiction. From the legal viewpoint, the main gap is a lack of an international regulatory framework, informed by participatory mechanisms and supported by scientific evidence, for RE activities on the high seas, especially regarding their environmental and social impacts. 
The primary project objective (O) is to provide the scientific community and policymakers with science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations in support of the development of  RE regulation on the high seas. 
Two specific Os are set to complement the primary O, namely:
O1 To advance the use of systematic consultation processes that facilitates research at the crossroads of marine sciences and law. 
O2 To advance critical knowledge and understanding of environmental pressing issues comparable to the regulation of RE on the high seas, such as deep-sea mining in the Area.
A multistep innovative methodology will be adopted, by integrating marine scientific knowledge, consultative processes, and advanced critical research in the subject matter. A case study (interdisciplinary and participatory) involving marine scientists, indigenous and coastal communities and policy makers will be conducted onboard the Research Vessel KronPrins Haakon at the beginning of the project. The case study outcomes will be analysed through critical legal analysis to build a knowledge base for policy recommendations. 
The project will advance the PI’s career in an international research environment, allowing her to generate independent, high-quality, and reproducible results.




Prosjektet går ut på å invitere forskere fra norske eller utenlandske universiteter til å presentere sin forskning om økonomi og klima ved Handelshøyskolen ved Universitetet i Stavanger (HHUiS).

Dette skjer i form av et seminar som vanligvis finner sted en gang i uken. En kjent forsker fra et annet universitet kommer til Stavanger og holder et 60-minutters seminar og har en rekke møter med forskere i Stavanger. Vi prøver å ha minst 6-8 møter per gjest. I tillegg spiser gjesten lunsj og middag med UiS-ansatte.

Disse seminarene er en del av en eksisterende seminarserie som også tar for seg andre klimaspørsmål. En stor del av seminarene er imidlertid fokusert på klimaendringer og økonomi, og det er kun til disse seminarene vi søker midler.

En aktiv seminarrekke er hjertet i et forskningsuniversitet, og svært viktig for at forskerne ved universitetet skal kunne utvikle seg og være en aktiv del av det globale forskningsmiljøet. Dessverre må vi av budsjettmessige årsaker kutte ned på denne aktiviteten i år og fremover, og derfor sender vi denne søknaden for å be om midler til denne aktiviteten.

UiS har et meget energisk forskerteam innen økonomi og klima. For eksempel ble Dora Simons forskning nylig nevnt i The Economist, Anders Åkermans forskning ble denne uken nevnt av Det hvite hus i den amerikanske presidentens årlige økonomiske rapport, og Torfinn Harding skriver jevnlig artikler i Dagens Næringsliv og opptrer på norsk TV. For at denne gruppen skal overleve, er det svært viktig å kunne arrangere seminarer om klimaendringer på høyeste internasjonale nivå.

Seminarer med internasjonale forskere om økonomi og klima ved Universitetet i Stavanger

Improving tropical forest conservation in Africa

The importance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for better balancing tropical forest conservation and poverty alleviation goals is increasingly recognised. Yet, in Africa, poor understanding of the impact of harvesting on species’ populations and forest carbon stocks, together with little information on the traditional institutions which have informally regulated NTFPs extraction in the past -and could continue to do so in the future-, hamper the use of NTFPs in both forest conservation and development initiatives. 
AFRI-FOR will gather the knowledge needed to determine (1) the key enablers of sustainable harvesting for groups of plant or wild meat species, (2) which types of NTFP harvesting can have synergies with carbon storage, and (3) how traditional institutions can be integrated into formal conservation. To achieve these objectives, AFRI-FOR provide new methods, including (i) a new interdisciplinary approach for investigating NTFPs harvesting impacts, combining traditional ecological knowledge (TEK, from local communities), surveys of plants and wildlife, market surveys and modelling techniques; and (ii) a novel standardised protocol for gathering information about traditional institutions and compliance towards them. AFRI-FOR will gather data and knowledge from 20 socio-ecological forest contexts in five countries (Sierra Leone, Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda and Kenya), which will allow insights to transcend single sites and provide a much-needed general understanding. This high-risk and high-gain project will provide a step-change in our ability to inform forest conservation in Africa, by identifying synergies between biodiversity conservation, carbon storage and poverty alleviation goals.


Evaluation of thermohydraulic characteristic of printed circuit heat exchangers in pseudocritical region for supercritical CO2 cycle

Currently, 28.2% of the total EU-28 greenhouse gas emissions come from the power sector, a large contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, the emphasis of the research in power generation has swung towards assessing highly efficient and greener power cycles. In this reference, the novel supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle (sCO2-BC) is an ideal choice that outstrips other formally well-known power cycles (Brayton & Rankine cycles). In sCO2-BC, the role of the pre-cooler is critical. It serves as a sink to the power cycle and regulates the conditions at the compressor's inlet. The compressor's inlet temperature is intended to be maintained close to the critical temperature of carbon dioxide (CO2) to achieve greater cycle efficiencies. However, exceptionally higher values of the specific heat capacity of CO2 near its critical point (up to 40 times higher than water) require exceedingly high water flow rates on the cold side to achieve the desired exit temperatures of CO2. Consequently, the pre-cooler's pumping power requirements become high enough to deteriorate the cycle's performance. This problem can only be mitigated by exploring new channel geometries with enhanced thermohydraulic characteristics. Therefore, the proposed study plan to characterize the complex thermohydraulic characteristics in the pseudocritical region of CO2 using a multifaceted technique that includes, experimental, numerical, and machine learning techniques. The proposed work will provide a step forward to the success of sCO2-BC technologies that, in turn, will facilitate its integration with the green energy resources (generation-IV nuclear reactors and solar concentrated plants), helping to meet the EU's 2030 climate and energy framework goals of achieving at least 32% share for renewable energy.

Potetskrell, et biprodukt fra industriproduksjon av potet (pommes frites, flak, chips mm.) er en råstoff ressurs som kan bli bedre utnyttet til nye formål. Skrellet er nemlig en rik kilde på antioksidanter, stoffer som planter naturlig har i seg for å beskytte mot skadelige UV-stråler og reaktive forbindelser som oksygen radikaler. Antioksidanter behøver vi også å tilsette i matvarer for å beskytte og ta vare på umettet fett så det ikke blir harskt og vondt i kontakt med luft. I dag brukes flere ulike syntetiske stoffer i matvarer for å hindre oksidasjon av fett og oljer. Men det er reist bekymring rundt sikkerheten for bruken av dem. Matvareindustrien, myndigheter og forbruker ønsker derfor å fjerne flere syntetiske antioksidanter og erstatte dem med naturlig alternativer. Det er imidlertid svært få slike produkter som er godkjent og tilgjengelig på markedet. Prosjektet Peel Preserve, som har et klart bærekraft mål, skal vise om et uttrekk av antioksidanter laget på industrielt potetskrell råstoff kan fungere som konserveringsmiddel og erstatte noen av de stoffene som brukes i dag. Tre næringsmiddelbedrifter skal teste potetskrell-ekstraktet i noen av sine produkter og utføre både interne og eksterne analyser på effekten. Men en viktig forutsetning for at potetantioksidant kan tas i bruk som nytt tilsetningsstoff i mat er at det blir godkjent av den Europeiske matsikkerhets myndigheten (EFSA) og gitt et E-nummer. Prosjektet skal igangsette denne lengre flertrinns godkjennings prosessen. Parallelt skal det utvikles en forretningsmodell og nødvendig beskyttelse rundt teknologien. Dersom industrien etter testingen av potetantioksidanten, vurderer denne som er god erstatning til konkurransedyktig pris, og en EFSA-godkjenning kan oppnås på sikt, åpner det for å kommersialisere et naturlig plante-basert produkt til beste for forbruker og for miljøet. Bak prosjektet Peel Preserve står Høgskolen i Innlandet i samarbeid med Nofima og Klosser Innovasjon.

Preserving foods with potato peels: Industry-relevant validation and first regulatory assessment of a new natural antioxidant

Sjøisen i Arktis har minket drastisk de siste tiårene, og Polhavet forventes å være isfritt om sommeren mot slutten av århundret. Denne nedgangen har utsatt store havområder for vind, noe som har resultert i at det oftere dannes store bølger i Polhavet. Disse bølgene kan forplante seg over flere titalls til hundrevis av kilometer i sjøisen, knekke den og akselerere smeltingen. Disse fysiske prosessene – bølger som knekker sjøis og effekten dette har på sjøissmelting og vekst – mangler i modellene vi bruker for å forutsi klimautviklingen. Dette bidrar til store usikkerheter i klimamodeller. Effekten av bølger på sjøisen er heller ikke tatt med i prognoser for havets og sjøisens forhold, som brukes av skip som opererer i islagte farvann. I ForWArd ønsker vi å vurdere bølgenes innvirkning på sjøisens utvikling i det stadig røffere Polhavet. I dette arbeidet brukes en svært avansert modell som inkluderer sjøis, hav, bølger og deres interaksjoner. Vi skal først vurdere hvor godt den representerer forholdene i Polhavet sammenlignet med de få tilgjengelige observasjonene. Vi vil så bruke modellen til å undersøke hvordan bølgehøyden og arealet av ødelagt sjøis har utviklet seg de siste tre tiårene. Deretter vil vi kombinere modellen vår med forholdene i det fremtidige Polhavet gitt av klimafremskrivninger, for å undersøke hvordan betydningen av interaksjoner mellom bølger og is vil utvikle seg ettersom sjøis avtar i det 21. århundre. Vår modells estimering av "bølgepåvirkningen" vil tillate polarvitenskapsmiljøet å vurdere hvor usikre deres klimaspådommer uten bølger er. Til syvende og sist vil våre modellresultater og utviklinger legge grunnlaget for å legge til bølgeeffekter i hav- og sjøisvarsler i Arktis. Dette vil gjøre varslene mer nøyaktige og bidra til sikkerheten for menneskelig aktivitet i denne regionen.

Arctic sea ice decline under climate change has allowed waves to form and grow more easily in the Arctic Ocean. These waves propagate into the sea ice over tens to hundreds of kilometres, fragmenting it into small floes. This area of broken ice, known as the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ), is a highly complex region where many interactions occur between the ocean, sea ice, and atmosphere. The action of waves strongly affects these interactions, with rapid feedbacks on the sea ice. However, climate models do not account for these wave-ice interaction processes, which likely contributes to the strong biases in their estimation of modelled sea ice extent and volume and their inability to capture short-term sea ice extent variability. Given the lack of observations available, numerical models remain the best way to estimate how wave-ice interaction processes can impact Arctic sea ice, but most wave-ice coupled models are still prototypes. In ForWArd, we will use one of the most advanced of these models to assess this impact in the context of climate change. To this aim, we will use the latest observations to calibrate the modelled wave-affected area and produce a 30-year-long hindcast of the MIZ extent evolution to analyse how it responded to larger wave height, delayed refreezing, and thinner ice. Then, we will assess the relative importance of the wave-ice interactions suspected to affect sea ice in the MIZ using well-documented events. Finally, we will estimate how waves will contribute to sea ice extent and volume variability in the coming decades, as large areas of open water will remain open until late in the autumn. The flexibility of our setup will allow us to test the sensitivity of our results to model resolution and assumptions, giving invaluable insights into the biases induced by misrepresenting wave-ice interactions. ForWArd will also pave the way for the integration of wave effects in sea ice forecasts, a requirement for safer operations in ice-infested waters.

Forecasting Wave impact as Arctic sea ice declines

RETRACE-prosjektet, som strekker seg over tre år, tar for seg den økende trusselen fra naturkatastrofer, som har rammet over 2,3 milliarder mennesker siden 2000-tallet. RETRACE fokuserer på lokalsamfunn i Arktis og Stillehavsområdet, som marquisene i Fransk Polynesia, samene og kvenene i Norge og ahtnaene i Alaska, og har som mål å styrke motstandskraften mot klimarisiko. Disse lokalsamfunnene, som er dypt sammenvevd med omgivelsene sine, gir uvurderlig innsikt i hvordan man overlever og trives i en krevende miljøsituasjon.

RETRACE tar utgangspunkt i hypotesen om at urfolks- og lokalkunnskapssystemer, særlig fra lokalsamfunn i polar- og stillehavsområdene, er uunnværlige for å utvikle effektive strategier for motstandskraft. Prosjektets metode innebærer å samle inn et rikt datasett som omfatter vitnesbyrd, kulturelle praksiser og levde erfaringer, i tillegg til kvantitative analyser. Målet er å skape et omfattende rammeverk som tar hensyn til lokale kontekster og fremmer tilpasningsdyktige og inkluderende resilienspraksiser.

Et internasjonalt forskerteam fra Frankrike, Norge og USA samler en rekke ulike ferdigheter for å bygge bro mellom vitenskapelig forskning og virkeligheten i lokalsamfunnene. Målet er å utvikle et romlig beslutningsstøttesystem som både bidrar til å visualisere resiliensdata og fungerer som et verktøy for samfunnsbasert beslutningstaking, noe som forbedrer evnen til å håndtere risiko og utnytte tradisjonell kunnskap på en effektiv måte.

Ved å kombinere lokal innsikt med vitenskapelig innovasjon skal RETRACE bane vei for resiliensstrategier som både er bærekraftige og tar hensyn til de unike behovene til sårbare lokalsamfunn. Dette prosjektet setter ikke bare søkelyset på urfolks- og lokalkunnskapens avgjørende rolle når det gjelder å håndtere klimaendringene, men har også som mål å sette lokalsamfunn over hele verden i stand til å håndtere de utfordringene som et klima i endring fører med seg.

The three-year RETRACE project responds to the increasing impact of natural disasters on over 2.3 billion people since the beginning of the millennium. It has a particular focus on Arctic and Pacific communities vulnerable to climate risks, specifically, the Marquesan community in French Polynesia, the Sámi and Kven communities in Norway, and the Ahtna people in Alaska. The project aims to address the resilience(s) of communities, in order to develop more inclusive and equitable approaches to developing and implementing resilience strategies.

Five hypotheses guide the research, based on the assumption that indigenous communities such as the ones living in Polar zones and Pacific islands, developed resilience knowledge and strategies to cope with climate-related events. The project aims to co-develop a spatial decision-support system for producing and visualizing qualitative and quantitative data on the different forms of local, community, intrinsic and traditional resiliences in those communities.

Utilizing a narrative approach, the consortium collects testimonials, cultures, memories, experiences, sensitivities and expertise from both Arctic and Pacific communities on forms of resilience and their visions of climate risks, alongside quantitative open-source data from traditional assessments. This data will be cross-referenced to build an interdisciplinary framework for a nuanced understanding of local needs, suitable to assess resilience in local contexts. 

Comprising researchers from France, Norway and the USA with diverse expertise, the consortium aims to contribute in developing risk management and resilience strategies by integrating local and indigenous knowledge into an adaptable and sustainable spatial decision-making tool. The tool aims to bridge the gap between international scientific research and local community realities, potentially informing strategies in other vulnerable territories in the future.

ResilienceS to climate risks: lessons from Arctic and Pacific communities

SASCHA har som mål å utvikle praktiske verktøy og metoder for å vurdere og håndtere kulturminner når klimaendringer utgjør en risikofaktor. Prosjektet ledes av University College London (UCL), og har Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning (NIKU), Arizona State University (USA), NHAZCA (Italia) og North Carolina State University (USA) med som partnere. ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), English Heritage Trust (Storbritannia) og Ventotene kommune (Italia) deltar i prosjektet som samarbeidspartnere. 

 Hovedmål for prosjektet:  
- Utvikling av indikatorer og målemetoder for måling av klimaendringers virkning på kulturarv. 
- Etablere metoder for å involvere relevante aktører i identifiseringen og målingen av disse virkningene. Metodene skal kunne tilpasses lokale forhold og kulturell kontekst. 
- Utvikle verktøy for å hjelpe beslutningstakere til å vurdere og anvende målinger på ulike nivåer. 
- Utforske utfordringer og muligheter knyttet til bruk av nye metoder for vurdering klimarelaterte risikofaktorer for kulturminner. 

Ved å oppnå disse målene skal SASCHA ruste lokalsamfunn og kulturminneforvaltningen til å bedre forstå og håndtere klimarisiko. I tillegg, gjennom samarbeid med organisasjoner som UNESCO og ICCROM, skal SASCHA bidra til globale diskusjoner om hvordan klimaproblematikken kan integreres i kulturminneforvaltningens praksis. Alt i alt vil SASCHA legge til rette for politikkutvikling og styrke kulturminneforvaltningen ved å tilby verktøy og metoder for å effektivt vurdere, tolke og formidle klimarisiko for kulturarvsteder over hele verden.

SASCHA proposes operationalisation for transferable risk assessment and a value-based decision support tool. Supported by this approach, the overarching aim of SASCHA is therefore to develop innovative methods for understanding risks of climate change for heritage that allow for multiscale analysis and scalable approaches, bridging the gaps between local knowledge and global data, and from local vulnerability to global risks. To this end, SASCHA will: a) develop a set of operationalised indicators/metrics for relevant determinants of climate change; b) develop a locally adaptable protocol for stakeholders' engagement in the identification of relevant determinants of climate impacts that acknowledge and celebrate diversity in cultural contexts; c) develop a climate adaptation decision support tool to evaluate relevance of assessment approaches for different spatial scales; d) explore the challenges and opportunities of an operationalisation approach to climate change--heritage risk. Addressing a complex, wide and research-intensive subject, SASCHA unfolds several organisational, scientific, technical, technological and cultural heritage-oriented elements. SASCHA includes four research partners, together bringing significant experience in climate change and heritage and requisite expertise in physical sciences (UCL), social sciences and humanities (NIKU, NCSU/ASU) and technology (NHAZCA). The consortium can significantly contribute to safeguarding and protecting their region's coastal heritage but also to the global discussion of the integration of climate impacts assessment on cultural heritage through the close collaboration with UNESCO's Advisory body, ICCROM and case study stakeholders. SASCHA will develop methods for assessing, interpreting, and communicating climate change risks for heritage, while also supporting effective policy development and heritage management.

Multiscale approaches and scalability within climate change-heritage risk assessments

AGREE tar for seg klimaendringers innvirkning på kulturarv gjennom tverrfaglige metoder og samarbeid mellom ulike samfunnsaktører. Prosjektet tar særlig for seg urbane områder som påvirkes av flom. Målet er å forstå det komplekse forholdet mellom forvaltning av kulturarv, klimatilpasning og samfunnets sårbarhet, og å se på tiltak for å minimere risiko for tap og ødeleggelse som følge av klimaendringer. Sentrale delmål inkluderer integrering av strategier for bevaring av kulturarv med strategier for klimatilpasning, spesielt gjennom konseptet Historisk Urban Landskap (HUL). 

AGREE vil utvikle en beslutningsmodell forankret i HUL-konseptet som sammenligner dagens forvaltningspraksis med historiske data for å belyse sårbarhet og klimatilpasning i en urban kontekst. AGREE vil fremme transformative strategier for klimatilpasning ved å evaluere beslutningstakernes forståelse av disse samspillene. 

Prosjektet ledes av University of Leeds (Storbritannia), og har Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning (NIKU), Politecnico di Torino (Italia) med som partnere. ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), British Council (Storbritannia), UK’s Department for Culture, Media and Sport (Storbritannia), Hull City Council (Storbritannia) og Innlandet fylke (Norge) deltar som samarbeidspartnere. Gjennom dette samarbeidet skal prosjektet bidra til å forme politikk og klimastrategier, både lokalt og globalt.  AGREE vil også engasjere publikum for å øke bevisstheten om klimatilpasning og mobilisere til felles handling.  Gjennom bred involvering skal AGREE bidra til å sikre at kulturarven forblir beskyttet og motstandsdyktig i møte med klimaendringer.

Alt i alt vil AGREE utforske klimaendringers påvirkning på kulturarv med en praksisorientert tilnærming, og med fokus på samarbeid, databasert beslutningstaking og samfunnsengasjement for å sikre vår felles kulturarv for fremtidige generasjoner.

AGREE champions transformative sustainability in response, emphasizing interdisciplinary methodologies and societal shifts. It explores the intricate link between cultural heritage governance, climate adaptation, and community resilience, rooted in responses to flooding in urban contexts. AGREE promotes the Historic Urban Landscape concept for integrative decision-making in climate adaptation, considering community resilience amidst environmental changes. An interactive Geographic Information System platform will illuminate this interplay over time. An innovative AGREE's contribution is a decision-making model grounded in the HUL paradigm. This model juxtaposes current national and local policies enabling cultural heritage integration in climate adaptation with historical data sources revealing urban resilience lessons and changes in the built environment over time. AGREE employs transformative governance concepts to evaluate decision-makers comprehension of these synergies and their perspectives. It advances transformative climate adaptation by uncovering potentials and barriers within heritage governance in case studies from the UK, Norway, and Italy. Beyond research, AGREE will shape policies with multi-scalar and cross-sectorial governance, interpreting climate intricacies through cultural heritage. It will strengthen global, national, and local heritage-focused climate strategies through partnerships with the British Council, ICCROM, and the UK's Department for Culture, Media, and Sport and local stakeholders, such as Hull City Council (UK) and Innlandet Region (Norway). AGREE also engages the public, raising climate adaptation awareness and mobilizing collective action, benefiting governmental climate efforts.

Advancing Cultural Heritage Governance for Resilient Climate Adaptation

Midlene fra PROFO-Forurensning – kilder, spredning og effekter fordelt på år

Midlene fra PROFO-Forurensning – kilder, spredning og effekter fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra PROFO-Forurensning – kilder, spredning og effekter fordelt på fagområde

Forsker

Integrated risk assessment for the transport of particles, nutrients and pesticides in agricultural catchments - INTRA

Previously, genetic characterization and population genetics on forest trees have been based on very few molecular markers, typically isozymes, microsatellites or cytoplasmic markers, gaining a poor coverage of the genome. Recent developments in reduced-r epresentation genome sequencing have brought direct sequencing closer to population genotyping. To enable genome wide profiling analyses, the Norwegian forest and landscape institute has developed a double digest Restriction Associated Digest (ddRAD) tag  protocol to fit our next generation sequencing system Ion Torrent PGM. Currently, population genomics in both Norway spruce and ash are being done at the Norwegian forest and landscape institute, using these methods in two on-going research projects. For  some forest tree species important to Europe, most of their ranges are in Russia, this is particular true for Norway spruce (P. abies) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior). Norway spruce genetic structure has been studied extensively, still samples from Russia is  limited and need to be extended to gain knowledge of the species on a full range. In Russia and Siberia, Norway spruce co-occur with the closely related taxa Siberian spruce (P. obovata) and together they occupy a vast parapatric area covering almost the  entire boreal zone of northern Eurasia. Still, very little is known about their genetic differentiation, the extend of hybridization and how hybridization affects their genetic structure. Ash is currently threatened by the ash dieback disease and researc h on this species genetic structure is done for Europe. Knowledge on ash genetic structure also from Russia, may enhance the detection of resistant genotypes for future breeding. Ksenia Zakharova will during her stay work within ongoing current projects a t our institute to gain knowledge on next- generation sequencing, and also do a pilot study of her Russian samples and combine this data with data produced for the species from other parts of their ranges.

Population genomics in forest trees based on reduced representation genome sequencing - Ksenya Zakharova - Russia

Knee replacement surgery is a common treatment for degenerative arthritis providing the patient with relief from joint pain and restoring function. More than one million knee replacements are performed each year and due to a continually aging population t his number is predicted to increase dramatically in the next 20 years. 
In 2011 surgeons in Norway reported an increase in the rate of early loosening a specific brand of replacement knee implant. The Norwegian Arthroplasty Register has investigated the s urvivorship of this brand finding it is more likely to become loose than best available brands. However, it has been unable to establish the reason for this higher rate of loosening. As a result the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register along with user surgeons  has asked the Biomaterials Research Cluster, UiB to investigate the failures. A national program for the retrieval of failed knee implants has started in order to investigate the matter further. 
The specific objectives of this project are to determine:  
1)the association between cases of loosening and other clinical factors
2)the role of implant design in the failures observed.
The most critical challenges to the project are: 
1)access to clinical material and epidemiological information. Due to the Bio materials Cluster's on going retrieval collection project, and collaboration the Norwegian Arthoplasty Register and all user hospitals the project has unique access to the information required meet the project objectives.
2)accurate information of the loa ding on the knee in patients. It is planned that this expertise will be brought to the project by the visiting researcher who comes from a leading institute in this field.
The project findings will be applicable to current and future medical practice by i dentifying one cause of loosening to knee replacement implants. It will also provide a test method for the assessment of future technologies and in the procurement of implants by hospitals.

Investigation of mechanisms leading to early loosening of knee prostheses - Ines Kutzner - Germany

The aim of my research is to explore the different motivations and experiences of intra-EU mobility of migrants from Nigeria currently residing in Germany, England and Spain. The data collection, transcription and analysis will already be completed before  my arrival in Norway. During the mobility stay at the University of Oslo I will therefore focus on completing a first draft of my doctoral thesis. Regular meetings with my mentor Dr Sarvendra Tharmalingam and continued contact with my supervisors at Suss ex will serve to update them on my progress and receive feedback on individual chapters. 

Further dissemination activities for my doctoral research include the presenting of an academic article at the IMISCOE conference in Malmö. The paper will also be p resented at least at one seminar at the University of Oslo. This paper will then be re-worked into an article for possible publication in the journal 'Population, Space and Place'.

My host and home institutions share a research interest in migration stud ies and therefore the mobility stay will provide a welcome opportunity for theoretical discussions. Given that the ongoing research of my mentor and my own research both focus on the links between integration and transnational practices, we will be able t o give each other useful inputs. My active participation in meetings and research seminars will facilitate the contact and exchange with other faculty members and students.

I will also have practical input into the teaching at the University of Oslo. By  collaborating on the teaching of Dr Sarvendra Tharmalingam's new undergraduate course 'Migration, Transnationalism and Development' we both can improve our teaching methods and content. In sum these planned research activities will promote knowledge excha nge and enhance the links between both institutions.

Intra-European Union (Im)Mobility of Migrants from Nigeria - Jill Ahrens - UK

In order to restore endocrine function and fertility in patients suffering from cancer with a high risk of ovarian involvement, my project is to develop a transplantable artificial ovary (TAO). This artificial ovary would contain isolated ovarian follicle s, as they are encapsulated in a basement membrane separating them from capillaries, white blood cells and nerves, and ovarian cells isolated from a new ovarian sample after cancer treatment. 
Despite our encouraging results obtained with a high-M-alginat e matrix, its degradation rate was slow after one week grafting in mice. Moreover, the follicular recovery rate must be improved. 
The aim of my period at the Department of Biotechnology, NTNU, would thus be to modulate the matrix composition in order to  improve its degradation rate and to allow cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Indeed, the biological inertness of alginate is well-known and has largely hampered its use when cell adhesion is mandatory for survival and proliferation. 
Three different  strategies will be studied: 
-	to mix alginate with chitosan, as it shows cellular aggregation properties and is biodegradable
-	to couple alginate with RGD peptides, which are interacting with integrins present in the cell membrane in order to result in  anchorage of cells to alginate gels
-	to use periodate oxidised alginates to increase its degradation rate 
Upon the achievement of stable gel systems, the distribution of polymers in the gels will be studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM),  and mechanical properties with rheological characterization and stability/degradability in physiological solutions. 
Moreover, the degradation rate and cellular interactions of the different materials will be studied in vitro and compared to the high-M-al ginate matrix I previously used. Therefore, immunostaining/CLSM will be used to characterize encapsulated cells regarding follicle/cell recovery, viability, proliferation and morphology.

Development of a transplantable artificial ovary (TAO) to restore fertility in cancer patients - Julie Vanacker - Belgium

The evaluation of micropollutants as tracers of the water quality has become a trend topic within the scientific community because it allows obtaining a global view of the contamination levels in the different aquatic ambiences. These environmental marker s permit to establish relations between them, to identify their aquatic distribution or even to predict their occurrence in aquatic systems. Particularly, the consumption of the so-called cancer drugs, used in oncologic treatments, has considerably increa sed during last years and, based on growing of cancer incidence worldwide, the raise of their use in the next years can be foreseen. Consequently cancer drugs, their metabolites and specific cancer biomarkers are susceptible to reach in the sewage thus be come in environmental markers or tracers. The main goal will be the study of the occurrence of this group of therapeutic drugs from hospital effluents and urban wastewaters as anthropogenic tracers of urban pollution, cancer incidence and/or the chemother apy drugs consume as well as the evaluation of their potential ecotoxicity. In terms of Sewage Epidemiology the presence of those biomarkers and metabolites which are related with chemotherapy treatments will be studied and compared as the optimal tracer.

Markers of cancer in sewage for assessing community health - Laura Ferrando - Spain

Our group at the Dept of Psychology, UiO, has a strong interest and track record in the study of neurocognitive changes associated with aging. We are running a large longitudinal study - - Cognition and Plasticity through the Life-Span - including neurops ychological testing and brain MRI. This study yields a unique possibility to test effects of moderating factors on brain and cognitive changes in aging. One such factor is sleep disorder. The present proposal is for a stay in the Oslo lab for Claire Sexto n, post doc in Johansen-Berg's lab at fMRIB, to work on a collaborative project about effects of sleep disturbances on brain and cognition in aging. The fMRIB Center at Oxford is a world-leading neuroimaging lab, producing some of the most used analyses t ools worldwide (FSL). Sexton currently works with multi-modal MRI data in ageing populations, and has a very strong interest and expertise in research on factors that modulates changes in brain and cognition. A stay for her in Oslo will yield a unique pos sibility to address a very important scientific question: How does sleep disturbance affect longitudinal changes in brain and cognition at different ages? 215 healthy participants have been tested and scanned twice at about 4.5 years interval, and their s leeping habits and problems have been measured with two well-validated instruments. Sexton's stay will be used to analyse the data as a joint effort with the Oxford lab. This will contribute to a close collaboration between the Oslo lab and the world-lead ing center in Oxford. The proximate objective is to perform an important study brain aging. The ultimate objective is to secure a strong, lasting bilateral collaboration between Oslo and Oxford, with the aim of several joint projects and EU applications f or the next framework Horizons. The Oslo and the Oxford groups have several joint interests, making such a collaboration very valuable for both labs. The proposed project would be a perfect starting point.

How Do Sleep Disorders Affect The Ageing Brain? - Claire Sexton - UK

The project draws on complementary skills and knowlege of the two groups; UMB Nitrogen Group (UMBNG) and Maria Delgado Group (MDG). 

MDG has established in depth knowlege of the genetic makeup of the regulatory network controlling anoxic respiration in B . japonicum, and has constructed several mutants (in regulatory genes). 

UMBNG has developed a unique robotized incubation systems that allows indepth studies of regulatory phenotypes of such strains. The system is particularly suited to study gas kineti cs and gene transcription during transition from oxic to anoxic respiration. 

The project will inaugurate a collaboration between the two groups that holds a potential to break barriers in the understanding of the regulation of denitrification in this ec onomically and ecologically important symbiotic bacterium.

The concrete research tasks outlined for the project is to run a series of experiments with wild type and mutants where the organisms are monitored for gene transcription and anoxic respiration ( NO2, NO, N2O and N2-production) during oxygen depletion. A core question here is to assess the organisms' ability to control the accumulation of the toxic intermediates (NO2, NO) and the non toxic but environmentally harmfull intermediate N2O.

Such pheno typic traits of mutants are usefull to assess the quantititive effect of the various elements of the complex regulatory network that controls the anoxic respiration in such bacteria. The study of this regulation is implicitly a study of the regulation of  NO and N2O-emission to the atmosphere from such biological systems. 

The range of experiments will be extended to a variety of environmental conditions to test the robustness of the observation under standard conditions. 

The ultimate aim of these studi es are to provide a basis for systems biology approahces to anoxic respiration in these bacteria, and to provide a knowlege base for reducing the emission of N2O from the globally important soybean pro

Regulation of anoxic respiration in endosymbiotic bacteria, implications for N2O emission - Emilio Bueno Romero - Spain

The following study investigates how multilingual landscapes serves as infrastructures of superdiversity. "Superdiversity" is a concept designed to capture new forms of diversity, or diversity of diversities, in societal dynamics during the last 20 years.  It was originally conceived as a way of theorizing the implications in the European context of new migratory waves and new forms of translocal linkage that could no longer be contained within old epistemologies of identity and principles of multicultural ism. In the present dispensation of a global we find that language, especially practices and organizations of multilingualism, offer some of the most transparent windows on the complexity and unpredictability of superdiverse moments. Thus, the specific qu estions that is posed in this project are the following: how do speakers get to grips with superdiversity in a political context, such as South Africa, that is defined by dislocation, relocation and anomie? How do forms of talk, found across a material se miotics, allow for the articulation of life-styles and aspirations that break with the historical faultlines of social and racial oppression? In order to approach these questions, I explore the discursive role that spaces of consumption play in landscapin g multilingualism; but at the same time argue that it also necessary to consider an alternative notion of language politics in the notion of linguistic citizenship and a more expansive view on what constitutes language, namely, a material ethnography of m ultilingualism.

Landscaping Multilingualism and Superdiversity in Bellville's CBD (Cape Town) - Quentin Emmanuel Williams - South Africa

The project investigates the theoretical aspects of the design and effective enforcement of competition law in the energy market. Based on the comparison between Polish and Norwegian regulatory framework, the general theory of regulation would be verified  using the insights from behavioural economics. 
The study involves cross-cultural comparison of customer behaviour patterns, regulatory framework types of competition strategies. Apart from that pricing policy in both countries shall be determined.

The  effective and competitive energy market is a point of interest for all the market participants, including customers, companies and public government agencies. The emerging and dynamic regulatory environment requires innovative regulatory tools and framewo rks in order to avoid regulatory uncertainty and risk.
The analysis of energy market, such as other network industries, involves the complicated mechanisms of unbundling, vertical agreements, controlled mergers and acquisitions, market domination, dynamic  efficiency consideration and regulation supporting network neutrality. Furthermore, the pricing mechanism on this market involves advance techniques, just to mention pool pricing, access pricing and dynamic pricing. 

The results of this project will be  a theoretical model explaining the impact of behavioural aspects of market player on the effective regulatory framework. The study findings allows to build effective regulations, and as a result modernize the economy, to make it more flexible in order to  face the challenges of globalisation, new technologies, individualization and increasing diversity.

As the practical effect of this study is concerned, the study assumes a critical review of research tools that involve behavioural aspects of the regulato ry framework and customer expectations. Furthermore, the methodology of regulatory impact assessment would be reviewed and adopted to cross-cultural comparison.

Behavioural aspects in regulatory framework -  cross-cultural perspective on competition law&economics. Mob res: Bartosz Koziej, Poland

ANTASTIC - a bio-inspired approach to social search interactions aims to design, implement and test algorithms for the next Web searching paradigm going significantly beyond the state of the art. Our goal is to make substantial advances in the frontiers o f knowledge by designing algorithms based on our novel approach: a bio-inspired computing metaphor representing users searching for information over the Web as ants? colonies. Each day ants will leave the colony in search for food (information). They will  exploit the surroundings in all directions, and if an ant finds anything of interest, it will return to the colony depositing pheromone, a chemical substance that ants are able to detect. Thus they create trails to signal the path between the colony (use rs) and the food (relevant information). We will model users as ants colonies following information- seeking trails left by others using dynamic pheromone generated graphs. To deal with the complexity and size of such graphs (it is currently a big challen ge considering the size of the Web) we aim at employing optimization algorithms for solving our bio- inspired problem.
Designing and implementing the next PageRank algorithm (the renowned algorithm designed by Google), based on our bio-inspired metaphor m ight be the next big advance in Web searching area giving to Norway and Spain a tremendous advantage in terms of ground breaking research, applications and worldwide visibility of the results (such results might be presented in highest top ranked scientif ic journals by mixing Nature inspired metaphors, Algorithm Optimizations and Human Machine Interactions).

Antastic
Mobile researcher: Alessio Malizia, Spain

Mr Jopela's research focus is of particular interest to several archaeologists at IAKH. His studies of rock art and issues of conservation and management systems of heritage in southern Africa, particularly in Mozambique and South Africa, intersect with t he academic interest of Scandinavian colleagues? work on the ways in which archaeological sites play roles as prominent places in cultural heritage. In particular, Mr Jopela and colleagues at IAKH share the academic interest in how archaeological sites pr ovide insight into the cosmology of past societies and also in how contemporary communities relate to this cosmology and to these places. An example of this ongoing and long-term commitment at IAKH is the international seminar Cosmopolitan Heritage: Appro aches to World Archaeology in a Scandinavian Context to be held in September 2012. Jopela will be invited to present aspects of his work at the seminar, and subsequently to participate at a workshop on Cosmopolitan Heritage to be held in Oslo during the r esearch visit in 2013.

By inviting Jopela IAKH combines two prominent areas of expertise and long-term commitment, namely heritage issues in southern Africa and rock art. Hereby they may also combine more closely the efforts of people working in differen t geographical areas and on topics from different periods of the human past. 

With Mr Jopela's visit IAKH expects to strengthen and expand its ties to research milieus in southern Africa in general and to RARI and Wits in particular. Also, a long-term be nefit for IAKH is a more direct involvement in the future archaeological exploration of Mozambique, one of the fastest growing economies on the African continent.

Albino Jopela: visiting researcher at IAKH
Mobile researcher:  Albino Jopela:, South Africa

Astronomers observe the presence of magnetic fields in all cosmic structures, and still their origin is poorly understood to date. The only viable mechanism known so far that generates magnetic fields from zero initial conditions relies on weakly nonlinea r evolution of cosmic density fluctuations around recombination, the epoch at which the cosmic microwave background radiation decouples from the matter. However, the magnetic fields generated in this way are too weak. Another pressing problem in cosmology  is the observed acceleration of the expansion rate of today's Universe which can be explained by s small cosmological constant, dynamical dark energy fields or large-scale modifications to General Relativity. These different scenarios can be distinguishe d by simultaneously observing the evolution of the average geometry as well as linear and nonlinear structure formation.

Typical modified gravity models come with additional degrees of freedom that often have nonminimal couplings to electromagnetism. We  expect such couplings to impact the nonlinear generation of magnetic fields. Therefore we investigate this mechanism of magnetogenesis in scenarios of modified gravity with and without nonminimal couplings of electromagnetism to gravity. If such couplings  turn out to have a strong impact on the amplification of the first magnetic fields these models are either favoured or can even be constrained by this effect.

On the other hand, the weakly nonlinear evolution of structure in modified gravity models need s to be understood to make predictions for a complete set of consistency relations for different scenarios late-time acceleration that I proposed recently. We can directly apply the intermediate results obtained to compute the evolution of the magnetic fi elds to predict the respective contributions to the consistency relations. The knowledge of these contributions is essential for the correct physical interpretation of future observations.

Modified gravity and cosmic magnetic fields in weakly nonlinear structure formation
Mobile researcher: Lukas Hollenstein, France

The project is set in the field of architectural Theory and History. It is a study in modern Norwegian architecture, focusing on its relationship to landscape, place and natural context. The approach is interdisciplinary, based on Art History, but also st udies in spatial perception and environment. 
Historically, the core is in the post-war years (1945-1975). During these years, some crucial questions were raised: How to create a building that gives a satisfactory response both to the environment and to h uman needs? What are the criteria? This is demonstrated by an analysis of architectural thinking in its historical, social and philosophical context. The hypothesis is that Scandinavia, and Norway in particular, offers a series of successful examples in t his perspective. The project confronts the theoretical explanations with a series of concrete case studies. 
AHO's Institute of Theory and History is a unique place for this purpose, and is willing to host the project, in collaboration with their research ; the professors have already expressed a vivid interest in it.
The work is a part of the author's PhD research, where he studies the emergence of environmental issues in a broader context of modern architecture. Besides the PhD Thesis itself, the work wi ll result into a series of articles, both in peer-reviewed and popular magazines, and on the internet. Another result will be a commented anthology of texts of Scandinavian architects.
This study should meet a response on the scientific level, giving a ne w challenge to the field of Czech architecture and its theory. Moreover, it also meets an interest among the Czech public, that is strongly attracted by Norwegian culture.

Architecture and Environment: A Study in Modern Architectural Theory and History (1945-1975) Mobile researcher: Ondrej Hojda, Czech Republic

The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistance is of general concern worldwide. To understand the causal factors driving these processes, we need to identify and quantify antibiotic resistant determinants in natural ecosystems, such systems being both  as a source and sink of resistance genes. The broader environmental prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes is in general poorly described. Moreover, the level of antibiotic-resistant bacteria may be used as a monitoring instrument to assess the quality  and health of a given environment; where the level of resistance traits being correlated to anthropogenic pollution. Polluted freshwater sediments are of particular interest because they contain residues from multiple run-off sources. 
This project seeks  to: i) to assess the antibiotic resistance profiles of the bacterial communities associated to the rhizosphere of Phragmites australis growing in highly polluted water channels, ii) to examine the link between these data with the biodiversity of the micr obial communities as well as with data concerning the community structure (social), urban, land use and other characteristics of the sample sites. 

To address these goals, 120 samples from highly polluted drainage channels were collected in proximity to  the rhizosphere of P. australis stands in Zhangye city and in the Hetao Irrigation district (Northern China). Samples will be (as part of the YGGDRASIL Norway stay) examined for microbial diversity and antibiotic-resistance patterns. This research follows  methodology previously established in the collaboration between the host institution in Norway and the PhD project leader in Italy (Brusetti et al. 2008. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 20, 27-36).

Prevalence of clinically troublesome antibiotic resistance traits in severely polluted freshwater channels in Northern China earch

The scope of the study is how innovations and new businesses emerge and how new solutions materialize as actors interact when developing new customer-supplier relationships. Research approached new business development and innovation mainly from the persp ective of the entrepreneurial firm, respectively of the innovator assuming that the success of the new business or diffusion of an innovation is determined by the relative advantage of new over pre-existing solutions of the new product, service, method or  idea. Such research has produced valuable insights but does not explain the high rate of failure. A perspective is emerging that shifts the attention from internal to external factors, particularly to how firms and actors relate to each other. Thus, the  'other' - traditionally, the user/customer recipient of innovation - assumes an important role in the development of business relationships and in innovatio processes. Consequently, innovation is viewed as a process that involves interaction between the p arties rather than a solution embodied in products or artefacts. This perspective connects to the IMP stream of research that is particularly relevant for this study since it has shown that the development of single businesses and the dynamics of business  networks reflect how parties interact and that interaction is a critical business process. These features are important for new business development when new businesses start in B2B markets. Investigating how the interaction between actors affects the de velopment of the relationship requires an interdisciplinary approach and collecting data on communication and interaction patterns as the new relationship forms. The study will be based on three longitudinal, in-depth cases, observing and collecting data  on:
- How both parties in a newly emergent relationship communicate;
- How they interpret mutual identities;
- How they elaborate the meaning; 
- How they construct and communicate the new solution.

Actors in new business development and innovation
Mobile researcher: Antonella La Rocca, Switzerland

The main objective of the project is to compare the structure of work addiction among students in Norway and Poland and to identify, through the cross-cultural comparisons and within particular culture analysis, the socioeconomic factors related to studen ts' workaholic behaviours. In order to achieve this aim a Norwegian adaptation of the questionnaire measuring work addiction among students will be carried out. The results will provide information about the structure of workaholism among Norwegian studen ts, which will then be compared to the structure of work addiction among students in Poland. The early predictors of the work addiction among students in Norway will be preliminarily identified. Further, a measure of the perceived socioeconomic uncertaint y in the population of students in Norway and Poland will be developed. It will allow to identify the socioeconomic factors related to workaholic behaviours among students. A model of work addiction development which takes into account the variables relat ed to the perceived socioeconomic uncertainty will be developed and initially tested. The most critical challenges of the project are the coordination of the research in Norway and Poland, and the application of the methodological solutions allowing for v alid and valuable cross-cultural comparisons. The research findings will provide significant potential for applications. The study will examine the early predictors of work addiction, including socioeconomic factors, and provide tools for identifying prof iles of workaholic behaviours, attitudes, feelings and beliefs among students in Norway and Poland. This will enable work addiction screening tests among students and early interventions, such as training programmes for the students at risk of developing  full work addiction syndrome. These programmes should concentrate on modifying the attitudes, beliefs and behaviours leading towards work addiction and its potential detrimental consequences.

Work Addiction Among Students in Norway and Poland and the Identification of the Socioeconomic Factors Related to Students' Workaholism-

It is well known that crosslinguisticaly echo questions (EQs) -which are pronounced in immediate response to a surprising or partially heard utterance (U)- present considerable challenges to standard theories of syntax of non-EQs since they appear to coun ter-exemplify general claims about question formation. E.g., in the case of English, wh-EQs exhibit wh-in-situ, apparent Superiority violations, verb movement not accompanied by wh-movement, and mandatory wide scope only for the echo-introduced wh-phrase.  Probably because of this atypical behavior they are very little researched and the few existing results still need to be refined.
To this end, we propose a project which is conceived as comparative and aims to undertake a study of echo-syntactic variatio n with respect to wh-movement in three different language types: Germanic and Romance (where only one wh-phrase moves overtly), and Slavic (with multiple wh-movement). The project has both a descriptive and a theoretical side. We will deliver a descriptiv ely addecuate account of the variation of EQs across languages. In this research the modified version of Sobin's (2010) analysis will be partially adopted (i.e., wh-EQs have a double CP structure). Apart from showing that Spanish and Russian EQs exhibit c haracteristics similar to aforementioned English ones, it will also provide new empirical evidence for the particular syntactic structure of EQs and show that -contrary to what it could appear (contra Sobin 2010)- wh-movement in actual fact takes place in  EQs. In other words, this project will explain why in languages like English or Spanish the only possibility for the echo wh-phrase is to remain in situ, while in multiple wh-fronting languages like Russian it has an additional option of undergoing subse quent wh-movement, although it is restricted by something similar to wh-islands. The analysis of wh-EQs will also shed light on the behaviour of non-echo wh-interrogatives.

Wh-movement within Echo Questions: a comparative analysis of English, Spanish and Russian- Mobile researcher: Ekaterina Chernova, Spain

Dette prosjektet er basert på en allerede etablert kontakt med Universitetet i Bologna. Foreløpig har dette samarbeidet kun ledet til en felles EU søknad, som er under vurdering. Dette prosjektet har som et viktig mål å fylle den gode kontakten med et kon kret innhold. Temaet som er valgt er av stor interesse for begge parter, nemlig eksperimentelle forbrukerstudier. I dette prosjektet vil det legges særlig vekt på situasjoner som er typiske i det virkelige liv, nemlig situasjoner der forbrukeren velger pr odukter basert på både de sensoriske egenskapene til produktet og ander egenskaper slik som pris, innpakning, informasjon om fettinnhold etc. Tradisjonelt sett har disse to typene egenskaper blitt behandlet separat i eksperimentelle studier. Det er imidle rtid nylig utviklet metodikk (ved Nofima) som tar hensyn til begge deler samtidig. Disse metodene er nå akkurat publisert, men de er lite testet og analysert. Siden denne typen metodikk er av stor betydning for all type nærelingsmiddelindustri (og også an nen industri) i forbindelse ved produktutvikling og produktforbedring, er det et stort behov for videre evaluering og analyse av disse teknikkene. I denne sammenheng inngår både aspekt knyttet til forsøksplanlegging og avansert statistisk analyse.  En vik tig ambisjon er også å utvikle ideer for mulige forbedringer av metodene.

Methodology for combining sensory attributes and marketing variables for food product development. Mobile researcher: Daniele Asioli, Italia

The proposed research is aimed at solving the really challenging and appealing problem of the modern. At present the study of dielectric properties of a dielectric with large dc conductivity can be regarded as one of the most intensively developed and sig nificant field of electronics, and electronic technology. 
The aim of the project is to reveal rules in an influence of large dc conductivity on relaxation polarization in dielectrics with varying degrees of heterogeneity and the elucidation of the physic al principles of obtaining the active materials based on these dielectrics to create elements of solid-state electronics. The study of the rules of the influence of dc conductivity on dielectric spectra of materials with various distributions of relaxator s and the identification of conditions for the occurrence of this phenomenon are necessary undoubtedly. It is also necessary to classify the dielectrics on the varying degrees of the influence of the dc conductivity on the processes of relaxation polariza tion. It would enable us to understand physical reasons for such a classification thoroughly, and such a study would promote a refinement of the reasons for the effect of dc conductivity on the dielectric spectra.

The study of dielectric properties of a dielectric with large dc conductivity.
Mobile researcher: Evgeniy V. Andreev, Russia

Sensory properties of food are assessed through human senses. For this task, trained assessors (panel) are most reliable choice. Usually, consumers are not precise (may be biased) and present high variance on responses. Generalized Procrustes analysis (GP A) is good way of removing bias and getting the consensus among consumers. Preference Mapping (PM) is a technique for assessing consumer preference and it is recommended to be performed with panelist data. However, consumer assays are cheaper. This projec t is aimed to find a way of associating GPA and PM in order to allow preference maps to be constructed using consumer data.

Association of Generalized Procrustes Analysis and Preference Mapping for assessing consumer preference Mob researcher: Eric Ferreira, Brazi

Main goal with the project is to promote the internationalization of Norwegian research by inviting an international younger researcher for a research stay in Norway through the Yggdrasil program. The visiting period is planned to last for 4 months (16 we eks), and the project will include 7 small sub activities distributed over 14 weeks with two weeks flexibility (totally 16 weeks). The research section at NTNU possesses state of the art analytical equipment and has a dedicated activity on research concer ning use of multi-element analytical techniques for trace element studies in the environment and sensor development for industrial surveillance and online monitoring of environmental toxicants and nutrients in natural water, coastal and marine water. 

Ma rta Pokrzywnicka will be included as an active researcher in the group of Professor Øyvind Mikkelsen. Main scietific research activity will focused on further development of automated electrochemical systems for monitoring environmental toxicant in coasta l water. Through the project Pokrzywnicka will extend both her scientific network and be able to use here scientific background and expertise into a somewhat new research field for her, by working with automated electrochemical systems. Since the actual r esearch group at Department of Chemistry has a special expertise in electroanalytical methods, Pokrzywnicka will greatly benefit from carry out the actual research activity at the host institution. 

The research group will benefit from the valuable scien tific background and expertise of Pokrzywnicka within miniaturization and and flow systems for chemical analyses. The research group has a continuous strategy of strengthen internationalization of the research activity, and in this project the group will  benefit from establish a reach collaboration with a new partner with valuable skills.

Monitoring of Marine Pollutants by Automated Remote System (POLAR)  Mobile researcher: Marta Pokrzywnicka, Poland

I study the cultural implications of changes in movement in relation to reindeer herding contrasting indigenous reindeer herding people in Norway (Sami) with those (Evenki) in a remote region in Eastern Siberia who primarily walk on foot. I follow the mov ement of both groups of indigenous people by sharing their distinctive means of transport (more based on mechanized transport in the case of the Sami, walking on foot leading their reindeer in the case of the Evenki) and investigate how they conceptualize , perceive and order their movements. I ask questions about human-animal relations, enskilment and the anchoring of morality in the landscape. How does the way one moves, with or without reindeer, influence the choice of location and the attachment to pla ces? What kind of moral messages are encoded in dynamic trajectories of movement?
This research will be the first full study comparing means of movements and their implications within two reindeer herding settings, one in Europe, the other in Asia, one ma king use of available technological means (snowmobile, all terrain vehicles, helicopters,ships, mobile communication), the other dealing with ever-changing landscapes (due to oil exploration) with hardly any mechanized support.
This application is for fun ding of the phase of my doctoral research which involves the reindeer herding Sami in Norway. This phase constitutes of research at the Sami Centre at the University of Tromso, interviews with herders, participant observation during a reindeer migration,  as well as writing up of the results.

Experiences of place and movement among reindeer herders in Norway and Siberia
Mobile researcher: Evelyn Landerer, UK

SYNOPSIS 
The core of my research is to investigate if environmental (and climatic) factors played a significant role in influencing aspects of Middle Stone Age life. The intention is to determine how environmental variables could have affected Middle Sto ne Age behaviours associated with subsistence, mobility and the production of tools and other artefacts (e.g. incised ochres, engraved ostrich eggshell, perforated shells, etc). To achieve this, I use a multi-disciplinary approach by incorporating environ mental data from archaeological and geomorphological contexts with the speleothem proxy data produced in my study. This approach allows me to evaluate the speleothem data generated in my study with the archaeological evidence for past environments. In thi s way I am able to interpret my data within a broader environmental context and by extension I should be able to identify the likely climatic forcing mechanisms that were operating at the time the speleothems formed. Once I establish the environmental con text for my speleothem data I can address the archaeological implications of environmental change on MSA people between 160 ka - 60 ka. I intend to do this by linking the speleothem data and long-term climatic records with the archaeology emerging from va rious sites in southern Africa. In this way I intend to investigate the effects of environmental change on human behavior during the Middle Stone Age.

Using environmental proxies from speleothems to investigate the effect of climate change on human behaviour. Mobile researcher:  Jane Noah,

Molecular epidemiology is a discipline in which the methods of molecular biology are applied to human populations. We have developed a battery of methods for measuring diverse kinds of DNA damage, and capacities for DNA repair, in human lymphocytes. These  biomarkers allow us to investigate the impact of environmental factors, lifestyle, nutrition, sex and genetic polymorphisms on genomic instability, which is assumed to be causally related to aging and cancer. First, we need to establish mean baseline val ues for the various biomarkers, and the range found in a normal healthy population. To this end, we have collected and stored samples from about 300 subjects in the 'Norwegian Baseline Study'. These samples await analysis. The Yggdrasil scholar will learn  the necessary techniques, carry out certain method development (to optimise the DNA repair assays), and then analyse as many stored samples as possible in the time available. The ultimate aim is two-fold: first, to investigate associations between the pa rameters we measure and the anthropometric and nutritional information gathered by colleagues involved in this study; and second, to contribute to the database being established under ComNet, a new project to validate the comet assay as a biomonitoring to ol, and to establish reference values of biomarkers for future comparisons.

Analysing DNA damage and repair in human population groups- Mobile researcher: Olena Bilyk, Ukraine

The project will establish co-operation between the University of Tromsø and the Karl-Franzens University Graz. The development of a state-of-the-art optical trapping device for nanoparticles will strongly profit from the complementary expertise of the tw o groups. The visiting researcher grant will extend the already broad international character of this project. Mutual visits between the research groups in Tromsø and Graz are planned.

New tools are necessary to manipulate objects on the nano-scale. It i s far from obvious to pick up a virus and study its interaction with a liver cell, even if you don't have big fingers. In this project, nanotechnology will be developed to pick up nanoparticles, with light from a tiny hole in a gold film doing the job of  the fingers. The group in Tromsø will contribute on knowledge about optical trapping and facilities for the experimental work. The group in Graz will contribute with knowledge about the interaction of light and the gold film. The project will extend the k nowledge of a young researcher by working on a project where he can use and contribute with his acquired knowledge and skills, and also learn new techniques on optical trapping. The project is initially of a limited scope and timeframe, but it has potenti al for extension and for good scientific results.

Nanoparticle trapping with a nanostructured optical fibre Mobile researcher: Claude Tinguely, Austria

Bristle worms of the family Onuphidae are very abundant and diverse both in shallow waters and deep sea playing a significant role in many benthic communities. Being very widespread in Norwegian waters, onuphids are commonly present in sediment samples us ed in ecological studies and environmental monitoring surveys. Onuphid worms represent a unique example among annelids of a remarkable morphological, reproductive and behavioral diversity. Several genera of onuphids display signs of progenetic origin howe ver their phylogenetic position within the family is not resolved. The proposed project aims to study the evolution of morphology and adaptive strategies within the family utilizing a phylogenetic approach. It is planned to reconstruct phylogeny of onuphi d worms based on molecular data (18S rDNA and 16S rDNA) and compare it with existed morphology-based phylogenies. Sequences of both genetic markers for 37 species of onuphids representing 13 genera became available during previous research. During the mob ility part of the project at the University Museum of Bergen it is planned to focus on the molecular analyses of  genera with suggested progenetic origin. Materials from a number of Norwegian, Russian and international expeditions will be examined and use d for DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing. Prof. Endre Willassen will supervise the research project and assist with phylogenetic analyses. The result of the project will: (1) contribute to taxonomical revision of onuphids; (2) advance knowledge  in polychaete phylogeny and evolution; (3) contribute to understanding of the role of progenesis in marine organisms as one of evolutionary processes shaping life in the ocean.

PROFO-Forurensning – kilder, spredning og effekter

Integrated risk assessment for the transport of particles, nutrients and pesticides in agricultural catchments - INTRA

Tildelt: kr 3,0 mill.

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PROFO-Forurensning – kilder, spredning og effekter

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