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The high seas are those marine areas under no State's jurisdiction. So far, all marine renewable energy (RE) activity is being conducted under State's jurisdiction. However, recent advances in technology are raising the prospect of carrying out RE activity on the high seas. Currently, only seabed mining activities in the Area have been regulated. The Area is the seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits of State's jurisdiction. From the legal viewpoint, the main gap is a lack of an international regulatory framework, informed by participatory mechanisms and supported by scientific evidence, for RE activities on the high seas, especially regarding their environmental and social impacts. 
The primary project objective (O) is to provide the scientific community and policymakers with science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations in support of the development of  RE regulation on the high seas. 
Two specific Os are set to complement the primary O, namely:
O1 To advance the use of systematic consultation processes that facilitates research at the crossroads of marine sciences and law. 
O2 To advance critical knowledge and understanding of environmental pressing issues comparable to the regulation of RE on the high seas, such as deep-sea mining in the Area.
A multistep innovative methodology will be adopted, by integrating marine scientific knowledge, consultative processes, and advanced critical research in the subject matter. A case study (interdisciplinary and participatory) involving marine scientists, indigenous and coastal communities and policy makers will be conducted onboard the Research Vessel KronPrins Haakon at the beginning of the project. The case study outcomes will be analysed through critical legal analysis to build a knowledge base for policy recommendations. 
The project will advance the PI’s career in an international research environment, allowing her to generate independent, high-quality, and reproducible results.




Renewable energy on the high seas – science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations for regulatory and governance challenges

The Arctic region is witnessing more frequent shipping accidents than ever which require accurate search and rescue operations. The existing communication systems use drones with radio frequency (RF) technology, which has limited bandwidth and cannot offer 4G/5G connectivity due to harsh weather constraints. It further limits the capacity of drones and affects the resolution of images and videos. The current research proposes to design free space optical communication (FSOC) link-based drones that can enhance connectivity between multiple drones and rescue ships as well as the capacity of drones to produce high resolution images and videos. The proposed FSOC-based drones can provide highspeed connectivity than the existing RF technology. The research will collect atmospheric turbulences data from the Arctic region and use it for designing the FSOC link. Furthermore, to enhance the capacity of FSOC-based drones, the research will design advanced multiplexing schemes (Mode Division Multiplexing and Orthogonal Code Division Multiple Access) and to ensure link stability, omnidirectional receiver will be designed. The research will further evaluate the performance of proposed FSOC link under the impact of various atmospheric turbulences. The expected outcomes of this research will lead to the optimisation of FSOC-based drones in expanding search areas and improving communication systems for SAR operations in the Arctic region.

Optimization of Free Space Optical Communication Link based Drones for Search and Rescue Operations in the Arctic Region

Currently, 28.2% of the total EU-28 greenhouse gas emissions come from the power sector, a large contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, the emphasis of the research in power generation has swung towards assessing highly efficient and greener power cycles. In this reference, the novel supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle (sCO2-BC) is an ideal choice that outstrips other formally well-known power cycles (Brayton & Rankine cycles). In sCO2-BC, the role of the pre-cooler is critical. It serves as a sink to the power cycle and regulates the conditions at the compressor's inlet. The compressor's inlet temperature is intended to be maintained close to the critical temperature of carbon dioxide (CO2) to achieve greater cycle efficiencies. However, exceptionally higher values of the specific heat capacity of CO2 near its critical point (up to 40 times higher than water) require exceedingly high water flow rates on the cold side to achieve the desired exit temperatures of CO2. Consequently, the pre-cooler's pumping power requirements become high enough to deteriorate the cycle's performance. This problem can only be mitigated by exploring new channel geometries with enhanced thermohydraulic characteristics. Therefore, the proposed study plan to characterize the complex thermohydraulic characteristics in the pseudocritical region of CO2 using a multifaceted technique that includes, experimental, numerical, and machine learning techniques. The proposed work will provide a step forward to the success of sCO2-BC technologies that, in turn, will facilitate its integration with the green energy resources (generation-IV nuclear reactors and solar concentrated plants), helping to meet the EU's 2030 climate and energy framework goals of achieving at least 32% share for renewable energy.

Evaluation of thermohydraulic characteristic of printed circuit heat exchangers in pseudocritical region for supercritical CO2 cycle

Det bygde miljøet krever en umiddelbar innføring av ombruksstrategier som adresserer ressursavfalls- og utslippsproblemet. Resirkulering og ombruk begrenses av mangel på prosedyrer for kvalitetsvurdering som reduserer risikoen for industrien. 
Derfor er det nødvendig med en resertifiseringsprosess basert på pålitelig, replikerbar og gjennomførbar tilstandsvurderingsmetodikk for gjenvunnet/innebygd tømmer.
Hovedmålene for prosjektet:
Identifisere settet med ikke-destruktive tester (NDT) som er best egnet for omfattende og effektiv tilstandsvurdering (dvs. tetthet, stivhet, styrke, brannmotstand, defekter, fuktighetsinnhold, fiberretning) i tre som er gjennomførbart for in-situ, samt laboratoriemiljø.
Utvikle prosedyrer for etterbehandling av data fra NDT-er for den høyeste informasjonsverdien og kombinert risiko-/pålitelighet-kvantifisering med en omfattende metadatamal for datalagre.
Testing av den utviklede metodikken på en reell case-studie for adaptiv gjenbruk av en fem-etasjes kontorbygning i tømmer. 
Etablering av sirkularitetskvantifisering basert på det reelle potensialet og LCA-prosedyre for langlivede tømmerprodukter, inkludert risikokvantifisering over flere ombruk og resirkulering/gjenvinning – tømmerkaskade.
Utvikle dokumentasjon og retningslinjer for resertifisering for gjenvunnet tømmer som grunnlag for europeisk standardisering.
Ombruk av eksisterende bygninger eller deres komponenter har i dag det høyeste potensialet for å redusere karbonutslipp fra byggeindustrien og begrense etterspørselen etter nye råvarer. Ti-ReX har som mål å forbedre byggebransjens bærekraft ved å muliggjøre utstrakt gjenbruk av bærende trekonstruksjoner - enten i den opprinnelige bygningen med samme eller endret konfigurasjon, eller i andre bygninger. Treelementer i bygninger kan ha flere formål; for eksempel bærende, stabilisering, brannspredningsforebygging, varme- og lydisolering og estetikk.

TiREX project answers to the Joint Call Forest Value 2, topic on 'Sustainable timber building systems'. Focus is put on enabling reuse and life extension of the timber structures by developing knowledge and tools for condition assessment of reclaimed timber. The main barrier to circular economy of timber industry addressed in TiReX is the organisation of timber strength grading and quality assessment of solid timber around the material raw production in the saw mill industry. TiREX is divided into 5 core work packages focused on laboratory testing (Spain), data processing (WUT), pilot project of adaptive reuse of timber (Norway), environmental analysis (Finland), and dissemination and communication (Latvia). Testing reclaimed timber from north, south and east Europe with non-destructive and destructive methods is the core TiREX activity and includes mechanical and thermal performance. Methods of data processing for replicability, accuracy, uniformity, future standardization, practicality and reliability of results in real settings will be developed and tested. Real timber building adaptive reuse project in Norway will provide field laboratory for verifying theoretical ideas and frameworks. Holistic environmental assessment methodology for circular wood industry will be theoretically developed and showcased on the pilot building. TiREX contributes to the call objectives of increased carbon sequestration, optimal carbon storage, circular use of wood, integration of cascading, as well as addresses circular and recycling wood principles, organisational structure and policies and regulation. TiReX project is focused on generating knowledge and procedures that offer huge potential for emission and waste reduction and thus require fast popularization and adoption within construction industry to be impactful. TiREX has strong transnational cooperation to prepare data sets that span wide range of parameters representative for Europe via sharing knowledge and laboratories.

ForestValue2 JC2023 - Smart condition assessment of Reclaimed Timber for eXtended service life of long-lived wood products

Inline measurement of PVT and thermophysical properties of drilling fluids

Morrow Batteries jobber for å bli verdensledende på produksjon av bærekraftige og kostnadseffektive batterier. I 2024 åpner Morrows første batterifabrikk for prismatiske battericeller i Arendal i Sør-Norge, og Morrow har som mål å produsere 42 GWh battericeller årlig fra 2028. Morrow sin generasjon 2 teknologi retter seg mot koboltfrie batterier basert på høy-spennings LNMO katoder. Denne unike cellekjemien er både mer bærekraftig og billigere enn eksisterende teknologier, i tillegg til at den høye spenningen gir høy energitetthet. Dagens batterielektrolytter er derimot utviklet for batterier med lavere spenning og må derfor tilpasses LNMO kjemien.

NORSE-HV prosjektet er et samarbeid mellom Morrow Batteries og Institutt for Energiteknologi (IFE). Prosjektet skal i hovedsak utvikle nye sammensetninger av batterielektrolytter som er stabile ved høyere spenninger og dermed kan benyttes i Morrows generasjon 2 battericeller. Et vellykket prosjekt vil muliggjøre industrialisering av koboltfrie Li-ion batterier basert på LNMO.

Lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO) is a high-voltage battery cathode material whose sustainability and low cost arises due to the elimination of cobalt and reduced use of nickel compared to many current cathode materials. The high voltage applied in LNMO cells can cause the electrolyte solution to break down, reducing the amount of energy the battery can store and shortening its useful lifetime. The NORSE-HV project aims to formulate and test new electrolyte solutions that are more stable towards high voltages, so that the cycle life of LNMO batteries can be extended. Morrow Batteries and the Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) will combine their years of experience in battery development and testing to identify new electrolytes for LNMO batteries. Novel electrolyte candidates will be assessed both chemically and electrochemically and battery cell testing will be carried out in various cell formats to ensure industrial feasibility. These innovative electrolytes will then be incorporated into LNMO prismatic cells, to be manufactured at Morrow’s factory in Arendal.

Novel Oxidation-Resistant Stable Electrolytes for High Voltage

Flytende hydrogen (LH2) er en energibærer som i fremtiden kan bli et lav-karbon alternativ til flytende naturgass (LNG) for global transport av energi. Et nytt tank konsept for storskala transport av flytende hydrogen ombord på skip har blitt utviklet av Moss Maritime i samarbeid med SINTEF Energy og SINTEF Industri. Hydrogenmarkedet er i rask utvikling og for å kunne tilby et kommersielt attraktivt konsept for storskala transport og lagring av flytende hydrogen er det ansett som nødvendig å bygge en prototyp  tank for å demonstrere teknologien og konseptet.

I dette prosjektet vil Moss Maritime, i samarbeid med SINTEF Energy, videreutvikle konseptet for lagring og transport av flytende hydrogen til å bli et fleksibelt konsept som også kan skaleres ned til medium og små tanker. Ambisjonen er å utvikle en prototyp tank som er designet for lagring av flytende hydrogen under atmosfærisk trykk, men som også tåler driftstrykk opp mot 8 bar. Dette gjøres for å kunne tilby et fleksibelt konsept som kan benyttes innenfor flere bruksområder, eksempelvis som en drivstoff-tank for skip med fremdriftssystem som bruker hydrogen som drivstoff.

Både tankstrukturen og isolasjonsmaterialer vil bli verifisert og analysert ved omfattende bruk av avanserte numeriske modeller og beregningsverktøy. Likevel vil det være et behov for å kunne demonstrere at teknologien fungerer som den skal ved å bygge en test tank. Derfor er en viktig del av prosjektet også å utvikle et testprogram og testprosedyrer som er tenkt brukt for å demonstrere teknologien i praksis. Det inneværende prosjektet omfatter ikke bygging og testing av prototype tanken, men det skal etableres et budsjett og planer for bygging, transport og testing av en slik tank, som da vil være basis for neste fase av prosjektet som vil ha fokus på bygging og testing av en hydrogentank.

Liquefied hydrogen (LH2) is a promising low-carbon alternative to liquefied natural gas (LNG) for global transport of energy with high energy density and a large degree of flexibility. Ship transport is necessary to realise large-scale LH2 value chains, but no full-scale LH2 carrier ships currently exist. 

Today, about 20% of the global LNG fleet relies on the spherical LNG tank concept from the Norwegian technology company Moss Maritime (MOSS). This tank design has an excellent track record of failure-free operation and has proven to maintain full integrity over their lifetime. MOSS seeks to adapt this concept to transport of LH2 and use its unique position in the LNG market to provide designs for large-scale LH2 carrier ships.

A novel tank concept for large-scale ship transport (~160,000 m3) has successfully been developed to TRL 4 by MOSS, SINTEF Energy Research and SINTEF Industry in the IPN project HyLaSST (RCN grant agreement no: 321591). The FLH2YT project will pave the way for a system prototype demonstration tank (TRL 6). Structural and thermal assessment of the demonstration tank will be conducted, along with the development of a testing scope for the demonstration tank. Preparations for construction of the demonstration tank, including detailed design documentation and cost analysis will be made. The demonstration-scale tank will be designed to hold up to 8 bar pressure and may form the basis for a new product: A flexible, multi-purpose, medium-scale LH2 storage solution.

Flexible Liquid HYdrogen Tank

Maritim- og offshoreindustrien har etterlyst en mer strukturert metode, som utnytter dagens teknologiske potensial, for å registrere og få tilgang til informasjon om fartøyets skrogtilstand. Utviklingen av en digital tvilling for vurdering av fartøyets skrogtilstand er et svar på dette som har flere fordeler.

Tidligere forskningsresultater har vist at droner tillater trygge,  automatiserte og fleksible fjerninspeksjoner. For å gi droneinspeksjoner en ekstra fordel, bør teknologi for å utføre droneinspeksjon mens fartøyet seiler, og muligheten til å automatisk gjøre tykkelsesmålinger, utvikles. Registrering av inspeksjonsdata fra droner til en digital tvilling er et naturlig neste steg. Gitt tilstrekkelig kvalitet på drone-innsamlede data, i tillegg til effektiv registrering av menneskelig innsamlede data, kan både menneskelige og dronebaserte inspeksjoner gi data til en digital tvilling og komplementere hverandre. Dette kan muliggjøre en mer effektiv overvåkning av skrogtilstand og redusere antall ganger mennesker utsettes for farene ved inspeksjon av trange/innestengte rom.

Ved å samle inn relevante skrogdata er det et potensial for å utnytte historisk informasjon fra en mengde fartøyer til å lage en statistisk modell for å forutsi skrogtilstanden. Dette kan tillate estimering av skrogets tilstand basert på operasjonelle forhold et fartøy har vært utsatt for. I kombinasjon med konstruksjonsmodeller kan dette også brukes til å automatisk lage skroginspeksjonsplaner som prioriterer områder med økt risiko for å ha feil.

Prosjektet ledes av DNV, et ledende klassifikasjonsselskap, i samarbeid med rederiene Altera Infrastructure og Klaveness, som er henholdsvis oljetanker- og lasteskipsoperatører i dette prosjektet, ScoutDI, en inspeksjonsdrone-leverandør, og NTNU gjennom Autonomous Robots Lab ved avdeling for kybernetikk.

The project will develop the concept of a digital twin of the hull condition for assessing the structural integrity and compliance of the physical hull. The digital twin is kept up to date with the physical hull over its lifetime by frequently collecting large amounts of data, in non-intrusive ways that do not interrupt business operations. This enables continuous monitoring and compliance assessment. Autonomous drones collect the data instead of humans to improve personnel safety. Automated damage detection and coating breakdown assessment assists the human expert, leading to improved quality of the structural integrity assessment. The project will enable digital twin-based surveys as industrial standard and realize economic and safety benefits as well as reducing environmental footprint due to reduced need for travels. 

The innovation will lead to improved quality and safety of vessel inspection services, in particular: 
1. Hull condition assessment and continuous compliance decision in a 3D digital twin, a multi-data digital representation of the physical hull based on data such as high-precision point clouds, videos, AIS and weather data. The digital twin also holds location-tagged thickness measurements, history of damages and repairs, and data of sister vessels. 
2. High coverage, high-quality, location-tagged data of the hull compartment, collected frequently by autonomous/automated drones with semantic knowledge of the physical structure. Automated data collection ensures standardized data which improves comparison with historical data. Drone-based collection during sailing or between discharge and loading of cargo causes minimal interruption of business operations. 
3. Automated damage detection in point clouds and videos, automated damage probability predictions based on data in the digital twin, and an automatically generated targeted inspection plan for the drones as well when physical inspections are deemed necessary.

Assessment of ship hull Integrity based on a Digital Twin

Trådløs kommunikasjonsrevolusjon i maritim industri

Scandinavian Reach Technologies leder et banebrytende prosjekt for trådløs kommunikasjon i stålkonstruksjoner, som skip. ScanReach fokuserer på å forbedre sitt produkt for trådløs tilkobling om bord (OWC) for å møte de økende kravene fra den maritime industrien, offshore og havvindindustrien, som raskt går over til digitale og IoT-baserte operasjoner for forbedret effektivitet, sikkerhet og motstandsdyktighet.

Innovativ teknologi: Teknologien er designet for å muliggjøre trådløs kommunikasjon i stål-dominerte miljøer, en kjent utfordring i den maritime sektoren. Denne teknologien baserer seg på lavenergi-radio meshnettverksnoder som muilggjør trådløs datatransport gjennom skip, og baner vei for diverse IoT-applikasjoner som sporing av personell og eiendeler, og integrering av miljøsensorer. Med en industri som beveger seg mot digitale tvillinger, maskinlæring og overvåking av energiforbruk i sanntid, utvikler selskapet neste generasjon av avanserte kommunikasjonsnoder. Disse nodene er ment å håndtere større mengder trådløse data, noe som gjør dem passende for de høyteknologiske kravene til moderne skipsfart.

Fordeler over tradisjonelle systemer: Denne innovasjonen skiller seg ut fra tradisjonelle trådløse løsninger som ofte sliter i tette stålrike skipmiljøer og bruk av kabler. Den fjerner behovet for omfattende og kostbar kabling, noe som fører til en forenklet infrastruktur, enklere installasjon og lavere vedlikeholdskostnader.

Fokus på forskning og utvikling: F&U-arbeidet er fokusert på å utvikle et effektivt og pålitelig trådløst system for maritime industrier. Dette inkluderer å identifisere brukbare frekvenser og protokoller for robust kommunikasjon i ståltunge miljøer, og designe kompakt, energieffektivt utstyr. Prosjektet innebærer en kombinasjon av litteraturgjennomgang, datamodellering, eksperimentell prototyping og felttesting.

This project strives to advance wireless communication in large steel structures, such as ships, improving our existing Onboard Wireless Connectivity (OWC) product. This enhancement will bolster Scandinavian Reach Technologies AS market presence and relevance in the competitive shipping industry. The primary need for this innovation arises from the maritime, offshore, and sea wind industries. These industries are transitioning towards digital and IoT-based operational models for efficiency, safety, and resilience. 

Scandinavian Reach Technologies is at the forefront of addressing this need. Its revolutionary technology enables efficient wireless communication within confined steel environments. It eliminates the need for costly and complex cabling based on an innovative, low-power radio mesh networking node that allows wireless data transport to the gateway/edge computer throughout the mesh network. This technology paves the way for various IoT applications, such as tracking personnel and assets, collecting environmental sensor readings, and integrating other third-party sensors.
 
While the company's current mesh nodes are designed for simple sensor data and limited data volumes, the emerging ambitions for Digital Twins, Machine Learning models, and Real-time Energy Consumption monitoring in the industry have created a demand for high-volume wireless data transport to an internet endpoint. To meet this demand, Scandinavian Reach Technologies AS is dedicated to developing next-generation communication nodes capable of handling large amounts of wireless data in complex steel environments to replace signal cabling entirely.

SteelWave High Volume Wireless Communication Platform for Steel Environments (HWC-SE)

Platina, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium og osmium er kjemiske elementer som sammen utgjør platingruppemetallene (PGM). De har lignende fysiske og kjemiske egenskaper, og finnes typisk sammen i utvalgte, sjeldne malmforekomster. Hovedbruken deres er som katalysatorer innen kjemisk industri og utslippskontroll i transportmidler, samt i grønne energisystemer som vann-elektrolyse for hydrogenproduksjon og brenselceller. PGM-ene har alltid vært klassifisert som kritiske råmaterialer (CRM) av EU, på grunn av deres knapphet og avhengigheten av import fra land utenfor Europa. I den siste CRM-vurderingen økte forsyningsrisikoen for alle PGM-ene, og spesielt Ir. Som en del av CRM-strategien oppfordrer EU til økt utvinning av disse verdifulle elementene fra sekundære kilder som end-of-life (EoL)-produkter og avfallsstrømmer. Denne strategien harmonerer også godt med målene for sirkulær økonomi og avfallsfritt samfunn.  

Effektiv og selektiv utvinning av PGM-er, spesielt Ir og Ru, fra forskjellige avfallsstrømmer er utfordrende, hovedsakelig på grunn av deres lave kjemiske reaktivitet. De har en tendens til å danne passive oksidforbindelser hvis de blir utsatt for tradisjonelle metallutvinningsmetoder, hvilket er et ytterligere hindrer for effektiv gjenvinning. Dette prosjektet vil fokusere på optimaliseringen av en innovativ prosess som kan omgå disse utfordringene, og oppnå god effektivitet uten at det går ut over renheten til det resulterende metallet og/eller miljøavtrykket. Prosjektet vil dessuten bidra med økt kunnskap i et felt der det er store usikkerheter når det gjelder beste praksis.  

En av de raskest voksende teknologiene som bruker PGM i dag er produksjon av grønt hydrogen fra vann-elektrolyse. En Proton Exchange Membrane-elektrolysør tilsvarende 1 MW krever omtrent 1,5 kg Ir. Med de ambisiøse planene som foreligger for utvidelse av denne industrien, er gjenvinning av verdifulle PGM-er fra EoL-membranelektrodeanlegg avgjørende.

Platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium and osmium are the elements in the Platinum group metals (PGMs). They have similar physical and chemical properties, generally derived from the same types of ores in which they occur together. Thus they are classified as by-products. Their main use is catalysis, chemical and petroleum industry, autocatalysis, and green energy systems (water electrolysis for hydrogen production and fuel cells). PGMs have always been classified as critical materials by the EU, due to its dependency on imports from third countries. In the last criticality assessment, the supply risk increased mostly for Ir, and the associated economic impact increased significantly for all the PGMs.
To decouple Norway and Europe from unstable suppliers, secondary material streams must be fostered. Moreover, the recovery of these valuable elements from by-products and waste streams is in good harmony with the goals of the Circular Economy towards zero-waste societies.
KAR has recently seen an increase in enquiries for products consisting of Ir and Ru, and capturing and producing pure quality metals. Moreover, 1 MW proton exchange membrane electrolyser requires about 1.5 kg of  Ir. With the ambitious plans of expansion of Hystar, materials efficiency is paramount. Therefore, the recovery of PGMs from EoL membrane electrode assembly is crucial.
An efficient, and selective extraction of PGMs, and especially of Ir and Ru from different ores and wastes is challenging, mainly due to their inertness. They also tend to form oxides, thus preventing from their effective recovery and the subsequent efficiency loss.
The project will focus on the optimization of an innovative method that may circumvent this problem, achieving good extraction efficiencies, without penalizing the purity of the recovered material and/or environmental footprint. Besides, the project will bring more knowledge to a field where there are large uncertainties regarding best practices.

IRIS: Iridium and Ruthenium Recovery from Green Hydrogen Systems

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Seniorforsker

The aim of the present Project Establishment Support application is to establish collaboration between important research communities in the USA and Norway. The collaboration will initially manifest itself as a joint research project application to the No rwegian Research Council, aiming to address important issues in basic and applied fish immunology and vaccinology.

NA - Antigen and immune cell dynamics characterising protective immunity in salmonids - basis for improved vaccine strategies

CARSIC will develop basic knowledge through studies related to process understanding of Arctic Ocean biogeochemistry and ocean acidification: 
aiming to estimate future carbonate system parameters state in the Arctic Ocean. We plan to work on a database,  perform field studies in Svalbard, and make an intercallibration work. CARSIC promotes international research cooperation and exchange of new knowledge as it involves scientist from Russia and Norway, and reinforces Norway position as a leading nation in  marine ecosystem related research.
The applied project will increase the understanding of the fate and effect of increased ocean CO2 in relation to the ice dynamics. This is an important knowledge necessary for predictions of the role of polar oceans in t he global carbon cycle.

Ocean Acidification in the Arctic: effects of ice

The Russian-Norwegian collaboration project FREMONEC aims to strengthen the cooperation between Norway and Russia on polar research in Svalbard. It will serve as a positive example for a network building in thematic areas relevant for both countries: impa cts of climate change, biodiversity and ecology. Researchers from The Norwegian Institute for Nature Research and M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University will study the effects of climate change and related stressors on fresh and brackish water habitats,  by using invertebrates as biological quality elements. The cooperation includes also representative from UNIS. The field work will focus on fresh and brackish water ecosystems that so far are comparatively little studied. Both Norwegian and Russian scient ists will be involved in the study design as well as in a meeting, fieldwork in 2014 and 2015 in Svalbard, analysis of collected material and final reporting. As a result a database on previous and current studies will be developed and can be used for new  joint projects. Network-building between both research groups will be implemented through common field- and laboratory work. The  material obtained within this project will provide data and knowledge for the implementation of integrated and sustainable A rctic freshwater ecosystems management.

FREMONEC: Effect of climate change and related stressors on fresh and brackish water ecosystems in Svalbard

Biological production starts with photosynthesis, energy from the sun captured by plants and converted to carbohydrates. In the oceans, microscopic algae make up most of this production, they are the primary producers. With the extreme seasonality of the  physical environment of the Arctic, particularly the light regime, this production has very strong seasonality. In seasonally ice-covered regions this production also falls into two characteristic modes: 1) a unique ice algae production by algae beneath s ea ice, and 2) a pelagic phytoplankton production, caused by algae drifting in the water masses. We have recently modelled and documented how the timing of these productions is related to sea ice phenology, and how the timing of the ice algae component an d the pelagic component is related to each other. This work is a result of a pilot collaborative effort between the Norwegian and US Scientists, and it has already led to a well-rated publication in the respected journal Global Change Biology. Here we pro pose to expand our initial effort by taking on investigations needed for a more complete understanding of Arctic primary production. Along with this, we will develop full scale research proposals on the topic. Specifically we propose to: 1) analyse the ch aracteristic scales of the timing variability in Arctic primary production, 2) continue the analyses of how the timing of primary production varies with latitude, 3) analyse how inter-annual variability in timing varies for different regions, and 4) analy se the consequence of predicted changes in timing for the biogeochemical cycling of Arctic marine ecosystems. We provide and use a Pan-Arctic modelling platform, but for this pre-project we will focus the analyses along transects from the Bering Sea (Alas kan side) and the Barents Sea (Svalbard Side) towards the North Pole.

Spatial and temporal variability in sea ice and primary production dynamics of the Arctic Ocean

Long runs (hundreds of years) of the global climate models and high-resolution climate proxy data sets provide an opportunity to study multi-decadal natural variability of the coupled atmospheric and oceanic circulation. The Nordic seas and the Arctic are  regions were such a natural variability is expected to have large amplitude and regularity. Indeed, quasi-regular changes with the period of 60-90 years have been found in analysis of long control climate runs of several models. This model multi-decadal  variability reminds the quasi-regular changes revealed in the ocean sediment and tree ring data in the area. The dynamical mechanism of the multi-decadal variability in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic was first proposed by J. Bjerknes (1964) who linked  it to the compensation between the polarward ocean and atmospheric heat transport modulated by the extent of the sea ice cover. In the previous bilateral project (196178/S30: Detailed studies of the Bjerknes compensation mechanism), the researcher at NERS C and IARC have found strong variability caused by the Bjerknes compensation mechanism in the 600 yr simulations of the Bergen Climate Model. The geographical and temporal pattern of this variability have been studied and compared with the published analy sis of other models. This project continues the research in the context of climate historical data and future projections. Its goal is to establish correspondence between the multi-decadal variability found in the climate models and the variability derive d from Holocene paleo-proxy data sets. New and longer (up to 3000 years) runs of the climate models will be processed to improve the statistical significance of the variability patterns and dependences.

Bjerknes Compensation Mechanism: Historical perspective, geographical pattern, and Arctic multi-decadal predictability

Glaciers and permafrost are the two major components of the terrestrial cryosphere, which will be strongly affected by the changing climate system. A warming climate will change ground temperatures or the glacier mass balance, with important consequences,  e.g. release of methane from thawing permafrost or increased global see level . Atmosphere processes pose a forcing on the energy balance of the terrestrial cryosphere. 
Within this framework the Cryo-FImBack workshop addresses three major topics which a re of ultimate importance to understand the interaction between atmosphere and ground processes of the cryosphere in the Arctic:

- The forcing from the atmosphere to the ground or glacier surface, which governs the surface energy balance. 

- The impact  of this forcing to ground thermal regime (permafrost) and glacier mass balance/dynamics

- The feedback of these processes to the atmosphere

Within these three areas we can identify major knowledge gaps, especially related to the lack of co-operative eff orts of the different scientific communities.  One example is the scaling problem. Earth System Models (ESMs), upon which all predictions on the future climate are based, operate on coarse spatial grids with grid spacings of 50 to 300 km. An adequate repr esentation of topography and land surface properties is impossible on such scales, and in such models often not appropriate parameterised. Hence there is a scale issue between the atmospheric models and the models describing the land-based cryosphere.  A  major feedback process can be exemplified by thawing of organic-rich permafrost, which could lead to the release of large quantities of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane, which would contribute an additional global warming potential.

The CRYO-FImBack workshop - 
Atmospheric forcing and surface energy balance - impacts and feedbacks on the Arctic terrestrial cryosphere

Several international research groups have been independently working on various geological issues connected to the Permian Strata of Svalbard in recent years. "The Permian Strata of Svalbard" is an international, multidisciplinary workshop intended to br ing together these diverse scientists and students from around the world. Participants will explore and discuss recent research on the geological and environmental history recorded in the spectacular Permian bedrocks of Svalbard. The workshop will promote  scientific collaboration and cooperation, foster the open sharing of data and knowledge, and encourage common publications. We will plan for greater cooperation in future research expeditions, which will result in higher quality research with reduced imp act on the sensitive environment of Svalbard.

Permian sedimentary bedrocks record an exceptional time period in Earth history, known for fundamental climatic, oceanographic and environmental changes in a transitional period from global icehouse to greenh ouse conditions. These changes culminated in the end-Permian mass extinction event, during which about 96 % of the marine invertebrate species were wiped out, and other groups suffered substantial losses. An understanding of the response of the Earth syst em to such profound changes can influence our view of threats facing the planet today, because factors in Permian extinction scenarios are envisaged to affect the Earth in the near future (changes in sea-level, pH, salinity, sea-water chemistry and euxini a).

A multidisciplinary approach combining stratigraphy, sedimentology, geochemistry, environmental proxies and palaeontology is required to understand this crucial interval of Earth history. These approaches are the subject of this workshop, which will  bring together diverse groups that work across these fields, promoting international collaboration and high quality research with impact in the scientific and mainstream press, and on modern environmental policy.

The Permian Strata of Svalbard (Support for event)

Analysis of accreted calcium carbonate parts of marine animals has proven useful as a tool in reconstruction of marine environmental histories. In particular, the shells of long-lived bivalve molluscs have provided insight into recent and prehistoric clim atic conditions of tropical and temperate oceans. However, these techniques have seldom been applied in Arctic areas. We propose to develop the use of the long-lived Arctic bivalve Arctica islandica as an archive of ecological and environmental conditions  in the Norwegian Arctic. Using a cross-disciplinary team of ecologists, geochemists, and paleooceanographers from Norway and the USA, we will use the shell banding pattern to construct multi-centennial bivalve-based growth chronologies from modern and su b-fossil samples of this species at their northern geographical limit in northern Finnmark County, and examine shell geochemical signatures as direct proxies of past environmental conditions. These results will be compared with instrumental records (tempe rature, salinity, meteorological) in order to develop a function of growth response to environmental changes, which will then be used to reconstruct prehistoric environmental and hydrographical conditions during rapid climatic changes during the past mill ennium (Little Ice Age, Medieval Climate Anomaly). The joint activities under this Norwegian-USA cooperation program is directly linked to research funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation. It will lead to enhanced cooperation through technical cros s-fertilization, development of methods not currently available in Norway, the training of students in the field and laboratory, and ultimately serve as the basis for both a better stronger cooperative research links between Norwegian and American researc h in this discipline.

Reconstruction of Environmental Histories Using Long-Lived Bivalve Shells in the Norwegian Arctic (RELIC)

The main purpose is to establish a joint American-Norwegian research team dealing with research on the combination of field and satellite remote sensing based above-ground plant biomass, vegetation productivity and growing season mapping in northern Alask a and in Svalbard, as well as on a circumpolar scale. A sub-objective is to compile existing plant biomass and productivity data from the North Slope of Alaska and from Svalbard, and to evaluate existing remote sensing data and remote sensing based biomas s products throughout the Arctic. This will provide a bench market to measure improvements in remote sensing based plant biomass and productivity mapping and monitoring. Of particular interest are areas where there has not been a positive NDVI trend.  The re are various explanations for this, including drought and increased winter perturbation, but there has not been an overall study of the relationship between potential stress factors and non-increasing NDVI trends. A key question is whether areas with a  positive trend will experience declines in NDVI due to increased frequency of perturbations in the next decades.

To achieve the main aim of the project the work will be carried out in different work packages. The ArcticBiomass project will continue the m apping of vegetation and extraction of vegetation parameters in already established research regions. At general level the project will establishment of a joint American-Norwegian research team dealing with research on the combination of field and satelli te remote sensing based plant biomass and plant productivity mapping in northern Alaska and in Svalbard, as well as on a circumpolar scale. The project will perform exchange of remote sensing data, climatic data and field data, arrange workshops and joint  field campaigns on Svalbard (Ny-Ålesund and Nordenskiøldland) and promote exchange of students and researchers.

Plant biomass studies in the Arctic (ArcticBiomass)

During a summer field season 2013 I would like to investigate the growth faults and their impact into sedimentary facies distribution in the Billefjorden Trough, Svalbard. Two case areas will be examined: (1) the Løvehovden fault in Ebbadalen and Ragnarda len and (2) Odellfjellet and Balliolbreen faults in vicinity of Pyramiden. Both field cases expose growth-basin features developed in extensional regimes as a response to faulting, affecting the sedimentary architecture of the basin fill. Analysis of data  collected during the field study (geological logs and structural measurements) will increase our understanding of the growth faults as well as a spatial and temporal facies distribution related to the growth faults. A complex structural and facial analys is will be performed in order to link tectonic settings of fault development with sedimentary processes.

Tectono-sedimentary analysis of growth faults development, Billefjorden Trough. RiS ID 6045

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NA - Antigen and immune cell dynamics characterising protective immunity in salmonids - basis for improved vaccine strategies

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