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Limb wounds in horses are common, however healing is exceedingly slow and fraught with complications. Contrary to body wounds, limb wounds demonstrate only a small amount of wound contraction. The specialist procedure of applying split-thickness skin grafts to limb wounds stimulates wound contraction by unknown mechanisms. The objective of this project is to identify those mechanisms to develop a treatment strategy for equine limb wounds for use in general  practice. Limb wounds are severely impacting animal welfare due to an extended healing/treatment duration, and the risk of euthanasia due to a poor functional outcome. By stimulating wound contraction, healing time will be reduced, and the functional outcome improved, directly benefitting the welfare of wounded horse and reducing treatment cost for the owner. Aim: To identify dermal components stimulating wound contraction, and to develop this knowledge into future state-of-the-art treatment of equine limb wounds for use in general practice. Hypotheses: i) Application of dermal fractions to collagen gels seeded with equine fibroblasts will increase gel contraction in vitro; ii) Application of dermal fractions to experimental limb wounds in vivo, will increase wound contraction resulting in a faster healing time versus wounds treated by conventional methods. Methods: i) The contractile effect of different dermal components will be assessed in a collagen gel/ fibroblast model; ii) Identified dermal components will be tested in a standardized experimental limb wound model in vivo (n=5). Ultimately, results from this project are expected to improve wound treatment in horses, directly impacting animal welfare by reducing healing time and improving the functional outcome of wounded horses. This will also directly benefit horse owners and caretakers and making veterinarians able to offer better treatment solutions.

HESTEFORSK - Raskere og bedre sårheling hos hest med autologe hudkomponenter

The goal of the Bilingual Experiences, Cognitive Ageing and underlying Mechanisms (BECAME) project is to examine the functional neuroplastic mechanisms underlying mitigatory effects of bilingual experience on age-related cognitive decline. While evidence is available for structural brain changes supporting bilingualism-induced effects on cognitive aging (CA), functional mechanisms underlying such effects are not yet well understood. BECAME aims to fill this gap by investigating the trajectory of bilingualism-induced functional neuroplasticity across the adult lifespan (ages 18-85), crucially adopting an individual differences approach related to measurable degree of bilingual engagement. Importantly, although such benefits are thought to be rooted early in the lifespan, evidence for the timeframe and conditions of their early emergence is scarce. The choice of including the whole adult lifespan allows us to investigate these mechanisms and their emergence more directly from a lifespan perspective. I combine behavioral testing with brain recordings via electroencephalography (EEG). EEG is widely used in cognitive neuroscience to assess brain activity and the degree of communication between brain regions (functional connectivity) in response to stimuli and at rest. Combining behavioral and EEG modalities will allow me to test bilingualism’s effect on functional connectivity, as well as its consequences for functional efficiency, the minimum required neural activation to successfully perform a task. This will enable a detailed, evidence-based account of the protective effects observed in older-aged bilinguals, and how they are built from earlier life stages. By illuminating the relationship between multilingualism and resulting neurocognitive adaptations, BECAME will enable to capitalize on it as a health initiative, with manifold societal implications and the potential to be translated into actionable policies exploiting multilingualism to ameliorate effects of CA.

Bilingual Experiences, Cognitive Ageing and underlying Mechanisms

Hovedmålet med kreftbehandling er å eliminere kreftceller og dette er tradisjonelt oppnådd ved kirurgi, bruk av giftige medikamenter (cellegift) og stråling. En ny og betydningsfull tilnærming til kreftbehandling kalt immunterapi, har derimot fått mye oppmerksomhet det siste tiåret; Her forsøker leger og forskere å utnytte immunsystemet vårt for å målrettet  ødelegge kreftceller. En nøkkelaktør i denne banebrytende tilnærmingen er en gruppe «drapsmenn» i immunsystemet kjent som cytotoxiske T-lymfocytter (CTL-er). Disse cellene har en bemerkelsesverdig evne til å oppdage kreftceller ved å gjenkjenne unormale molekyler på overflaten av kreftcellene - molekyler som friske celler ikke har. Når CTL-er gjenkjenner kreftcellene ødelegger de dem ved å frigjøre giftige molekyler som initierer kreftcellenes selvdestruksjon. 
 
Selv om betydelige innsats har blitt dedikert til å forstå hvordan CTL-er aktiveres og hvordan de gjenkjenner kreftceller, vet vi mindre om de påfølgende hendelsene inne i kreftcellene som fører til deres død. Fra før vet vi at CTL-er kan initiere to forskjellige typer celledød i kreft: den første, kalt apoptose, er en stille og ordnet prosess der kreftcellene krymper og brytes opp uten å varsle immunsystemet; den andre, kalt pyroptose, er en mer dramatisk prosess som involverer dannelse av åpninger i cellemembranen, noe som fører til at cellene svulmer opp og sprekker. Under denne cellebristen blir innholdet inne i cellene frigitt i omgivelsene, og dette kan fungere som 'faretegn' som kan stimulere en sterkere immunrespons mot kreftcellene. Betydningen av denne cellebristen for å forsterke anti-tumorresponsene vil bli undersøkt i dette prosjektet. 
 
Videre er vi fascinert av muligheten for å avdekke ytterligere, ennå ukjente, former for celledød indusert av CTL-er. Utforsking av disse dødsrelaterte prosessene i kreftcellene kan potensielt øke effektiviteten av immunterapi og bidra betydelig i den pågående kampen mot kreft.

The primary goal of most cancer therapies is to induce cancer cell death. Immunotherapy relies on the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes such as natural killer cells (NKs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to achieve this. While a significant amount of research in immunotherapy focuses on the events within cytotoxic lymphocytes or at the interface between cytotoxic lymphocytes and cancer cells, less is known about the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate cancer cell death, particularly in the case of CTL-mediated death.
CTLs are known to induce two types of cell death in cancer: non-inflammatory apoptosis and proinflammatory pyroptosis. Pyroptotic cancer cells release proinflammatory signals that attract immune cells to the tumor site, thereby enhancing the anti-tumor response. Cell lysis is a common outcome of pyroptotic cell death. It is unclear whether lysis can be decoupled from pyroptosis in cancer cells and whether the proinflammatory properties of pyroptotic cancer cell death depend on lysis. Moreover, it remains unknown whether CTLs can induce other forms of cell death in cancer, apart from apoptosis and pyroptosis.
Studying the mechanisms of CTL-mediated cancer cell death is challenging because CTLs selectively target cells expressing specific antigens. However, given the critical role of CTLs in immunotherapy, it is essential to deepen our understanding of CTL-induced cancer cell death.
This project aims to develop novel methodologies to investigate the death mechanisms that are initiated by CTLs. In addition, we will identify new pathways and mediators involved in CTL-induced cancer cell death. Furthermore, we will assess the contribution of proinflammatory cell death and lysis in promoting anti-tumor responses in vivo. Overall, this research will improve our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of CTL-mediated cancer cell death and potentially reveal novel targets to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.

T-cell-mediated proinflammatory cell death and lysis in cancer

En av de vanligste, men minst studerte, utfordringene med å bli eldre er problemer med å kommunisere. Mange eldre sliter spesielt med pragmatiske ferdigheter, som å forstå undertekst, eller tilpasse det de sier til personen de snakker med. 

La oss si at en lege må gi en alvorlig beskjed til en pasient. For å gjøre det litt lettere å takle, bruker legen vagere språk, som "kanskje" i stedet for "sannsynligvis". Mens yngre voksne ofte tar hensyn til høflighetsstrategier i måten de tolker det som blir sagt på, har eldre ofte vanskelig for å forstå når noen snakker indirekte. Mange eldre voksne har vanskelig for å forstå ikke-bokstavelig språk og kan misforstå alvorlighetsgraden av diagnosen. Dette kan påvirke beslutningen deres om behandling, noe som kan føre til utilsiktede konsekvenser. 

Siden god kommunikasjon er viktig både i viktige medisinske samtaler og i hverdagen, er det viktig at vi finner ut hva som gjør at eldre kan ha vansker med å forstå og bli forstått. RESILIENCE skal hjelpe til med denne utfordringen ved å samle data om praktiske, kognitive og språklige ferdigheter hos voksne i alderen 18-90 år over tid. Dette vil gi oss en stor mengde data om pragmatiske, kognitive og språk ferdigheter og gjøre det tilgjengelig for forskning. Med denne dataen som grunnlag har vi følgende mål: 

• Forstå hvordan praktiske evner endrer seg generelt gjennom voksenlivet. 
• Finne ut hvilke mekanismer som påvirker pragmatiske evner på forskjellige tidspunkter i livet.
 • Utvikle en teoretisk modell som forklarer hvordan pragmatiske ferdigheter endrer seg med alderen.
 • Lage algoritmer som kan forutsi hvordan pragmatiske evner vil utvikle seg for enkeltpersoner i årene som kommer. 
• Utvikle og teste et verktøy som kan måle pragmatisk helse (både pragmatiske ferdigheter og deres underliggende mekanismer), noe som kan åpne  for å iverksette tiltak. 

Dette vil gi oss muligheten til å forstå bedre hvordan folk kan utvikle pragmatisk resiliens gjennom livsløpet.

A cornerstone of human communication is our reliance on pragmatic skills to guide linguistic interactions (e.g., reasoning about others' mental states to bridge the gap between what is said and intended in conversation). However these skills are highly sensitive to age-related decline, leading to miscommunication and uninformed decision making in the older adult population. This raises an important question, one which has puzzled linguistics and psychologists for decades: if pragmatic competence is fundamental to communication, why do individuals vary so much in this capacity? 

Traditionally, psychologists have approached pragmatic competence from a cognitive angle, reasoning that individual differences in executive functions (i.e., the cognitive skills associated with goal-directed actions) are what underlie effective pragmatic behavior. In a similar vein, language scientists have taken a linguistic approach, reasoning that one’s language background (e.g., the frequency with which individuals shift between languages) shapes pragmatic skills by enhancing sensitivity to the communicative context. This focus on either cognitive or linguistic influences has resulted in two expansive yet disparate areas of research.

RESILIENCE will unite these disciplines to pursue a longstanding debate on what underlies pragmatic resilience and decline using a large-scale, interdisciplinary and longitudinal approach. By gathering data on adults' (ages 18-90) pragmatic, cognitive and language skills over multiple time points, we will develop a comprehensive theoretical model that explains how cognitive and linguistic systems interact to shape pragmatic competence as we age, and create algorithms that predict the trajectory of an individual’s pragmatic abilities in upcoming years. Based on these results we will design a multidimensional tool that detects the earliest signs of pragmatic deficits, leading to future interventions, allowing us to uncover the paths to pragmatic resilience.

Uncovering the paths to pragmatic resilience

Sink er et essensielt mikronæringsstoff som kreves for funksjonen til hundrevis av proteiner involvert i et bredt spekter av biologiske prosesser. Etter inntak av sink fra kosten reguleres nivåene i kroppen nøye gjennom absorpsjon, sekresjon og ekskresjon via spesialiserte proteiner, såkalte sinktransportører, i tarmen. Enhver ubalanse er skadelig for menneskers helse, spesielt er tarmen følsom for sinkfluktuasjoner, hvilket påvirker tarmbarrieren og kan føre til inflammatoriske sykdommer og kreft i tarmen. 
På molekylært nivå er de presise mekanismene som styrer funksjonen til de ulike sinktransportørene fortsatt uklare. Hos mennesker finnes det over tjue slike proteiner, og de fleste inneholder områder rike på aminosyren histidin. Disse histidinene mistenkes å spille en avgjørende rolle i å binde sink. Nylig oppdaget vi et enzym som modifiserer disse områdene ved å sette metylgrupper på histidin, og viste at metylerte histidiner har en lavere affinitet for sink. Dette prosjektet har som mål å identifisere nye mekanismer som regulerer sinknivåer gjennom histidinmetylering av sinktransportører, å utvikle forskningsverktøy for effektiv studie av histidinmetylering, og å legge grunnlaget for nye behandlinger av tarmsykdommer.

The delicate balance of zinc levels in the body is essential for human health. Zinc is absorbed and excreted via intestinal zinc transporter proteins, and perturbations of this process are associated with pathologies, including inflammatory diseases and cancers of the bowel. The precise molecular mechanisms regulating zinc transport, however, remain a major knowledge gap. Based on the recent discovery of an enzyme methylating histidine residues in zinc transporters, and drawing on preliminary findings which demonstrate reduced affinity of methylated histidines to zinc, this project aims to identify novel mechanisms regulating zinc homeostasis through histidine methylation. We will examine the regulation and effect of histidine methylation on zinc transport in intestinal cell culture and organoids, and examine how knockout of the methylhistidine-generating enzyme affects the integrity and pathology of the intestinal tract in mouse models. In addition, we will identify reader proteins specifically recognizing methylhistidines and develop anti-methylhistidine antibodies and inhibitors to use as tools for detection, enrichment, and inhibition of histidine methylation. Such tools are urgently needed by the international research community, as none are currently available commercially. Overall, this project will lead to great advances in the field of protein regulation, and may uncover novel mechanisms in intestinal zinc transport and pathology.

Zinc transport regulation through histidine methylation

Noen av oss tåler stressende livshendelser godt. Andre derimot utvikler vedvarende fysiske og psykiske plager som følger av stress. Hvor godt vi håndterer stress avhenger av et komplekst samspill mellom miljøfaktorer, sosiale forhold, biologisk sårbarhet og indre motstandskraft. Forskning på stressreaksjonene til dyr og pasientgrupper som til vanlig lever under mye stress viser at en gruppe signalstoffer i kroppen som aktiverer det samme hjernesystemet som cannabis – endocannabinoidene – kan begrense styrken på stressreaksjoner og bidra til at man raskere kommer seg til hektene. I dette prosjektet skal vi undersøke hvordan mestring av stress på kort og lang sikt henger sammen med nivåer av endocannabinoider i kroppen for å forstå hvorfor noen personer er mer motstandsdyktige mot stress enn andre. I den ene studien følger vi pasienter som skal gjennomgå en stressende, men veldig vanlig, situasjon: kirurgi. Her måler vi pasientenes opplevelse av stress, samt mentale og fysiske helse, fra tiden før til to år etter operasjonen og undersøker hvordan dette henger sammen med nivåene deres av endocannabinoider og andre stresshormoner. I den andre studien bruker vi data fra et eksperiment hvor deltakerne har blitt utsatt for psykososialt stress til å undersøke om endocannabinoidnivået deres påvirker hvordan de reagerer på stress, og om stresset i seg selv kan påvirke kroppens produksjon av endocannabinoider. Til syvende og sist er målet med studien å vurdere hvorvidt målinger av endocannabinoidnivåer kan brukes til å forebygge helseplager og til å evaluere behovet for økt oppfølging etter alvorlig stressende påkjenninger i livet.

In the face of major life stressors, some individuals cope well whereas others develop ill health and long-term adverse outcomes. Predicting who needs additional support in response to major life stressors is essential for targeted prevention and more efficient allocation of resources. The endocannabinoid system is emerging as a promising target for understanding vulnerability and resilience to stress. This system appears to buffer stress in two ways: by limiting the magnitude of the stress response, and by facilitating recovery after a stressful event. While the early findings are intriguing, they mainly stem from studies in rodents and small clinical groups with high stress burden. What role endocannabinoids have more globally for human resilience, health and well-being remains elusive. 

In this project we address this gap by leveraging comprehensive experimental and clinical data on two potent stress models: psychosocial stress and surgery. Drawing on these unique datasets, which combine experimental control with ecological validity, we will decipher how endocannabinoid levels influence people’s stress response and recovery across minutes, days, weeks and years. The project represents a novel directional shift for endocannabinoid research and will (i) determine the value of endocannabinoid levels as a biomarker to predict outcomes after surgery, (ii) quantify sex differences, (iii) assess endocannabinoid interplay with opioid analgesics, sex hormones and other stress markers (iv) spearhead open and reproducible science practices in endocannabinoid research, and (v) make this fine-grained and novel data available through an interactive web application. 

This project represents an ambitious effort to understand endocannabinoids’ role in stress resilience and will determine the value of endocannabinoids as a predictive biomarker and potential target for individualized treatment.

Deciphering endocannabinoid stress buffering in humans: 
Mechanistic and clinical investigations

WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM)

Wheelchair users (WCU) are three to five times more inactive than the general population, leading to a high risk of developing preventable secondary conditions. Although physical activity (PA) guidelines have been specifically developed for WCU, we lack systematic approaches to implement them in practice, as well as valid algorithms to monitor PA change in WCU through sensor-based solutions. Accordingly, the overall scientific aim of the WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM) is to advance PA research and practice in WCU by developing valid digital markers for monitoring of and providing feedback on PA, paving the way for implementation and intervention. I will accomplish this through combining the complementary research fields of 1) behavioural intervention studies focusing on increasing PA in WCU (core competence University of British Columbia, UBC; outgoing phase) and 2) sensor-based PA monitoring (core competence Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU; returning phase – consolidated by non-academic placement at Maastricht Instruments, which develop research prototypes including PA monitors). WHAM’s scientific aim is achieved through three objectives: 1) Measure the effect of a pragmatic exercise intervention trial on self-reported physical activity levels and cardio-respiratory fitness, 2) Develop valid algorithms for tracking PA markers in WCU, and 3) Co-create a framework that outlines how PA can be conjointly monitored and provided feedback on in WCU. This fellowship will enable me to become established as an internationally recognized researcher in the field of “physical activity and disability”, while bringing together ongoing national disjointed research activities in this field. Altogether, my overall ambition is to contribute to reducing inequalities in daily-life participation among WCU compared to the rest of the population.

BOLD MINDS aspires to enhance the understanding of vulnerability factors underlying the emergence of borderline personality disorder (BPD), with an ultimate aim of increasing the potential for young individuals to receive early, evidence-based help when their mental health is at risk. BOLD MINDS will achieve this by investigating whether disruptions in two aspects of autobiographical memory (AM), narrative identity (NI) and involuntary AM (IAM), are associated with BPD features and problem behaviours in adolescents concurrently and over time. In doing so, BOLD MINDS will strengthen the understanding of mechanisms underlying the emergence of BPD in adolescence and lay a groundwork for developing evidence-based early interventions for BPD. While currently limited, the study of AM in this field is essential for two reasons. Firstly, because the aspects of AM under investigation, NI and IAM, are known to be involved in identity formation and emotion regulation which represent two key psychological processes that are disrupted in adults with BPD and are linked to problem behaviours such as self-harm and suicidality. Secondly, because promising research is emerging on the use of AM targets in the treatment of emotional disorder in adults, and provides a strong model for future treatment development with vulnerable adolescents. In addition, this timely research program aligns with calls from international organizations to prioritize early interventions to promote adolescent mental health. BOLD MINDS will adopt and adapt state-of-the-art ecological momentary assessment and analytical techniques and work at the crossroads of clinical and cognitive psychological perspectives, allowing for a multidimensional approach to understanding BPD vulnerability. Training-through-research and formalized training of the experienced researcher will prepare her for a permanent academic position and the founding of her own research lab specializing in AM and early interventions for BPD.

Borderline Personality Disorder: Memory and Identity in Adolescence

Per- og polyfluorerte stoffer (PFAS) er en stor gruppe menneskeskapte kjemikalier med høyt fluorinnhold som antas å ha negative helseeffekter. Kilder til PFAS kan være produksjon av vann-, varme- og flekkbestandige produkter og disse kjemikaliene er en del av hverdagen vår. PFAS påvirkning av biologiske systemer er ikke fullstendig forstått. Noen PFAS er antatt å øke risikoen for å utvikling av ikke-alkoholisk fettleversykdom (NAFLD) og øke risikoen for diabetes. 

For å forstå hvordan PFAS påvirker organene våre ønsker vi å bruke små laboratoriedyrkede organmodeller, kalt organoider. Disse miniatyrorganene kan dyrkes fra menneskelige stamceller og tilbyr et kontrollert miljø for å studere hvordan PFAS påvirker f.eks lever og bukspyttkjertelen vår, uten bruk av dyreforsøk.

For å studere helseeffekter må vi kunne måle nivået av biomolekyler som fettstoffer i leveren og hormoner i bukspyttkjertelen. Til dette trenger vi å utvikle analytiske verktøy for å måle effektene. Først vil vi bekrefte at når leverorganoidene eksponeres for enkelte PFAS-forbindelser utvikles det NAFLD-lignende sykdom ved å sammenligne den biokjemiske profilen (proteiner og metabolitter) til organoider av lever med PFAS-eksponerte organoider. Deretter vil vi utvide den analytiske verktøykassen for å undersøke hvilke metabolske veier som påvirkes, og om effekten er den samme i NAFLD-induserte og PFAS-eksponerte organoider. Vi vil også eksponere insulinproduserende bukspyttkjertelorganoider for PFAS for å undersøke effekten av PFAS på hormonproduksjon. Når effektene av PFAS-eksponering på lever- og bukspyttkjertel-organoider er etablert, vil organoidene bli samkultivert i en chip, og effektene av PFAS-eksponering vil bli undersøkt og sammenlignet med individuelle organoider.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are believed to contribute to metabolic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 1 diabetes. HE-POP aims to investigate the effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS), a type of POPs), on organ function in a controlled environment.

Organoids are multicellular laboratory-grown miniature organs, that are grown from stem cells. HE-POP will use organoids to examine how PFAS affects our organs and develop cutting-edge bioanalytical tools and methodology to measure these effects using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. HE-POP hypothesizes that PFAS negatively affects organ function, as evidenced by changes in hormone and lipid levels characteristic of NAFLD and type 1 diabetes. 

Organoids offer a controlled environment to study the effects of PFAS on the liver and pancreas, without the use of animal models. HE-POP aims to gain evidence of the negative effects of PFAS on organ function through controlled experiments on organoids and aid in understanding the biological mechanisms underlying NAFLD and type 1 diabetes.

HE-POP has fundaments in UN sustainable development goals, specifically #3, #12, and #14/15, seeking an understanding of diseases with worldwide prevalence, and understanding how POPs affect our life and surroundings and help enable the right regulatory actions and replacement chemicals.

HE-POP: Studying the Health Effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Using Mass Spectrometry, Organoids, and Organ-On-A-Chip

Dette prosjektet, kalt Hukommelse for musikk, fokuserer på det økende antallet mennesker over hele verden som lever med demens, spesielt Alzheimer's sykdom (AD). AD starter typisk med hukommelsesproblemer og påvirker etter hvert daglige aktiviteter. Aktive musikkintervensjoner, spesielt sang, har vist positive effekter på humør, atferd og livskvalitet for personer med demens, men deres innvirkning på kognisjon er ikke godt forstått. Prosjektet har som mål å fylle dette kunnskapsgapet ved å studere effektene av å lære nye sanger på kognitiv, atferdsmessig og hjernemessig funksjon.

Studien vil omfatte hjemmeboende voksne over 65 år med AD fra Argentina, Østerrike og Norge. Deltakerne vil gjennomgå 5 måneder med intensiv musikalsk opplæring (to ganger i uken) og 5 måneder med minimal opplæring (en gang i måneden) i tilfeldig rekkefølge, med en to måneders pause imellom. Intervensjonene inkluderer å lære nye sanger med en personlig musikklærer. Generell kognisjon vil bli målt ved bruk av Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-cog), og hukommelse for musikk vil bli vurdert gjennom ulike metoder, inkludert atferdsoppgaver og hjerneaktivitet (EEG). Humør vil også bli evaluert i hver økt.

Målet er å inkludere 113 deltakere for å sikre pålitelig påvisning av meningsfulle effekter. Studien vil utforske hvordan humør og hukommelse for musikk bidrar til endringer i kognitive evner, og om disse effektene varierer basert på faktorer som kjønn, alder, AD-stadium, eller tidligere musikalsk opplæring og generell utdanning. Prosjektet vektlegger samarbeid mellom forskere, tjenesteytere og brukere for å sikre studiens relevans og anvendelighet.

The number of people living with dementia is increasing and is high in low, middle, and high-income countries. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, manifests itself initially with cognitive impairment in memory domains, and later affects all activities of daily living. Active music interventions, particularly singing, can help to improve mood, behaviour problems, and quality of life. Too little is known about their effects on cognition, although some promising studies exist. The M4M project aims to fill this gap by measuring effects of learning new songs on clinical, behavioural and brain functioning. Specifically, M4M aims to examine changes in general cognitive functioning and memory for music in non-musician adults with AD undergoing intensive individual musical training based on singing novel songs, compared to minimal training.
        Home-dwelling adults with AD, 65 years or older, in 3 countries (Argentina, Austria, Norway), will receive 5 months of intensive intervention (2x/week) and 5 months of minimal intervention (1x/month), in random order, with a 2-month break in between. Interventions will entail learning new songs with an individual music teacher. At the end of each intervention period, general cognition will be measured with the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale – Cognitive (ADAS-cog) by a person who is unaware of the intervention received. Memory for music will be tested with observations, behavioural tasks, and brain responses (EEG). Mood will be assessed in each session. We aim to include 113 participants; this will help us to reliably detect clinically meaningful effects. We will also examine how mood and memory for music lead to changes in cognitive abilities, and whether effects depend on sex, age, AD stage, or previous musical training or general education. M4M will be conducted in close collaboration between academic researchers, service providers, and service users to ensure relevance and applicability.

Memory for Music: Effects of individual intensive musical training based on singing in non-musicians with Alzheimer’s disease

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I perioden 2018-2020 IPA Executive Director Sarah Strand og IPA President Hanne H. Christiansen ledet IPA Executive Committee, produserte de årlige nyhetsbreve, håndterte al kommunikasjon for IPA samt ledede IPA's Council. Både IPA Executive Director og IPA President deltog i First International Southern Hemisphere Conference on Permafrost in desember 2019 i New Zealand, IPAs regionale konferanse i 2019. Den planlagte 12th International Conference on Permafrost (ICOP) skulle ha funnet sted i juni 2020 i Lanzhou i Kina. Den ble avlyst og utsatt til 2022 pga COVID-19. Men IPA Secretariatet gjennomførte the tilhørende IPA Council møte digitalt og dermed fik IPA ny President Dr. Chris Burn fra Canada i slutningen av juni 2020. IPA Secretariatet gjennomførte overdragelse til nytt sekretariat i Canada over sommeren og tidlig høst 2020.

In this project we apply for support to allow Norway to coordinate the International Permafrost Association, IPA during the period 2016-2020 when Norway will have the Presidency of this association for the first time ever. The mission of the International Permafrost Association (www.permafrost.org) is to promote research in permafrost and permafrost-related fields within the global scientific and engineering communities, to support the activities of researchers in these disciplines, and to disseminate findings concerning permafrost to the decision-makers, the general public and educators. Thus operating the International Secretariat of the IPA is a contribution to international research cooperation and outreach primarily within cryospheric and engineering sciences, but also with links to biogeochemistry and social sciences.
We apply for funding to support on a part-time basis the position of the IPA Executive Director who runs the Secretariat. We also plan to provide assistance to the establishment and operation of a Norwegian Permafrost Association (NPA), which will combine the different engineering and science environments working with permafrost in Norway. With the IPA President 2016-2020 Prof. Dr. Hanne H. Christiansen working at the University Centre in Svalbard, UNIS, we hereby apply for support to locate the IPA Secretariat with her at UNIS in the Svalbard Science Park in Longyearbyen, ensuring a good and efficient operation of the IPA during the Norwegian Presidency, which will also be the first female IPA President ever.

International coordination 2016-2020 of the International Permafrost Association at the University Centre in Svalbard

The aim of the project is to understand the glacial dynamics and geomorphological activity of glaciers terminating in Trygghamna. A landsystem model for both terrestrial and marine environments will be presented and the difference between them discussed.
The glacial geomorphology of Trygghamna and the ice marginal positions will be mapped using the field observations and high-resolution aerial images in ArcGIS. In addition the bathymetry data from the area will be examined and combined with the terrestrial record.

Glacial history and geomorphology of Trygghamna, western Spitsbergen, RiS ID 10443

The world ocean plays a pivotal role in the progress of climate change and the perturbed global carbon cycle, yet detailed knowledge of marine carbon dynamics is still needed. For instance, the freshwater cycling in Arctic fjords may play an integral role in CO2 uptake. Research questions to address: -What is the variation of CO2 uptake in Isfjorden? - What is the variation of the physical and biological processes that influence the CO2 uptake? The variability of CO2 fluxes will be estimated based on measurements of total alkalinity and pH.  Monthly sampling will take place from a small boat at the ISA station.

Seasonal and interannual variability of carbonate chemistry and air-sea CO2 fluxes at the ISA station in Isfjorden, Svalbard

The glacial history of the fjords/bays in the eastern Spitsbergen is still largely unknown. A seafloor study in the marginal area of the largest modern ice mass on eastern Spitsbergen can therefore provide new insights into past glacier dynamics in this key area. This is crucial for understanding the ice sheet evolution and dynamics in the whole of Svalbard.
During the 2016 fieldwork we aim to acquire high-resolution multibeam bathymetric data from Wichebukta in Storfjorden and from Vaigattbogen in southern Hinlopen Strait. The multibeam echosounding provides high-resolution bathymetric data of the seafloor, which is an excellent tool for visualizing and mapping the submarine glacial morphology that is a well-proven tool  for reconstructing past glacier dynamics.

Glacial dynamics in Vaigattbogen, southern Hinlopen Strait, and in northernmost Storfjorden, Spitsbergen

During the summer field season 2016 I would like to investigate the relay ramp complexity within sedimentary rocks forming the Pyramiden mountain side, Billefjorden Trough. Analysis of data collected during the field work (geological logs and structural measurements, high resolution pictures used for photogrammetry) will increase our understanding of the relay ramps evolution and the impact of faulting on the sediments entering the basin, as well as will allowed to build the tectono-sedimentary evolution model of the Billefjorden Trough. A complex structural and facial analysis will be performed in order to link the fault development with sedimentary processes.

I have received The Arctic Field Grant in 2015. However, due to maternity leave I could not perform the field work. Therefore I apply again with the Bilefjorden relay ramp project.

Relay ramp complexity based on sedimentary record, Billefjorden Fault Zone. RiS ID 6045

The fieldwork carried out in Ny-Ålesund will be a part of the PhD-project "Regional Geometry and Sedimentology of the Lower Palaeogene basin on Svalbard". The main goal of this project is to achieve detailed understanding of the paleoenvironment prior to and during early stages of foreland basin development in the early Paleogene. To investigate the original extent and the overall sedimentology of the basin, data from the entire Central Tertiary Basin on Svalbard will be utilized and compared with Paleogene deposits close to Ny-Ålesund.

Sedimentology, stratigraphic position and correlation of the Paleogene Ny-Ålesund Subgroup, RIS-ID 10418

The overarching aim of the project is to visit Kongsfjorden on Svalbard to sample leafy liverworts in order to (i) determine the fungal symbioses present in the plants, and (ii) to return live liverworts to the UK for studies into nutrient transfer between fungi and plants, including experimental work at the NanoSIMS facility at the University of Western Australia. The work will benefit the University of Cambridge and the University Centre in Svalbard, by contributing to its masters level course in Arctic mycology (AB-336) and through joint publications and conference presentations. Please note that funding was awarded last year, but could not be accepted due to injury.

Fungal-liverwort associations: novel symbioses in polar regions? (RiS 10439)

The project will follow the seasonal progression of zooplankton in the seasonal ice covered Van Mijenfjorden.
The aim is to assess the seasonal variation in the zooplankton community, determine the secondary production, and estimate the grazing impact on the primary production.

Seasonal progression of the zooplankton community in a high-Arctic seasonally ice covered fjord, RiS ID 10445

The aim for this study is to determine the state of the Calanus glacialis population in Isfjorden, Svalbard. C. glacialis is a lipid rich copepod that is endemic to the Arctic and has a circumpolar distribution in the arctic shelf seas.This will be done by monthly excursions to Isfjorden to study the community, reproduction and lipid content. The focus of the study will be on seasonal changes and it will therefor be done monthly samplings over a year.

Fate of Calanus glacialis reproduction and growth under different environmental stressors

The aim of the present proposal is to coordinate and integrate research on coast to fjord sediment systems on Svalbard. We propose a pilot project for 2016-2017 to develop this cooperation and concentrate use of equipment and data sets on a joint goal. The research objective is to increase the understanding of the role of the coastal zone in Spitsbergen fjords for sediment transfer to fjord basins, as well as the impact of changing sediment supply on biological life. This will be achieved through improving the understanding of sediment supply in two endmember settings: 1) a glaciated fjord receiving sediments directly from tidewater glaciers (Kongsfjorden) and 2) a non-glaciated fjord receiving sediments from glacifluvial rivers (Dicksonfjorden) using swath bathymetry and multi-proxy analyses of sediment records.

Sediment flux from source to sink - the coastal link

The Centre for Polar Studies (CPS, www.polarknow.us.edu.pl), was awarded status of centre of excellence in the field of earth sciences in 2014. CPS is hosted by the University of Silesia, together with Institute of Geophysics and Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. CPS and The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS, www.unis.no), will host a workshop on Interdisciplinary Polar Studies in Svalbard. The workshop will take place in Longyearbyen and Hornsund (Svalbard) for 6 days in September 2015. Norwegian and Polish institutions have a long lasting relation through Arctic research and education in several disciplines. IPSiS will enable Norwegian, Polish and other international scientists and PhD students to meet, discuss and develop a holistic view on the interactive effects of climate change on Arctic nature and societies. The workshop is highly relevant for the SSF/ Strategic grant call as its intention is to facilitate international interdisciplinary cooperation. The workshop has a focus on young scientists (PhD students) and their mentors. The participants will get hands on experience in working both near Longyearbyen and in Hornsund. This networking strategy intends to facilitate future scientific cooperation in Svalbard, promote mobility between the research facilities in Longyearbyen and Hornsund and promote cooperation under SIOS.

Workshop on: Interdisciplinary Polar Studies in Svalbard

SIOS (Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System) er et regionalt observasjonssystem for datainnhenting og overvåking av Svalbard og nærliggende områders natur og miljø.

SIOS Kunnskapssenter tilbyr en bedre og mer effektiv tilgang til den forskningsinfrastrukturen som inngår i SIOS. Det inkluderer tilgang til forskningsinfrastruktur, observasjoner, data og logistikk. Senteret muliggjør også en bedre tilgang til integrert datahåndtering, opplæring og til møteplasser for utvikling av ny kunnskap og metodikk.

Senteret er et treårig prosjekt ved Universitetssenteret på Svalbard i Longyearbyen. Nansensenteret, Meteorologisk institutt, Norsk polarinstitutt, Alfred Wegener Institute (Tyskland), Consiglio Nazionale delle Recherche (Italia), Finish Meteorological Institute (Finland), Polar Research Institute of China (Kina), British Antarctic Survey (Storbritannia), National Institute of Polar Research (Japan), Institute Polaire Francais (Frankrike), University of Stockholm (Sverige), Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Polen) er prosjektpartnere. Ambisjonen er at senteret er en selvstendig og uavhengig organisasjon etter tre år..

Tilleggsverdien senteret skaper ved sin koordinering er tilgjengelig for partnerne og arktiske forskningsmiljøer. Senteret vil koordinere deling av data og annen informasjon med andre forskningsinfrastrukturer i Arktis for å bedre den pan-arktiske forståelsen i et globalt perspektiv.

SIOS will be a regional observational system for long term measurements in and around Svalbard. SIOS shall ensure that the observational system is useful for global change studies. The SIOS-KC will develop and implement methods to make this possible. SIOS will set an example for how to systematically construct observational networks in the Arctic.
SIOS will supply added value to all participants well beyond what their separate investments will provide by themselves. SIOS will enhance the scientific environment in Svalbard by providing a core measurement program and coordination and support through the special expertise of the Knowledge Centre.

The Knowledge Centre will use the observations and knowledge to continuously develop the core program. The core observational program of SIOS will be stable over time, yet dynamic, as new methods and questions from society appear. An important capacity-building activity at the SIOS-KC will be to stimulate the development of new observational techniques for environmental monitoring that are clean, energy efficient and robust in the Arctic environment. The SIOS-KC will provide an intellectual environment where sampling strategies and observational practices are developed with an ESS perspective. The SIOS-KC will thus become a unique international meeting place for developing the science of long term environmental monitoring in Polar Regions. The Knowledge Centre will continuously inform users and society about the accrued knowledge within its field of expertise.

Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System - Knowledge Centre (SIOS-KC)

Many national and international institutions conduct plankton surveys in Svalbard at regular basis, but so far these activities have not been well coordinated and so far limited data is  secured in accessible data bases. 
This workshop aim to invite plankton researchers and oceanographers annually sampling plankton and hydrography data in Svalbard to discuss Plankton Research in Svalbard. 
UNIS will host the workshop and Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences and Norwegian Polar Institute will together with UNIS organize the workshop. We aim for mid-June 2015.

Plankton Research in Svalbard

I løpet av prosjektet Isfjorden Marine Observatory Svalbard (IMOS) har russiske, norske og polske forskere samlet inn tidligere data på hydrografi og plankton i Isfjorden, samt samlet inn nye data for å etablere en høy-Arktisk plankton tidsserie med sesongoppløsning (vinter, vår, sommer og høst). Det er utarbeidet en enkel, standard prøvetakningsprotokoll slik at en hvilken som helst forskningsbåt som er i Isfjorden lett kan samle inn prøver til IMOS tidsserien. Resultater fra IMOS prosjektet er nå i manuskriptform og disse arbeidene er svært viktige å få publisert innen kort tid for å motivere for videreføring av denne tidsserien blant nasjonale og internasjonale universiteter og forskningsinstitusjoner. Data er foreløpig sikret i GreenSeas data base (http://greenseas.eu/content/greenseas-dataportal) og vil på sikt bli tilgjengelig i en ny åpen database som nå utarbeides på UNIS i tett samarbeid med SIOS og det store nasjonale programmet Arven etter Nansen. IMOS prosjektet startet i 2015, og har samlet inn data minimum fire ganger i året (vinter, vår, sommer og høst) ved hjelp av norske (RV Helmer Hanssen, RV Viking Explorer og UNIS Polaris) og russiske (RV Dalnie Zelentsy) skip. Vi satser på opportunistisk prøvetaking via andre tokt fremover slik at vi kan fortsette denne tidsserien med lav innsats og kostnader. IMOS-arbeidet har blitt presentert på flere konferanser og det er en økende interesse for denne høy-arktiske tidsserien med sesongoppløsning. Så langt har historiske og nyere data samlet inn under IMOS-prosjektet vist at en "Atlantifisering" er synlig i både protist og dyreplankton samfunna, men at den langsiktige innflytelsen fra sørlige innvandrere er begrenset av de ekstreme lys og mat-forhold under den lange polarnatten og spesielt i den kritiske overgangsperioden fra vinter til vår. Både i protist og dyreplanktonfellesskapet registrerer vi en tilbake-stilling av samfunnet til mere "arktiske" gjennom vinter-vår overgangen. Våre data viser at høyoppløselige tidsserier er essensielle for å skille mellom naturlig variabilitet og klimaendringer i Arktiske marine økosystemer. I Arktisk er dyreplanktonsamfunnet dominert av de relativt store og fettholdige kopepodene av slekten Calanus. Fra vår Isfjorden tidsserie ser vi at den arktiske sokkelarten Calanus glacialis har økt i antall og biomasse siden 2011. Dette var uventet da det er forventet at den nordatlantiske Calanus finmarchicus vil konkurrere ut C. glacialis etter som Arktisk varmes opp.

We aim for long-term synergistic cooperation between Russian and Norwegian scientists working in Svalbard by establishing a joint marine plankton observatory in Isfjorden, where both nations have marine research bases. Isfjorden Marine Observatory Svalbard (IMOS) aim to monitor the long-term dynamics in plankton in relation to sea ice, hydrography and meteorology in Isfjorden to study the impacts of climate change at the base of the Arctic marine food web. 
Our main objective is to initiate a high-Arctic time series which not only cover annual variation, but also capture seasonal dynamics. Such a long-term data series from the high-Arctic is currently none- existing due to logistical constrains. In Isfjorden at 78°N, however, with Barentsburg located close to the mouth of Isfjorden, Longyearbyen in the middle and Pyramiden in the innermost part of the fjord system in Billefjorden, we have the ability to sample regularly with relatively low costs and effort. Permanent settlements with marine infrastructure such as boats, sample equipment and laboratories are important factors for this proposed marine observatory to be established and successfully continued for decades. At present >15 years of plankton data from Isfjorden exist. These historical data will jump-start this Norwegian-Russian initiative to establish a long-term plankton database from Isfjorden.  Through a close cooperation with SIOS, we will develop and execute a plan to ensure that the data gathered through this and other related projects are stored, managed and made available to the scientific community and stakeholders. In the RiS database we will place a link to all historical and new metadata from Isfjorden.

Isfjorden Marine Observatory Svalbard

This sub project is part, with other two, of a bigger project aimed to evaluate spatial distribution of snow cover properties using UAV and numerical simulation.
The first sub-project is aimed to the reconstruction of the snowpack by evaluating the DEM oof snow covered and snow free areas. The two DEM, once subtracted, give the spatialized snow depth.
This sub-project focuses on validating the use of the UAV and on-board digital photogrammetric observations for the albedo and surface charactieristics mapping of the area. Snow albedo has been succesfully mapped using a pre-calibrated consumer camera mounted on a UAV, while surface features as grain size and liquid film can be mapped by taking advantage of the sensitivity of albedo to these parameters in the infrared band. Thus, the UAV will be equipped with a infrared filtered camera and a consumer camera. Pictures will processed in order to interpretate the data and will be matched using Structure from Motioon in order to reconstruct the spatial distributions of the investigated properties. At least two fix albedo stations will be installed at different elevations, while portable spectrometer and surface measurements will be carried out on relevant points of the area. 
Finally, the third sub-project is aimed calibrate a snow drift model considering the specific topography of the area.
Considering previous works on Structure from Motion, UAV and snow surface optical mapping, it is expected to obtain an high resolution dataset of spatial distribution of surface properties, which, once combined with the snow pack depth and density evaluated in the sub-projects 1 and 3, will represent a unique case of study.

Determining the snow cover distribution of a
High Arctic area using UAV, digital photogrammetry and numerical simulation. (sub-project 2)

Previous studies have shown that tundra vegetation is changing in response to climate warming, but the responses may vary between localities and regions. There is increasing evidence for herbivory as an important factor in modulating vegetation responses to climate change.
The aim of this project is to study  the effect of climate warming on tundra plant communities, including insect herbivore intensity, and the different response between the low Arctic (Iceland) and high Arctic (Svalbard).

Effects of climate warming on tundra plant communities and insect herbivory at contrasting bioclimatic conditions, RiS ID 10030

The research questions to be addressed in this project are; -What is the annual cycle of CO2 uptake in Isfjorden? What is the magnitude of physical (freshwater input, temperature, air-sea exchange) versus biological (net community production) processes on the seasonal uptake of CO2? The seasonal variability of the CO2 system and air-sea CO2 flux will be estimated based on measurements of total alkalinity, pH from monthly samples from the water column at ISA station.  Water samples will be taken from different depths and brought back to UNIS for analysis in the laboratory.Full CO2 system and air-sea CO2 flux will be calculated using known formulations and obtained data.

Seasonal variability of air-sea CO2 fluxes at the ISA station in Isfjorden, Svalbard

This project aims to understand and characterize the redistribution and movement of snow drift in the unique high-arctic maritime snow climate of Svalbard, Norway and its associated effects on avalanche activity on the island while also developing a plan for passive snow mitigation strategies for a transportation corridor outside of Longyearbyen.  This project's research will result in the development of a digital snow drift model consistent with snow drift processes characteristic of Svalbard's unique snow climate that can be used to determine effective snow fence plans to reduce the impact of snow drift events on transportation in Svalbard.

Snow Drift and Avalanche Hazard in the high-arctic maritime snow climate of Svalbard, Norway; RiS ID 10057

A better understanding of the Svalbard glaciers advance and retreat during the Holocene can be used as an analogue for a warming climate. A holistic approach will be taken focusing on Nordenskiöldbreen, Billefjorden, where surveys of high-resolution swath bathymetry and terrestrial archives will result in a geomorpholocial map with an according landsystem model. The geomorphological map will be created in ArcGIS software on the background of analysis of aerial image, high-resolution swath bathymetry from the fjord and terrestrial field work. Ground verification of the map and survey of the field will be carried out in July 2015.

Holocene history of Svalbard ice caps and glaciers: geomorphological mapping of the forefield of Nordenskiöldbreen, RiS ID 10122

Rock weathering is one of the main drivers of landscape development. It is highly susceptible to environmental changes such as temperature fluctuations, moisture availability (e.g. through precipitation and groundwater) and land cover changes such as glacial retreat. In addition, it is responsible for the production of nutrients and minerals that drive our ecosystems. Understanding changes in the rate and nature of weathered material production is therefore a critical issue in our understanding of environmental health. This research therefore addresses changes in weathering output rates, physical characteristics and chemistry and their signature in terrestrial fluvial channels. 
This project ties together glaciology, weathering sciences, hillslope geomorphology, fluvial research and sedimentology to map the impact of deglaciation on the production of sediment and availability of nutrients and minerals. The main tests will be:
1. Monitoring stations using temperature loggers and three different types of sedimentary rock to investigate weathering rates in microclimates around the Endalen and Ugledalen catchments.
2. Sediment load throughout the catchments; using simple field chemistry analysis we will compare the sediment load spatially both within and between catchments.
3. Chemical changes and flux monitoring throughout a month: in addition to spatial monitoring we will map temporal changes in flux by measuring each site every 3 days.
This is a low risk project; the field methods are tried and tested and relatively simple yet it will provide excellent scope for expanding and establishing research that was started in 2014. In addition, the fieldwork will be carried out by experienced researchers and in a strong collaborative effort with Dr Hanne Christiansen and Professor Andy Hodson (UNIS). The availability of the UNIS laboratory ensures that samples will be properly prepared for transport. All facilities needed to analyse the samples are in place.

Disentangling weathering processes and rates and their response to climate change in the Arctic (RiS 10010)

The environmental conditions of west and east Svalbard are very different in terms of weather, sea ice, climate and most likely also in terms of glacial/deglacial history.
The glacial history of the fjords on western Svalbard has been relatively well studied, but the glacial history of the fjords/bays on the east coast of Spitsbergen is considerably less well-known.This project aims to investigate the glacial/deglacial history of the poorly known areas in east Svalbard.

Glacial dynamics of the fjords on the east coast of Spitsbergen inferred from submarine morphology and marine sediment cores

Individuals of the bivalve Astarte borealis (Schumacher, 1817) were marked and released in an enclosed area in 2012 and will be re-collected in September 2015.
After thats, morphological analyses, as well as high-resolution samplings of shell carbonate by means of a MicroMill sampler for subsequent analysis of oxygen (delta 18O) and carbon (delta 13C) stable isotope ratios will be performed at the Alfred-Wegener-Institue in Bremerhaven. 
In the end the intra-annual variable shell growth rate of this bivalve and its relationship to external parameters (e.g. temperature, primary production) will be evaluated.
Furthermore, a temperature coupled seasonal shell growth model in comparison with Serripes groenlandicus (Bruguiere, 1789) will be established.

In order to investigate the physiological stress of sedimentation on A. borealis, test individuals will be exposed in vitro to 800mg L-1 over a period of 15 days.
Mantle, foot, gill, and digestive gland tissues from experimental and control animals will be frozen in liquid nitrogen and analyzed at AWI in Bremerhaven to reveal the GSH/GSSG relationship as a short-term marker. Afterwards, the performance of the arctic-boreal species A. borealis will be compared with the arctic species S. groenlandicus.

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