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Hovedmålet med kreftbehandling er å eliminere kreftceller og dette er tradisjonelt oppnådd ved kirurgi, bruk av giftige medikamenter (cellegift) og stråling. En ny og betydningsfull tilnærming til kreftbehandling kalt immunterapi, har derimot fått mye oppmerksomhet det siste tiåret; Her forsøker leger og forskere å utnytte immunsystemet vårt for å målrettet  ødelegge kreftceller. En nøkkelaktør i denne banebrytende tilnærmingen er en gruppe «drapsmenn» i immunsystemet kjent som cytotoxiske T-lymfocytter (CTL-er). Disse cellene har en bemerkelsesverdig evne til å oppdage kreftceller ved å gjenkjenne unormale molekyler på overflaten av kreftcellene - molekyler som friske celler ikke har. Når CTL-er gjenkjenner kreftcellene ødelegger de dem ved å frigjøre giftige molekyler som initierer kreftcellenes selvdestruksjon. 
 
Selv om betydelige innsats har blitt dedikert til å forstå hvordan CTL-er aktiveres og hvordan de gjenkjenner kreftceller, vet vi mindre om de påfølgende hendelsene inne i kreftcellene som fører til deres død. Fra før vet vi at CTL-er kan initiere to forskjellige typer celledød i kreft: den første, kalt apoptose, er en stille og ordnet prosess der kreftcellene krymper og brytes opp uten å varsle immunsystemet; den andre, kalt pyroptose, er en mer dramatisk prosess som involverer dannelse av åpninger i cellemembranen, noe som fører til at cellene svulmer opp og sprekker. Under denne cellebristen blir innholdet inne i cellene frigitt i omgivelsene, og dette kan fungere som 'faretegn' som kan stimulere en sterkere immunrespons mot kreftcellene. Betydningen av denne cellebristen for å forsterke anti-tumorresponsene vil bli undersøkt i dette prosjektet. 
 
Videre er vi fascinert av muligheten for å avdekke ytterligere, ennå ukjente, former for celledød indusert av CTL-er. Utforsking av disse dødsrelaterte prosessene i kreftcellene kan potensielt øke effektiviteten av immunterapi og bidra betydelig i den pågående kampen mot kreft.

The primary goal of most cancer therapies is to induce cancer cell death. Immunotherapy relies on the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes such as natural killer cells (NKs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to achieve this. While a significant amount of research in immunotherapy focuses on the events within cytotoxic lymphocytes or at the interface between cytotoxic lymphocytes and cancer cells, less is known about the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate cancer cell death, particularly in the case of CTL-mediated death.
CTLs are known to induce two types of cell death in cancer: non-inflammatory apoptosis and proinflammatory pyroptosis. Pyroptotic cancer cells release proinflammatory signals that attract immune cells to the tumor site, thereby enhancing the anti-tumor response. Cell lysis is a common outcome of pyroptotic cell death. It is unclear whether lysis can be decoupled from pyroptosis in cancer cells and whether the proinflammatory properties of pyroptotic cancer cell death depend on lysis. Moreover, it remains unknown whether CTLs can induce other forms of cell death in cancer, apart from apoptosis and pyroptosis.
Studying the mechanisms of CTL-mediated cancer cell death is challenging because CTLs selectively target cells expressing specific antigens. However, given the critical role of CTLs in immunotherapy, it is essential to deepen our understanding of CTL-induced cancer cell death.
This project aims to develop novel methodologies to investigate the death mechanisms that are initiated by CTLs. In addition, we will identify new pathways and mediators involved in CTL-induced cancer cell death. Furthermore, we will assess the contribution of proinflammatory cell death and lysis in promoting anti-tumor responses in vivo. Overall, this research will improve our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of CTL-mediated cancer cell death and potentially reveal novel targets to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.

T-cell-mediated proinflammatory cell death and lysis in cancer

En av de vanligste, men minst studerte, utfordringene med å bli eldre er problemer med å kommunisere. Mange eldre sliter spesielt med pragmatiske ferdigheter, som å forstå undertekst, eller tilpasse det de sier til personen de snakker med. 

La oss si at en lege må gi en alvorlig beskjed til en pasient. For å gjøre det litt lettere å takle, bruker legen vagere språk, som "kanskje" i stedet for "sannsynligvis". Mens yngre voksne ofte tar hensyn til høflighetsstrategier i måten de tolker det som blir sagt på, har eldre ofte vanskelig for å forstå når noen snakker indirekte. Mange eldre voksne har vanskelig for å forstå ikke-bokstavelig språk og kan misforstå alvorlighetsgraden av diagnosen. Dette kan påvirke beslutningen deres om behandling, noe som kan føre til utilsiktede konsekvenser. 

Siden god kommunikasjon er viktig både i viktige medisinske samtaler og i hverdagen, er det viktig at vi finner ut hva som gjør at eldre kan ha vansker med å forstå og bli forstått. RESILIENCE skal hjelpe til med denne utfordringen ved å samle data om praktiske, kognitive og språklige ferdigheter hos voksne i alderen 18-90 år over tid. Dette vil gi oss en stor mengde data om pragmatiske, kognitive og språk ferdigheter og gjøre det tilgjengelig for forskning. Med denne dataen som grunnlag har vi følgende mål: 

• Forstå hvordan praktiske evner endrer seg generelt gjennom voksenlivet. 
• Finne ut hvilke mekanismer som påvirker pragmatiske evner på forskjellige tidspunkter i livet.
 • Utvikle en teoretisk modell som forklarer hvordan pragmatiske ferdigheter endrer seg med alderen.
 • Lage algoritmer som kan forutsi hvordan pragmatiske evner vil utvikle seg for enkeltpersoner i årene som kommer. 
• Utvikle og teste et verktøy som kan måle pragmatisk helse (både pragmatiske ferdigheter og deres underliggende mekanismer), noe som kan åpne  for å iverksette tiltak. 

Dette vil gi oss muligheten til å forstå bedre hvordan folk kan utvikle pragmatisk resiliens gjennom livsløpet.

A cornerstone of human communication is our reliance on pragmatic skills to guide linguistic interactions (e.g., reasoning about others' mental states to bridge the gap between what is said and intended in conversation). However these skills are highly sensitive to age-related decline, leading to miscommunication and uninformed decision making in the older adult population. This raises an important question, one which has puzzled linguistics and psychologists for decades: if pragmatic competence is fundamental to communication, why do individuals vary so much in this capacity? 

Traditionally, psychologists have approached pragmatic competence from a cognitive angle, reasoning that individual differences in executive functions (i.e., the cognitive skills associated with goal-directed actions) are what underlie effective pragmatic behavior. In a similar vein, language scientists have taken a linguistic approach, reasoning that one’s language background (e.g., the frequency with which individuals shift between languages) shapes pragmatic skills by enhancing sensitivity to the communicative context. This focus on either cognitive or linguistic influences has resulted in two expansive yet disparate areas of research.

RESILIENCE will unite these disciplines to pursue a longstanding debate on what underlies pragmatic resilience and decline using a large-scale, interdisciplinary and longitudinal approach. By gathering data on adults' (ages 18-90) pragmatic, cognitive and language skills over multiple time points, we will develop a comprehensive theoretical model that explains how cognitive and linguistic systems interact to shape pragmatic competence as we age, and create algorithms that predict the trajectory of an individual’s pragmatic abilities in upcoming years. Based on these results we will design a multidimensional tool that detects the earliest signs of pragmatic deficits, leading to future interventions, allowing us to uncover the paths to pragmatic resilience.

Uncovering the paths to pragmatic resilience

Noen av oss tåler stressende livshendelser godt. Andre derimot utvikler vedvarende fysiske og psykiske plager som følger av stress. Hvor godt vi håndterer stress avhenger av et komplekst samspill mellom miljøfaktorer, sosiale forhold, biologisk sårbarhet og indre motstandskraft. Forskning på stressreaksjonene til dyr og pasientgrupper som til vanlig lever under mye stress viser at en gruppe signalstoffer i kroppen som aktiverer det samme hjernesystemet som cannabis – endocannabinoidene – kan begrense styrken på stressreaksjoner og bidra til at man raskere kommer seg til hektene. I dette prosjektet skal vi undersøke hvordan mestring av stress på kort og lang sikt henger sammen med nivåer av endocannabinoider i kroppen for å forstå hvorfor noen personer er mer motstandsdyktige mot stress enn andre. I den ene studien følger vi pasienter som skal gjennomgå en stressende, men veldig vanlig, situasjon: kirurgi. Her måler vi pasientenes opplevelse av stress, samt mentale og fysiske helse, fra tiden før til to år etter operasjonen og undersøker hvordan dette henger sammen med nivåene deres av endocannabinoider og andre stresshormoner. I den andre studien bruker vi data fra et eksperiment hvor deltakerne har blitt utsatt for psykososialt stress til å undersøke om endocannabinoidnivået deres påvirker hvordan de reagerer på stress, og om stresset i seg selv kan påvirke kroppens produksjon av endocannabinoider. Til syvende og sist er målet med studien å vurdere hvorvidt målinger av endocannabinoidnivåer kan brukes til å forebygge helseplager og til å evaluere behovet for økt oppfølging etter alvorlig stressende påkjenninger i livet.

In the face of major life stressors, some individuals cope well whereas others develop ill health and long-term adverse outcomes. Predicting who needs additional support in response to major life stressors is essential for targeted prevention and more efficient allocation of resources. The endocannabinoid system is emerging as a promising target for understanding vulnerability and resilience to stress. This system appears to buffer stress in two ways: by limiting the magnitude of the stress response, and by facilitating recovery after a stressful event. While the early findings are intriguing, they mainly stem from studies in rodents and small clinical groups with high stress burden. What role endocannabinoids have more globally for human resilience, health and well-being remains elusive. 

In this project we address this gap by leveraging comprehensive experimental and clinical data on two potent stress models: psychosocial stress and surgery. Drawing on these unique datasets, which combine experimental control with ecological validity, we will decipher how endocannabinoid levels influence people’s stress response and recovery across minutes, days, weeks and years. The project represents a novel directional shift for endocannabinoid research and will (i) determine the value of endocannabinoid levels as a biomarker to predict outcomes after surgery, (ii) quantify sex differences, (iii) assess endocannabinoid interplay with opioid analgesics, sex hormones and other stress markers (iv) spearhead open and reproducible science practices in endocannabinoid research, and (v) make this fine-grained and novel data available through an interactive web application. 

This project represents an ambitious effort to understand endocannabinoids’ role in stress resilience and will determine the value of endocannabinoids as a predictive biomarker and potential target for individualized treatment.

Deciphering endocannabinoid stress buffering in humans: 
Mechanistic and clinical investigations

BOLD MINDS aspires to enhance the understanding of vulnerability factors underlying the emergence of borderline personality disorder (BPD), with an ultimate aim of increasing the potential for young individuals to receive early, evidence-based help when their mental health is at risk. BOLD MINDS will achieve this by investigating whether disruptions in two aspects of autobiographical memory (AM), narrative identity (NI) and involuntary AM (IAM), are associated with BPD features and problem behaviours in adolescents concurrently and over time. In doing so, BOLD MINDS will strengthen the understanding of mechanisms underlying the emergence of BPD in adolescence and lay a groundwork for developing evidence-based early interventions for BPD. While currently limited, the study of AM in this field is essential for two reasons. Firstly, because the aspects of AM under investigation, NI and IAM, are known to be involved in identity formation and emotion regulation which represent two key psychological processes that are disrupted in adults with BPD and are linked to problem behaviours such as self-harm and suicidality. Secondly, because promising research is emerging on the use of AM targets in the treatment of emotional disorder in adults, and provides a strong model for future treatment development with vulnerable adolescents. In addition, this timely research program aligns with calls from international organizations to prioritize early interventions to promote adolescent mental health. BOLD MINDS will adopt and adapt state-of-the-art ecological momentary assessment and analytical techniques and work at the crossroads of clinical and cognitive psychological perspectives, allowing for a multidimensional approach to understanding BPD vulnerability. Training-through-research and formalized training of the experienced researcher will prepare her for a permanent academic position and the founding of her own research lab specializing in AM and early interventions for BPD.

Borderline Personality Disorder: Memory and Identity in Adolescence

The goal of the Bilingual Experiences, Cognitive Ageing and underlying Mechanisms (BECAME) project is to examine the functional neuroplastic mechanisms underlying mitigatory effects of bilingual experience on age-related cognitive decline. While evidence is available for structural brain changes supporting bilingualism-induced effects on cognitive aging (CA), functional mechanisms underlying such effects are not yet well understood. BECAME aims to fill this gap by investigating the trajectory of bilingualism-induced functional neuroplasticity across the adult lifespan (ages 18-85), crucially adopting an individual differences approach related to measurable degree of bilingual engagement. Importantly, although such benefits are thought to be rooted early in the lifespan, evidence for the timeframe and conditions of their early emergence is scarce. The choice of including the whole adult lifespan allows us to investigate these mechanisms and their emergence more directly from a lifespan perspective. I combine behavioral testing with brain recordings via electroencephalography (EEG). EEG is widely used in cognitive neuroscience to assess brain activity and the degree of communication between brain regions (functional connectivity) in response to stimuli and at rest. Combining behavioral and EEG modalities will allow me to test bilingualism’s effect on functional connectivity, as well as its consequences for functional efficiency, the minimum required neural activation to successfully perform a task. This will enable a detailed, evidence-based account of the protective effects observed in older-aged bilinguals, and how they are built from earlier life stages. By illuminating the relationship between multilingualism and resulting neurocognitive adaptations, BECAME will enable to capitalize on it as a health initiative, with manifold societal implications and the potential to be translated into actionable policies exploiting multilingualism to ameliorate effects of CA.

Bilingual Experiences, Cognitive Ageing and underlying Mechanisms

WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM)

Wheelchair users (WCU) are three to five times more inactive than the general population, leading to a high risk of developing preventable secondary conditions. Although physical activity (PA) guidelines have been specifically developed for WCU, we lack systematic approaches to implement them in practice, as well as valid algorithms to monitor PA change in WCU through sensor-based solutions. Accordingly, the overall scientific aim of the WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM) is to advance PA research and practice in WCU by developing valid digital markers for monitoring of and providing feedback on PA, paving the way for implementation and intervention. I will accomplish this through combining the complementary research fields of 1) behavioural intervention studies focusing on increasing PA in WCU (core competence University of British Columbia, UBC; outgoing phase) and 2) sensor-based PA monitoring (core competence Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU; returning phase – consolidated by non-academic placement at Maastricht Instruments, which develop research prototypes including PA monitors). WHAM’s scientific aim is achieved through three objectives: 1) Measure the effect of a pragmatic exercise intervention trial on self-reported physical activity levels and cardio-respiratory fitness, 2) Develop valid algorithms for tracking PA markers in WCU, and 3) Co-create a framework that outlines how PA can be conjointly monitored and provided feedback on in WCU. This fellowship will enable me to become established as an internationally recognized researcher in the field of “physical activity and disability”, while bringing together ongoing national disjointed research activities in this field. Altogether, my overall ambition is to contribute to reducing inequalities in daily-life participation among WCU compared to the rest of the population.

Per- og polyfluorerte stoffer (PFAS) er en stor gruppe menneskeskapte kjemikalier med høyt fluorinnhold som antas å ha negative helseeffekter. Kilder til PFAS kan være produksjon av vann-, varme- og flekkbestandige produkter og disse kjemikaliene er en del av hverdagen vår. PFAS påvirkning av biologiske systemer er ikke fullstendig forstått. Noen PFAS er antatt å øke risikoen for å utvikling av ikke-alkoholisk fettleversykdom (NAFLD) og øke risikoen for diabetes. 

For å forstå hvordan PFAS påvirker organene våre ønsker vi å bruke små laboratoriedyrkede organmodeller, kalt organoider. Disse miniatyrorganene kan dyrkes fra menneskelige stamceller og tilbyr et kontrollert miljø for å studere hvordan PFAS påvirker f.eks lever og bukspyttkjertelen vår, uten bruk av dyreforsøk.

For å studere helseeffekter må vi kunne måle nivået av biomolekyler som fettstoffer i leveren og hormoner i bukspyttkjertelen. Til dette trenger vi å utvikle analytiske verktøy for å måle effektene. Først vil vi bekrefte at når leverorganoidene eksponeres for enkelte PFAS-forbindelser utvikles det NAFLD-lignende sykdom ved å sammenligne den biokjemiske profilen (proteiner og metabolitter) til organoider av lever med PFAS-eksponerte organoider. Deretter vil vi utvide den analytiske verktøykassen for å undersøke hvilke metabolske veier som påvirkes, og om effekten er den samme i NAFLD-induserte og PFAS-eksponerte organoider. Vi vil også eksponere insulinproduserende bukspyttkjertelorganoider for PFAS for å undersøke effekten av PFAS på hormonproduksjon. Når effektene av PFAS-eksponering på lever- og bukspyttkjertel-organoider er etablert, vil organoidene bli samkultivert i en chip, og effektene av PFAS-eksponering vil bli undersøkt og sammenlignet med individuelle organoider.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are believed to contribute to metabolic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 1 diabetes. HE-POP aims to investigate the effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS), a type of POPs), on organ function in a controlled environment.

Organoids are multicellular laboratory-grown miniature organs, that are grown from stem cells. HE-POP will use organoids to examine how PFAS affects our organs and develop cutting-edge bioanalytical tools and methodology to measure these effects using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. HE-POP hypothesizes that PFAS negatively affects organ function, as evidenced by changes in hormone and lipid levels characteristic of NAFLD and type 1 diabetes. 

Organoids offer a controlled environment to study the effects of PFAS on the liver and pancreas, without the use of animal models. HE-POP aims to gain evidence of the negative effects of PFAS on organ function through controlled experiments on organoids and aid in understanding the biological mechanisms underlying NAFLD and type 1 diabetes.

HE-POP has fundaments in UN sustainable development goals, specifically #3, #12, and #14/15, seeking an understanding of diseases with worldwide prevalence, and understanding how POPs affect our life and surroundings and help enable the right regulatory actions and replacement chemicals.

HE-POP: Studying the Health Effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Using Mass Spectrometry, Organoids, and Organ-On-A-Chip

Rundt 7% av norske 4-åringer har så store psykiske vansker at de kvalifiserer for en diagnose, men det tar ofte lang tid fra vanskene oppstår, til de blir oppdaget og barna får rett hjelp. Myndighetene har derfor lagt tydelige føringer for at de som jobber med barn, må vite hva de skal se etter og hvordan de skal gå frem for at barna skal få den hjelpen de trenger. I Norge går over 95% av barna i barnehage hvor pedagogene blir godt kjent med barna over tid i deres naturlige miljø og har utviklingssamtaler med de foresatte 1-2 ganger i året. Barnehagen skulle derfor være en ideell arena for tidlig oppdagelse av psykiske vansker. Det har imidlertid ikke vært tilgjengelig noen tilpasset metode for de arbeidsformene og terminologi som er vanlig i barnehagene. Vi har derfor utviklet metoden Dialogbasert tidlig oppdagelse (DBTO) i nært samarbeid med pedagoger og foreldre i 8 ulike barnehager. Metoden går ut på å bruke utviklingssamtalen mer systematisk ved at både foreldre og barnehagelærer på forhånd fyller ut et spørreskjema om mulige bekymringer de har hatt for barnets utvikling og trivsel de siste månedene. I samtalen kan de så utforske og forsøke å enes om forståelsen av barnet og om det er behov for ytterligere vurdering eller andre tiltak. Tilbakemeldingene under utviklingen og tidlig utprøving tyder på at metoden fungerer godt og oppleves som et nyttig verktøy i foreldresamarbeidet. For å få tydeligere dokumentert kunnskap om hvordan DBTO fungerer i barnehagene, har vi utviklet forskningsprosjektet PRO-DIALOG. Vi ønsker med det å få kunnskap om (1) hvordan DBTO fungerer som et screening-instrument, (2) hvor brukervennlig den er, (3) hvordan den påvirker tidspunkt for igangsetting av tiltak og (4) hvordan den påvirker utviklingen av den psykiske helsen til barna over tid. 12 barnehager er plukket tilfeldig ut til å gjennomføre metoden, mens 11 skal fungere som kontroller. Foresatte til rundt 300 barn som har tre år igjen av barnehagen, vil bli spurt om å delta.

There is an unambiguous call for early interventions at the municipal level for children at risk of developing mental health problems. However, there is a surprisingly absence of socially valid methods for detecting children in need of early support.
        The aim of the project is to establish the properties of such a novel method; Dialogue Based Early Detection (DBED). We will study its properties as a mental health screener, how well it is adapted in an ordinary kindergarten context, and whether it affects activation of interventions for mental health concerns and children’s future mental health.
        The novel aspect of DBED is the systematic assessment of the child’s development and well-being by the kindergarten teacher and his/her parents, and the subsequent dialogue that aims to explore and converge their understanding of the child and conclude whether there is a need for further assessment or supportive actions.
        Parents of approximately 300 children in 23 different kindergartens aged 2-3 years will be invited to participate for the three last years before school start and follow-up the next two years. The kindergartens will be randomized to an implementation group or a control group. Parents’ socio-demographic characteristics and data from parent-teacher meetings, initiated interventions, user satisfaction, parental stress, and child mental health will be collected biannually, as well as tape recordings from interviews about user experiences of parents and teachers.
        The most critical challenges of the project will be participation rate of the invited parents in addition to attrition due to the time pressures in a busy workday in the kindergartens, and willingness of the control parents to complete the repeated questionnaires. Appropriate measures are made to take those risks into account.

Promoting mental health in young children – a sustainable dialogue based approach in kindergartens (PRO-DIALOG)

Dette prosjektet, kalt Hukommelse for musikk, fokuserer på det økende antallet mennesker over hele verden som lever med demens, spesielt Alzheimer's sykdom (AD). AD starter typisk med hukommelsesproblemer og påvirker etter hvert daglige aktiviteter. Aktive musikkintervensjoner, spesielt sang, har vist positive effekter på humør, atferd og livskvalitet for personer med demens, men deres innvirkning på kognisjon er ikke godt forstått. Prosjektet har som mål å fylle dette kunnskapsgapet ved å studere effektene av å lære nye sanger på kognitiv, atferdsmessig og hjernemessig funksjon.

Studien vil omfatte hjemmeboende voksne over 65 år med AD fra Argentina, Østerrike og Norge. Deltakerne vil gjennomgå 5 måneder med intensiv musikalsk opplæring (to ganger i uken) og 5 måneder med minimal opplæring (en gang i måneden) i tilfeldig rekkefølge, med en to måneders pause imellom. Intervensjonene inkluderer å lære nye sanger med en personlig musikklærer. Generell kognisjon vil bli målt ved bruk av Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-cog), og hukommelse for musikk vil bli vurdert gjennom ulike metoder, inkludert atferdsoppgaver og hjerneaktivitet (EEG). Humør vil også bli evaluert i hver økt.

Målet er å inkludere 113 deltakere for å sikre pålitelig påvisning av meningsfulle effekter. Studien vil utforske hvordan humør og hukommelse for musikk bidrar til endringer i kognitive evner, og om disse effektene varierer basert på faktorer som kjønn, alder, AD-stadium, eller tidligere musikalsk opplæring og generell utdanning. Prosjektet vektlegger samarbeid mellom forskere, tjenesteytere og brukere for å sikre studiens relevans og anvendelighet.

The number of people living with dementia is increasing and is high in low, middle, and high-income countries. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, manifests itself initially with cognitive impairment in memory domains, and later affects all activities of daily living. Active music interventions, particularly singing, can help to improve mood, behaviour problems, and quality of life. Too little is known about their effects on cognition, although some promising studies exist. The M4M project aims to fill this gap by measuring effects of learning new songs on clinical, behavioural and brain functioning. Specifically, M4M aims to examine changes in general cognitive functioning and memory for music in non-musician adults with AD undergoing intensive individual musical training based on singing novel songs, compared to minimal training.
        Home-dwelling adults with AD, 65 years or older, in 3 countries (Argentina, Austria, Norway), will receive 5 months of intensive intervention (2x/week) and 5 months of minimal intervention (1x/month), in random order, with a 2-month break in between. Interventions will entail learning new songs with an individual music teacher. At the end of each intervention period, general cognition will be measured with the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale – Cognitive (ADAS-cog) by a person who is unaware of the intervention received. Memory for music will be tested with observations, behavioural tasks, and brain responses (EEG). Mood will be assessed in each session. We aim to include 113 participants; this will help us to reliably detect clinically meaningful effects. We will also examine how mood and memory for music lead to changes in cognitive abilities, and whether effects depend on sex, age, AD stage, or previous musical training or general education. M4M will be conducted in close collaboration between academic researchers, service providers, and service users to ensure relevance and applicability.

Memory for Music: Effects of individual intensive musical training based on singing in non-musicians with Alzheimer’s disease

InterNASH - An intercellular-pathway therapeutic for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

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Professor

As a key platform technology in modern biotechnology, genomics has had a significant scientific, social and economic impact in aquaculture. Aquaculture genomics has numerous applications in improving performance traits, including increased disease resista nce and growth rate. In spite of the notable progress in aquaculture genomics during the last decade, the application of genomics to aquaculture biotechnology needs further development. 

This symposium will review the current status of aquaculture genomi cs, its industrial applications and future perspectives, thus contributing to bridge the gap between fundamental genomics research and the needs of the aquaculture industry. Presentations of genomic studies in molluscs and crustaceans will also be include d, since the scope of the symposium is not restricted to fish farming. We intend to invite a total of 6 leading scientists in aquaculture genomics, as well as attendants from feed companies and government representatives. A selected number of presentation s will be published in a special issue of the international journal "Marine Genomics". 

The organisation of the GIA2013 at the UiN in Bodø will be an excellent means to highlight at an international level our growing importance in aquaculture genomics, t o develop fruitful national and international collaborative networks and to plan joint grant proposals, including large EU-funded projects. Moreover, this symposium will promote active collaborations between academia and industry, since it will discuss th e applications of genomics research in aquaculture biotechnology.

Genomics in Aquaculture 2013 - International Symposium at the University of Nordland

The control of ionic flows at the nanoscale is a key ingredient in the design and functionality of nanofluidic devices. Similar to solid-state electronic circuits, integrated nanofluidic circuits would contain diodes and transistors but with properties th at mainly derive from the interaction between electrolytic solutions and the domain boundaries of nanoscopic pores through which these fluids flow. In recent years, various nanofluidic diodes and transistors have been produced but advanced device modellin g has not evolved at the same pace.   

This theoretical research program proposes to develop physical models and flux-conserving numerical schemes for rigid and, ultimately, deformable nanofluidic diodes and transistors which would extend the functionali ty of conventional devices to nature-inspired soft media. Soft materials are expected to exhibit richer dynamics, owing to the interaction of the fluid flow and the surrounding, fluid-containing structure. Thermodynamically consistent continuum models wil l be established that capture several physical phenomena inside such nanopores. In this context, we will study how the minimization of entropy production under steady-state operation might determine the system dynamics and the device performance. 

A long -term goal is to propose tailored diodes and transistors whose functionality rests on specific geometries, surface charge distributions and hydrophobic properties of the pore walls. This includes the use of soft materials which are similar in nature to po lymer electrolyte membranes. 

Overall, this program addresses several open, inter-disciplinary questions while establishing new physical models and simulation techniques, and new scientific collaborations. This funding would be used to intensify the coll aboration between NTNU and WIAS in Berlin, Germany, through student and researcher exchange, and facilitate the preparation of a joint European grant application.

Physical models and numerical schemes for nanofluidic diodes and transistors

Development of methodical and cost-efficient plant phenotyping is imperative for determining and monitoring of climate-related plant adaptation. Measurement of biochemical composition of pollen grains by infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy has great po tential for systematic collection of data on ecosystem and plant-environment interactions. Our research group has been conducting studies covering hundreds of different pollen species by various FTIR techniques coupled with data analysis methods. In this  project we aim at establishing a combined FTIR and Raman setup for pollen phenotyping by initiating collaborative research with the group of Dr. Janina Kneipp at Humboldt Universität zu Berlin. Since both groups can offer substantial complementary knowled ge on vibrational spectroscopy of pollen, the collaboration will result in transfer of knowledge from the host to the applicants' group (regarding Raman spectroscopy), and vice versa (regarding FTIR and data analysis). Moreover, the study relies on transn ational research cooperation in order to gather relevant data on plant-environment interactions. Within the proposed research the influence of climate and geography on biochemical content of pollen will be estimated by comparing data of pollen samples col lected in Germany and Norway. The collaboration will address standardisation of sampling techniques for FTIR and Raman spectroscopy of pollen, which is the main challenge for broader application of these methods by the scientific community. The collaborat ion will yield a standardized database of pollen vibrational spectra, which will represent the raw material for a wide range of botanical research, from agronomy to ecology. Realisation of this project will create a long-term collaboration of the research  groups resulting in the consolidation of the research field within the international biospectroscopy and bioanalytical community.

Combined FTIR and Raman analysis of pollen composition for studying plant adaptation to environmental changes

Degree of mobility of a geometric structure is the dimension of the space of solutions of the corresponding Lie equation. The latter is usually overdetermined. We study overdetermined systems of PDE coming from differential geometry and mathematical physi cs (in particular coming from the theory of integrable systems, separation of variables and general relativity); the goal is to understand the possible values of the degrees of mobility. For many geometric structures this is a classical question and some  answers are known. Namely, for Cartan geometries the maximal degree of mobility is the dimension of the corresponding Lie group. The results on sub-maximal degrees of mobility for affine connections, projective structures, 2-distributions in 5-dimensional  spaces and Riemannian metrics are due to Fubini, Cartan, Egorov, Yano, Kobayashi, Nagano, Wakakuwa and Vranceanu. Recently Boris Kruglikov and Dennis The resolved the problem of computing the submaximal degree of mobility ("the first gap problem") for al l parabolic geometries, which includes conformal, Lagrangian, contact projective and exceptional geometries, generic distributions and systems of 2nd order ODEs. In parallel, Vladimir Matveev with his collaborators computed all possible degrees of mobilit y for pseudo-Riemannian metrics from the geodesic equivalence viewpoint. This corresponds to metric projective and metric c-projective structures. In this approach they greatly generalized the previous works of Sinyukov and Mikes and obtained many fascina ting global results. The first comparisons of methods lead to a joint paper on the projective and affine metric structures arXiv:1304.4426. We expect to obtain many more results as a synergy effect from combining the different approaches of two working gr oups. We have a successful story of cooperation (5 joint papers), partially thanks to DAAD grant 2011-2012. We would like to collaborate with DAAD support for the groups of 3 (professor + 2 students) from each side.

Degree of mobility of geometric structures and overdetermined systems of PDE

This project aims at establishing collaboration between NTNU - Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering and the Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences in Germany. First contact between the involved research groups has rec ently been made, based on the fact of acquirement of identical state of the art fractionation technology (Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation, AF4) from the same manufacturer (Postnova Analytics GmbH, Lansdberg, Germany). However, each party combin ed the instrument with a series of unique but different detectors, a reason that lead to strong interest in the work of the other. In addition, both research groups have a shared background in environmental engineering.
Within the frame of this bilateral  cooperation it is intended to conduct an in depth study of the characteristics of naturally occurring nanoparticles (NP) in environmental aquatic systems, like surface waters, natural streams and water purification systems. The same particles have very ve rsatile functions depending on the system of interest. Therefore, processes in ecosystems will be assessed in addition to water treatment unit processes. For both, the physico-chemical properties of interest include the size distribution of particles in s urface waters, their chemistry (chemical and elemental composition), their colloidal stability, their adsorption/desorption properties and their functioning in environmental systems. In addition, the effect of water treatment unit processes, such as coagu lation/flocculation and membrane filtration, on such particles will be investigated, in order to assess the treatability and fate of NPs in the environment.

The project includes research exchange stays for PhD students and will lead to several publicatio ns in high-level peer-reviewed journals, regarding advanced water treatment and nanoparticle characterization. In addition, this project is going to close with applying for an independent research project.

Advanced characterization of natural nanoparticles in environmental aquatic systems

Recent advances in wireless radio technology have enabled the development of medical sensors capable of operating inside the human body such as the wireless capsule endoscope (WCE). Our research on implantable ultra wideband (UWB) communications has predi cted the feasibility of establishing high data rate links suitable for WCE communication using UWB impulse radio transceivers. In-vivo experiments conducted at the Intervention Centre (IVS), Oslo University Hospital (Norway), in cooperation with researche rs from Dresden University of Technology (Germany) and Nagoya Institute of Technology (Japan), have demonstrated a maximal transmission range of 12 centimeters in a porcine model for a data rate of 1 Megabit per second. Hence, in this project we build upo n collaborative research that has been initiated between IVS and Dresden University of Technology, to increase the transmission range of UWB in-vivo radio links. For this sake, innovative solutions are going to be investigated. The improvement of UWB comm unication links will be achieved through four main solutions: (1) Optimization of in-body antenna, (2) Enhancement of on-body receiving system through the use of polarization diversity, (3) Use of an optimal on-body dielectric matching layer for the recei ving system, and (4) Use of UWB signals in frequencies below 1 GHz. Collaborative research between the Norwegian and German institutions is needed in order to ensure access to laboratory equipment, chirurgical facilities, and know-how that are necessary f or the implementation of the aforementioned solutions. Although the research will be done in the context of WCE communications, the results are expected to be useful for any other types of implantable wireless sensors. The postdoctoral research of the can didate done in the MELODY Project at IVS from 2009 to 2012 under the support of the Research Council of Norway has provided several results and publications related to the current proposal.

Enhanced Ultra Wideband Antennas and Propagation for In-Body-to-On-Body Wireless Communications

Homomorphic encryption is a method of maintaining confidentiality of data while still allowing it to be processed. By providing an encryption function defined over a suitable algebraic structure, such as a group, ciphertexts can be combined using the alge braic operation. The resulting combined ciphertext has predictable structure in terms of a combination of the plaintexts of the input ciphertexts. This allows outsourcing computation on the data to third parties without the need to reveal its content. Thi s property has resulted in homomorphic encryption lying at the heart of several important applications, such as electronic voting, private information retrieval, outsourcing computations, or multiparty computation.

The overall aim of this project is to e xplore the fundamental structure of homomorphic encryption in the context of: the range of homomorphic properties; the efficiency of the algorithms; and the practical applications of homomorphic encryption. Building on previous work by the project team, t he focus will be on extending the results on group homomorphic encryption to (i) symmetric key homomorphic encryption schemes and (ii) homomorphic encryption schemes that only indirectly use the algebraic structure of the plaintext and ciphertext spaces,  e.g., current fully homomorphic encryption schemes. 

The aims of this research are to:

1. explore the fundamental properties of homomorphic encryption related to algebraic structure;
2. consider how existing homomorphic encryption schemes can be capture s within a generic framework;
3. design better solutions for practical homomorphic encryption; and
4. analyse applications of homomorphic encryption in higher level cryptographic protocols.

Group homomorphic encryption and beyond

Problem description:

We sketch a potential collaboration and a wide road map of future research in the area of railway optimization.
Our experience in two different kinds of decision problems are the basis of developing a standard process chain of managi ng railway systems and a general mathematical technique to solve large scale railway problems on different levels.
Furthermore, we are aiming at incorporating robustness considerations within the decision process of railway companies.

Planning and operat ing railway transportation systems is extremely hard due to the combinatorial complexity of the underlying discrete optimization problems, the technical intricacies, and the immense size of the problem instances. Mathematical models and optimization
techn iques can result in huge gains for both railway customers and operators, e.g., in terms of cost reductions or service quality improvements.
In addition a major part of the input is not known exactly at the time when the problem has to be solved. Neglectin g uncertainty may compromise feasibility and optimality of produced solutions.
Hence, we need to incorporate robustness considerations in the decision process to obtain implementable solutions. 

In this project, we want to address three major decision pr oblems arising in every railway system:
1. long-term freight train routing and line planning,
2. mid-term and short-term vehicle rotation planning,
3. real-time train dispatching.
These problems are at different levels of the decision process of a railway  system and typically are handled by separated companies.

We want to start this cooperation to reach different ambitious scientific goal:
Define a standardized and general railway planning process
Develop a fine-to-coarse or micro-macro aggregation techn ique
Develop and integrate reasonable robustness models
Develop an integrated model for line planning and timetabling

Optimizing Railway Operations

As part of the RCN-funded project 'Northern Insights' researchers at Bodø Graduate School of Business (HHB) and Nordland Research Institute (NRI) has worked with developing knowledge related to new business start-ups in the tourism industries. One researc h question is related to the approaches entrepreneurs take when starting a new firm within the tourism sector, and the consequences these approaches have for the further development of new firms. In relation to this topic, we work with recent development  within entrepreneurship literature related to the Theory of Effectuation (Sarasvathy, 2001, 2008). 

We have in this respect made contact with a research group at RWTH Aachen University in Germany, who also conduct work in the same area. We now seek fundi ng to strengthen the collaboration between HHB/NRI and RWTH Aachen on this issue. Thus, the collaboration project will involve two strong European research groups in entrepreneurship which both have conducted work related to the theory of effectuation. Th e group at RWTH Aachen University has, amongst other issues, adapted effectuation theory for the corporate setting, and has as a part of this developed measurement instruments to be able to measure effectuation approaches empirically. The research group a t HHB has worked with effectuation theory in relation to new business start-ups and as part of this work, has worked with further development of measurement scales for empirical testing. By joining forces and collaborating more extensively in this area, t here is potential for important contributions to this area of research. The focus of the collaboration project will be to meet, discuss each other?s and joint work and thereby further develop instruments and good practices for empirical research in this a rea. An important aim will be joint publications based on empirical data.

Collaboration with RWTH Aachen University on developing empirical research on entrepreneurial effectuation

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