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Implications of digital transformation for migrant labour

Accelerated by the Covid-19 pandemic, rapid digitalisation has fundamentally transformed European working conditions. While its positive consequences are well recognised, digital transformation also puts a sorely needed part of the European workforce at risk of unemployment, poverty and social exclusion. IDILAB (Implications of digital transformation for migrant labour) investigates the impacts that technological progress and subsequent structural changes have on the labour market integration of migrant workers. By developing a new methodological approach, IDILAB shall provide novel evidence on migrants’ exposure to the process of digitalisation, and formulate evidence-based and innovative policy options for the EU and national governments to improve on the scope and adequacy of national and European policy directed at encouraging a fair digital transition for all, including migrants. The proposed project will contribute with new knowledge on migrants’ own perspectives on barriers and enablers for a sustainable integration in a fast-changing labour market. I, the experienced researcher (Dr Olga Gheorghiev, the Czech Republic), will work with a European centre of excellence (the Research Centre for Digitalisation of Public Services and Citizenship (CEDIC, OsloMet, Norway), and the European Trade Union Institute (ETUI, Belgium) for intersectoral knowledge transfer, career development, and European added value.

Locating Intergenerational Ties, rematriating late-19th-century unpublished photographs of Sámi Women and Children

Employing a decolonial approach inspired by critical museology and Indigenous studies, LIT aims to initiate a visual restitution/rematriation process fostering attention to Sámi people’s experiences during colonial encounters, and to illuminate individual life-stories of women and children photographed by Italian anthropologists Mantegazza and Sommier between 1879 and 1886. It wishes to generate dialogical knowledge of unpublished visual/written materials, enabling Sámi communities of interest to gain access to these scholars’ photographs. In complex socio-historical Indigenous/settler contexts such as Sápmi (the Sámi homeland), Sámi people’s control over their own heritage has proved essential to processes of cultural and ethnopolitical self-determination. Part of the Sámi visual heritage consists of photographs taken - often through mild violence and coercion - by academics engaged in physical anthropological practices involving Sámi individuals of all ages and genders. The resulting academic and divulgative publications circulated in Europe for decades, shaping and reinforcing stereotypes of Sámi peoples and cultures. Photos taken in colonial encounters by late-19th/early-20th century scholars to visualize Sámi people’s supposed biological-cultural inferiority (until a few decades ago inaccessible to the Sámi) have become important means of decolonization and empowerment through art and activism. The visual restitution of such photographs is of the utmost importance not only from a cultural heritage perspective but is also considered by Sámi institutions and individuals as an urgent necessity. LIT proposes an innovative approach based on the co-construction of knowledge and with a gender dimension. I shall reconstruct life stories of women and children photographed by Italian ethnologists, locating their descendants and returning their photographs to their communities. LIT would benefit my career, making me a leading researcher in Sami Studies and museology.

AGREE tar for seg klimaendringers innvirkning på kulturarv gjennom tverrfaglige metoder og samarbeid mellom ulike samfunnsaktører. Prosjektet tar særlig for seg urbane områder som påvirkes av flom. Målet er å forstå det komplekse forholdet mellom forvaltning av kulturarv, klimatilpasning og samfunnets sårbarhet, og å se på tiltak for å minimere risiko for tap og ødeleggelse som følge av klimaendringer. Sentrale delmål inkluderer integrering av strategier for bevaring av kulturarv med strategier for klimatilpasning, spesielt gjennom konseptet Historisk Urban Landskap (HUL). 

AGREE vil utvikle en beslutningsmodell forankret i HUL-konseptet som sammenligner dagens forvaltningspraksis med historiske data for å belyse sårbarhet og klimatilpasning i en urban kontekst. AGREE vil fremme transformative strategier for klimatilpasning ved å evaluere beslutningstakernes forståelse av disse samspillene. 

Prosjektet ledes av University of Leeds (Storbritannia), og har Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning (NIKU), Politecnico di Torino (Italia) med som partnere. ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), British Council (Storbritannia), UK’s Department for Culture, Media and Sport (Storbritannia), Hull City Council (Storbritannia) og Innlandet fylke (Norge) deltar som samarbeidspartnere. Gjennom dette samarbeidet skal prosjektet bidra til å forme politikk og klimastrategier, både lokalt og globalt.  AGREE vil også engasjere publikum for å øke bevisstheten om klimatilpasning og mobilisere til felles handling.  Gjennom bred involvering skal AGREE bidra til å sikre at kulturarven forblir beskyttet og motstandsdyktig i møte med klimaendringer.

Alt i alt vil AGREE utforske klimaendringers påvirkning på kulturarv med en praksisorientert tilnærming, og med fokus på samarbeid, databasert beslutningstaking og samfunnsengasjement for å sikre vår felles kulturarv for fremtidige generasjoner.

AGREE champions transformative sustainability in response, emphasizing interdisciplinary methodologies and societal shifts. It explores the intricate link between cultural heritage governance, climate adaptation, and community resilience, rooted in responses to flooding in urban contexts. AGREE promotes the Historic Urban Landscape concept for integrative decision-making in climate adaptation, considering community resilience amidst environmental changes. An interactive Geographic Information System platform will illuminate this interplay over time. An innovative AGREE's contribution is a decision-making model grounded in the HUL paradigm. This model juxtaposes current national and local policies enabling cultural heritage integration in climate adaptation with historical data sources revealing urban resilience lessons and changes in the built environment over time. AGREE employs transformative governance concepts to evaluate decision-makers comprehension of these synergies and their perspectives. It advances transformative climate adaptation by uncovering potentials and barriers within heritage governance in case studies from the UK, Norway, and Italy. Beyond research, AGREE will shape policies with multi-scalar and cross-sectorial governance, interpreting climate intricacies through cultural heritage. It will strengthen global, national, and local heritage-focused climate strategies through partnerships with the British Council, ICCROM, and the UK's Department for Culture, Media, and Sport and local stakeholders, such as Hull City Council (UK) and Innlandet Region (Norway). AGREE also engages the public, raising climate adaptation awareness and mobilizing collective action, benefiting governmental climate efforts.

Advancing Cultural Heritage Governance for Resilient Climate Adaptation

Kulturlandskap leverer viktige økosystemtjenester, blant annet erfaringsbasert, lokal kunnskap om hvordan man kan tilpasse seg og begrense negative effekter av klimaendringer. Landskapene er sårbare for klimaendringer og andre påvirkninger. Derfor blir kunnskapen kontinuerlig oppdatert og overført mellom generasjoner. Ved å studere seterlandskap i Norge og lignende beitebetingete kulturlandskap i Frankrike og Spania vil vi dokumentere klimaendringer og andre trusler mot immateriell kulturarv. Vi vil beskrive landskapenes egenskaper og hvilke faktorer som muliggjør tilpasninger og avbøtende tiltak, både politiske virkemidler og tiltak i samfunnet ellers. Prosjektet har tre målsetninger:
1. Utvikle en verktøykasse som skal hjelpe lokalsamfunn og beslutningstakere med å vurdere kulturlandskapets sårbarhet og motstandsdyktighet overfor negative endringer ("resiliens").
2. Utvikle formidlingsmateriale om verdien av å bevare erfaringsbasert kunnskap som en levende kulturarv og hvordan den kan bidra til at samfunnet gjør tilpasninger og tiltak mot negative effekter av klimaendringer.
3. Bidra til den vitenskapelige litteraturen om kulturlandskapets sårbarhet og motstandsdyktighet overfor klimaendringer, og til å utvikle strategier for tilpasninger basert på den immaterielle kulturarven.
Prosjektgruppen er internasjonal og tverrfaglig: Amerikanske, franske, norske og spanske forskere skal samarbeide om å dokumentere og modellere endringer i landskapet. Interesseorganisasjoner vil bidra i prosjektstyringen og i sammenstillingen av resultater. Seterbrukere vil bidra med erfaringsbasert kunnskap, og til å analysere og tolke data. I tillegg til verktøy for klimatilpasninger og for forvaltning av den immaterielle kulturarven skal det lages veiledere for journalister, og det skal produseres filmer. Prosjektet skal øke samfunnets bevissthet om immateriell kulturarv og støtte arbeidet med å ivareta erfaringsbasert kunnskap om beitebetingete kulturlandskap.

Cultural landscapes provide essential ecological and sociocultural services and contain insights needed to combat climate change, but they are vulnerable to climate change and other stressors. By examining the cultural landscapes of transhumant pastoralism in France, Norway, and Spain, we will detail climate and other threats to this intangible cultural heritage (ICH), the characteristics and factors that create adaptive capacity in these
systems, and methods for sustaining ICH through community action and policy. The research supports three goals established with societal partners:
1. Develop a toolkit that helps communities and decision-makers assess the vulnerability and resilience of cultural landscapes. 
2. Develop communication resources for the public and policy makers illustrating why threatened cultural heritage matters and how cultural heritage can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. 
3. Contribute to scientific literature on the vulnerability and resilience of cultural landscapes and culturally informed strategies for climate mitigation and adaptation. 
Our team builds on multiple collaborations and deep expertise. The most significant involves French, Spanish, and U.S. partners modeling future changes in the French Basque pastoral system. The Basque Centre for Climate Change specializes in Spanish transhumant pastoralism and ecological modeling; Swiss partners designed tools for measuring livelihood resilience, and partners in Norway have expertise in agricultural landscape change, cultural heritage, and public participation. Societal partners (Syndicate of Soule and Concejo de la Mesta) will contribute to project management and synthesis, and farmers are fully engaged in collecting and analyzing data. In addition to adaptation and management tools, the project supports guides for professional journalists and farmer-made films to spread awareness and increase public support for cultural heritage protection.

Mitigation and Adaptation in Cultural Heritage Landscapes: Lessons from Transhumant Pastoral Systems for Managing
Novel Climate Risks

I et typisk norsk klasserom går det fire år mellom tidspunktet når den tidligst utviklede jenta og den senest utviklede gutten kommer i puberteten. Til tross for disse store forskjellene mellom elever vet vi lite om hvordan pubertetsutvikling påvirker skoleresultater og videre utdanning, og tidligere studier har funnet at både tidlig og sen pubertetsutvikling kan være negativt for skoleprestasjoner. Dette prosjektet søker derfor å frembringe ny kunnskap om hvordan alder for pubertet påvirker skoleprestasjoner og utdanningsforskjeller senere i livet, og hvilke utdanningspolitiske virkemidler som kan påvirke denne sammenhengen. 

Dette prosjektet har unike muligheter til å svare på disse spørsmålene, med ferske data på pubertetsutvikling fra den norske mor- far- og barnundersøkelsen (MoBa) og den danske bedre sundhed i generationer – studien (DNBC) koblet mot registerdata med skoleresultater i begge land. Vi vil bruke gjentatte målinger av barnas høyde for å estimere alder ved største vekstspurt som ett pubertetsmål, og også bruke alder for første menstruasjon eller sædavgang og diagnostisert tidlig pubertet. Vi vil studere hvordan tidlig og sen pubertetsutvikling samvarierer med skoleprestasjoner, hvorvidt dette forholdet påvirkes av utvikling i tidlig barndom og utvikling hos medelever, og om pubertetsutvikling er relatert til utdanningsvalg. Vi vil også studere hvordan et ekstra skoleår etter ungdomsskolen i Danmark kan redusere negative effekter av sen pubertetsutvikling, og om oppnådd utdanning ble påvirket av et frivillig ekstra skoleår i Norge. 

Med et lengre perspektiv skal vi studere hvordan alder for første menstruasjon har utviklet seg gjennom nesten 100 år ved bruk av Conor-studien og MoBa, og hvordan sosioøkonomiske forskjeller i pubertetsutvikling har endret seg siden 60-tallet. Disse dataene vil også brukes til å studere hvordan alder for første menstruasjon er relatert til oppnådd utdanning for kvinner og skoleprestasjoner i neste generasjon.

Within a typical classroom, the onset of puberty occurs four years earlier for the first developing girl than for the latest developing boy. However, it is not clear how these large inter-personal differences affect school performance and educational trajectories, with previous studies finding negative effects of both early and late pubertal timing on school performance. This project therefore aims to provide new knowledge on how variation in pubertal timing affects school performance during adolescence and inequalities in education later in life, and to assess policies that could mitigate adverse consequences of such relationships.

To this end, we will use data from Norway and Denmark that combine cohort studies with extensive register data in both countries. We will use height-based measures of puberty and questions about sexual maturity from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) and the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) as well as diagnosed pubertal disorders, linked to school performance from national registers. We will study how early or late pubertal timing is associated with school performance, whether these associations depend on early childhood development and peer context, and whether pubertal timing relates to educational choices. Furthermore, we will consider whether an extra school year in Denmark mitigates adverse consequences of pubertal timing for educational achievement, and whether education was affected by the introduction and abolishment of an extra school year after lower secondary school in Norway. 

With a longer perspective, we will study how age at menarche has evolved over almost 100 years using MoBa and the Cohort of Norway study, and assess how it relates to socioeconomic background during the last half century. This data will also be used to study how age at menarche is related to educational attainment of women and school performance in the next generation.

Pubertal Timing and Inequalities in Education

Selv i Norge, et av de mer egalitære samfunnene i Europa, begrenser sosiale ulikheter i tidlig språkutvikling hos barn sterkt deres potensiale for senere suksess i utdanning og arbeidsliv. Derfor er det nødvendig med gode diagnostiske kartleggingsprøver for å oppdage og adressere disse ulikhetene tidlig. Progressive tester for tidlige språkferdigheter er det typiske måleinstrumentet som brukes til akkurat dette kartleggingsformålet. Dagens praksis for utforming av progressive tester er ikke god nok; Hvis vi vurderer at beslutninger tatt ved hjelp av disse testene kan ha en viss innvirkning på livet til medlemmer av ofte sårbare populasjoner (f.eks. små barn i faresonen), er det i verste fall direkte bekymringsfullt.

I dette prosjektet tar vi sikte på å gi et solid metodisk verktøysett som gjør det mulig å mer systematisk designe og validere progressive tester med formål om å legge til rette for det viktige arbeidet til utøvere innen utdanning, skolepsykologi og ortopedagogikk (PPT: pedagogisk-psykologisk tjeneste) som utfører diagnostiske kartlegging for utviklingsforsinkelser hos barn.

Even in Norway, one of the more egalitarian societies in Europe, social inequalities in the early language development of children heavily constrain their potential for later success in education and work life.  Hence, good diagnostic screening tests are needed to detect and address these inequalities early on. Progressive tests for early language skills are the typical measurement instrument used for this exact screening purpose. Current practice in design of progressive tests can be regarded as suboptimal at best and, if we consider that decisions made using these tests can have quite some impact on the life of members of often vulnerable populations (e.g., young kids at risk), outright worrying at worst. 

In this project, we aim to provide a solid toolkit that allows to more systematically design and validate progressive tests with the bigger goal of facilitating the important work of practitioners in the field of education, school psychology, and orthopedagogics that conduct the diagnostic screenings for developmental delays with children.

Screening Early and Adaptively for Language Skills

I det globale nord fremstilles ofte ressursutvinning som "grønne" og klimavennlige prosjekter, mens de faktisk opprettholder de koloniale forhold mellom stater og urfolk. Et eksempel er "grønn gruvedrift" i Sápmi, der metaller for litium-ion-batterier utvinnes. Industriinteressene bruker klimaendring som argument og posisjonerer seg selv som forkjempere for det grønne skiftet. Dette er bakgrunnen for forskningsprosjektet GREENGROWTH, som skal analysere betydningen av "grønne" prosjekter for samisk politikk og handlingsrom. De samiske områdene står overfor to store utfordringer: et økende behov for mineraler og energi for å opprettholde livsstil og industriell vekst, og et stadig økende behov for å håndtere klimaendringer. Vi skal belyse hvordan samiske aktører og interesser kommer til orde og får innflytelse i debatten om miljøvern, "grønn" industri og urfolkspolitikk, historisk og i dag. Vi undersøker hvordan nærings- og økonomiske og samiske interessenter (stakeholders) plasserer seg i debatten om grønn vekst. Prosjektet tar for seg politikk og kommersialisering av naturen, og ser på hvordan klimaendringer påvirker samiske aktører og interesser i det offentlige rommet. Den offentlige debatten om samiske spørsmål er fragmentert, og en av prosjektets arbeidspakker utforsker hvordan samiske interessenter representeres gjennom nyhets- og sosiale medier. Prosjektet belyser samisk motstand mot fornybare prosjekter og utfordrer stereotypier ved å se på samenes dobbeltrolle som både ofre for arealbeslag og økologisk bevisste aktører. GREENGROWTH undersøker gruveindustriens historie, styring og rolle i opprettholdelsen av koloniale diskurser og strukturer, og tar for seg både historiske og samtidige aspekter ved samiske medier og debatten om det grønne skiftet. Prosjektet søker å forstå de komplekse virkningene på urfolkssamfunn og bidrar til en dypere analyse av spenningsforholdene mellom samiske interesser, grønn industri og miljøvernere.

GREENGROWTH will study and compare the positions the Sámi actors and stakeholders occupy and are attributed in the public debate on the Green transition and Green mining. How are the stakeholder groups formed and how are the Sámi stakes and interests weighted by other actors in the debate? The debate studied is concerned with growth-driven Green projects, of which the Green transition is the most recent example. The Sámi actors are analysed as interest-, rights- and stakeholders by utilizing stakeholder theory, settler colonial theorizing, discourse analysis and frame analysis. GREENGROWTH focuses on Sámi framings and responses in this debate. The interdisciplinary, international, multicultural and multilingual research group consists of senior and mid-career scholars with expertise on Sámi and Indigenous issues representing communication sciences, economic history and environmental history. The project will contribute to a deeper understanding of the Sámi political space under swift transformation in conditions of Green transition and the encroachments of resource extraction. Work package 1 is project administration; Work Package 2 will study the key Sámi organizations, the Sámi Parliaments in Finland and Norway, the frames articulated in their social media accounts, and the Sámi news media’s role and framings in the public debate on Green growth. WP3 will analyse the longer history of cooperation between the Sámi and the environmentalist movement, and the effects on the Sámi of being immersed in environmental discourses, with a special focus on the ideologies and projects of Green growth and nature conservation in Finland and in Norway. WP4will study the conduct of mining companies and financial imperialism in the Nordic north by charting the history of the transformation in mining adopting an environmental ideological foundation. WP5 draws together and concludes on the central findings of GREENGROWTH.

GREENGROWTH - Green growth and Sami Stakeholders. Public debate on Green resource extraction in Sápmi

En bekymringsfull trend finner sted i Norge: andelen 30-åringer som mottar uføretrygd har mer enn doblet seg de siste 25 årene. Denne økningen sammenfaller med ulike samfunnsendringer, inkludert en økning i diagnoser knyttet til mental helse blant ungdom, økt konkurranse i utdanning, reformer i trygdeordningene, endringer i arbeidsmarkedet på grunn av automatisering, og demografiske endringer på grunn av innvandring og eldre personer som forblir lengre i arbeidsstyrken.

For å forstå økningen i andelen unge mottakere av uføretrygd, er et omfattende forskningsprosjekt igangsatt. Ved å bruke omfattende administrative data, undersøkelser og komparative studier på tvers av de nordiske landene, har prosjektet som mål å dekomponere faktorene til denne økningen i ungdoms uførhet. Forskningen er strukturert i seks arbeidspakker, hver med fokus på et spesifikt aspekt, som økning i utdanningskonkurranse, skift i arbeidsmarkedet, og den økende forekomsten av psykiske helsediagnoser. Det primære målet er å oppnå en nyansert forståelse av faktorene som driver økningen i ungdoms uførhet, spesielt den  sosioøkonomiske gradienten. Gjennom empiriske undersøkelser søker prosjektet å informere og forbedre grunnlaget for sosialforsikringssystemet og tilhørende politikkutvikling i Norge.

The share of people aged 30 who receive disability benefits in Norway has more than doubled over the previous 25 years. Despite several partial explanations, this dramatic rise is not well understood. It coincides with several other potentially related societal changes:
•	A rise in the share of youths receiving diagnoses, treatment and medication for mental illness, and an expanded treatment capacity. 
•	Increased competition in the educational sector.
•	Changes and reforms in the social insurance system. 
•	Structural changes in the labor market, machines and automation changing the composition of jobs. 
•	Increased supply of labor, potentially in competition with youth labor, from immigrants as well as prolonged labor market participation among the elderly. 

The ambition of this project is to solve this youth disability puzzle by carefully assembling these pieces of potential explanations, and – to the extent possible – quantify their importance. Our motivation is to provide answers to the seemingly simple question “Why is youth disability rising?”, a question of the utmost importance for policy design in Norway. To do so, we assemble an interdisciplinary team consisting of researchers from economics, psychology and educational science, and employ high quality administrative data covering health care, schools, higher education, labor markets, family links and social insurance, as well as surveys. We also put the Norwegian experience into a larger context by comparing Norway with other countries in a comparative research design for the Nordic countries. 
The project has six work packages, all building on extensive use of detailed, linkable, micro data: 
WP1: Decomposing the rise in youth disability 
WP2: Nordic comparison
WP3: Educational competition/The school system
WP4: The labor market
WP5: Medicalization
WP6: Poverty

What is driving the increasing youth disability insurance receipt in Norway?

Mens kvinner har gått inn i stadig flere utdanningsretninger og yrker, fortsetter menn i stor grad å gjøre kjønnstradisjonelle utdannings- og yrkesvalg. Andelen menn i kvinnedominerte utdanninger og yrker har endret seg veldig lite de siste tiårene. Forskning som er gjort på kjønnsdelte utdanningsvalg har i stor grad handlet om kvinners valg og bortvalg av mannsdominerte utdanninger, mens vi har mindre kunnskap om menns vurderinger av kvinnedominerte utdanninger og yrker. Forskningen har også i stor grad vært opptatt av å identifisere og dokumentere hvorfor kjønnssegregeringen vedvarer, heller enn å studere hvordan oppfatninger om kjønnstypiske yrker kan endre seg. 

Missing Men vil bidra med kunnskap om hvorfor menn flest velger bort kvinnedominerte yrker, og undersøke hvordan endring i oppfatninger om kjønnstypiske yrker kan skje. Tre overordnede forskningsspørsmål skal besvares: (1) på hvilken måte henger oppfatninger av kjønn og arbeid sammen, og hvordan kan dette påvirke utdanningsvalg? (2) Hvordan kan slike oppfatninger endre seg? (3) Hva er barrierene og mulighetene for menns inngang i kvinnedominerte utdanninger? 

For å besvare spørsmålene bruker vi en kombinasjon av individuelle dybdeintervju, survey-eksperiment og registerdata for hele populasjonen. Arbeidet er organisert i to arbeidspakker. I den første arbeidspakken undersøker vi unge jenter og gutters vurderinger av kvinnedominerte yrker, hvordan oppfatninger om arbeid og ferdigheter er koblet til kjønn, og hvordan dette henger sammen med de unges utdanningsplaner. Her vil vi bruke en kombinasjon av dybdeintervju og survey-eksperimenter. I den andre arbeidspakken vil vi bruke registerdata for å studere faktorer som kan bidra til kjønnsutradisjonelle utdanningsvalg for menn og kvinner, og intervjue menn på sykepleiestudiet og på grunnskolelærerstudiet om deres valg av utdanning.

While women have spread out into a continuously larger part of the educational system, men continue to make gender-traditional choices, and the presence of men in female-dominated educational fields remains persistently low. There is an acute lack of knowledge about men’s assessment of female-dominated professions and of the barriers and potentials for men’s entry into these educational and professional fields. The international state-of-the-art research on gendered educational choices has drawn heavily on insights from the social psychological literature. This research has focused mainly on identifying the stabilizing factors in the gender segregation, documenting the persisting effect of deeply-rooted and slow to change gender beliefs. This project will build on and expand this work to develop a theoretical framework tailored for grasping change in gendered beliefs, and thus how gender non-traditional choices come about. 

We will produce new and needed empirical knowledge on the barriers and potentials specific for men’s entry into female-dominated study fields. By combining a diversity of methods and levels of investigation, we aim to advance the literature within this emerging field of research. We will fill a lacuna of knowledge on how gender-typing of skills, work and qualities influence educational aspirations, making use of both qualitative interviews and factorial survey experiments. We will add to the few existing studies of gendered assessments in the Nordic context, and how assessments vary with background and context. We will expand the literature by identifying which aspects of female-typed work constitute barriers to men’s entry into female-typed careers. Furthermore, we will use population wide registry data to study what impacts non-traditional choices for men and women, and interview men in nursing studies and primary education teacher studies about their way into female-dominated study fields.

Missing Men: New conceptual understandings of gendered educational choices

Norske kvinner har den høyeste sykefraværsraten av alle OECD-landene, til tross for god befolkningshelse. Kjønnsforskjellen i sykefravær er relativt høyere i Norge (ca. 70% høyere hos kvinner enn hos menn) enn i andre OECD-land (cirka 50% høyere). 

Denne kjønnsforskjellen i sykefravær er en stor utfordring når det gjelder kvinnehelse, livskvalitet og likestilling mellom kjønnene. Årsakene til kjønnsforskjellene er i stor grad uforklarlig i forskningslitteraturen. Det finnes ingen evidensbasert klinisk intervensjon som kan redusere eller forhindre kjønnsforskjellen i sykefravær.

Vi vil bruke data fra to store multisenter randomisert kontrollerte prosjekt fra HelseIArbeid-klinikkene i Nord-Norge. Pasienters bakgrunn og videre forløp vil hentes i registerdata for sykefravær, sysselsetting, langsiktige fordeler, bruk av helsetjenester over en periode på 20 år. 

I arbeidspakke 1 (WP1) vil vi utforske seks hypoteser for høyere sykefraværsrater hos kvinner enn menn. Disse inkluderer kjønnsforskjeller i: 
1. spesifikke helseproblemer, inkludert symptomer og diagnoser, 
2. tanker om årsaker til helseproblem og konsekvenser for sykefravær, 
3. overbevisninger om helsebringende eller forebyggende effektene av sykefravær, 
4. opplevd arbeidsmiljø og utfordringer i mulige konflikter mellom arbeidsliv og privatliv, 
5. opplevde barrierer retur til arbeid fra sykmelding, 
6. ønsker, prioriteringer og forventninger til karriere og andre livsprioriteringer. 

Psykiske lidelser som angst og depresjon, samt muskel- og skjelettplager, er vanlige diagnoser for sykmelding, og vanligere blant kvinner enn menn, og et flertall av HelseIArbeid-pasientene er kvinner. I WP2 vil vi teste om en klinisk intervensjon for å forebygge sykefravær, og øke retur til arbeid blant sykmeldte, kan redusere kjønnsforskjellen i sykefravær. 

Vi vil gjennomføre systematiske litteraturoppsummeringer for begge arbeidspakkene i tidlig prosjektperiode.

Norwegian women have the highest sickness absence rate of all countries in the OECD, despite a good population health. The gender difference in sickness absence is relatively higher in Norway (70%) than in other OECD countries (50%), but the gender difference is observed in all economies where female labour force participation is high.

This gender difference represents a major concern in terms of health, wellbeing, and gender equality and is largely unexplained in the research literature. No intervention has yet proven to be efficacious in reducing this gender gap in sickness absence.

We will use data from two large multi-center RCTs on occupational health and return to work. To the best of our knowledge, these two RCTs constitute the largest within the field of work and health service delivery. The first RCT (n=1144) has successfully completed recruitment, and the second RCT (n=2500) will conclude recruitment during 2024. Patient data will be linked with high quality longitudinal register data from three different sources, containing data on employment, benefits, sickness absence and healthcare service utilisation covering a time span of 20 years.

In WP1, we will go beyond the state-of-the-art and explore three existing hypotheses with a novel angle, in addition to two original hypotheses for the relatively higher sickness absence rates in women compared to men. WP1 is based on secondary analyses of uniquely rich data from the RCTs. This level of detailed data have previously not been available for research on the gender difference in sickness absence.

In WP2, we will test the efficacy of a clinical intervention tailored to prevent sickness absence and promote return to work. Preliminary data indicates that there is high demand for this service in women, with a 70/30 split. This is as expected as the intervention targets those reporting symptoms of common mental disorders and/or musculoskeletal problems, conditions that are more prevalent in women than in men.

Explaining the gender difference in sickness absence and testing the efficacy of a clinical intervention to promote return to work in women

Midlene fra STIM-OA-Stimuleringstiltak for åpen tilgang fordelt på år

Midlene fra STIM-OA-Stimuleringstiltak for åpen tilgang fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra STIM-OA-Stimuleringstiltak for åpen tilgang fordelt på fagområde

Prof. emeritus, Research advisor

Søknad om refusjon av utlegg til OA publisering for forskere ved Diakonhjemmet Sykehus - gjelder alle avdelinger. Søknaden er utformet av forskningsrådgiver/leder av forskningsutvalget på sykehuset på vegne av administrerende direktør Anders Mohn Frafjord

Publiseringsstøtte Diakonhjemmet Sykehus - open Access 2019

This ambitious project addresses the role of hypothalamic tanycytes and epigenetic modification in regulating seasonal time keeping in mammals using two physiological paradigms, maternal programming and hibernation. This project brings together complementary skills in: 1) seasonal and developmental chronobiology (Valérie Simonneauxs team, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg), and 2) in circannual rhythms and epigenetic regulation (Shona Woods team, University of Tromsø, Norway; recently awarded a prestigious Tromsø Forskningsstiftelse Starting Grant). The project focuses on established rodent models for seasonal time keeping (raised in Strasbourg’s Chronobiotron UMS 3415), and it uses a unique infrastructure at UiT for epigenetics and chronobiology. The research will be performed by a talented PhD student, Vebjørn Jacobsen Mellum (UiT). The candidate will work half of his PhD in Strasbourg and half in Tromsø. This project offers an excellent mentorship/training opportunity for both Wood (an early carrer researcher) and Mellum.  Academic beneficiaries of this research will encompass scientists studying fundamental features of neurobiology and tanycytes, dynamic epigenetic control mechanisms, obesity and metabolic disease research, as well as hibernation and seasonal researchers. This will also extend to scientists interested in comparative genomics and evolution and may offer important new insights. Further, identifying the complex molecular mechanisms orchestrating the entrance and exit of a torpor state could provide important contributions to the development of therapeutic strategies aiming at decreasing metabolic activity in the case of organ transplantation, recovery from stroke, cardiac arrest muscle disease and other ischemia/reperfusion insults.

HYPOTHALAMIC TANYCYTES AS EPIGENETIC CALENDARS

Project 1: The idea of this project is to develop a statistical methodology to exploit the information about the molecular structure of the data. In particular, the novel methodology aims at accounting for groups of biomarkers in high-dimensional survival models, namely when biological knowledge suggests that some of the candidate biomarkers belong to molecular pathways. Among other possible approaches, penalized regression methods based on adaptive lasso and sparse-group lasso will be explored.

Project 2: An extremely important tool in biomedical applications is the so-called meta-analysis, in which information from different studies is combined together to provide more evidence for or against a particular result. Unfortunately, not all scientific studies are published, most commonly because researchers and editors are reluctant to publish null results and results with the wrong sign. This phenomenon is captured by the term publication bias. For the meta-analysts, publication bias is a serious problem, as it causes systematically biased effect size estimates. An approach that takes into account the effect of the publication bias in a meta-analysis study has been theoretically developed by Jonas Moss. The aim of this project is to further develop the approach and derive a model which can be effectively used in biomedical applications.

Advanced statistical methods for complex biomedical data structures

The correct functioning of the vertebrate nervous system requires the rapid conduction of nerve impulses over large distances. This saltatory conduction is enabled by the myelin sheath, a tighly packed, multilayered membrane wrapped around selected axons. Myelin is formed of dozens of lipid bilayers, containing specific integral and peripheral membrane proteins that stack lipid membranes into multilayers. Although many myelin proteins were, due to their high natural abundance, initially isolated >50 years ago, little is still known about their 3D structure or the molecular mechanisms of their function in myelin formation.

Protein zero (P0) is the most abundant protein in peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin, and this integral membrane protein is a target of dozens of CMT mutations. The extracellular domain is engaged in homophilic interactions, while the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain binds to membrane surfaces. 

A wide range of techniques will be used to study the folding and membrane interactions of the P0 cytoplasmic domain and its mutated variants; this application specifically targets NMR experiments to be done in collaboration with Dr. Robert Schneider at the University of Lille, France. Dr. Schneider is experienced in using NMR techniques to study membrane proteins, and his research interests include biomedically relevant flexible/disordered proteins and their complexes with lipid membranes. 

NMR spectroscopy will be used to study the structure, dynamics, and lipid interactions of the P0 cytoplasmic domain. The first test NMR spectrum of the P0 cytoplasmic domain has been recently measured, and the sample is definitely suitable for further structure/dynamics analyses. Work is ongoing to produce isotopically labelled disease variants of the cytoplasmic domain for more detailed studies, supported by this application.

Molecular dissection of human peripheral neuropathy

We plan to collect physical activity data on 20 typically developing children and 20 ambulatory children with CP, in Nice. Corresponding Norwegian data are available in Trondheim. In both countries, this will involve several experienced researchers and at least one PhD candidate and one master student. Detailed planning will be done during spring 2019, data collection and data analyses training during late spring to early autumn and during late autumn, the data collection will be carried out.
The French researchers will visit us in Norway during the spring for planning and start –up purposes and we will visit France for longer periods for data collection purposes.

Patterns of habitual physical activity in children with cerebral palsy in France and Norway

The impact of climate change on water quality and quantity is an important societal concern. The duration, magnitude and frequency of droughts are increasing due to the climate change. Water electrolysis is a rising method for hydrogen production and clean water supplies will become of vital importance. ATMOS aims to further develop and improve a method of technological interest for areas where clean water resources, as well as grid infrastructure are limited or non-existing. ATMOS is developed in UiO and is a solar-powered water electrolysis system, which can produce renewable fuels (H2) from atmospheric humidity and sunlight. Humidity is the water source in this system and it is always present in air. 

More specifically, ATMOS is a photoelectrochemical water vapor electrolysis device, in which the traditionally used aqueous electrolytes are replaced by polymer proton conducting membranes (PCM). The PCM provides also separation of the oxygen and hydrogen evolving sides and support to the anode and cathode electrodes. The electrodes in this solid-state photoelectrochemical (SSPEC) device are comprised of photoactive materials based on earth-abundant elements. Especially the photo-anode is based on TiO2, which is a well-studied photocatalyst. Its main drawback is the low light absorption efficiency, which is restricted to the UV region only. To this end, the IMM group from the University Paris Diderot specializes in the visible light sensitization of TiO2 with quantum dots, which are synthesized by soft chemistry routes. 

ATMOS seeks the improvement in the efficiency of the novel SSPEC water vapor electrolysis system by an international collaboration between two research groups of complementary expertize. Moreover, the scientists involved in ATMOS will benefit from the international mobility both from a scientific point of view, as well as from a cultural. Ultimate outcome of ATMOS is common publications and an EU proposal for extended follow-up activities.

Solar-powered H2 production from atmospheric humidity: A novel system to generate renewable fuels in deserted and off-grid areas

An active fluid denotes a suspension of agents (particles, macromolecules, bacteria, or cells) that are able to convert energy into individual propulsion (for bacteria or cells this is internal chemical energy). Such self-propelled agents generally exhibit collective behavior (swarming).  This project will explore active motion and swarming in complex non-Newtonian fluids. Sofar no thorough study has been done to for example really understand the behavior of active bacterial fluids when the suspending fluid is non-Newtonian. From a practical point of view this has a tremendous importance as many biological fluids in the body are non-Newtonian and there is a growing medical interest in understanding how bacteria are transported in lumen (intestine or ureter) or may eventually cross mucus barriers and provoke serious diseases. Furthermore, bacteria are currently being explored as a potential medicament vectors in the perspective of personalized medicine , and more recently magnetotactic bacteria were used to directly search and destroy cancer cells .
   The project is further relevant to understand bacterial contamination of food or cosmetics, contamination and decontamination soils and aquifers, which all involve confined bacterial motion in complex fluids. The project also connects to materials science and self-assembly of functional meso-scale structured materials. The research will involve studies of both living active matter (ESPCI) and synthetic non-living model systems of active matter (NTNU). Two main active fluid systems will be studied: bacterial suspensions including magnetotactic bacteria  (ESPCI), and suspended electro-hydrodynamically driven colloidal rotors emulating collective behavior of bacterial swarms (NTNU).  Different complex fluid environments will be tested, in particular colloidal clay fluids/gels (NTNU).

Swimming and swarming in complex fluids

Management of mixed species forest stands offers many advantages for the range of ecosystem services currently in the focus in Europe. We are currently studying the growth and management of even-aged mixed stands. Increasing interest for uneven-aged management across Europe makes it necessary to extend our knowledge about the effects of different forest structures to mixed forests that are uneven-aged and rich in vertical structure. 
We are particularly focusing on the growth of trees in these stand types and how growth and yield is affected by different thinning intensities. Thinning and selective cuttings change species composition, affect growth, and change stand structure. This important management action can therefore have substantial consequences for the ecosystem services provided by uneven-aged mixed forests.
We will use records from long-term sample plots as well as temporary sample plots to study growth and yield and how it is affected by thinning and selective cutting. We will also use terrestrial 3D laser scanning to describe tree crowns in order to better understand the underlying mechanisms causing stem growth reactions to thinning.

Growth and management of uneven-aged mixed forests

UiT The Arctic University of Tromsø is currently cultivating marine micro algae in large scale bioreactors by using CO2 in flue gases from a local ferrosilicon plant. In order to monitor to content of potential toxic metabolites in the algae cultures, we want to study if culture extracts have any effects on the transriptomes of sea urchins. This assay is established at Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls in France. To monitor survival of sea urchin embryos is a quite course bioassay, while responses on gene expression on stress-response genes might reveal more subtle toxic effects. In this project we want to test the concept on one species, and if successful we will establish a larger scale project for monitoring diatoms cultivated in the large scale bioreactors in Tromsø.

Toxicological tests for secondary metabolites produced by cultivated Arctic diatoms

Active perception by an automated movement of the 3D sensor mounted on a robot arm is essential for exploration of the scene and the object that needs to be manipulated. It is also a prerequisite for development of novel concepts for robotic automation and application of these in industries working with compliant objects such is the marine industry. Applications such as robotic sorting and manipulation involve a robot being able to interact (e.g. by grasping ) with compliant objects which are fragile and easy deformable. These objects may typically move or deform when interaction and manipulation is attempted. Given a 3D image acquired by a depth camera, one can compute the interaction vector (e.g. for the grasp), for the object of interest. Once interaction has begun, the object may become partially occluded and begin to move and deform. To both initiate the robot manipulation as well as the interaction phase, an active perception with robot by means of 3D visual servoing is necessary. Active perception enables a complete overview of the 3D structure of the object and makes possible to handle occlusion and deformation due to manipulation or movement. Research activity in activeVISION is therefore aimed at giving a robot the kind of interaction intelligence that human workers have, in order to enable robots to 'see' the scene and correctly identify and localize the objects of interest to be manipulated. 

By initiating this collaboration between INRIA Rennes-Bretagne Atlantique and SINTEF Ocean we aim a long-term collaboration and joint work towards novel concepts in active perception applicable and relevant for industries in France and Norway. Collaboration will be pursued in developing joint project applications for both H2020 program, financed by the EU commission, as well as relevant Norwegian national programs financed by the Research Council of Norway.

activeVISION - Active perception and 3D pose estimation of compliant deformable objects applicable to agriculture and ocean space sector

På grunn av et økende fokus på sunne dietter og magre produkter, produseres det store mengder overskudd med animalsk fett. Dette overskuddsfettet blir i dag brukt videre til energiproduksjon eller andre formål som genererer lave verdier. Målet til Lipofungi prosjektet er å øke verdien av animalsk fettbiprodukter fra slakt til høy verdi fettsyrer gjennom soppgjæringsprosesser. I en pilotstudie, har vi vist at oljeproduserende sopp fra phylum Zygomycetes kan konvertere mettede fettsyrer fra animalsk fett biprodukter som inneholder triglyserider (SAT-tags), til flerumettede fettsyrer som inneholder triglyserider (PUFA-tags). En stor andel av fettbiprodukter som produseres i Norge og i Europa i dag er enten spiselig fett, som passer for konsum eller såkalt kategori 3 fett, som er egnet for dyrefor. Avhengig av typen av fett biprodukt, kan derfor fettrestråstoffer enten brukes som fôr eller som mat. Prosjektet tar for seg de mest sentrale biologiske og teknologiske forskningsutfordringer for å utvikle en bærekraftig prosess for lipid oppgradering fra animalsk restfett. Prosjektet vil utvikle gjæringteknologi for neddykket og fast-fase gjæring, prosessoptimalisering og oppskalering. Prosjektet vil evaluere det endelige produktet, og utføre en foreløpig økonomisk evaluering av prosessen. Prosjektet vil gjøre bruk av NordBioLab infrastrukturen ved NMBU og prosjektet vil være et tverrfaglig og tverrinstitusjonelt samarbeid som involverer all kompetanse som kreves for det komplekse målet, som er satt.

Vibrational spectroscopy and imaging are applied in live sciences and biomedical sciences for the investigation of biological samples in their native form. The techniques are used for cancer diagnosis, microbial identification and in general for characterization of biological samples. The field is evolving quickly and the scientific community of biomedical vibrational spectroscopy is big. It is for example expected that within short time histopathological analysis for cancer diagnosis will be computer-assisted or replaced by vibrational spectroscopic imaging combined with big data analysis. Huge databases of spectroscopic imaging data are currently collected at different centres. The data analytical challenges are the scatter correction of the data and the establishing of powerful classifiers. The Norwegian group at NMBU is renowned for being at the forefront of data analysis of biomedical vibrational spectroscopic data. The French group at Soleil is at the forefront of ground-breaking new instrumental settings for vibrational spectroscopic imaging of biological systems and represents one of the main platforms for vibrational spectroscopic imaging in Europe.
The BigSpecData project aims at establishing a long-term collaboration between the Norwegian University of Life Sciences and the SMIS Infrared Spectromicroscopy Beamline at Soleil on Big Data obtained in vibrational spectroscopic Imaging. The collaboration will address data analysis challenges that have been arising during recent years in the field of vibrational spectroscopic imaging of biological materials.

Data analysis for Big Vibrational Spectroscopic Data

The impact of the spread of arboviruses in terms of public health has been particularly underscored by the recent epidemics of the Alphavirus Chikungunya (CHIKV) in the Indian Ocean regions (2005) and in the Caribbean islands (2013). In humans, CHIKV is responsible for an acute syndrome of varying intensity that can progress towards long-term disabling joint pathologies as well as neurological complications. The recent spread of the Flavivirus Zika (ZIKV) from the Pacific Ocean (2007-2013) to South America (2015) and the increased incidence of birth defects related to brain development abnormalities are additional examples of the health risk of these mosquito-transmitted viruses against which there is no vaccination or treatment.
In this project we will investigate the mechanism underlying neuronal tropism of CHIKV and ZIKV, focusing initially on entry factors, by exploring the role of TAM-receptors in recognizing exposed phosphatidylserines on the viral envelope. We will then investigate how the viruses can manipulate the host cell epitranscriptome to allow viral replication. One of the mechanisms cells mount to combat viruses, is the shut-down of mRNA translation and translocation of mRNAs to stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies. This hostile environment can be manipulated by viruses so that they can attenuate host antiviral responses and subvert SGs to facilitate viral RNA translation. Recent evidence also indicates that the cellular mRNA methylation machinery can strongly influence viral replication. Here, knockdown of the m6A methyltransferases METTL3 and 4 enhanced production of Zika virions, whereas knockdown of the m6A demethylase had the opposite effect. To what extent the arboviruses are able to manipulate the host cell epitranscriptome and epigenome, remains, however, unknown.  Quantification and eventually positional identification of such modifications subsequent to infection will be major goals of the project.

EPIGENETIC AND EPITRANSCRIPTOMIC VARIATIONS INDUCED BY ARBOVIRUS INFECTION OF BRAIN RESIDENT CELLS

Over the past few years, devastating terrorist attacks have occurred across Europe. There is an urgent need for coordinated efforts across Europe to develop outreach strategies to provide high quality care and support for terror victims. 

The 2011 Norway attacks and 2015 Paris attacks killed many civilians and impacted thousands. The survivors, their close ones and the bereaved families were at risk of severe consequences, such as posttraumatic stress reactions, depression, traumatic grief and inability to work or study. Different intervention models were implemented after the Norway and the Paris attacks. There is a need for knowledge about to what extent the outreach strategies succeeded in providing care for the affected individuals. 

The unpredictability of terrorist attacks makes it extremely challenging to conduct methodologically sound research in the wake of such events. Yet it is essential to provide knowledge on the health care needs of affected individuals to develop post-terror outreach strategies to provide high quality care to individuals and communities affected by terrorism. 

Longitudinal studies of the health impact and psychosocial follow-up of the survivors of the terrorist attacks have been developed in Norway and France. The proposed project seeks to develop a long-term collaboration between the research teams conducting the studies in both countries. The Aurora exchange project will be a unique opportunity for the French and Norwegian research teams to jointly develop ideas and   collaboration with respect to post-terror research in an international context.Young researchers from both countries participate in the exchange, which will contribute to building capacity for the future. The overall aim is to generate knowledge that will improve the public health response to terrorist attacks across national borders.

STIM-OA-Stimuleringstiltak for åpen tilgang

Publiseringsstøtte Diakonhjemmet Sykehus - open Access 2019

Tildelt: kr 36 000

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STIM-OA-Stimuleringstiltak for åpen tilgang

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