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Renewable energy on the high seas – science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations for regulatory and governance challenges

The high seas are those marine areas under no State's jurisdiction. So far, all marine renewable energy (RE) activity is being conducted under State's jurisdiction. However, recent advances in technology are raising the prospect of carrying out RE activity on the high seas. Currently, only seabed mining activities in the Area have been regulated. The Area is the seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits of State's jurisdiction. From the legal viewpoint, the main gap is a lack of an international regulatory framework, informed by participatory mechanisms and supported by scientific evidence, for RE activities on the high seas, especially regarding their environmental and social impacts. 
The primary project objective (O) is to provide the scientific community and policymakers with science-informed and indigenous knowledge-based recommendations in support of the development of  RE regulation on the high seas. 
Two specific Os are set to complement the primary O, namely:
O1 To advance the use of systematic consultation processes that facilitates research at the crossroads of marine sciences and law. 
O2 To advance critical knowledge and understanding of environmental pressing issues comparable to the regulation of RE on the high seas, such as deep-sea mining in the Area.
A multistep innovative methodology will be adopted, by integrating marine scientific knowledge, consultative processes, and advanced critical research in the subject matter. A case study (interdisciplinary and participatory) involving marine scientists, indigenous and coastal communities and policy makers will be conducted onboard the Research Vessel KronPrins Haakon at the beginning of the project. The case study outcomes will be analysed through critical legal analysis to build a knowledge base for policy recommendations. 
The project will advance the PI’s career in an international research environment, allowing her to generate independent, high-quality, and reproducible results.




Improving tropical forest conservation in Africa

The importance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for better balancing tropical forest conservation and poverty alleviation goals is increasingly recognised. Yet, in Africa, poor understanding of the impact of harvesting on species’ populations and forest carbon stocks, together with little information on the traditional institutions which have informally regulated NTFPs extraction in the past -and could continue to do so in the future-, hamper the use of NTFPs in both forest conservation and development initiatives. 
AFRI-FOR will gather the knowledge needed to determine (1) the key enablers of sustainable harvesting for groups of plant or wild meat species, (2) which types of NTFP harvesting can have synergies with carbon storage, and (3) how traditional institutions can be integrated into formal conservation. To achieve these objectives, AFRI-FOR provide new methods, including (i) a new interdisciplinary approach for investigating NTFPs harvesting impacts, combining traditional ecological knowledge (TEK, from local communities), surveys of plants and wildlife, market surveys and modelling techniques; and (ii) a novel standardised protocol for gathering information about traditional institutions and compliance towards them. AFRI-FOR will gather data and knowledge from 20 socio-ecological forest contexts in five countries (Sierra Leone, Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda and Kenya), which will allow insights to transcend single sites and provide a much-needed general understanding. This high-risk and high-gain project will provide a step-change in our ability to inform forest conservation in Africa, by identifying synergies between biodiversity conservation, carbon storage and poverty alleviation goals.


Evaluation of thermohydraulic characteristic of printed circuit heat exchangers in pseudocritical region for supercritical CO2 cycle

Currently, 28.2% of the total EU-28 greenhouse gas emissions come from the power sector, a large contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, the emphasis of the research in power generation has swung towards assessing highly efficient and greener power cycles. In this reference, the novel supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle (sCO2-BC) is an ideal choice that outstrips other formally well-known power cycles (Brayton & Rankine cycles). In sCO2-BC, the role of the pre-cooler is critical. It serves as a sink to the power cycle and regulates the conditions at the compressor's inlet. The compressor's inlet temperature is intended to be maintained close to the critical temperature of carbon dioxide (CO2) to achieve greater cycle efficiencies. However, exceptionally higher values of the specific heat capacity of CO2 near its critical point (up to 40 times higher than water) require exceedingly high water flow rates on the cold side to achieve the desired exit temperatures of CO2. Consequently, the pre-cooler's pumping power requirements become high enough to deteriorate the cycle's performance. This problem can only be mitigated by exploring new channel geometries with enhanced thermohydraulic characteristics. Therefore, the proposed study plan to characterize the complex thermohydraulic characteristics in the pseudocritical region of CO2 using a multifaceted technique that includes, experimental, numerical, and machine learning techniques. The proposed work will provide a step forward to the success of sCO2-BC technologies that, in turn, will facilitate its integration with the green energy resources (generation-IV nuclear reactors and solar concentrated plants), helping to meet the EU's 2030 climate and energy framework goals of achieving at least 32% share for renewable energy.

Integrated Research Infrastructure Services for Climate Change risks

Adaptation to climate change requires in-depth understanding of climate change driven risks, including their determinants (hazards, exposure and vulnerabilities) and impacts to human, production and natural systems. Integrated Research Infrastructure Services for Climate Change Risks (IRISCC) is a consortium of diverse and complementary leading research infrastructures (RIs) covering disciplines from natural sciences to social sciences, across different domains and sectors. IRISCC provides scientific and knowledge services to foster cutting-edge research and evidence-based policymaking to improve Europe's resilience to climate change. IRISCC ensures a “one-stop-shop” for various user communities on climate change risk related RI services by setting up a dedicated Catalogue of services and related access management system both for granting transnational (onsite and remote) and offering virtual access. The Catalogue of services will be built through three consecutive releases, each delivering increasingly integrated services to its user communities. The IRISCC service integration will include Service Design Labs employing co-design and transdisciplinary action, and Service Demonstrators benchmarking the integrated cross-RI services. In addition to services aimed towards the scientific community, IRISCC will offer knowledge services aimed towards policymakers and other stakeholders. This is done together with risk management platforms. The research enabled by IRISCC contributes to future reports on climate change effects (IPCC, IPBES) as well as policy- and decision-making to meet the targets of climate adaptation strategies. IRISCC contributes to training a new generation of scientists to efficiently use RI services and for data stewardship. Data from IRISCC will be open and made available in compliance with FAIR principles and linked to European initiatives such as EOSC. Strong links will be created between IRISCC and current and future efforts under Horizon Europe.

Enhanced X(cross)-disciplinary Community-driven Imaging Technologies for Earth and Environmental material research

The EXCITE² Network is revolutionizing Earth and environmental material science research by consolidating a critical mass of 18 research facilities in 12 European and associated partner countries into a unified infrastructure and providing transnational access to advanced imaging technologies. This enables scientists to decipher complex processes within Earth materials at scales from nanometres to hundreds of centimetres, gaining unparalleled insight into the chemical and physical processes that govern, among others, environmental toxicity and its impact on human health, critical metal extraction for renewable energies, and the utilisation of Earth materials as long-term storage for climate-altering gases. The consortium fosters knowledge-sharing and talent attraction, bolstering the problem-solving capacity of the European Research Area. Moreover, EXCITE² is driving interdisciplinary collaboration and cross-fertilisation across academic institutions, scientific disciplines, and industry, propelling Europe towards a sustainable future. The initiative offers dedicated training programmes to a new generation of researchers within the European open science landscape, paired with access to world-class imaging facilities and expertise for problem-solving research and innovation. EXCITE² is introducing innovative service developments, such as artificial intelligence and leading-edge imaging experiments, to increase the user's problem-solving capacity. In addition, the consortium is implementing customised project valorisation strategies to maximize the impact of research outcomes in academia, society, and the economy. Citizen science projects allow the public to participate directly within the EXCITE² Network, contributing to solving EU challenges. As such, EXCITE² is paving the way towards a sustainable future, driving scientific excellence, and creating positive societal impact.

Smart and Sustainable Host UniverCities: leveraging city-university interactions to further the twin green and digital transition

SUNSET aims to develop innovative research and training capacity around city-university interactions driving the EU’s green and digital transition. This twin transition is a defining element of the current EU policy agenda towards achieving climate neutrality and sustainable growth. The European Commission considers cities to be frontrunners in this transition agenda, but their transformational capacity and resilience crucially depends on the presence of agile and high-performing urban innovation ecosystems. SUNSET brings together (1) prominent researchers working in diverse geographical and disciplinary settings at leading universities (N=6) with (2) partners (N=16) from city governments (often participating in the Cities Mission to achieve climate neutrality by 2030), innovation companies, research institutes and civil society organizations to analyze and foster the performance of these urban innovation ecosystems: drawing on a purposeful range of interdisciplinary, international, and intersectoral exchanges, the Doctoral Network will investigate whether and how universities can successfully become key drivers of the twin transition in cities via their role as innovation partners, the implementation of campus living labs, and as architects of decision-making in governance ecosystems. Through a tailored combination of network-wide training events and academic and non-academic secondments, the SUNSET Doctoral Network will train a new generation of researchers to become future urban innovation ecosystem leaders in the pursuit of the twin green and digital transition. The findings will lead to practical guidelines regarding the design and implementation of living labs for university and city management, tailored strategies to foster more inclusive and diverse urban ecosystems, and diverse forms of scientific outreach and dissemination.

Aqua Research Infrastructure Services for the health and protection of our unique, oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems

AQUARIUS will provide a highly comprehensive suite of integrated research infrastructures appropriate to addressing significant challenges for the long-term sustainability of our unique oceans, seas and freshwater ecosystems. For the first time, diverse research infrastructures will be combined to facilitate the work of researchers and key stakeholders focused on challenges and opportunities for both marine and freshwater systems. An impressive range of 57 research infrastructure services will be made available to include research vessels, mobile marine observation platforms, aircraft,  drones, satellite, sensors, fixed freshwater and marine observatories and test sites, experimental facilities, and sophisticated data infrastructures. AQUARIUS will support the development phase of the EU Mission to Restore our Ocean and waters by 2030, the Sustainable Blue Economy Partnership, the European Green Deal, and international climate initiatives. It will also be an essential component in achieving the European Digital Twin of the Ocean and the UN Decade for Ocean Sciences. The needs of researchers will be met through a robust and transparent system of transnational access funding Calls, facilitated by centralised user-friendly access portal. The Call programme will be informed through stakeholder engagement and brokerage events. Projects to be selected for Access must convincingly integrate multiple infrastructures and contribute to the core policy objectives of Mission Ocean, that is, to protect and restore marine and freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity; to prevent and eliminate pollution of our oceans, seas and waters; and to ensure a sustainable, carbon-neutral and circular blue economy. A thematic and geographic focus will be the hallmark of the proposed transnational Calls, aligning with the Lighthouse Regions, that is, the Baltic and the North Sea Basins, Black Sea, Atlantic/Arctic, and Mediterranean Sea along with their associated rivers.

Research Infrastructure Services for Renewable Energy

The European Green Deal aims to transform the EU into a modern, resource-efficient and competitive economy with zero net greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. To achieve more efficient, competitive and cost-effective energy systems and devices, RISEnergy fosters a European ecosystem of industry, research organizations and funding agencies aimed at developing novel energy technologies and concepts. RISEnergy brings together a consortium of 69 beneficiaries from 23 countries: ERIC institutions, technology institutes, universities and industrial partners, to jointly improve the economic performance of technologies. Members of the European Energy Research Alliance are establishing the core European ecosystem. The main objectives of RISEnergy are: 1.) enable research and innovation to increase energy efficiency and reduce the cost of energy technologies to foster wider use of renewables into energy systems through proactive innovation management having single entry point with tailor-made access roads for academics, industry, and SMEs, and advising RI providers, all acces Users, and policy makers on LCA, ICT development and networking issues; 2.) provide efficient transnational access (TNA) to facilities to support renewable energy technologies and systems: Provide more than 2,500 days of access to major European and international world-leading analytical facilities; 3.) reach out to all stakeholders performing research along the value chain, from materials and technology development to applications in the eight most relevant fields of PV, CSP/STE , hydrogen, biofuels, offshore wind, ocean energy, integrated grids, and energy storage, research infrastructure providers and policy makers; 4.) provide comprehensive services of unprecedented quality: new cross-RI services, a single entry point, tailor-made access roads for academia industry, and SMEs with a particular focus on scientists from research fields in which the use of research infrastructures is not yet established.


Cooperation and AgReements enhancing Global interOperability for Aerosol, Cloud and Trace gas research infrastructures

The goal of CARGO-ACT is to deliver a clear roadmap for sustainable global cooperation between key
ground-based aerosol, cloud and trace gas research infrastructures, each having invested in infrastructure and services to support their observing networks with a long-term perspective, with a view to consolidating into a sustainable global research infrastructure in the future. There is a strong desire for global integration from the research community, including weather, climate, and air quality monitoring and modelling, 
and in particular from space agencies, since global networks of ground-based observations are an essential component complementing Earth Observation from space, providing calibration and validation of the remote sensing information collected by current and future satellite missions. The integration of the current ground-based networks, which may have different interests and priorities, requires cooperation and agreements at the global level, including engagement with relevant stakeholders. Their service provision is not limited to data services, but includes access to the measurement facilities, reference instruments, reference standards and laboratories, all of which are topics to be assessed in CARGO-ACT.  

The specific objectives of CARGO-ACT are to, develop sustainable partnerships and decision making processes with relevant partners, demonstrate the benefits of converging interoperability and standards to stakeholders and the global research community, establish the mechanisms for providing  international access to distributed research infrastructures and develop a roadmap for upscaling towards an integrated global research infrastructure for aerosol, cloud and trace gases.


Contextualized pathways to reduce housing inequalities in the green and digital transition.

The project Reducing housing inequalities in the green and digital transition (ReHousIn) is committed to better understand the impacts of recent crises on housing inequalities across different European regions, especially with regard to the implementation of the green transition launched by the EU. The overall aim is to explore the mechanisms affecting the (re)production of housing inequalities under recent crisis conditions, and the impacts of the EU induced green transition in different national contexts and along different degrees of urbanisation. Based on a contextualized and comparative understanding of the mechanisms (re)producing housing inequalities, ReHousIn inquiries into multi-level pathways and inclusive local housing initiatives to spark innovative EU, national and local policy solutions towards inclusionary and quality housing, mitigating the possible negative impacts of the EU induced green transition. It conducts a comparative, multi-level analysis in 9 European countries – Austria, France, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom – focusing on attractive metropolitan regions, middle-sized cities and rural areas by means of a mixed-method project design. A quantitative data analysis on recent trends in housing inequalities and their relation to crises across different levels of urbanization will provide the framework for 27 local cases studies in which the impact of multi-level trajectories of housing-system, welfare regimes and environmental policy instrumentations on the (re)production of local housing inequalities and the emergence of inclusive housing initiatives are analyzed. Based on this, ReHousIn compares mechanisms of differentiation feeding into policy labs, aiming to formulate recommendations on how to tackle negative social externalities related the EU green transition at EU, national and local levels.

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Seniorforsker

Metallforming

Dagens vær- og klimamodeller lider av betydelige feil på grunn av atmosfære-hav vekselvirkninger og atmosfæriske værmønstre som ikke er godt nok representert. Vi tar sikte på å forbedre modellene ved å identifisere prosesser og værsituasjoner som fører til betydelige prognosefeil. Funnene våre vil styre modellutvikling i polarområdene som vil komme globale vær- og klimamodeller til gode. Vi vil i sær fokusere på atmosfære-hav vekselvirkninger under kaldluftsutbrudd, s hvor kalde polare luftmasser strømmer over varmere hav. Disse kaldluftsutbruddene forårsaker størstedelen av den totale varmevekslingen mellom atmosfære og hav i polarområdene. Flere nyere og kommende feltkampanjer gir verdifulle data for å vurdere påliteligheten til modellene våre.
Ettersom de nevnte værsituasjonene er knyttet til den atmosfæriske sirkulasjonen på større skala, vil vi undersøke koblingsmekanismer mellom polar og lavere breddegrader, med spesielt fokus på inntrenging av varme og fuktighet i Arktis. Det har nylig blitt foreslått at slik inntrengning vil forekomme hyppigere i et varmere klima, men en grundig vurdering av hvor godt disse hendelsene er representert i våre vær- og klimamodeller gjenstår fortsatt. Vi vil undersøke slike telekoblinger for å identifisere modellfeil.
Våre resultater vil forklare feil i vær- og klimamodeller knyttet til atmosfære-hav vekselvirkning og representasjon av værsituasjoner. Gitt viktigheten av vekselvirkningen mellom atmosfære og hav i de subpolare områdene, vil funnene våre ha en betydelig innvirkning på vær- og klimaforskningsmiljøet.

State-of-the-art weather and climate prediction models suffer from significant biases due to misrepresentation of local processes of atmosphere-ocean interactions as well large-scale biases in circulation patterns and variability of weather times-scales. We aim to improve prediction models by identifying pertinent processes leading to significant biases, attributable to both local as well as large-scale mechanisms. These findings will guide model development to improve predictive capabilities in the polar regions with ramifications for the global energy cycle. In particular, we will focus on the local atmosphere-ocean interactions during cold air outbreaks, which contribute to more than 70% of the overall heat exchange. Several recent and upcoming field campaigns address these processes providing valuable data for model inter comparison and process studies. We will assess model biases for heat and moisture exchange as well as deficiencies of models to represent these synoptic to mesoscale processes.

As these weather events are in general connected to the larger-scale setting of the atmospheric circulation, we will investigate teleconnection and coupling mechanisms between polar regions and lower latitudes to assess the importance of external influences on Arctic climate and their representation in climate models. Particular focus will be on large-scale patterns associated with significant incursions of heat and moisture into the Arctic, with ramifications for the local development as well as the global energy exchange. It has recently been argued that these incursions are becoming more frequent with climate change, though a thorough assessment of the representation of the magnitude and variability of these events in climate models is still lacking. As this knowledge is needed to identify associated biases in energy transport, we will quantify and characterize these teleconnection events as well as attempt a bias attribution to their potential misrepresentation.

Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions over Key Regions of the Arctic and Their Linkages to Midlatitudes

Vi bruker ofte vær- og klimamodeller til å forutsi den atmosfæriske tilstanden på kort og lang sikt. Disse modellene er avhengige av en god beskrivelse av fysiske prosesser, særlig de som er relatert til sky- og regndannelse, som påvirker den atmosfæriske utviklingen. Slike beskrivelsene er ofte basert på forutsetninger som vi fremdeles ikke har en fullstendig teori for. Dermed sliter vi fortsatt med å forstå rådende avvik i plasseringen av jetstrømmer og stormutvikling. For eksempel, mens utviklingen av stormer tradisjonelt antas å redusere temperaturforskjellene ved midlere breddegrader som gir opphav til stormutvikling, forsterker stormenes sky- og regndannelse disse temperaturforskjellene, noe som noen ganger resulterer i en netto økning. Slike sykluser er mest sannsynlig forbundet med klynger av stormer med betydelig sosioøkonomisk innvirkning. Mens mekanismene relatert til hvordan livssyklusen til stormer endrer temperaturfeltet må bestemmes av stormens varme og kalde fronter, mangler vi en detaljert forståelse av samspillet mellom prosesser langs disse frontene og deres forhold til stormklynger så vel som deres klimatologiske intensitet og variasjon. Vi foreslår derfor å utvikle et samlende rammeverk som ser nærmere på disse fysiske prosessene på tvers av fronter og stormer.

Vårt rammeverk vil avklare mekanismene og rollen til frontenes livssyklus og stormenes utvikling og deres klimatologiske variabilitet og dermed støtte vår forståelse av feilkilder I vær- og klimamodeller. Vårt rammeverk vil også utfordre vår forståelse av stormutvikling, ettersom vår nye teori gjør det mulig for stormer å øke temperaturforskjellene. Vår nye teori vil også forklare stormenes klimatologiske posisjon, intensitet og variasjon i forhold til prosesser knyttet til regn og skydannelse. Disse funnene vil også bidra til nye tolkninger av fremtidige klimaendringer predikert av klimamodeller.

There is a dichotomy between theoretical understanding and modelling of weather and climate, where the former mainly assumes a dry atmosphere while the latter relies on parameterizations of physical processes, especially related to moisture and phase changes that can yield a significant feedback on the dynamics. With prevailing model biases in jet streams and storm tracks often being tied to these processes, we thus lack a theoretical underpinning that can aid a physical attribution and alleviation of these biases. For example, while the development of cyclones is traditionally thought to reduce the midlatitude temperature gradient that gives rise to storm development, latent heating within these storms enhances the temperature gradient, sometimes even yielding a net increase. These cycles are most likely associated with events of cyclone clustering with significant socio-economic impact. While the mechanisms by which cyclone lifecycles alter temperature gradients must be determined by frontal dynamics, we lack a detailed understanding of the interplay between processes along fronts and their relation to cyclone clustering as well as storm track intensity and variability. We therefore propose to develop a framework combining moist dynamics across fronts, cyclones, and the storm track.

Our framework will clarify the pertinent mechanisms and the role of frontal lifecycles and cyclone development in storm track variability and thereby aid our understanding of prevailing model biases. It will also contest our understanding of cyclone development, as our new paradigm allows for cyclones to increase temperature gradients. As our new moist storm track model will explain the positioning, intensity, and variability of storm tracks in terms of moist processes, it will allow us to physically attribute model biases and formulate alternative hypotheses about the cause for future shifts of storm tracks.

Bias Attribution Linking Moist Dynamics of Cyclones and Storm Tracks

Ekstratropiske lavtrykk er sentrale for klima og vær ved midlere breddegrader, der luft-sjø-interaksjoner spiller en avgjørende rolle for deres opprinnelse og intensivering, og dette gir således usikkerheter i modellene og utfordringer for prognosene. Forståelse av samspillet mellom fronter i havets overflatetemperatur og atmosfæren er derfor avgjørende for å forstå rollen av diabatiske prosesser i ekstratropiske lavtrykk, og kan derfor begrense usikkerheten. Mens nyere studier framhever betydningen av luft-sjø-interaksjoner for utvikling og intensivering av lavtrykk, mangler vi fremdeles et teoretisk rammeverk som forener fuktig baroklin påvirkning av luft-sjø-interaksjon og diabatiske prosesser.

I løpet av det siste året deltok forskerne innen UNPACC på digitale EGU-konferanser med tre presentasjoner. Gruppens numeriske modelleringsrammeverk har blitt brukt til idealiserte studier av ekstratropiske sykloner med spesifikt foreskrevet havoverflatetemperatur (SST) som ble flyttet under syklonen. Flere følsomhetseksperimenter er utført, og analysen indikerer en sterk respons av syklonutviklingen med hensyn til den underliggende SST og dens gradient, slik at sykloner utvikler seg sterkere over høyere SST mens intensiveringen svekkes når de beveger seg over lavere SST. Det ble funnet ut at følbare varmeflukser dempe rsyklonutviklingen, mens latente varmestrømmer bidrar til en ytterligere intensivering. To artikler ble publisert om disse funnene i 2020, og en er i forberedelse til 2021 om utvidede idealiserte simuleringer.

ERA-Interim-dataene har blitt brukt til å klassifisere sykloner med hensyn til deres bevegelse langs eller over SST-fronten i Atlanterhavet og Kuroshio-regionen. Resultatene indikerer at sykloner reagerer sterkest på SST-fronten når banen deres krysser fronten fra den varmere til den kaldere SST-siden. Mens kontrasten mellom land og hav spiller en betydelig rolle i området rundt Golfstrømmen, har posisjonen til jetstrømmen og intensiteten i Kuroshio en mer dominerende rolle. Disse resultatene er publisert i to artikler i Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. Videre testet vi viktigheten av SST-fronten ved å bruke modellsimuleringer med en realistisk og jevn SST-front. Kontrollkjøringen bekreftet analysen vår med ERA-Interim-data. Videre fant vi at bidraget fra overflatefluksene i Golfstrømmen og Kuroshio-regionen var sterkest påvirket i perioder der ingen sykloner var til stede, noe som støtter argumentet om at SST-fronten kanskje ikke hadde en direkte innflytelse på syklonutviklingen.

Når det gjelder samspillet mellom atmosfæriske og oseaniske fronter, har vi utviklet et nytt teoretisk rammeverk om hvordan de underliggende SST-gradientene påvirker atmosfærisk frontdannelse lavt nede. Dette er lagt ut for publisering i 2020 og er for tiden under fagfellevurdering. Modellen vil bli utvidet til å omfatte vertikal bevegelse tvunget av samspillet mellom fronter og havoverflatens temperaturgradienter. Beregningene vil bli fullført og resultatene vil bli beskrevet i en artikkel som skal skrives de kommende månedene.

Vi undersøkte også konkrete eksempler på sykloner som etterlot områder med forsterket baroklinisitet. For ekstremværet Dagmar fant vi en direkte kobling fra diabatisk tilgjengelig potensiell energiproduksjon til eddy kinetisk energi. Vi sammenlignet den isentropiske skråningsfordelingen med den tidsmessige fordelingen av ekstratropisk syklonforekomst og foreslår derved en ny hypotese for dannelsen av klyngebegivenheter. Dette arbeidet ble utgitt i 2020. Vi kompilerte også kompositter av eksempler for klyngede og ikke-klyngede hendelser, for å se om andre klyngeeksempler oppfører seg på samme måte som Dagmar-saken. De første resultatene indikerer at diabatisk oppvarming langs den etterfølgende kaldfronten er en generell egenskap ved klynging. Vi forbereder for tiden en klimatologisk studie som skal leveres inn de neste månedene.

Extratropical cyclones are a key feature of the mid-latitude climate and weather, where unresolved mesoscale air-sea interactions are thought to play a crucial role in their genesis and intensification, yielding model uncertainties and forecast challenges. Understanding these mesoscale interactions between ocean sea surface temperature fronts, ocean eddies, and the atmosphere is thus essential for understanding the role of diabatic processes in extratropical cyclones and constraining uncertainty.

While recent studies highlight the importance of mesoscale air-sea interactions for the development and intensification of cyclones, we are still lacking a theoretical framework unifying moist baroclinic and frontal-wave instability under the influence of air-sea interaction and diabatic processes. How do oceanic fronts and eddies influence the genesis and intensification of cyclones? What is the role of mesoscale air-sea interaction processes for the upscale growth of instabilities? Can such instabilities trigger or inhibit the intensification of extratropical cyclones? What are the underlying mechanisms for diabatic amplification of energy conversion in extratropical cyclones?

We will establish an innovative collaboration in atmospheric dynamics and air-sea interactions by combining key and complementary expertise from the Universities of Bergen, Monash (Australia), East Anglia (UK), Texas A&M (USA), Tokyo (Japan) as well as ECMWF (UK). The central goal of the collaboration is to elucidate and quantify the mechanisms responsible for extratropical cyclone intensification associated with mesoscale air-sea interactions. Our approach utilizes novel detection routines on high-resolution coupled model datasets and reanalyzes as well as idealized and real case simulations. As the integrated framework is grounded in fundamental dynamics, we expect UNPACC to yield a unified framework for moist frontal-baroclinic instability theory including the influence of air-sea interactions.

Unifying Perspectives on Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions during Cyclone Development

Partnerskapet mellom Norge og Japan for fremragende utdanning og forskning (NORPAN) omfatter de fleste store institusjonene rundt Tokyo som utdanner doktorgradsstipendiater i klimavitenskap. Totalt er mer enn 25 doktorgradsstipendiater og masterstudenter, samt rundt 46 forskere, involvert. Hovedpartneren i Japan er Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, sammen med tre ytterlige partnere: Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba og National Insititute for Polar Research.

NORPANs forskerutdanning fokuserer på å forbedre vår forståelse av det koblede klimasystemet i nåtid, fortid og fremtid, og vil etablere et internasjonalt anerkjent forskerutdanningsmiljø for stipendiater som jobber innenfor feltene meteorologi, klimadynamikk og interaksjoner mellom atmosfære og hav. Programmet skal gi deltakerne inngående kunnskap i sine spesifikke fagfelt samt opplæring på tverrfaglig forskning. Videre vil NORPAN jobbe for å internasjonalisere forskningsaktiviteter mellom Norge og Japan, og bygge den nødvendige plattformen for økt utveksling og felles utdanning av norske og japanske stipendiater og masterstudenter.

For å styrke forskningsopplæringsnettverket fortsatte vi å koordinere aktiviteter i de siste 5 månedene av prosjektet. 5.-7. desember besøkte to seniorforskere og to doktorgradsstudenter fra Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST) ved University of Tokyo Geofysiske Institutt og Bjerknes Senter for Klimaforskning for et verksted om luft-sjø-interaksjonsprosesser langs de vestlige grensestrømmene. Etter verkstedet ble de en ekstra dag for noen flere diskusjoner og utvekslinger.

12.-15. februar 2019 avsluttet vi prosjektet med NORPAN Closing Workshop and Meeting i nærheten av Tokyo. Dette ble det største NORPAN-arrangementet noensinne, med totalt 56 deltakere, inkludert noen internasjonale gjester fra Storbritannia og USA. Verkstedet avsluttet med taler av to prosjektledere som reflekterte over hva som er oppnådd de siste tre årene med intensivt samarbeid mellom norske og japanske partnere. Begge talerne uttrykte sitt sterke ønske om å fortsette samarbeidet og vil aktivt følge opp kommende muligheter for finansiering for å fortsette å støtte aktivitetene som NORPAN startet.

Etter sluttmøtet ble noen få norske forskere værende fra noen få dager til 3 uker ekstra for å besøke University of Tokyo for flere vitenskapelige diskusjoner og samarbeid. Samlet sett ga utvekslingsbesøkene til NORPAN-forskerne svært verdifulle og fruktbare muligheter til å diskutere og identifisere videre temaer for forskningssamarbeid. Besøkene fremhevet merverdien av utveksling av ideer innenfor NORPAN-prosjektet og det internasjonale nettverket.

For å styrke utveksling og fellesopplæring blant norske og japanske studenter, inviterte vi en japansk doktorgradsstipendiat fra NORPAN til å delta på Diabatic Winter School fra 3.-8. mars. Denne skolen ble organisert av forskerskolen CHESS og var internasjonal av natur, og gir dermed en verdifull mulighet til fruktbare vitenskapelige diskusjoner og internasjonalt nettverk.

The Partnership between Norway and Japan for excellent education and research (NORPAN) is a direct response to the INPART call. With one main partner, the Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, and three further partners, the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tsukuba, and the National Institute for Polar Research, NORPAN entails most of the major institutions in the vicinity of Tokyo that educate PhD students in climate science. In total, more than 25 PhD and master students and around 46 seniors scientist will be involved.
Climate change and detailed understanding of the climate system, has led to an increasing demand from society on the climate research community for process understanding, reduced uncertainties, and more reliable data for mitigation and impact studies. To meet this demand, fundamental research on the physics of the various components of the climate system (e.g. atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere), and their mutual interactions is pivotal. This requires a new generation of researchers that have strong in-depth knowledge in their specific parts of the climate system, but at the same time are equipped with a broader knowledge to comprehend the overall picture in the coupled Earth System. Furthermore, the demand from society to be informed about changing climates can only be met when researchers are able to communicate with experts from other disciplines as well as with a layman person.
In order to strengthen the research training network, we will coordinate a wide range of activities, including (1) short, intensive courses with international expert lecturers; (2) Specialized workshops and summer schools; (3) Support international exchange among the partners and promote outreach activities; (4) Focus on network building and gender related issues; (5) Strive for a sustained collaboration between the main partners the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Norway and the Atmosphere Ocean Research Institute in Japan.

Partnership between Norway and Japan for excellent Education and Research in Weather and Climate Dynamics

Klimaendringene har ført til en økende etterspørsel fra samfunnet rettet mot klimaforskere for økt prosessforståelse, forbedrede scenarier, reduserte usikkerheter og mer pålitelige data for reduksjons- og konsekvensstudier. For å møte denne etterspørselen er det nødvendig med en grunnleggende forskning innen fysikk og kjemi på de ulike komponentene i klimasystemet (for eksempel atmosfære, hydrosfære, litosfære og kryosfære), samt deres gjensidige interaksjoner. Dette krever en ny generasjon forskere som har dyp inngående kunnskap i sine spesifikke deler av klimasystemet, men som samtidig er utstyrt med bredere kunnskap for å forstå det samlede bildet av det sammenkoblede jordsystemet. Videre kan samfunnets etterspørsel om å bli informert om klimaendringer kun oppfylles når forskerne er i stand til å kommunisere både med eksperter fra andre disipliner og med lekmenn.

Den nasjonale forskerskolen for klimaendringer i det sammenkoblede jordsystemet (CHESS), som startet i november 2015, er et direkte svar på denne etterspørselen og består av 13 nasjonale partnere fra Bergen, Oslo, Tromsø og Svalbard. CHESS involverer majoriteten av norske institusjoner som utdanner doktorgradsstipendiater innenfor disipliner relatert til klimaendringer. Skolen har for tiden 175 doktorgradsstipendiater, hvorav 53% kvinner; samt rundt 114 seniorforskere, hvorav 35% kvinner, som veiledere.

CHESS fortsetter å koordinere en rekke aktiviteter i løpet av sitt nest siste leveår, selv om aktivitetsnivået har blitt nedskalert sammenlignet med tidligere år på grunn av et mindre budsjett i 2023.

Totalt er 6 intensive kurs, workshop eller sommerskole med ulike emner organisert eller støttet av CHESS: «Illustrations for Science» kurset hadde 10 CHESS-deltakere; kurset «Fundamentals of Ocean/Atmosphere Data Analysis» hadde 8 (2)* deltakere; workshop «Writing successful project proposals» hadde 12 (3)* deltakere; «Science writing workshop with Dallas Murphy» hadde 12 deltakere; og «Summer school on cryospheric monitoring» hadde 10 (2)* deltakere. Den siste aktiviteten «NorESM user workshop 2023» som er sponset av CHESS, finner sted i slutten av november.

CHESS årsmøtet i september ble integrert med årsmøtet i Norsk Geofysisk Forening (NGF). Dette er en del av implementeringsplanen for CHESS’ arven. Møtet var godt deltok med 54 deltakere med 29 foredrag og 14 posterpresentasjoner. Alle stipendiatene presenterte enten en forelesning eller en plakat om arbeidet sitt, og fikk verdifull tilbakemelding fra veiledere og andre stipendiater. Fremtidsvisjonen og implementeringsplanen for å integrere med NGF ble presentert til alle deltakerne under møtet.

Merk: * De første tallene er totalt antall deltakere, mens tallene i parentes er antall CHESS-medlemmer

The proposal for a Norwegian Research School on Changing Climates in the coupled Earth SyStem (CHESS) is a direct response to the 'Nasjonal forskerskole innen geofag med temaet "The Earth System"' call from the Norwegian Research Council. With 13 national partners from Bergen, Oslo, Tromsø, and Svalbard, CHESS entails most of the major institutions in Norway that educate PhD students in the Earth System with relevance to changing climates. In total, more than 170 PhD students and around 115 seniors scientist will be involved.
Climate change has led to an increasing demand from society on the climate research community for process understanding, improved scenarios, reduced uncertainties, and more reliable data for mitigation and impact studies. To meet this demand, fundamental research on the physics and chemistry of the various components of the climate system (e.g. atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and cryosphere), and their mutual interactions is pivotal. This requires a new generation of researchers that have strong in-depth knowledge in their specific parts of the climate system, but at the same time are equipped with a broader knowledge to comprehend the overall picture in the coupled Earth System. Furthermore, the demand from society to be informed about changing climates can only be met when researchers are able to communicate with experts from other disciplines as well as with a layman person.
In order to strengthen the national research training, the school will coordinate a wide range of activities, including (1) short, intensive courses with international expert lecturers; (2) Specialized workshops and summer schools; (3) Annual event exposing the students to the multidisciplinary challenges of climate change to societies and ecosystems; (4) Annual meeting for all members of CHESS; (5) Focus on network building and gender related issues.

Research School on Changing Climates in the coupled Earth System (CHESS)

HighDyn aims to summarise our understanding and descriptions of small-scale processes that determine the air-sea-ice coupling in the high-latitude climate system. The marginal ice zone (MIZ) is an area where we find a unique range of air-sea-ice coupling  regimes unobserved at other latitudes that strongly affect high latitude weather and climate. Hence, correct representations of the high-latitude coupling regimes will help to assess regional forecasts and global scale climate modelling results and aid us  to interpret their projections for the future. A usual problem is that unresolved processes in numerical models are often designed and tuned to perform best in low and mid latitude climates, thereby causing systematic biases in Polar Regions that add to  uncertainties of regional and global predictions. HighDyn will thus also try to assess our current capabilities for predictive skill in high latitudes.
This holistic workshop will bring together atmospheric, ice, and oceanic scientists, as well as observa tionalists and modellers from all over the world.
The ultimate goal of HighDyn is to summarise our process understanding related to our model representations, thereby assessing uncertainties and understanding our climate projection capabilities and formul ating an extended research agenda for the community proposing a concerted way forward to ensure a coordinated and productive scientific progress.

Workshop on the Dynamics of Atmosphere-Ice-Ocean Interactions in High-Latitudes (HighDyn)

HIMWARC will extend our fundamental knowledge and concomitantly restrain present levels of uncertainty with respect to future changes of high impact weather in the Arctic. 

The weather in the Arctic features several severe types of extremes such as polar  lows and strong low-level winds in the vicinity of topography. These extremes rigorously influence the socio-economic structure of the affected regions and communities by extensive material damages and loss of lives. Our current understanding of the form ation and intensification of these weather phenomena is still at an infant level, which limits our forecasting capabilities and hence restrains our abilities of mitigation measures. Furthermore, a detailed and comprehensive assessment of changes with resp ect to high impact weather in the Arctic in a future climate will also be limited to our understanding of the underlying processes giving rise to these phenomena.

HIMWARC´s approach is twofold. Firstly, extending our fundamental understanding of high imp act weather in the Arctic. Secondly, incorporating novel findings into improved diagnostics to assess future changes in spatial distribution, frequency and intensity of Arctic severe events. The pursuit of these goals is aided by the affiliation of HIMWAR C with THORPEX, a WWRP initiative by the WMO, and its recently established Polar Project. HIMWARC builds on previous efforts by IPY-THORPEX via use of its field campaign data and sustaining established scientific network between research institutions and  forecasting agencies.

Outcomes of HIMWARC will be: (i) revised and unified theory on polar low genesis by incorporating a novel concept to the formation process; (ii) better understanding of the interactions between atmospheric flow with steep topography  in the light of extreme wind events and cyclogenesis; (iii) assessment of future changes of high impact weather in the Arctic

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