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Limb wounds in horses are common, however healing is exceedingly slow and fraught with complications. Contrary to body wounds, limb wounds demonstrate only a small amount of wound contraction. The specialist procedure of applying split-thickness skin grafts to limb wounds stimulates wound contraction by unknown mechanisms. The objective of this project is to identify those mechanisms to develop a treatment strategy for equine limb wounds for use in general  practice. Limb wounds are severely impacting animal welfare due to an extended healing/treatment duration, and the risk of euthanasia due to a poor functional outcome. By stimulating wound contraction, healing time will be reduced, and the functional outcome improved, directly benefitting the welfare of wounded horse and reducing treatment cost for the owner. Aim: To identify dermal components stimulating wound contraction, and to develop this knowledge into future state-of-the-art treatment of equine limb wounds for use in general practice. Hypotheses: i) Application of dermal fractions to collagen gels seeded with equine fibroblasts will increase gel contraction in vitro; ii) Application of dermal fractions to experimental limb wounds in vivo, will increase wound contraction resulting in a faster healing time versus wounds treated by conventional methods. Methods: i) The contractile effect of different dermal components will be assessed in a collagen gel/ fibroblast model; ii) Identified dermal components will be tested in a standardized experimental limb wound model in vivo (n=5). Ultimately, results from this project are expected to improve wound treatment in horses, directly impacting animal welfare by reducing healing time and improving the functional outcome of wounded horses. This will also directly benefit horse owners and caretakers and making veterinarians able to offer better treatment solutions.

HESTEFORSK - Raskere og bedre sårheling hos hest med autologe hudkomponenter

En av de vanligste, men minst studerte, utfordringene med å bli eldre er problemer med å kommunisere. Mange eldre sliter spesielt med pragmatiske ferdigheter, som å forstå undertekst, eller tilpasse det de sier til personen de snakker med. 

La oss si at en lege må gi en alvorlig beskjed til en pasient. For å gjøre det litt lettere å takle, bruker legen vagere språk, som "kanskje" i stedet for "sannsynligvis". Mens yngre voksne ofte tar hensyn til høflighetsstrategier i måten de tolker det som blir sagt på, har eldre ofte vanskelig for å forstå når noen snakker indirekte. Mange eldre voksne har vanskelig for å forstå ikke-bokstavelig språk og kan misforstå alvorlighetsgraden av diagnosen. Dette kan påvirke beslutningen deres om behandling, noe som kan føre til utilsiktede konsekvenser. 

Siden god kommunikasjon er viktig både i viktige medisinske samtaler og i hverdagen, er det viktig at vi finner ut hva som gjør at eldre kan ha vansker med å forstå og bli forstått. RESILIENCE skal hjelpe til med denne utfordringen ved å samle data om praktiske, kognitive og språklige ferdigheter hos voksne i alderen 18-90 år over tid. Dette vil gi oss en stor mengde data om pragmatiske, kognitive og språk ferdigheter og gjøre det tilgjengelig for forskning. Med denne dataen som grunnlag har vi følgende mål: 

• Forstå hvordan praktiske evner endrer seg generelt gjennom voksenlivet. 
• Finne ut hvilke mekanismer som påvirker pragmatiske evner på forskjellige tidspunkter i livet.
 • Utvikle en teoretisk modell som forklarer hvordan pragmatiske ferdigheter endrer seg med alderen.
 • Lage algoritmer som kan forutsi hvordan pragmatiske evner vil utvikle seg for enkeltpersoner i årene som kommer. 
• Utvikle og teste et verktøy som kan måle pragmatisk helse (både pragmatiske ferdigheter og deres underliggende mekanismer), noe som kan åpne  for å iverksette tiltak. 

Dette vil gi oss muligheten til å forstå bedre hvordan folk kan utvikle pragmatisk resiliens gjennom livsløpet.

A cornerstone of human communication is our reliance on pragmatic skills to guide linguistic interactions (e.g., reasoning about others' mental states to bridge the gap between what is said and intended in conversation). However these skills are highly sensitive to age-related decline, leading to miscommunication and uninformed decision making in the older adult population. This raises an important question, one which has puzzled linguistics and psychologists for decades: if pragmatic competence is fundamental to communication, why do individuals vary so much in this capacity? 

Traditionally, psychologists have approached pragmatic competence from a cognitive angle, reasoning that individual differences in executive functions (i.e., the cognitive skills associated with goal-directed actions) are what underlie effective pragmatic behavior. In a similar vein, language scientists have taken a linguistic approach, reasoning that one’s language background (e.g., the frequency with which individuals shift between languages) shapes pragmatic skills by enhancing sensitivity to the communicative context. This focus on either cognitive or linguistic influences has resulted in two expansive yet disparate areas of research.

RESILIENCE will unite these disciplines to pursue a longstanding debate on what underlies pragmatic resilience and decline using a large-scale, interdisciplinary and longitudinal approach. By gathering data on adults' (ages 18-90) pragmatic, cognitive and language skills over multiple time points, we will develop a comprehensive theoretical model that explains how cognitive and linguistic systems interact to shape pragmatic competence as we age, and create algorithms that predict the trajectory of an individual’s pragmatic abilities in upcoming years. Based on these results we will design a multidimensional tool that detects the earliest signs of pragmatic deficits, leading to future interventions, allowing us to uncover the paths to pragmatic resilience.

Uncovering the paths to pragmatic resilience

Hovedmålet med kreftbehandling er å eliminere kreftceller og dette er tradisjonelt oppnådd ved kirurgi, bruk av giftige medikamenter (cellegift) og stråling. En ny og betydningsfull tilnærming til kreftbehandling kalt immunterapi, har derimot fått mye oppmerksomhet det siste tiåret; Her forsøker leger og forskere å utnytte immunsystemet vårt for å målrettet  ødelegge kreftceller. En nøkkelaktør i denne banebrytende tilnærmingen er en gruppe «drapsmenn» i immunsystemet kjent som cytotoxiske T-lymfocytter (CTL-er). Disse cellene har en bemerkelsesverdig evne til å oppdage kreftceller ved å gjenkjenne unormale molekyler på overflaten av kreftcellene - molekyler som friske celler ikke har. Når CTL-er gjenkjenner kreftcellene ødelegger de dem ved å frigjøre giftige molekyler som initierer kreftcellenes selvdestruksjon. 
 
Selv om betydelige innsats har blitt dedikert til å forstå hvordan CTL-er aktiveres og hvordan de gjenkjenner kreftceller, vet vi mindre om de påfølgende hendelsene inne i kreftcellene som fører til deres død. Fra før vet vi at CTL-er kan initiere to forskjellige typer celledød i kreft: den første, kalt apoptose, er en stille og ordnet prosess der kreftcellene krymper og brytes opp uten å varsle immunsystemet; den andre, kalt pyroptose, er en mer dramatisk prosess som involverer dannelse av åpninger i cellemembranen, noe som fører til at cellene svulmer opp og sprekker. Under denne cellebristen blir innholdet inne i cellene frigitt i omgivelsene, og dette kan fungere som 'faretegn' som kan stimulere en sterkere immunrespons mot kreftcellene. Betydningen av denne cellebristen for å forsterke anti-tumorresponsene vil bli undersøkt i dette prosjektet. 
 
Videre er vi fascinert av muligheten for å avdekke ytterligere, ennå ukjente, former for celledød indusert av CTL-er. Utforsking av disse dødsrelaterte prosessene i kreftcellene kan potensielt øke effektiviteten av immunterapi og bidra betydelig i den pågående kampen mot kreft.

The primary goal of most cancer therapies is to induce cancer cell death. Immunotherapy relies on the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes such as natural killer cells (NKs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to achieve this. While a significant amount of research in immunotherapy focuses on the events within cytotoxic lymphocytes or at the interface between cytotoxic lymphocytes and cancer cells, less is known about the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate cancer cell death, particularly in the case of CTL-mediated death.
CTLs are known to induce two types of cell death in cancer: non-inflammatory apoptosis and proinflammatory pyroptosis. Pyroptotic cancer cells release proinflammatory signals that attract immune cells to the tumor site, thereby enhancing the anti-tumor response. Cell lysis is a common outcome of pyroptotic cell death. It is unclear whether lysis can be decoupled from pyroptosis in cancer cells and whether the proinflammatory properties of pyroptotic cancer cell death depend on lysis. Moreover, it remains unknown whether CTLs can induce other forms of cell death in cancer, apart from apoptosis and pyroptosis.
Studying the mechanisms of CTL-mediated cancer cell death is challenging because CTLs selectively target cells expressing specific antigens. However, given the critical role of CTLs in immunotherapy, it is essential to deepen our understanding of CTL-induced cancer cell death.
This project aims to develop novel methodologies to investigate the death mechanisms that are initiated by CTLs. In addition, we will identify new pathways and mediators involved in CTL-induced cancer cell death. Furthermore, we will assess the contribution of proinflammatory cell death and lysis in promoting anti-tumor responses in vivo. Overall, this research will improve our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of CTL-mediated cancer cell death and potentially reveal novel targets to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.

T-cell-mediated proinflammatory cell death and lysis in cancer

Sink er et essensielt mikronæringsstoff som kreves for funksjonen til hundrevis av proteiner involvert i et bredt spekter av biologiske prosesser. Etter inntak av sink fra kosten reguleres nivåene i kroppen nøye gjennom absorpsjon, sekresjon og ekskresjon via spesialiserte proteiner, såkalte sinktransportører, i tarmen. Enhver ubalanse er skadelig for menneskers helse, spesielt er tarmen følsom for sinkfluktuasjoner, hvilket påvirker tarmbarrieren og kan føre til inflammatoriske sykdommer og kreft i tarmen. 
På molekylært nivå er de presise mekanismene som styrer funksjonen til de ulike sinktransportørene fortsatt uklare. Hos mennesker finnes det over tjue slike proteiner, og de fleste inneholder områder rike på aminosyren histidin. Disse histidinene mistenkes å spille en avgjørende rolle i å binde sink. Nylig oppdaget vi et enzym som modifiserer disse områdene ved å sette metylgrupper på histidin, og viste at metylerte histidiner har en lavere affinitet for sink. Dette prosjektet har som mål å identifisere nye mekanismer som regulerer sinknivåer gjennom histidinmetylering av sinktransportører, å utvikle forskningsverktøy for effektiv studie av histidinmetylering, og å legge grunnlaget for nye behandlinger av tarmsykdommer.

The delicate balance of zinc levels in the body is essential for human health. Zinc is absorbed and excreted via intestinal zinc transporter proteins, and perturbations of this process are associated with pathologies, including inflammatory diseases and cancers of the bowel. The precise molecular mechanisms regulating zinc transport, however, remain a major knowledge gap. Based on the recent discovery of an enzyme methylating histidine residues in zinc transporters, and drawing on preliminary findings which demonstrate reduced affinity of methylated histidines to zinc, this project aims to identify novel mechanisms regulating zinc homeostasis through histidine methylation. We will examine the regulation and effect of histidine methylation on zinc transport in intestinal cell culture and organoids, and examine how knockout of the methylhistidine-generating enzyme affects the integrity and pathology of the intestinal tract in mouse models. In addition, we will identify reader proteins specifically recognizing methylhistidines and develop anti-methylhistidine antibodies and inhibitors to use as tools for detection, enrichment, and inhibition of histidine methylation. Such tools are urgently needed by the international research community, as none are currently available commercially. Overall, this project will lead to great advances in the field of protein regulation, and may uncover novel mechanisms in intestinal zinc transport and pathology.

Zinc transport regulation through histidine methylation

Noen av oss tåler stressende livshendelser godt. Andre derimot utvikler vedvarende fysiske og psykiske plager som følger av stress. Hvor godt vi håndterer stress avhenger av et komplekst samspill mellom miljøfaktorer, sosiale forhold, biologisk sårbarhet og indre motstandskraft. Forskning på stressreaksjonene til dyr og pasientgrupper som til vanlig lever under mye stress viser at en gruppe signalstoffer i kroppen som aktiverer det samme hjernesystemet som cannabis – endocannabinoidene – kan begrense styrken på stressreaksjoner og bidra til at man raskere kommer seg til hektene. I dette prosjektet skal vi undersøke hvordan mestring av stress på kort og lang sikt henger sammen med nivåer av endocannabinoider i kroppen for å forstå hvorfor noen personer er mer motstandsdyktige mot stress enn andre. I den ene studien følger vi pasienter som skal gjennomgå en stressende, men veldig vanlig, situasjon: kirurgi. Her måler vi pasientenes opplevelse av stress, samt mentale og fysiske helse, fra tiden før til to år etter operasjonen og undersøker hvordan dette henger sammen med nivåene deres av endocannabinoider og andre stresshormoner. I den andre studien bruker vi data fra et eksperiment hvor deltakerne har blitt utsatt for psykososialt stress til å undersøke om endocannabinoidnivået deres påvirker hvordan de reagerer på stress, og om stresset i seg selv kan påvirke kroppens produksjon av endocannabinoider. Til syvende og sist er målet med studien å vurdere hvorvidt målinger av endocannabinoidnivåer kan brukes til å forebygge helseplager og til å evaluere behovet for økt oppfølging etter alvorlig stressende påkjenninger i livet.

In the face of major life stressors, some individuals cope well whereas others develop ill health and long-term adverse outcomes. Predicting who needs additional support in response to major life stressors is essential for targeted prevention and more efficient allocation of resources. The endocannabinoid system is emerging as a promising target for understanding vulnerability and resilience to stress. This system appears to buffer stress in two ways: by limiting the magnitude of the stress response, and by facilitating recovery after a stressful event. While the early findings are intriguing, they mainly stem from studies in rodents and small clinical groups with high stress burden. What role endocannabinoids have more globally for human resilience, health and well-being remains elusive. 

In this project we address this gap by leveraging comprehensive experimental and clinical data on two potent stress models: psychosocial stress and surgery. Drawing on these unique datasets, which combine experimental control with ecological validity, we will decipher how endocannabinoid levels influence people’s stress response and recovery across minutes, days, weeks and years. The project represents a novel directional shift for endocannabinoid research and will (i) determine the value of endocannabinoid levels as a biomarker to predict outcomes after surgery, (ii) quantify sex differences, (iii) assess endocannabinoid interplay with opioid analgesics, sex hormones and other stress markers (iv) spearhead open and reproducible science practices in endocannabinoid research, and (v) make this fine-grained and novel data available through an interactive web application. 

This project represents an ambitious effort to understand endocannabinoids’ role in stress resilience and will determine the value of endocannabinoids as a predictive biomarker and potential target for individualized treatment.

Deciphering endocannabinoid stress buffering in humans: 
Mechanistic and clinical investigations

Borderline Personality Disorder: Memory and Identity in Adolescence

BOLD MINDS aspires to enhance the understanding of vulnerability factors underlying the emergence of borderline personality disorder (BPD), with an ultimate aim of increasing the potential for young individuals to receive early, evidence-based help when their mental health is at risk. BOLD MINDS will achieve this by investigating whether disruptions in two aspects of autobiographical memory (AM), narrative identity (NI) and involuntary AM (IAM), are associated with BPD features and problem behaviours in adolescents concurrently and over time. In doing so, BOLD MINDS will strengthen the understanding of mechanisms underlying the emergence of BPD in adolescence and lay a groundwork for developing evidence-based early interventions for BPD. While currently limited, the study of AM in this field is essential for two reasons. Firstly, because the aspects of AM under investigation, NI and IAM, are known to be involved in identity formation and emotion regulation which represent two key psychological processes that are disrupted in adults with BPD and are linked to problem behaviours such as self-harm and suicidality. Secondly, because promising research is emerging on the use of AM targets in the treatment of emotional disorder in adults, and provides a strong model for future treatment development with vulnerable adolescents. In addition, this timely research program aligns with calls from international organizations to prioritize early interventions to promote adolescent mental health. BOLD MINDS will adopt and adapt state-of-the-art ecological momentary assessment and analytical techniques and work at the crossroads of clinical and cognitive psychological perspectives, allowing for a multidimensional approach to understanding BPD vulnerability. Training-through-research and formalized training of the experienced researcher will prepare her for a permanent academic position and the founding of her own research lab specializing in AM and early interventions for BPD.

Bilingual Experiences, Cognitive Ageing and underlying Mechanisms

The goal of the Bilingual Experiences, Cognitive Ageing and underlying Mechanisms (BECAME) project is to examine the functional neuroplastic mechanisms underlying mitigatory effects of bilingual experience on age-related cognitive decline. While evidence is available for structural brain changes supporting bilingualism-induced effects on cognitive aging (CA), functional mechanisms underlying such effects are not yet well understood. BECAME aims to fill this gap by investigating the trajectory of bilingualism-induced functional neuroplasticity across the adult lifespan (ages 18-85), crucially adopting an individual differences approach related to measurable degree of bilingual engagement. Importantly, although such benefits are thought to be rooted early in the lifespan, evidence for the timeframe and conditions of their early emergence is scarce. The choice of including the whole adult lifespan allows us to investigate these mechanisms and their emergence more directly from a lifespan perspective. I combine behavioral testing with brain recordings via electroencephalography (EEG). EEG is widely used in cognitive neuroscience to assess brain activity and the degree of communication between brain regions (functional connectivity) in response to stimuli and at rest. Combining behavioral and EEG modalities will allow me to test bilingualism’s effect on functional connectivity, as well as its consequences for functional efficiency, the minimum required neural activation to successfully perform a task. This will enable a detailed, evidence-based account of the protective effects observed in older-aged bilinguals, and how they are built from earlier life stages. By illuminating the relationship between multilingualism and resulting neurocognitive adaptations, BECAME will enable to capitalize on it as a health initiative, with manifold societal implications and the potential to be translated into actionable policies exploiting multilingualism to ameliorate effects of CA.

WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM)

Wheelchair users (WCU) are three to five times more inactive than the general population, leading to a high risk of developing preventable secondary conditions. Although physical activity (PA) guidelines have been specifically developed for WCU, we lack systematic approaches to implement them in practice, as well as valid algorithms to monitor PA change in WCU through sensor-based solutions. Accordingly, the overall scientific aim of the WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM) is to advance PA research and practice in WCU by developing valid digital markers for monitoring of and providing feedback on PA, paving the way for implementation and intervention. I will accomplish this through combining the complementary research fields of 1) behavioural intervention studies focusing on increasing PA in WCU (core competence University of British Columbia, UBC; outgoing phase) and 2) sensor-based PA monitoring (core competence Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU; returning phase – consolidated by non-academic placement at Maastricht Instruments, which develop research prototypes including PA monitors). WHAM’s scientific aim is achieved through three objectives: 1) Measure the effect of a pragmatic exercise intervention trial on self-reported physical activity levels and cardio-respiratory fitness, 2) Develop valid algorithms for tracking PA markers in WCU, and 3) Co-create a framework that outlines how PA can be conjointly monitored and provided feedback on in WCU. This fellowship will enable me to become established as an internationally recognized researcher in the field of “physical activity and disability”, while bringing together ongoing national disjointed research activities in this field. Altogether, my overall ambition is to contribute to reducing inequalities in daily-life participation among WCU compared to the rest of the population.

Despites dental pulp capping materials should meet the certain requirements, the available materials have one or more shortcomings—poor biocompatibility and rheological properties, fail to maintain pulp vitality and to simulate reparative dentine formation and expensive etc. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is widely used material because of its beneficial properties. However, its composition bismuth oxide, which is suspectable to toxicity, has an impact on rheological properties. This emphasizes the necessity of looking for inexpensive alternatives to materials that meet the specifications. This project's goal and novelty are to investigate the potential processing of the dental pulp capping cement, which is made of strontium silicate (SrSiO3), strontium fluoride (SrF2), piezoelectric material (PZM) and tricalcium silicate (Ca3O5Si) and its rheological properties and hemocompatibility. Because SrSiO3, SrF2, PZM and Ca3O5Si have the promising properties. This project's work packages are split into four categories based on the interdisciplinary approach since it involves the synthesis and characterization of PZM, the processing and characterization of cement, the identification of rheological parameters utilizing ISO standardizations, and hemocompatibility, and acquiring new transferrable skills. Additionally, the interactions among the selected compounds will be determined. The scientific impact of this project is comprehending the physical properties and the immune system's response to evaluate the cement's suitability as a replacement for existing materials, as well as resulting in further uses in dentistry and medicine. The societal impact is providing millions of patients in Europe with predictable and outstanding treatment outcomes each year to maintain pulp vitality and health. Eventually, it will ease the financial load on millions of patients who need dental care, will be avoiding inflated medical expenses and misuse of the patent (economic impact).

SrSiO3-based Dental Pulp Capping Cement

Per- og polyfluorerte stoffer (PFAS) er en stor gruppe menneskeskapte kjemikalier med høyt fluorinnhold som antas å ha negative helseeffekter. Kilder til PFAS kan være produksjon av vann-, varme- og flekkbestandige produkter og disse kjemikaliene er en del av hverdagen vår. PFAS påvirkning av biologiske systemer er ikke fullstendig forstått. Noen PFAS er antatt å øke risikoen for å utvikling av ikke-alkoholisk fettleversykdom (NAFLD) og øke risikoen for diabetes. 

For å forstå hvordan PFAS påvirker organene våre ønsker vi å bruke små laboratoriedyrkede organmodeller, kalt organoider. Disse miniatyrorganene kan dyrkes fra menneskelige stamceller og tilbyr et kontrollert miljø for å studere hvordan PFAS påvirker f.eks lever og bukspyttkjertelen vår, uten bruk av dyreforsøk.

For å studere helseeffekter må vi kunne måle nivået av biomolekyler som fettstoffer i leveren og hormoner i bukspyttkjertelen. Til dette trenger vi å utvikle analytiske verktøy for å måle effektene. Først vil vi bekrefte at når leverorganoidene eksponeres for enkelte PFAS-forbindelser utvikles det NAFLD-lignende sykdom ved å sammenligne den biokjemiske profilen (proteiner og metabolitter) til organoider av lever med PFAS-eksponerte organoider. Deretter vil vi utvide den analytiske verktøykassen for å undersøke hvilke metabolske veier som påvirkes, og om effekten er den samme i NAFLD-induserte og PFAS-eksponerte organoider. Vi vil også eksponere insulinproduserende bukspyttkjertelorganoider for PFAS for å undersøke effekten av PFAS på hormonproduksjon. Når effektene av PFAS-eksponering på lever- og bukspyttkjertel-organoider er etablert, vil organoidene bli samkultivert i en chip, og effektene av PFAS-eksponering vil bli undersøkt og sammenlignet med individuelle organoider.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are believed to contribute to metabolic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 1 diabetes. HE-POP aims to investigate the effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS), a type of POPs), on organ function in a controlled environment.

Organoids are multicellular laboratory-grown miniature organs, that are grown from stem cells. HE-POP will use organoids to examine how PFAS affects our organs and develop cutting-edge bioanalytical tools and methodology to measure these effects using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. HE-POP hypothesizes that PFAS negatively affects organ function, as evidenced by changes in hormone and lipid levels characteristic of NAFLD and type 1 diabetes. 

Organoids offer a controlled environment to study the effects of PFAS on the liver and pancreas, without the use of animal models. HE-POP aims to gain evidence of the negative effects of PFAS on organ function through controlled experiments on organoids and aid in understanding the biological mechanisms underlying NAFLD and type 1 diabetes.

HE-POP has fundaments in UN sustainable development goals, specifically #3, #12, and #14/15, seeking an understanding of diseases with worldwide prevalence, and understanding how POPs affect our life and surroundings and help enable the right regulatory actions and replacement chemicals.

HE-POP: Studying the Health Effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Using Mass Spectrometry, Organoids, and Organ-On-A-Chip

Midlene fra RBGRUNSAMF-Res.bas.grunnbev.samf.v.inst fordelt på år

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Managing Director

Grunnbevilgning - NORSUS

Produksjon og bruk av energi i Norge vil i stor grad avhenge av utviklingen i våre naboland, i Europa og i resten av verden. Selv om fremtiden er usikker er det nyttig at vi kan forstå mer av sammenhengen mellom energisystemet i Norge og energisystemet i resten av Europa. Dette gjør oss i stand til å ta bedre beslutninger i dag som vil få konsekvenser for Norges energisituasjon fremover. Målet med dette prosjektet har vært å lage en ny langsiktig TIMES-modell som er egnet til å analysere Norges fremtidig energisystem i en skandinavisk og europeisk sammenheng. TIMES-modellen som er utviklet innenfor prosjektet inneholder i tillegg til Skandinavia (Norge, Sverige, Danmark) landene Tyskland og Nederland.
Det unike ved den modellen vi har utviklet er at den både har en høy detaljeringsgrad av det norske og skandinaviske energisystemet og at den tar hensyn til uforutsigbarheten til fornybar elektrisitetsproduksjon og utviklingen av det nord-Europeiske elektrisitetsmarkedet. Modellen er derfor for eksempel egnet til å analysere samspill mellom norsk vannkraft og resten av Europa og konsekvenser av nye bygningsdirektiver på hele energisystemet. Vi har benyttet modellen til å analysere effekten av kortsiktig usikkerhet i produksjon av vannkraft, vindkraft og PV, samt usikkerhet i bygningers varmebehov, og i elektrisitetspriser utenfor Skandinavia. Modellen har blitt brukt for å analysere konsekvensene av innføring av nullenergibygg i Skandinavia.

The overall goal is to use bottom-up techno-economic models to examine the role Norway can play both as a provider of green energy, green products and storage capacity in hydro reservoirs. 

The project will develop a new regional TIMES model covering the  four Nordic countries and the neighbouring countries UK, the Nederland, Germany and possibly Poland and the Baltic states. The remaining European countries will be modelled as a single region. The model will be applied to analyse scenarios highlighting p rospects for trade of electricity and electricity consuming goods from Norway to Europe and the role of renewables like wind and hydro power. 

The project will analyse hydrogen in a global perspective through participation in the Hydrogen Implementing Ag reement annex Global Hydrogen System Analysis where IFE will act as a subtask leader for the task Collaboration with IEA HQ Analytics.

The future Norwegian energy system in a European context

Three researchers from SINTEF and NTNU applies for short stays at Technical University Chemnitz (TUC) over two years. Totally 13 weeks at TUC. 

Three German researchers from TUC apply in Germany for similar short stays at SINTEF/NTNU. Totally 18 weeks. T UC also wants send one Master student to Norway for 6 months as a part of this cooperation.

The goals of the exchange are:
-Closer cooperation between two research groups with different special fields of expertise and both with strong interest within the  field the other group 
-Two common international publications based on work done in the project
-Knowledge transfer from partner with substantial expertise to partner with future interest - mutual
-Improved test-facilities at SINTEF/NTNU for future use i n projects and education
-Prepare for and actuate exchange of master and PhD students (in as well as after the project period) 
-Education both at NTNU and at TUC. Block seminars in the periods with exchange of researchers

Mutual knowledge building in power electronics for offshore wind generation with the focus on reliability issues and design solutions

Prosjekt "Nye veger i fremmedspråksopplæringen"

Offentlige evalueringer og tilbakemeldinger fra tidligere elever har vist at elever i både Tyskland og Norge ikke oppnår de fremmedspråkskunnskapene etter endt skolegang som elevene selv og deres fremtidige  utdannere / arbeidsgivere kunne ha ønsket. I begge land (og andre europeiske land) prøver man derfor ut nye veger i fremmedspråksopplæringen for å kunne styrke elevenes språk- og kulturkompetanse. Man har bl.a. startet med 1.fremmedspråk allerede i 1.kla sse, framskyndet starten av 2. fremmedspråk og prøvd ut bilingval undervisning i ulike former.

Samarbeidsprosjektet mellom Universitetet i Tromsø og TU Darmstadt går bl.a. ut på å samarbeide over landegrensene om igangsettingen, oppfølgingen og evaluerin gen av ulike fremmedspråksprosjekt. På denne måten vil den mangfoldige fagekspertisen kunne stå til rådighet i begge land  og bidra til forskningsbasert utprøvning av nye undervisningsmodeller innenfor fremmedspråk. Samtidig vil denne samarbeidende forske rgruppen kunne bistå hverandre i forhold til veiledning av master- og phd-studenter og utvikling av adekvate etter- og videreutdanningstiltak for fremmedspråkslærere.

Samarbeidet vil i startfasen bestå av gjensidige besøk som danner basis for skolebesøk  med hospiteringer og annen type oppfølging, videoopptak av undervisning, spørreundersøkelser og kompetansetesting. Deretter vil besøkene inneholde tid til felles forskningsseminarer, veiledning av studenter og personalet ved forsøkskolene. Dessuten skal d et produseres felles publikasjoner av både vitenskapelig og populærvitenskapelig art og materiell til etter- og videreutdanningstiltak for fremmedspråkslærere.

Et slikt samarbeid vil kunne styrke begge forskningsmiljøene og bidra til gjennomføring av fel les strategier og tiltak som skal bidra til en styrking av fremmedspråksundervisningen og i siste instans elevenes kunnskaper og ferdigheter etter endt grunnutdanning på skolene.

Nye veger i fremmedspråksopplæringen

We will facilitate the study of dopamine, motivational defects and  schizophrenia by establishing a collaboration between the psychiatric neuroimaging group at the Charite Hospital in Berlin (PI Henrik Walter) and the large ongoing Thematically Organized  Psychosis (TOP) Study at the University of Oslo (PI Ole A. Andreassen). The Berlin-Oslo collaboration will take advantage of the academic neuroimaging community in Berlin with access to state-of-the-art technical facilities and the large well-characterize d patients sample collected by the group in Oslo. The previous leader of the TOP Study imaging group, Jimmy Jensen PhD, has now become a researcher in the imaging group at Charite, while he will maintain a guest researcher position in Oslo. This will enab le the devlopment of a close collaboration. 
The main aim is to establish an active collaboration neuroimaging research between the Berlin and Oslo groups, focusing on the motivation system in schizophrenia. We will arrange common research seminars and ex change PhD students for training, perform joint analytical work for existing fMRI data collected in ongoing projects, search for replication of each others findings, and develop new projects with the aim to form the basis of grant applications. 
We propos e collaborations in a series of experiments to systematically investigate the role of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system in schizophrenia. 
The funding will be used for travel for PhD students, research visits and seminars in each others groups. The proje ct will have an unique potential in developing a new, exciting collaboration between the two countries, based on specific, focused research projects in schizophrenia pathology, and based on a key scientific personnell with a combined position at both cent ers.

Oslo-Berlin Research Collaboration into Motivation in Schizophrenia

The proposed project focus on the development and implementation of reliable and efficient density functional theory approaches for the calculation of higher-order molecular properties based on modern hyper-GGA functionals and automatic differentiation te chniques. These modern approaches will be implemented in the quantum-chemical code (Turbomole) in a computationally efficient manner to allow us to calculate a wide range of molecular properties (including high-order responses). This will open a new avenu e in the description of properties of large molecular systems relevant to non-linear optics, high-field EPR, molecular electronics, nanotechnology, molecular biology, etc. 
The project will build on the complementary expertise of the two research teams (i n local hybrid functionals and the evaluation of XC functional derivatives using automatic differentiation, respectively). Both groups bring into the project state-of-the-art methodologies of density functional theory, and the project will therefore be a  highly relevant research program for the PhD students and postdocs involved in the project.

Accurate calculations of higher-order molecular properties using modern hyper-GGA functionals

The scientific goal of this project is a detailed magneto-optical investigation of iron based superconductors. Magneto-Optical Imaging (MOI) is a versatile method to probe critical current density profiles in superconductors. The technique is well develop ed and is capable of addressing a plethora of questions around current distributions in superconductors. The study will be carried out on thin films of Co-doped BaFe2As2 (so called 1122 phase) and F-doped LaFeAsO (so called 1111 phase). After testing homo geneity and current density of the thin films by magneto-optical imaging, the following advanced chapters will be addressed: 

 1.	Is there a thermo-magnetic instability in iron-based superconducting thin films that leads to dendritic flux avalanches?
 2. 	Study of anisotropic pinning effects and intrinsic vortex channelling in vicinal films or along grain boundaries. 
 3.	Study of transport properties of grain boundaries. 
 4. Study of the role of surface barriers and surface pinning effects in Fe/iron-ba sed superconducting bilayers.  

These questions will help to gain deeper understanding of iron-based superconductors and related heterostructures. Using numerical models, a quantitative description of the observed effects will be elaborated. Transport cr itical current measurements will be performed and compared to the spatially resolved results of magneto optics.

Magneto-Optical Imaging of superconducting iron-based thin films

We apply for a grant from the DAAD and the Norwegian Research council (NRC) for travel and accommodation to discuss and develop common projects in the field of pain and treatment of pain between the Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany, a nd the University of Tromsø, Norway. 
Pain is the most common symptom in patients seeking treatment from health care personnel. Almost all treatment induces an expectation of relief, and expectations alone, in the absence of active treatment, have been sh own to reduce pain. This is termed placebo analgesia, and is an example of how the brain controls bodily function. 
At present, the group in Norway of Magne Flaten is developing models to test the effects of psychological processes (learning, expectations , emotions) in samples of patients with chronic pain, and this is the background for the present proposal. 
The group of Herta Flor at the CIMH in Germany is currently involved in a research group funded by the German Research Foundation which focuses mai nly on the placebo effect. The underlying mechanisms of the placebo effects are still unclear. Two explanatory psychological mechanisms have been discussed with respect to placebo and nocebo effects: expectancy theory  and classical conditioning. 
The pro jects conducted at both locations (Mannheim & Tromsø) aim to describe the psychobiological mechanisms underlying the modulation of pain, and try to implement this knowledge in treatment programmes for chronic pain. 
The aim of the mutual visits is to deve lop experimental designs that examine the specific influence on learning on the placebo response and to test these effects in patient populations and thus combine the two research paths into one common project that aims to translate the basic research que stions about placebo analgesia with clinical applications.

PAIN: PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND THEIR RELEVANCE FOR TREATMENT

One of the greatest achievements in theoretical computer science is the development of the NP-completeness theory, providing a solid and convincing mathematical foundation for the study of computationally intractable problems, that are abundant and ubiqui tous. Such problems are called NP-hard. Despite the intractability of NP-hard problems, their practical importance necessitates computational methods for finding solutions. Many approaches have been proposed, including polynomial-time approximation algori thms, randomized algorithms, and heuristic algorithms. A relatively new approach to cope with NP-hard problems is parameterized algorithms which try to bound the seemingly unavoidable combinatorial explosion into only a part of the input, the so-called
pa rameter. If the parameter is small, parameterized algorithms can be very efficient. We aim at the design of efficient algorithms in particular for combinatorial problems formulated in terms of graph theory. For us, efficient algorithms are not restricted  to polynomial-time algorithms only but also include the more general parameterized algorithms. The class of problems admitting this kind of algorithms is termed PT, which stands for fixed-parameter tractable. On the downside of this theory, there exist al so problem classes that are strongly supposed not
to possess efficient algorithms, most notably formalized by the complexity classes W[0], W[1], W[2], ..., and resulting W-hierarchy. The main objective of the project is to determine the borderline between  tractable and intractable problems.

The two collaborating groups in this project from Bergen, Norway, and 
Trier, Germany, are among leading experts in the field of parameterized algorithms and they have been focusing on the same  kind of questions from  different backgrounds.  Hence joining forces, the union of this expertise is expected to be extremely fruitful.

Obtaining efficient algorithms by input restrictions: re-drawing the borderline of tractability

Plant biomass production needs to increase world-wide to feed the growing world population and to meet the demands for cellulose-based biofuels. However, plant photosynthesis is inefficient because it is accompanied by photorespiration, which releases up  to 30% of fixed carbon as CO2 in higher plants. The German research consortium, PROMICS, has been founded in 2009 to study and improve plant photorespiration. Our Norwegian research group is tighly associated with PROMICS. The Ph.D. thesis by Pradeep Soni , which started in October 2009, is an integral part of the consortium's research and focuses on the identification of porin channels that allow the passage of photorespiratory intermediates in and out of peroxisomes. Peroxisomes are a major cell organell e involved in photorespiration. We have identified two candidate proteins in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, both of which are presently heterologously expressed and purified in the yeast, Pichia pastoris. The subsequent experiments require electro physiological instrumentation (ca. 300,000 NOK) that is not yet available in Stavanger. We therefore request funding for the Ph.D. student for two 4-week research visits each in 2011 and 2012 in the laboratory of our long-standing collaborator, Prof. Rola nd Benz (Universities of Wuerzburg and Bremen, Germany) to carry out the electrophysiological analyses.

Molecular Identification of Porin Channels in Plant Peroxisomes by Electrophysiological Analyses

Most biological processes require energy and are tightly regulated. Energy is extracted from food supplies and eventually transformed into ATP, the universal energy carrier of the cell. These pathways consist of many reactions which involve NAD or NADP, s mall molecules which serve as intermediate energy transmitters. NAD and its derivatives also have multiple signalling functions that are important for the regulation of all vital cellular activities. Altered levels of NAD or intermediates of NAD-synthesis  play a role in several different neuronal dysfunctions or necrotic cell death following stroke.  NAD metabolism is connected to the internal circadian clock in mammals, which allows organisms to anticipate daily changes in their environment. Disturbances  of the circadian rhythm due to inherited diseases or social influences, such as shift work or repeated jet lag, can cause metabolic diseases like obesity and diabetes.

The two main scientific aims of the proposed project are: 1) to build a kinetic model  of human tryptophan metabolism in order to investigate whether the amino acid tryptophan can be used as the primary or sole source for NAD production in human cells, and 2) to construct a dynamic mathematical model that links NAD-metabolism with existing  circadian clock models. Both aims will be pursued by combining theoretical modelling and experimentation.

The project will be executed as a collaboration between one German and two Norwegian research groups. This collaboration brings together internatio nally recognized expertise in three different research fields: biomathematical modelling, molecular biology, and integrative bioinformatics. Funding from the DAADppp mobility programme will allow us to boost our existing collaboration considerably, by fac ilitating training and competence building on both sides.

Modelling NAD metabolism and its connection to the circadian clock

Of the ~3.3 billion bases of the human genome, only about 2% code for proteins and until very recently, the remaining 98% have been considered to be 'junk'. However, large transcriptomic studies have shown that around 90% of the genome is actively transcr ibed of which a significant fraction may contribute to a previously underestimated layer of regulatory long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). In several studies it has been shown that the expression of small ncRNAs, like microRNAs, is associated with diseases in cluding cancer. However, the large group of long lncRNAs has drawn less attention. LncRNA expression of selected 26 breast carcinoma samples, representing the five clinically relevant tumor expression subclasses, and 5 samples from normal breast tissue we re analyzed using the nONCOchip®. The nONCOchip®, developed by the RNomics group at the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, covers both, experimentally identified cancer related lncRNAs as well as known or predicted non-coding RNAs from  public databases. The array includes in total 243,000 probes, with over 60,000 newly identified transcripts. First results reveal that lncRNAs are variably expressed in breast tissue, expression signatures are different between breast tumors and normal br east tissues, expression patterns in breast cancer show a high degree of heterogeneity, and certain lncRNAs are significantly differentially expressed, e.g. between TP53 wild type and mutated samples. The overall aims of this study are to identify lncRNAs  involved in gene regulation in breast cancer, to explore lncRNAs gene aberrations/expression profiles important for breast cancer development and progression, and to identify lncRNAs biomarkers predictive for breast cancer. As the growing list of lncRNA  genes influencing carcinogenesis is striking, the identification of clinically relevant lncRNAs may open up for the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutic tools that attack diseased cells.

Molecular signatures of long non-coding RNAs in breast cancer patients

The two groups submitting this application; Institute of Mechanics at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), and SIMLab at Department of Structural Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), are both working on material mo dels for thermoplastics. The activity on polymers is relatively new at both groups, involving 1-2 faculty members and a couple of PhD students. The general aim at both groups is to come up with improved material models to be used in finite element simulat ions. They work, however, along slightly different axes. While SIMLab possesses a well-equipped laboratory, facilitating a wide spectre of mechanical tests, the group in Karlsruhe has to a greater extent put its attention to the micromechanical descriptio n of the material. Common for both groups is strong skills within the finite element method and in particular material modelling.

Despite substantial research effort within numerical predictions of the repsonse of thermoplastics during the last decades,  existing models for thermoplastics in commercial FE codes still need further improvements. A feature observed for important thermoplastics such as polypropylene (PP) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) is the formation of voids during deformation. This phenomenon  is known as damage in solid mechanics, and has a great influence on the material's response during deformation as well as the onset of fracture. As a promising tool for the development of predictive macroscopic material models that accurately capture the  effect of damage until ultimate failure under various loading conditions, we consider a combined approach which comprises experiments on the real material as well as multiscale mechanical models.

Multiscale modelling of deformation and failure in thermoplastic polymers

A fundamental question in neuroscience is how neuronal circuits are assembled during embryonic and fetal development. Critical features include the establishment of functionally appropriate patterns of synaptic connections and a proper balance between exc itatory and inhibitory connections. Sensorimotor reflex circuits provide excellent models for the study of these features since they involve highly specific connections from afferents onto premotor neurons and from premotor neurons onto motoneurons (Glove r 2000). The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) arc is a particularly tractable sensorimotor reflex circuit in this regard because it comprises a well-described pattern of polysynaptic connections with a stereotyped mapping of sensory inputs to motor outputs.  Thus, the VOR circuit provides an excellent system for studying both the molecular mechanisms that specify synaptic connections during development and the acqusition of proper balance in excitation and inhibition, perturbations of each of which can lead t o inappropriate activity such as seen in various human neurological disorders (movement disorders, spasticity, epilepsy). 

In this project two laboratories, one in Oslo and one in Munich, will collaborate to establish genetically mediated pharmacological  and optical manipulations of activity in specific neurons and neuron groups in the VOR circuit. This will significantly advance our understanding of VOR function and development through 1) a more precise dissection of synaptic interactions within the ind vidual sensorimotor channels of the VOR, including characterization of patterns of synaptic convergence, and 2) temporally controlled perturbance of dynamic activity levels to assess their effects on synaptic patterning and scaling. This will provide insi ght into the mechanisms of synapse formation, patterning and balance, which are of high general relevance for the development of circuits in all parts of the brain.

Dissecting the developing vestibulo-ocular reflex circuit: Pharmacogenetic and optogenetic manipulation

English version

We request funding from the IS-DAAD program to enable two members of our group to visit Germany in 2011 and 2012 to assist with the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against cod and halibut immune cell markers. The production of  such mAb reagents will, for the first time, enable us to study immune responses at the cellular level in these commercially and environmentally important fish species.


Norwegian version

Vi ber om midler fra IS-DAAD programmet til å sende to medlemmer a v gruppen vår til Tyskland i 2011 og 2012 for å bistå med produksjon av monoklonale antistoffer (mAbs) mot torske- og kveite-immuncellemarkører. Produksjonen av slike mAb reagenser vil, for første gang, sette oss i stand til å studere immunreaksjoner på c ellenivå i disse kommersielt og miljømessig viktige fiskearter.

RBGRUNSAMF-Res.bas.grunnbev.samf.v.inst

Grunnbevilgning - NORSUS

Tildelt: kr 13,1 mill.

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